Ms. Braxton Lesson s for April 15, 2020 to April 30, 2020

To all my students: See all of your assignments in GOOGLE CLASSROOM

Instruction: You may use Google Docs and submit your work to me using my email. However, assignments will be posted in Google Classroom I will affix your grade and return it to you. Grades will be Pass/Fail

Week 1 - Lesson 1

Directions: Read all of the text provided and then answer the questions below.

Complete all reading and writing activities contained in this lesson. Each lesson will contain a reading passage so make sure you read before you answer questions. Sort by using T Chart

Analyzing Sources: Historians look for clues about the past in primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are documents, photographs, recordings, or works of art written by or created by people who saw or experienced an event.

Historians also use secondary sources, which are created by people who were not present at an event. Examples of secondary sources include biographies, encyclopedias, history books, and textbooks. Information in secondary sources is often based on primary sources.

QUESTIONS: Do Assignment: Use Graphic Organizer – T Chart

1. Explain the difference between a primary and secondary source. 2. Evaluating: Make a list of three primary sources that you could use to

learn more about the history

Week 1: Lesson 2 Next Section: Ms. Braxton US History I See all of your assignments in GOOGLE CLASSROOM

Notes: You may use Google Docs and submit your work to me using my email. However, assignments will be posted in Google Classroom I will affix your grade and return it to you. Grades will be Pass/Fail

Directions: Review/Reading for UnderstandingRead this section on Colonial America

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America Chapter OverviewAlthough several European nations had claims in North America, it was the British who

eventually dominated the continent. England’s early attempts at colonizing ended in failure, but

by 1750, British colonies stretched for hundreds of miles along the Atlantic Coast. The colonies

were a meeting place of cultures. The Europeans who settled those colonies included Protestants,

Catholics, and Jews.

TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW

Charter patroon Jamestown James Oglethorpe

joint-stock company pacifist John Smith

headright indentured Plymouth

Nathaniel Bacon Sir Walter Raleigh William Penn

burgess servant Pilgrims

dissent debtor Mayflower

persecute Places Puritan

tolerance Events John Smith

constitution Roanoke Compact

Lesson 2 continued: Activity 1-Primary and Secondary Source: LESSON 1 Roanoke and JamestownCITING TEXT EVIDENCE: Underline and number the problems the early English settlers encountered in Roanoke and Jamestown.ACTIVITY - Write your response. You may use Google Docs. Make sure you place the title on your work.

Introduction:

Consider how colonists could have been better prepared to deal with these problems. For each of your numbers, write something that the colonists could have done before, during, or after they came to North America to help them be better prepared for what they encountered.

Read the following:

The Mystery of Roanoke Many European nations took notice of Spain’s success in the Americas. They too wanted to tap into the wealth and opportunities on the other side of the Atlantic. England wanted to settle people on the land it had claimed in North America. England’s Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh the right to start a colony there. Raleigh’s scouts recommended starting a colony on Roanoke Island. It is just off the coast of what is now North Carolina. The first settlers arrived in 1585. They faced a difficult winter and decided to return to England. Raleigh sent settlers back to Roanoke Island in 1587. They were led by John White. White’s daughter went with him, and she had a baby named Virginia Dare. Dare was the first English child born in North America.

The colony needed supplies, so White returned to England to get them. He hoped to return in a few months, but because his country was at war with Spain, he could not sail back to Roanoke for almost three years. When White was able to return, all the settlers were gone. The only clue he found to indicate where they might have gone was a tree with the word Croatoan carved into it. White thought the colonists might have gone to Croatoan Island, about 50 miles to the south.

Bad weather kept him from getting there, however, and the Roanoke colonists were never seen again. Success at Jamestown Because Roanoke had failed, the English waited a while before trying to start more settlements in North America. In 1606 England’s new king decided to renew England’s quest for a colony. He gave the Virginia Company a charter—a document that granted the right to form a colony. The Virginia Company The Virginia Company was a joint-stock company. This means that investors bought shares, or part ownership, in hopes that the company would make money, and they could share in the profits. The company hoped to find gold and set up trade in fish and furs.

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Graphic Organizer

Week Two: Activity 3 - Americas First People Lesson

Directions: Read the two Different writing on the subject of America’s First People then Compare and Contrast each on the Graphic Organizers By Melissa Hogenboom 30 March 2017

Many thousands of years ago, not a single human being lived in the Americas. This only changed during the last Ice Age. It was a time when most of North America was covered with a thick sheet of ice, which made the Americas difficult to inhabit. But at some point during this time, adventurous humans started their journey into a new world. They probably came on foot from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge, which existed between Alaska and

Eurasia from the end of the last Ice Age until about 10,000 years. During the peak of the last Ice Age about 20,000 years ago, a journey from Asia into the Americas would not have been particularly desirable. North America was covered in icy permafrost and tall glaciers. But, paradoxically, the presence of so much ice meant that the journey was, in a way, easier than it would be today. The abundance of ice meant that sea levels were much lower than they are now, and a stretch of land emerged between Siberia and Alaska. Humans and animals could simply walk from Asia to North America. The land bridge was called Beringia.

People were using the woody shrubs from the land bridge to ignite bones on the landscape

At some point around this time – known as the Last Glacial Maximum – groups of hunter-gatherers moved east from what is now Siberia to set up camp there. "The first people who arrived in Beringia were probably small, highly mobile groups evolving in a large landscape, probably depending on the availability of seasonal resources," says Lauriane Bourgeon of the University of Montreal, Canada. These people did well to seek refuge there. Central Beringia was a much more desirable environment than the icy lands they had left behind. The climate was a bit damper. Vegetation, in the form of

woody shrubs, would have given them access to wood that they could burn to keep warm. Beringia was also an ideal environment for large grazing mammals, giving early hunter-gathers something to hunt, says Scott Elias of Royal Holloway, University London in the UK, who reconstructs past climates.

past climates.

During the last Ice Age humans could walk from Siberia into the Americas (Credit: Gary Hinks/SPL)

"Our hypothesis is that people were using the woody shrubs from the land bridge to ignite bones on the landscape. The bones of big animals contain lots of fatty deposits of marrow, and they will burn."

When humans got to Beringia, they would have had little choice but to set up camp there. The vast Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets further east cut them off from North America.

This standstill helped these isolated groups of people to become genetically distinct from those they had left behind

It is now becoming clear that they made Beringia their home, staying put for several thousand years. This idea is called the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis. This standstill helped these isolated groups of people to become genetically distinct from those they had left behind, according to a 2007 study. 

This long standstill therefore meant that the people who arrived in the Americas – when the ice finally retreated and allowed entry – were genetically different to the individuals who had left Siberia thousands of years earlier. "Arguably one of the most important parts of the process is what happened in Beringia. That's when they differentiated from Asians and started becoming Native Americans," says Connie Mulligan of the University of Florida in Gainesville, US, who took part in this early analysis.

Since then, other genetic insights have further supported the standstill hypothesis. Elias and colleagues even propose that people stayed in Beringia for as long as 10,000 years.

DNA is unlocking ancient secrets (Credit: Wavebreak Media Ltd/Alamy) 

When the ice finally started to retreat, groups of people then travelled to different pockets of the Americas.

There has long been debate over whether these early settlers arrived from several migrations from different areas, or just one.

There's been no turnover or change in the population group as some people had previously hypothesised

Over 20 years ago, Mulligan proposed that there was just one migration from Beringia into the "New World". She came to this conclusion by analysing the genetic variation in the DNA of modern-day Native Americans and comparing it with the variation in Asia. The same rare pattern appeared in all the Native Americans she studied, but very rarely appeared in modern-day Asians. This meant Native Americans likely arose from a single population of people who had lived in Beringia, isolated for many years.

In 2015, a study using more advanced genetic techniques came to a similar conclusion. Rasmus Nielsen of the University of California, Berkeley, US, and colleagues found that the "vast majority" of Native Americans must have originated from just one colonisation event.  

"There's been no turnover or change in the population group as some people had previously hypothesised," says Nielsen. In fact, about 80% of Native Americans today are  direct descendants of the Clovis people, who lived across North America about 13,000 years ago. This discovery came from a 2014 genetic study of a one-year-old Clovis boy who died about 12,700 years ago.

But we now know there must have been staggered migrations from Beringia.

Many Native Americans today are direct descendants of the Clovis people (Credit: William Scott/Alamy)

That is because there are small groups of people in the Amazonian region of South America – such as the Suruí and Karitiana – with additional mysterious "arctic gene flow", unrelated

to the Clovis boy. Another 2015 study therefore proposed there was more than one "founding population of the Americas".

The indigenous populations of the Americas, the team found, have distant genetic links in common with people of Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Andaman Islands. 

People came into Beringia over different times during the standstill

This means, says Pontus Skoglund of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, that people came into Beringia over different times during the "standstill" and went on to populate different parts of the Americas. Those early dispersals are still reflected by differences in the genomes of people living today. 

"It wasn't simply a single homogenous founding population. There must have been some type of patchwork of people, and maybe there were multiple pulses," says Skoglund.

In other words, the Beringian inhabitants did not all arrive or leave at the same time.

This makes sense when you consider that Beringia was not a narrow land bridge with ocean on either side. "It was a huge region about twice the size of Texas," says Elias. The people living there would have had no idea that it was a land bridge at all. "There were no sign posts saying they were leaving Siberia."

This makes it highly likely that there were different groups of Beringian inhabitants that never met.

A study published in February 2017 strengthens this idea further. After examining the shapes of 800- to 500-year-old skulls from Mexico, researchers found they were so distinct, the people the

skulls belonged to must have remained genetically isolated for at least 20,000 years. 

There is evidence humans were present in Oregon 14,500 years ago (Credit: John R. Foster/SPL)

To understand who the first Americans really were, we have to consider when they arrived. While the exact timing is hard to pin down. Nielsen's work gives some insight. By sequencing the genomes of people from the Americas, Siberia, and Oceania, he and colleagues could understand when these populations diverged. The team concludes that the ancestors of the first Americans came to Beringia at some point between 23,000 years and 13,000 years ago.

We found cut marks on bones from horse, caribou and wapiti so we know that humans were relying on those species

We now have archaeological evidence to suggest that the people who left Siberia – and then Beringia – did so even earlier than the 23,000-year-limit proposed by Nielsen and colleagues. In January

2017, Lauriane Bourgeon and her team found evidence of people living in a cave system in the northern Yukon Territory of western Canada, called the Bluefish Caves, that dates to as early as 24,000 years ago. It was previously believed that people had only arrived in this area 10,000 years later. 

"They reached Beringia as early as 24,000 years ago, and they remained genetically and geographically isolated until about 16-15,000 years ago, before dispersing south of the ice sheets that covered most of North America during this period," says Bourgeon. 

The caves "were only used on brief occasions for hunting activities", she says. "We found cut marks on bones from horse, caribou and wapiti, so we know that humans were relying on those species."

Human cut marks were discovered on this 24,000-year-old horse mandible (Credit: Lauriane Bourgeon)

This work provides further evidence that people were in the Beringia area at this early date. But it does not reveal the exact dates these people first ventured further south.  

For that, we can turn to archaeological evidence. For decades, stone tools left by the Clovis people have been found throughout North America. Some date to as early as 13,000 years ago. This might suggest that humans moved south very late. But in recent years evidence has begun to emerge that questions this idea.

Most preserved remains are stone tools and sometimes bones of animals

For instance, at a site called Monte Verde in southern Chile, there is evidence of human occupation that dates between 14,500 and 18,500 years ago. We know these people built fires, ate seafood and used stone tools – but because they did not leave any human remains behind, much about this early group remains mysterious.

"We really know little about them, because most preserved remains are stone tools and sometimes bones of animals, thus technology and diet," explains Tom Dillehay of Vanderbilt University in Tennessee, US, who is studying these people. "Monte Verde in south-central Chile, where I am at present, has several organic remains – animal hide, meat, plant remains that reveal a wider diet, wood technology – but these types of sites are rare to find."

Another conundrum remains. Ice sheets still covered North America 18,500 years ago, making journeying south difficult. How did people arrive in southern Chile so early?

Animal remains were discovered in the Bluefish Caves site in northern Yukon (Credit: Lauriane Bourgeon/Canadian Museum of History)

A leading idea had been that an ice-free corridor opened up, which allowed humans to travel south. However, the latest evidence suggests this corridor only opened about 12,600 years ago, long after these early Chileans arrived.  

Elias also points out how difficult this journey would have been. "Even if there was a small gap in between these enormous ice sheets, the environment left in that gap would have been so horrible, with mud, ice, meltwater and slush. It would not have been a habitable place for people or the animals they would have wanted to follow," he says.

These early people could have travelled by boat

There is an alternative. These early people could have travelled by boat, taking a route along the Pacific coast. There is no archaeological evidence to support this idea, but that is not entirely unexpected: wooden boats are rarely preserved in the archaeological record.

There are still many unanswered questions, but Mulligan says that studying how and when early hunter-gatherers spread across the Americas can help us to understand the process of migration itself. That is, how population sizes change and which genetic traits persist. 

In many ways, the peopling of America presents scientists with a golden opportunity to study these processes. There have been multiple migrations both into and out of other regions of the world – Africa, Europe and Asia, for instance. But the people who moved into the Americas were on a one-way journey. "We know the original inhabitants came from Asia into the New World with no other people there, and no major back migrations, so it's the simplest model you can conceive of."

That it was a one-way journey, coupled with the increased interest in studying the genetics of these ancient people, means we should soon understand even more about who these first Americans really were, and exactly when they arrived.

Foot Prints of the First Americans?

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Week Two Activity 4 - Americas First People Lesson – Informational Text

Graphic Organizers, and Reading Directions: Here are two writing on the subject of America’s First People.Using the Graphic Organizer read, then Compare and Contrast each piece.

How did human beings first come  to North America? Across the Bering Strait, on foot? Down the “kelp highway” by boat? Across the Atlantic  via the polar ice cap? And when did they reach here? 10,000 years ago? 40,000? Or were they always here, as the Navajo and other Native American tribes believe? In his new book, Atlas Of A Lost World , author Craig Childs sets off to test these different theories  on the ground, traveling from Alaska to Chile, Canada to Florida. What he finds, despite the best efforts of archaeologists and the latest technology , still remains in many ways a mystery. Speaking from his home in Colorado, he explains why many Native Americans  reject the idea that their ancestors migrated from somewhere else; how an archaeologist nicknamed Dr. Poo believes he has identified the first  human excrement in

America ; and why diversity seems to have been built into America’s DNA.

Let’s cut straight to the chase: when did humans first arrive in North America?

The first arrivals keep getting older and older because we’re finding more evidence as time goes on. Right now we can solidly say that people were across the Americas by 15,000 years ago. But that means people were probably already well in place by then; and there’s enough evidence to suggest humans were widespread 20,000 years ago. There’s some evidence of people as far back as 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, but the evidence gets thinner and thinner the further back you go . It appears there’s not a single arrival date. No doubt there was a first person walking in, but when that happened is well before 20,000 years ago.

The solid dates of 15,000 are based on sites where you can find fire pits , burned bones and work stones that have been turned into scrapers and hammers and spear points. When you go back further, you’re finding mammoths that have been shattered open in a way that’s characteristic of humans. Then you start getting into these questions of what really counts as a sign of human presence, and what is just a trampled mammoth bone  that happens to look like it was struck by a human with a rock.

The easiest way to get here is by foot. The Bering Land Bridge  has been the longstanding theory because that’s the clearest connection between Asia and North America, up in the Arctic, and it only appears when ice is locked up on land and sea levels drop. It’s the only place where you could walk from one side to the other. I spent some time up on an island that is a remnant of the land bridge between the coast of Siberia and Alaska. There, you can see walking across. But when you got to the other side, you’d be facing 5 million square miles of ice; and that’s when you start looking at coastal migrations. People in the Ice Age were already moving up and down the coast of Japan, Kamchatka, and Korea, using boats, and the evidence is clear that they were getting out to places you can only reach with boats. It makes sense that you would keep following the coast around.

The land bridge has a coast, which would bring you down Alaska and British Colombia, to Washington and Oregon. This is the more viable way into North America, because there’s what is called the kelp highway , a biotically rich region that follows the entire coast. During the Ice Age this coast was continuous from Sumatra to the tip of South America. But that coast is now under water, so any evidence of boats and people moving along it is much thinner than people being on the land mass.

 ay Video

N O T E S : A N C I E N T R E M A I N S O F F E R C L U E S A B O U T E A R L Y A M E R I C A N S