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ALineberger Research Laboratories in JILA Basement, 2001, Watercolor by Visiting Fellow Zdenek Herman (see page XA)

W. Carl Lineberger Festschrift

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Copyright 2010 by the American Chemical Society VOLUME 114, NUMBER 3, JANUARY 28, 2010

Tribute to W. Carl Lineberger

Pinning down the many research accomplishments andbehind-the-scenes impact of Carl Lineberger is no easy task.Those who have worked with Carl, for example, know well tolisten carefully when he modestly shares his “child-like view”regarding some aspect of science or strategy, as that is whenyou are most likely to gain the deepest insights into how thingsreally work. Carl has an uncanny knack for unraveling the subtleprinciples that organize complex phenomena at all levels ofendeavor. It is as if there are actually two independent, equallyresourceful personalities at work, each of which being capableof solving incredibly delicate, impossibly difficult problems thatgo straight to the heart of the matter. We consider first hisresearch persona, where his trajectory includes laying thefoundation of an entire field of chemistry that exploits the uniqueproperties of negative ions to determine chemical reactiondynamics, molecular structure, and thermochemistry. This aspectof his work includes determination of the electron affinities ofthe elements, data which today appear in virtually everyfreshman chemistry textbook.

Carl’s singular research accomplishments derive from hisunusual combination of expertise in chemistry and physicstogether with mastery of engineering, which enabled him toattack new classes of chemical problems with his signature blendof elegance and precision. His name is associated with everyimportant paradigm in the field of negative ion spectroscopy.

These successes started in the early 1970s with the thresholdlaws and atomic physics of photodetachment. His two-prongedapproach of using ultra high-resolution, mass-resolved electronphotodetachment complemented by photoelectron spectroscopyhas proven extraordinarily productive over the past forty years.

It is essential to emphasize that Lineberger has contributedmuch more than experimental techniques. Once he develops amethod, he immediately exploits it to broaden and deepen ourunderstanding of chemistry. In one example, he demonstratedhow to use photoelectron spectroscopy to generally measuresinglet-triplet splittings in organic molecules. This followedan earlier study in which he extended photodetachment fromexcitation of continua to include the first high-resolutionspectrum of a molecular anion (C2

-). The latter study wasquintessentially “Lineberger” in that he obtained the spectrumusing a resonant two-photon (R2PI) scheme where the firstphoton excited the molecule to a bound electronically excitedstate and the second photon ejected the electron, which couldbe detected with great sensitivity. Five years later, this effectwas rediscovered by physical chemists who fell head-over-heelsfor multiphoton ionization spectroscopy (MPI) of neutrals. Hehas also shown how to use electron affinities, in conjunctionwith other measurements to establish the sequential bondenergies for the decomposition of simple organic molecules,one bond at a time, by all paths! Starting in the 1980s, he

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pioneered the application of ultrafast pump-probe methods tosize-selected cluster beams to establish how a precisely con-trolled number of solvent molecules affects the photodissociationdynamics of a diatomic anion. Having started with the simpleatomic anions so many years ago, these ongoing “cage-recombination” experiments reveal how solvent moleculescontrol the dynamics of a chemical reaction. Very recent resultsin this aspect of his program have established that addition ofas few as two solvent molecules (CO2) can facilitate IBr-

recombination following excitation of the molecular ion to anominally repulsive electronic state.

A particularly impressive display of Carl’s combination ofinsight and technical virtuosity is his demonstration of hownegative ion photoelectron spectroscopy can be used to directlymeasure the shape of the potential surface in the transition stateregion of an isomerization (vinylidene f acetylene) reaction.This experimental approach anticipated the revolution in wave-packet techniques to study reaction dynamics and was instru-mental in paving the way for elegant determinations of transitionstate spectra for neutral bimolecular reaction encounters. Fol-lowing his lead, researchers around the world now form a largecommunity continuing to reap the rewards made available byapplying Lineberger’s methods.

We now turn to the second aspect of Carl’s impact: his pivotalrole in maintaining physical science as a healthy and centralcomponent of the contemporary research portfolio. His uniquestyle of understatement in the delivery of persuasive argumentshas made his voice among the most influential at the highestlevels, especially through his many projects at the NationalAcademy of Sciences involving oversight of science policy andpersonnel. Carl has not shied away from contentious issues. Onthe contrary, he seems drawn to them because their resolutionis key to progress when there are many conflicting opinionsabout how to best distribute limited resources. Carl’s legendary

work behind the scenes rivals his substantial contributions inbasic science, and he is an inspiring role model on effectiveleadership while minimizing unnecessary conflict.

Over the years, Carl Lineberger has been a constant sourceof wisdom and enthusiasm for research at the core of physicalchemistry. His presence at a scientific meeting elevates its staturewith his acute questions during formal symposia, but equallywell in the corridors where much of the real information isexchanged. One of the aspects that we have particularly enjoyedis his ability to communicate what he thinks is “hot” and why.This, in part, explains his unchallenged leadership of the field.It is always refreshing to bounce a new idea off of Linebergersince you know his reaction will genuinely reflect his razor sharpintuition about how chemistry works. When you interact withCarl, you have the unmistakable feeling that you are dealingwith someone who understands molecular physics at a profoundlevel. He makes sense out of chaos, and that ability inspiresconfidence among his co-workers. The many and varied papersin this collection are testimony to Carl’s wide ranging interestsand overall impact on our field. Together with an internationalgroup of colleagues and co-workers, we wish Carl Linebergercontinued success, and offer our thanks for his gracious andeffective leadership, for his pioneering research achievements,and for his insights on future directions that continue to shapeour collective scientific adventure.

Mark A. JohnsonYale UniVersity

Anne B. McCoyThe Ohio State UniVersity

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Autobiography of W. Carl Lineberger

I was born in Hamlet, North Carolina, on December 5, 1939.I was the only child of Caleb Henry and Evelyn Pelot CooperLineberger. My father worked for the then Seaboard Railroad(now part of CSX). My mother, after a period teachingelementary school, was a full-time mother and homemaker. Myfather was the first member of his family to earn a college degree(civil engineering, Clemson University,1929 s a bad year tolook for a job). My mother was among the first of her family toattend any college at all. While my parents were by no meansacademic or scholarly, education was a highly valued asset,viewed by them as the only path to a better life. My father’sfamily immigrated to North Carolina in the 1850s, with part ofthe family going into railroading and the other part going intothe textile industry. My mother’s family came from FrenchHuguenots who had immigrated to the south sometime earlier.With the railroad tradition of frequent moves, I lived inCharleston, South Carolina, from 1941 until 1947 when myfather was transferred to Tampa, Florida. I remained there until1957 when I began college.

My parents definitely knew the value of providing stimulatingitems for a child to play with. At age six or seven, my fatherbrought home a collection of electrical junk from the railroad:old hand-cranked telephone generators, wires, buzzers, bells,some light bulbs, and a few batteries. He suggested I play withthese, and I discovered the fascination of seeing sparks fly, lightslight up, or bells ring when I turned a crank. This began a longinterest in electricity. I then found the materials to build a crystalradio and was unbelievably proud to find that I could hear radiostations on something that I had built out of junk. After movingto Tampa, my interest in radio led me to become an amateurradio operator at age ten, and I remained very active as a hamoperator (W4YLL) through age 16. During this time, I learnedthe completely empirical art of building instruments withoutknowledge. I passed the electronics examination and the Morsecode speed test required for my amateur radio operator’s license.The electronics examination required the use of algebra, but Ipassed it without any mathematics training, and with nounderstanding of what Ohm’s Law meant. I could solvemoderately complex electrical circuit problems, but I had noidea what I was doing. In any event, the amateur radio interestled me to designing and building high power transmitters,receivers, and large directed array antenna systems so that Icould communicate via Morse code with other amateur radiooperators around the world. One of my proudest achievementswas propagating a multibounce 14 MHz radio signal essentiallyaround the earth. I computed the path length by the time delayof the weak echo of my transmission. It was at this point thatI decided, at age 12, that a career in electrical engineering waswhat I wished. Based on this mature observation, I decided Iwould go to Georgia Tech, and major in Electrical Engineering.I even knew who my roommate would be. Amazingly, all ofthese things actually happened.

Toward the end of the ham radio activity, I decided it wastime to do more outdoor things, and I went through Cub andBoy Scouts. At around age 13, I completed the requirementsfor Eagle Scout Rank. Typical of too many of the things that Idid at that time, upon completion of my Eagle Scout goal, Isimply lost interest in the activity.

My interest in chemistry began when I was in high school. Ihad a terrible teacher for high school chemistry, but he reallydid not seem to want me in the class anyway. The result wasthat we both agreed that it would be much better if I simplyspent class time in the chemistry laboratory by myself andattended class only to take exams. This arrangement workedout beautifully, except for a few minor explosive events. Itcertainly drove my interest in chemistry enormously. Theculmination of my high school chemistry experience was to puton a demonstration for a major parent-teacher meeting held inthe high school auditorium. The school allowed me completefreedom (unheard of today) to assemble demonstrations. Amongother things, I carried out a large scale thermite reaction thatleft some burn marks on the very high ceiling of the auditorium.It was quite impressive. Other early chemistry experienceincluded appropriately coating some of the hallways of my highschool with nitrogen tri-iodide late at night, and then watchingwith great delight the explosive results as the building wasoccupied the next morning. I was never caught.

My last two years in high school were spent developing ascience fair project. At this point, no teachers were interestedin working with me, so I was totally on my own. I read afascinating article1 by Erwin Muller in Scientific American.Using high-field He+ ion emission from an atomically sharptungsten tip, he obtained an emission image of the needle tipthat clearly resolved individual tungsten atoms. I had neverimagined that one might be able to see “directly” our atomicworld. Seeing his images of individual atoms was a life-changingexperience for me. I immediately set out to build a He+ fieldion emission microscope for my science fair project. Theelectronics, tip preparation, and phosphor screen preparation alllooked straightforward to me. They could be made with thekind of junk that I kept in my bedroom. The required high-vacuum system was another matter, however. My parentsdecided that they had no choice but to humor me. Over thenext six months, they drove me over much of the state of Floridain search of vacuum components that I could beg, borrow, orsteal. About two weeks before the science fair, I had to facereality and admit that my project would not be complete in time,if ever. I quickly switched to something much simpler, albeitless interesting, less likely to be rewarded, but achievable in ashort time. Falling back to my radio experience, I built a small,near-infrared transmitter/ receiver and demonstrated relativelyhigh quality music transmission over a modest distance. I usedcollimated infrared radiation that could not be seen. No big prizefor this project. This whole science fair process was a primeexample of a circumstance in which informed mentoring wouldhave been invaluable. There was precious little evidence that Iwould have accepted advice, however.

By the time I arrived at Georgia Tech, I was beginning tohave serious misgivings about a career as an electrical engineer.With my usual sophistication, I had read the titles of all of thecourses that were in the electrical engineering curriculum(Circuit Theory, Electricity and Magnetism, Antennas, and thelike) and decided that these courses could teach me nothing,because I could already build all of these things. This greatnaıvete was not good, but it seems to continue. So I thought Iwould become either a chemistry or physics major at GeorgiaTech. However, I quickly discovered that the physics and

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chemistry courses had essentially no mathematics for the firsttwo years. In contrast, electrical engineering courses requiredthe use of calculus in the first year and differential equations inthe second year. I followed my mathematical love and becamean electrical engineer.

However, the choice of an electrical engineering major ledindirectly to my first remarkable experience in chemistry, onethat would shape the rest of my career. With all of the othercourses I was taking, I could only enroll in the most basicgeneral chemistry class as an entering freshman. This large classwas taught by a person who turned out to be a wonderfulinspiration for me, a young assistant professor named PeterSherry. At the end of the first examination in this rather boringclass, Peter asked me to come to his office. He told me I waswasting my time in his class. He then said that he would likeme and two other students to stop attending class, and insteadmeet with him three evenings a week to learn physicalchemistry. These meetings continued for a year, in lieu of takinggeneral chemistry. It was an unforgettable experience, andundoubtedly launched me on my present course. Peter had asimilar effect on another freshman student one year later: BillMiller. This is of course the Bill Miller of Berkeley. A quantumchemist, Peter Sherry was never widely known or appreciated,but he truly was a remarkable, dedicated, and inspiring educator.

As I continued my undergraduate education, I tried to followmy father’s advice: get a degree in engineering, followed by aMaster’s degree from a business school (Wharton was hischoice), and also be very involved in extracurricular activitieson campus. I did just this for my first three years at GeorgiaTech, filling every hour with activities that left no time to learnanything. I was fully on the advised track. However, in the lastquarter of my junior year, I took a class called “The PhysicalBasis for Electrical Engineering” taught spectacularly by a newfaculty member, John Hooper. This class brought back theexcitement generated years earlier by the Muller paper and ledme back to my true scientific love, an atomistic understandingof nature.

The ensuing change in plans resulted in my canceling all ofmy extracurricular activities and taking a full-time job at theGeorgia Tech Engineering Experimental Station (Georgia Techequivalent of MIT’s Lincoln Laboratories). I began independentwork on a project to evaluate the electrical, thermal, cohesive,and corrosion-resistance properties of tungsten and gold thinmetal films for use in the electronics industry. This very appliedproject was funded by the Western Electric Company (procure-ment wing of the AT&T/Bell Laboratories complex). I finallygot to build and use the vacuum system that I coveted for myfailed high school science fair project. Several not veryinteresting technical reports resulted from this work. Moreimportantly, I learned the joy of working in a laboratoryenvironment. I also finally recognized the complete futility ofmy proposed science fair project. One amusing sidebar fromthat time is that a high pressure sputter apparatus developed inthat laboratory2 was eventually modified to become our work-horse source of metal cluster and metal oxide anions.3,4

The job at the engineering experimental station and a fullcourse load kept me busy during my senior year. I began tothink about graduate school and decided to stay at Georgia Techto obtain a Masters Degree in Electrical Engineering, workingwith John Hooper and his Ph.D. Advisor, Earl McDaniel,Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics. This decisionwas motivated in part because my fiance, Aileen Jeffries, neededtwo more years to finish her B.S. in Physics at EmoryUniversity. Georgia Tech did not admit women at that time.

As it turned out, graduate study at Georgia Tech was a verygood decision, and I ended up completing my Ph.D. there,jointly advised by John and Earl.

I was a graduate student from 1961 through 1964, and it wasa wonderful experience. I was placed in an empty laboratory inElectrical Engineering, and John and Earl set out to develop anew research program for me. They insisted upon my participa-tion from the beginning. We collectively designed an electron-ion crossed-beam apparatus. I contributed to a proposal to OakRidge National Laboratory to construct this apparatus and toobtain absolute cross sections for electron impact ionization ofalkali cations. This work would support fast ion diagnostics forthe laboratory’s thermonuclear fusion research program. Theproposal was funded, in spite of one referee who pointed outthat my mass spectrometer was a pure electrostatic device andsurely we knew that electrostatic fields did not separatemonocharged ions by mass. In spite of undergraduate courses,I really had no clue that the proposed device could not work.In any event, a complete crossed-beam apparatus was con-structed and used to measure absolute electron impact ionizationcross sections for Li+, Na+, and K+ ions from threshold to 1keV. I worked very hard to determine quantitatively the errorbars on the absolute cross sections that we measured. I feltconfident that all systematic and statistical effects had beenproperly assessed. To my dismay, reviewers stated that theexperimental results were very impressive but our claimed errorbars surely represented a lower bound to the actual errors inthe measurement. We made no changes to the manuscript, andit turned out that our error analysis was correct and even a bitconservative. However, a sense of paranoia over errors persistseven now, and everyone in my group knows my belief that ameasurement without definable errors is of little value, as ittests nothing, not even the existence of the claimed products.This trait is part of why our initial measurement of the methylenesinglet-triplet splitting was taken seriously, and why the factthat our result was eventually shown to be incorrect wassomewhat embarrassing. However, I do take pride that our fullanalysis of the initial methylene Communication stated that thepresence of vibrationally hot anions with a state distributionthat we could not alter experimentally would invalidate ourconclusion.

Returning to graduate school issues, there were many otherlessons learned from Earl and John. Not the least of which wasthe concept that scientists should cooperate in their quest fornew knowledge. The following story shows one way Earl drovethis point home with me.

When we were preparing the proposal to make the electron-ion crossed beam measurements, only one other group in theworld had succeeded in making such a machine work, that ofKen Dolder and Mike Harrison at Harwell Laboratories in theUnited Kingdom. They had published one paper on electronionization of He+, but I thought that our proposed machine hadsome design advantages that would serve us well. One yearinto my construction phase, Earl told me that he had learnedthat Dolder had moved to Newcastle from Harwell and wasinitiating a study of the alkali ion reactions that would comprisemy Thesis. He further noted that Dolder was having difficultymaking intense beams of alkali cations and that my alkali ionsource was clearly superior. He then told me that he hoped thatI would be willing to send Dolder drawings for my thermionicion source, and send him samples of the zeolites that were theion emitters. He told me that such cooperation was what sciencewas really about. It was with considerable uncertainty andtrepidation that I complied with his request, for I feared that

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Dolder would now complete his measurements before I com-pleted mine. As these measurements were intended to constitutethe entirety of my Ph.D. Thesis, I was pretty nervous.

As it turned out, the difficulties associated with Dolder’srelocation were even greater than expected, and our results werepublished two years ahead of him. The obvious lesson has reallystuck with me, and speaks volumes about Earl.

About midway through my time in graduate school, Earl toldme about a new type of institute that had just started as apartnership between the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)and the University of Colorado. The institute was called JILA,and it was associated with the Astrophysics, Aerospace Engi-neering, Chemistry, and Physics Departments at the university.After reading a bit about JILA, I decided that I would like totake a postdoctoral position there, working with one of the JILAfounders, Lewis Branscomb. This actually happened, and I wasscheduled to arrive at the same time as another newly mintedPh.D., Dick Zare. Dick planned to go to JILA for a postdoctoralposition working with Gordon Dunn on photodissociation ofions. I had already heard of Dick and was looking forward tointeracting with him. Fate intervened in the form of myobligation to the US Army, and my arrival at JILA was delayed3.5 years, until August 1968. By then, Dick had completed hisshort JILA postdoctoral position, become a faculty member atMIT, returned to JILA as a faculty member in Chemistry andPhysics, and decided to go to Columbia as a named Professor.The result was that Dick and I overlapped at Colorado for onlya short period. Nevertheless, Dick became a wonderful col-league, advisor, and great friend. Virtually every night of theweek, he and I would be the last two persons remaining in theJILA building. The instrument shops were locked at night, but,as a faculty member, Dick had keys that opened all doors. Along-lasting bond was formed in that empty building.

Three months after I arrived in JILA, it was announced thatLew Branscomb would leave JILA and become the Director ofNBS in Washington. This was not a complete surprise, as Iknew of several universities (including Georgia Tech) that wereconsidering him for President. When Lew left, I stayed on asthe senior person in his group of two. This gave me a wonderfulopportunity to develop independence and to move from thereally hard planned experiment to a much easier experimentusing Peter Sorokin’s new device, a flashlamp-pumped tunabledye laser. Boulder colleagues Jan Hall, Don Jennings, and ArtSchmeltekopf were unbelievably generous with their knowledgeand designs; in a matter of a couple of weeks, we had the firsthigh-resolution tunable-laser photodetachment apparatus pro-ducing results. With this background, I was very fortunate thatthe Department of Chemistry at the University of Coloradooffered me a tenure track position. I very happily accepted theoffer. It is clear that several people, including Dick Zare, EldonFerguson, and some others, had played a role in convincingthe Department of Chemistry to hire an electrical engineer. Ijoined the faculty in August 1970, and my long-time colleagueand friend Casey Hynes arrived the following January.

As a new faculty member, I was totally absorbed in work,and Aileen decided that this was not the life she had plannedto live. Our marriage ended in 1971. In the late 1970s, however,something happened that I thought would never happen. I metsomeone who was as dedicated to her work as I was to mine.Moreover, she viewed my ridiculous behavior as almostadmirable. We were married on July 31, 1979, and Kitty

Edwards has been my constant support. Without her in my life,so many important things would never have happened.

I have been exceptionally fortunate to have worked with anoutstanding group of students, postdoctoral associates, andColorado colleagues. Our experiences have been further enrichedby the large number of you who have joined with us, visitingfrom other universities, or collaborating from afar. I cannotacknowledge the essential contributions made by all of youwhose names appear at the end of this Introduction, nor can Ibear to omit any of you. Given this unsolvable dilemma, I giveup and simply give explicit recognition to those of you whoare “Colorado” locals. Bill Reinhardt and Steve Leone standout as early and vital colleagues who played key roles in shapingphysical chemistry at Colorado and JILA. Their departures fromColorado left a gaping hole in our programs. Fortunately,outstanding scientists from their groups joined the Chemistry/JILA faculty: Barney Ellison, David Nesbitt, and Rex Skodje.All of these people have been and remain wonderful friends,collaborators, and colleagues. Veronica Bierbaum has been avital collaborator for many years, and has truly enriched ourscience. Robert Parson has provided theoretical support, intel-lectual guidance, and joint students to us, and his contributionshave been truly essential as we have become involved withlarger cluster anions. Chuck DePuy has been an invaluablecollaborator and chemical guide; he has forgotten more chem-istry that I ever knew, and, as best I can tell, he forgets nothing.Veronica Vaida was always available to offer advice andvaluable insights. Ralph Jimenez tries hard, but unsuccessfully,to educate me on the latest ultrafast laser technologies. Finally,I note that the newest Colorado physical chemist, Mathias Weberalmost completes the circle. Mathias received his Ph.D. atKaiserslautern with my first postdoctoral associate, HartmutHotop, had a postdoctoral appointment with Mark Johnson atYale, and then joined the Chemistry Department and JILA herein Boulder.

A fair amount of my time has been involved with scientistsin JILA with whom I have had no formal collaborations, butwho are always there to listen to ideas, to loan equipment, tooffer thoughtful suggestions, and to be concerned with the healthof the Institute. I especially note the important roles played byJinks Cooper, Carl Wieman, Dick McCray, Eric Cornell, DebbieJin, Jun Ye, Judah Levine, and Jan Hall.

Any recognition of important roles in shaping my path wouldbe dramatically incomplete without again reiterating the crucialrole of my wife Kitty Edwards in everything I do. Her support,help, thoughtful advice, and encouragement are boundless.

Finally, I am very much indebted to Anne McCoy and MarkJohnson for their heroic efforts in assembling this issue and tothose of you who have contributed your science to this issue ofthe Journal of Physical Chemistry. This story is truly yours!

References and Notes

(1) Muller, E. W. Sci. Am. 1952, 186, 58–63.(2) Belser, R. B.; Hicklin, W. H. ReV. Sci. Instrum. 1956, 27, 293–96.(3) Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W. C. J. Chem. Phys. 1973, 58, 2379–87.(4) Leopold, D. G.; Ho, J.; Lineberger, W. C. J. Chem. Phys. 1987, 86,

1715–26.

W. Carl Lineberger

UniVersity of Colorado, JILA and Chemistry

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Colleagues of W. Carl Lineberger

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Ph.D. Students (Advisor when not WCL)Mikaela Lizabeth Alexander Charles S. Feigerle Jeffrey Marks (Brauman) Tanya M. RamondDjango H. Andrews Adam J. Gianola Roy D. Mead Marin S. Robinson (DePuy)Jack Barbera Mary K. Gilles Steven E. Moody Joseph R Roscioli (Johnson)Steven E. Barlow (Dunn) Robert F. Gunion Amy S. Mullin Todd J. SanfordRichard A. Beyer Joe Ho Kermit K. Murray Jack SlaterJoseph C. Bopp (Johnson) Samantha Horvath (McCoy) Maria E. Nadal Mark S. TaylorEileen P. Clifford (Ellison) Patrick L. Jones Sreela Nandi Matthew A. Thompson (Parson)Nicole Delaney (Parson) Joseph B. Kim Mark R. Nimlos (Ellison) Vasil VorsaNicole Eyet (Bierbaum) Nancy E. Levinger John M. Papanikolas Benjamin W. WoodwardJames Faeder (Parson) Keith R. Lykke Thomas A. Patterson Kazu Yokoyama

Current Ph.D. StudentsJoshua P. Martin Stephanie M. Villano Scott W. WrenElisa M. Miller Kristen M. Vogelhuber Yu-Ju Lu

Postdoctoral AssociatesStephen J. Blanksby Paul C. Engelking Abe Kasdan Douglas RayDoo Wan Boo Kent M. Ervin Shuji Kato Andrei M. SanovHeinrich Buchenau James R. Gord Melissa Lambropoulos Claus-Peter SchulzBerton Callicoatt Quanli Gu (current) Gary W. Leach Peter A. SchulzPaul J. Campagnola Sang-Yun Han Doreen G. Leopold Rebecca L. SchwartzJohn L. Carlsten Ulrich Hefter Paul E. Maslen Leonid Sheps (current)Reed R. Corderman Eric Herbst Felician Muntean Amy E. Stevens-MillerJoshua Darr Rebecca L. Hoenigman Daniel M. Neumark Diane M. SzaflarskiGustavo E. Davico Hartmut Hotop Stewart E. Novick John J. WendoloskiSt. John Dixon-Warren Takatoshi Ichino Mark L. Polak Paul G. WentholdVladimir Dribinski Craig C. Jensen Helen Poland C. Tom Wickham-JonesG. Barney Ellison Mark A. Johnson G. Jeffrey Rathbone Paul F. Zittel

Undergraduates, Masters, and Visiting StudentsSusan M. Burnett Karl L. Jonas Hannah M. Sevian Annette SvendsenRyan M. D. Calvi Thomas J. Mulloney James R. Smith Valerie J. TrapaBarbara L. Fiala Orion E. Poplawski Patrick SoderqvistFredrik Hellberg Peter Salen Fredrik Svedberg

Colleagues and CollaboratorsJan Almlof Roustam Gareyev Ronnie Kosloff Frank H. ReadLars H. Andersen Clayton M. Geise Mats Larsson William P. ReinhardtTorkild Andersen Gustav Gerber Hack Sung Lee Geraldine L. RichmondIwana Anusiewicz Daniel J. Goebbert Stephen R. Leone S. David RosnerMichael N. R. Ashfold Joseph J. Grabowski Marsha I. Lester Robert J. SchmittFrank M. Bacon Scott Gronert Anne B. McCoy Jack SimonsVeronica M. Bierbaum Majec Gutowski Earl W. McDaniel Piotr SkursiSergei V. Bobashev Chris M. Hadad Thomas M. Miller Steven. J. SmithAlex I. Boldyrev Alex G. Harrison Fuminori Misaizu David SpenceWeston T. Borden Zdenek Herman Michael D. Morse Robert R. SquiresLewis M. Branscomb Ingolf Hertel David J. Nesbitt John F. StantonJohn I. Brauman John W. Hooper Franklin E. Niles Peter R. TaylorKatherine M. Broadus David A. Hrovat David W. Norcross Jire ValaLarry W. Burggraf Jun Hu Mitchio Okumura Luis VelardeLaurie J. Butler Kenneth D. Jordan Stephen V. Oneil Albert A. ViggianoSean M. Casey William Karney Yasushi Ozaki Fernando VilaE. de Beer Steven R. Kass Aivars Ozolins Cun X. WangCharles H. DePuy E.H. Kim Robert Parson David E. WeeksXiaofeng F. Duan Paul D. Kleiber James R. Peterson Katsuyoshi T. YamadaVernon J. Ehlers Brian E. Kohler George A. Petersson Richard N. ZareJean H. Futrell Horst Koppel Larry J. Puckett Xin Zhou

Administrative StaffJulie Bachinski Cheryl Glenn Karen MelcherKrista Beck Fran Haas Julie PhillipsKaren Dirks Meryl Mantione Clela RorexDonna Falkenheim Pat McInerny Lorraine Volsky

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Curriculum Vita of W. Carl Lineberger

PersonalBorn December 5, 1939; Hamlet, North CarolinaMarried: Katherine W. Edwards

DegreesBEE, 1961, Georgia Institute of TechnologyMSEE, 1963, Georgia Institute of TechnologyPh.D., 1965, Georgia Institute of Technology

AppointmentsAssistant Professor Electrical Engineering (Modern Physics, Atomic Collisions) Georgia Institute of Technology, March-June, 1965Research Physicist (Atmos. Phys.), U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1965-68Research Associate, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, 1968-70Member, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, 1970-71Fellow of JILA, 1971-presentAssistant Professor, Chemistry, University of Colorado, 1970-72Associate Professor, Chemistry, University of Colorado, 1972-74Professor, Chemistry, University of Colorado, 1974-85Visiting Professor, Stanford University, 1982Visiting Professor, University of Chicago, 1982Chair, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, 1985-86E. U. Condon Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, University of Colorado, 1985-present

MembershipsNational Academy of Sciences, 1983American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995American Physical Society, FellowAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, FellowAmerican Chemical Society

Awards and HonorsAlfred P. Sloan Research Fellow, 1972-75Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar, 1975-80Faculty Fellow, University of Colorado, 1975-76, 1981-82, 1984, 1993-94, 2000-2001Herbert P. Broida Prize in Chemical Physics, American Physical Society, 1981J. S. Guggenheim Memorial Fellow, 1981-82University of Colorado Faculty Research Lecturer, 1982Bomem-Michelson Prize, Coblentz Society, 1987William F. Meggers Prize, Optical Society of America, 1988Phi Beta Kappa National Lecturer, 1989Earle K. Plyler Prize, American Physical Society, 1992Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics, American Chemical Society, 1996Sierra Nevada Section of ACS Distinguished Chemist Award, 1997Georgia Institute of Technology College of Sciences Alumni Achievement Award for Outstanding Contributions to Scholarship and Teaching,

1998William Lloyd Evans Award, Ohio State University, 2001Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2004

LectureshipsHanon Rosenthal Lecturer, Yale and Columbia Universities, 1977Frontiers in Chemistry Lecturer, Wayne State University, 1978Distinguished Visitor Lectures, University of California, Irvine, 1980Distinguished Visitor Lectures, University of Rochester, 1981Distinguished Visiting Professor Lectures, University of Florida, 1982Distinguished Speaker, University of Utah, 1983Distinguished Visiting Professor Lectures, North Dakota State University, 1985Distinguished Visitor Lectures, Northwestern University, 1985FMC Lecturer, Princeton University, 1985Fred M. Garland Memorial Lecturer, Texas A&M University, 1987Jonathan Rohrig Distinguished Lecturer, Carleton College, 1988Phi Beta Kappa National Visiting Scholar, 1988-89Centennial Lecturer, University of New Mexico, 1989Davidson Lecturer, University of Kansas, 1990George B. Kistiakowsky Lecturer, Harvard University, 1992Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Florida, 1993George C. Pimentel Lecturer, University of California, Berkeley, 1993Reilly Lecturer, Notre Dame University, 1994Welch Symposium Lecturer, 1994Joseph Franklin Lecturer, Rice University, 1994

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LectureshipsW. M. Spicer Memorial Lecturer, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995Bircher Lecturer, Vanderbilt University, 1995Richard Lord Lecturer, MIT, April, 1996Centennial Lecturer, University of Texas at Austin, 1997Stauffer Distinguished Lecturer in Chemistry, University of Southern California, 1997Sierra Nevada Distinguished Chemist, American Chemical Society, 1997C. R. Mueller Lecturer, Purdue University, 1998Moses Gomberg Lecturer, University of Michigan, March, 1999Frontiers of Science Lecturer, Texas A & M, April, 1999Gordon Lecturer, University of Toronto, May, 1999Baker Series Lectures, Cornell University, 1999E. W. McDaniel Memorial Lecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999Mary Kapp Lecturer, Virginia Commonwealth University, March 2000Hyp Dauben Lecturer, University of Washington, May 2000W. L. Evans Lecturer, Ohio State University, October, 2001G. L. Closs Lecturer, University of Chicago, 2003W. A. Noyes Distinguished Lecturer, University of Texas at Austin, 2004R. S. Berry Lecturer, “Lasers: The Light Fantastic,” Telluride Town Extravaganza, Pinhead Institute, 2005Lyle Ramsay Dawson Lecturer, University of Kentucky, 2005Robert Hansen Lecturer, Iowa State University, 2005Fredrick Kauffman Lecturer, University of Pittsburgh, 2006John Stauffer Lecturer, StInaugural Frontiers in Chemical Physics and Analysis Lecture, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 2009anford University,2008

Other Professional ActivitiesNational Research Council, Advisory Committee to the Army Research Office, 1979-82Member, National Academy of Sciences Committee on Atomic and Molecular Science, 1979-82Advisory Committee, National Science Foundation, Division of Chemistry, 1980-83Chairman, Advisory Committee to the San Francisco Regional Laser Center, 1980-1985Vice Chairman, Division of Chemical Physics, American Physical Society, 1981-82Chairman, Division of Chemical Physics, American Physical Society, 1982-83Chairman, Advisory Committee, Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1982-86NAS Advisory Committee for National Standard Reference Data Program, 1983-89National Research Council Board on Physics and Astronomy, 1983-88Vice Chair and Chair, Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, American Physical Society, 1986-7Chair, Science and Technology Centers Advisory Committee, National Science Foundation, 1987-1991Board of Directors, University of Toronto Laser and Lightwave Research Center, 1988-1993National Research Council Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, 1989-1994Member, Advisory Committee, Canadian Centers of Excellence in Molecular Dynamics, 1991-1994Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee, Department of Energy, 1991-1996; Chair, 1993-96Vice Chair and Chair, Topical Group on Laser Science, American Physical Society, 1992-1995Chair, Section of Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences 1993-1996Chair, NSF Science and Technology Centers Advisory Committee, 1996Co-Chair, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Applications, National Research Council, 1996-2000Member, Physics Policy Committee, American Physical Society, 1995-1998Member, Council on Chemical Science, Department of Energy, 1996-1999Chair, Membership, Section of Chemistry, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1999-2001Member, Task Force on Reorganization of National Research Council, 1999-2000Member, Council of the American Physical Society, 1999-2003Member, Governing Board, National Research Council, 1996-2000Foreign Councilor, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Okazaki, Japan, 2001-2003Member, Council of the National Academy of Sciences, 2003-2006Member, National Science Foundation Mathematical and Physical Sciences Advisory Committee, 2003-2006; Chair, 2004-6Member, Governing Board, National Research Council, 2003-2007Member, National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy, 2003-2009National Science Foundation Waterman Prize Selection Committee, 2006-2008; Chair, 2008.Council, American Association for Advancement of Science, 2007-2010Chair, Search Committee for Editor of Journal of Chemical Physics, 2008Member, Department of Energy Committee, “Science in a New Era.”Member, NSF Committee on Advanced Light SourcesMember, National Research Council Committee on Data IntegrityMember, National Research Council Committee Report Review Committee

1232 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 114, No. 3, 2010

Publications of W. Carl Lineberger

1. W. C. Lineberger, A noninterrupting method for measuringpulsed charged particle beam currents; MSEE Thesis, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, 1962.

2. W. C. Lineberger and J. W. Hooper, “NoninterruptingMethod for Measuring Pulsed Charged Particle Beam Currents,”ReV. Sci. Instrum. 34, 1123-25 [1963].

3. E. W. McDaniel, Collision Phenomena in Ionized Gases(John Wiley, New York, 1964) Chapter 13 and Appendix 1Prepared by W. C. Lineberger.

4. W. C. Lineberger, The Ionization of Alkali Ions by ElectronImpact; Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1965.

5. J. W. Hooper, W. C. Lineberger, and F. M. Bacon,“Absolute Cross Sections for Single Ioniization of Alkali Ionsby Electron Impact. II. Na+ and K+ Results and Comparisonswith Theory,” Phys. ReV. 141, 165-73 [1966].

6. W. C. Lineberger, J. W. Hooper, and E. W. McDaniel,“Absolute Cross Sections for Single Ioniization of Alkali Ionsby Electron Impact. I. Description of Apparatus and Li+

Results,” Phys. ReV. 141, 151-64 [1966].7. A. Ozolins, W. C. Lineberger, and F. E. Niles, “Temper-

ature Effect on Spectrometer Slit Width and PhotomultiplierSensitivity,” ReV. Sci. Instrum. 39, 1039-43 [1968].

8. W. C. Lineberger and L. J. Puckett, “Positive Ions in NitricOxide Afterglows,” Phys. ReV. 186, 116-27 [1969].

9. W. C. Lineberger and L. J. Puckett, “Hydrated PositiveIons in Nitric-Oxide Water Afterglows,” Phys. ReV. 187,286-91 [1969].

10. W. C. Lineberger and B. W. Woodward, “High ResolutionPhotodetachment of S-,” Phys. ReV. Lett. 25, 424-27 [1970].

11. L. J. Puckett and W. C. Lineberger, “Negative-IonReactions in NO-H2O Mixtures,” Phys. ReV. A 1, 1635-41[1970].

12. W. C. Lineberger and T. A. Patterson, “Two PhotonPhotodetachment Spectroscopy: The C2

-2Σ States,” Chem. Phys.Lett. 13, 40-44 [1972].

13. R. A. Beyer and W. C. Lineberger, “Time and EnergyResolved Fluorescence of cis-glyoxal,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 20,600-04 [1973].

14. H. Hotop, R. A. Bennett, and W. C. Lineberger, “Electronaffinities of Cu and Ag,” J. Chem. Phys. 58, 2373-78 [1973].

15. H. Hotop and W. C. Lineberger, “Dye Laser Photode-tachment Studies of Au-, Pt-, PtN- and Ag-,” J. Chem. Phys.58, 2379-87 [1973].

16. H. Hotop, T. A. Patterson, and W. C. Lineberger, “High-Resolution Photodetachment Study of Se- Ions,” Phys. ReV. A8, 762-74 [1973].

17. W. C. Lineberger, Photodetachment of Negative Ions inProceedings, 1972 Summer Research Conference on TheoreticalChemistry, edited by D. W. Smith and W. B. McRae (JohnWiley, New York), pp 333-55 [1973].

18. B. W. Woodward, V. J. Ehlers, and W. C. Lineberger,“A Reliable, Repetitively Pulsed, High-Power Nitrogen Laser,”ReV. Sci. Instrum. 44, 882-87 [1973].

19. E. Herbst, T. A. Patterson, and W. C. Lineberger, “LaserPhotodetachment of NO2

-,” J. Chem. Phys. 61, 1300-04[1974].

20. E. Herbst, T. A. Patterson, D. W. Norcross, and W. C.Lineberger, “Is H- a Source of Diffuse Interstellar Lines?,”Astrophys. J., L143-L44 [1974].

21. H. Hotop, T. A. Patterson, and W. C. Lineberger, “HighResolution Photodetachmentostudy of OH- and OD- in theThreshold Region 7000-6450 Å,” J. Chem. Phys. 60, 1806-12[1974].

22. H. Hotop, T. A. Patterson, and W. C. Lineberger, “HighResolution Photodetachment Studies of Negative Ions,” AdV.Mass. Spectrom. 6, 287-93 [1974].

23. A. Kasdan and W. C. Lineberger, “Alkali-Metal Negative-Ions: II. Laser Photoelectron Spectrometry,” Phys. ReV. A 10,1658-64 [1974].

24. M. Lambropoulos, S. Moody, S. Smith, and W. Lineberg-er, “Polarized Electrons From Multiphoton Ionization of SodiumAtoms,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 19, 1202 [1974].

25. W. C. Lineberger, Laser Spectroscopy of Gas phase Ionsin Chemical and Biochemical Applications of Lasers, Vol. 1,edited by C. B. Moore (Academic Press, New York), pp 71-101[1974].

26. T. A. Patterson, H. Hotop, A. Kasdan, D. W. Norcross,and W. C. Lineberger, “Resonances in Alkali Negative-IonPhotodetachment and Electron Affinities of CorrespondingNeutrals,” Phys. ReV. Lett. 32, 189-92 [1974].

27. R. A. Beyer and W. C. Lineberger, “Relaxation in 1Au

State of Glyoxal. II. Collisional Quenching,” J. Chem. Phys.62, 4024-31 [1975].

28. R. A. Beyer, P. F. Zittel, and W. C. Lineberger,“Relaxation in the 1Au State of Glyoxal. I. Collision-FreeLifetimes of Single Vibrational Levels,” J. Chem. Phys. 62,4016-23 [1975].

29. H. Hotop and W. C. Lineberger, “Binding Energies inAtomic Negative Ions,” J. Phys. Chem. ref. Data 4, 539-76[1975].

30. A. Kasdan, E. Herbst, and W. C. Lineberger, “LaserPhotoelectron Spectrometry of CH-,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 31,78-82 [1975].

31. A. Kasdan, E. Herbst, and W. C. Lineberger, “LaserPhotoelectron Spectrometry of Negative-Ions of Silicon and ItsHydrides,” J. Chem. Phys. 62, 541-48 [1975].

32. M. Lambropoulos, S. E. Moody, S. J. Smith, and W. C.Lineberger, “Observation of Electric Quadrupole Transitions inMultiphoton Ionization,” Phys. ReV. Lett. 35, 159-62 [1975].

33. W. C. Lineberger, Laser Negative Ion Spectroscopy inLaser Spectroscopy, edited by R. G. Brewer and A. Mooradian(Plenum Press, New York), pp 581-95 [1975].

34. J. L. Carlsten, J. R. Peterson, and W. C. Lineberger,“Binding of an Electron By Field of a Molecular Dipole-LiCl,”Chem. Phys. Lett. 37, 5-8 [1976].

35. P. C. Engelking and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser Photo-electron Spectrometry of NH-: Electron-Affinity and Intercom-bination Energy Difference in NH,” J. Chem. Phys. 65, 4323-24[1976].

36. H. Hotop, T. A. Patterson, and W. C. Lineberger,Photodetachment threshold processes in The Physics of Elec-tronic and Atomic Collisions; IX ICPEAC, edited by J. S. Risleyand R. Geballe (University of Washington Press, Seattle), pp584-92 [1976].

37. W. C. Lineberger, “Atomic Electron-Affinities,” IEEETrans. Nucl. Sci. 23, 934-35 [1976].

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38. W. C. Lineberger and E. Herbst, “Laser Spectroscopy ofAtmospheric Negative-Ions,” Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 57,302 [1976].

39. W. C. Lineberger, H. Hotop, and T. A. Patterson,Photodetachment Threshold Processes in Electron and PhotonInteractions with Atoms, edited by H. Kleinpoppen and M. R. C.McDowell (Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York), pp125-32 [1976].

40. P. F. Zittel, G. B. Ellison, S. V. ONeil, E. Herbst, W. C.Lineberger, and W. P. Reinhardt, “Laser Photoelectron Spec-trometry of CH2

-: Singlet-Triplet Splitting and Electron-Affinityof CH2,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 3731-32 [1976].

41. P. F. Zittel and W. C. Lineberger, “Correlation EnergyDifference Models For 1st and 2nd Row Hydrides,” J. Chem.Phys. 65, 1932-36 [1976].

42. P. F. Zittel and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser PhotoelectronSpectrometry of PO-, PH-, and PH2

-,” J. Chem. Phys. 65,1236-43 [1976].

43. P. C. Engelking and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser Photo-electron Spectrometry of C5H5

-. A Determination of theElectron Affinity and Jahn Teller Coupling in Cyclopentadi-enyl,” J. Chem. Phys. 67, 1412-17 [1977].

44. P. C. Engelking and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser Photo-electron Spectrometry of FeO-. Electron Affinity, ElectronicState Separations and Ground State Vibrations of FeO, As WellAs a New Ground State Assignment,” J. Chem. Phys. 66,5054-58 [1977].

45. P. C. Engelking and W. C. Lineberger, Negative IonEnergetics in High Temperature Sciences Related to Open Cycle,Coal Fired MHD Systems, Vol. ANL 77-21 (Argonne NationalLaboratory, Argonne, IL), pp 67-73 [1977].

46. J. Slater and W. C. Lineberger, “High-Resolution Pho-todetachment Studies of P- and Te- ” Phys. ReV. A 15, 2277-82[1977].

47. P. F. Zittel and W. C. Lineberger, “Energy-Transfer inA 1Au State of Glyoxal III. Deuterium Effects,” J. Chem. Phys.66, 2972-83 [1977].

48. G. B. Ellison, P. C. Engelking, and W. C. Lineberger,“Experimental-Determination of Geometry and Electron-Affinityof CH3,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 2556-58 [1978].

49. P. C. Engelking, G. B. Ellison, and W. C. Lineberger,“Laser Photodetachment Electron Spectrometry of Methoxide,Deuteromethoxide, and Thiomethoxide s Electron Affinitiesand Vibrational Structure of CH3O, CD3O, and Ch3S,” J. Chem.Phys. 69, 1826-32 [1978].

50. J. Slater, F. H. Read, S. E. Novick, and W. C. Lineberger,“Alkali Negative-Ions 0.3. Multichannel Photodetachment Studyof Cs- and K-,” Phys. ReV. A 17, 201-13 [1978].

51. R. H. Corderman, P. C. Engelking, and W. C. Lineberger,“Laser Photoelectron Spectrometry of Co- and Ni-” J. Chem.Phys. 70, 4474-80 [1979].

52. R. R. Corderman and W. C. Lineberger, “Negative-IonSpectroscopy,” Annu. ReV. Phys. Chem. 30, 347-78 [1979].

53. P. C. Engelking and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser Photo-electron Spectrometry of Fe-. The Electron Affinity of Fe andthe” Nonstatistical “Fine Structure Detachment Intensities at 488nm,” Phys. ReV. A 19, 149-55 [1979].

54. P. C. Engelking and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser Photo-electron Spectrometry of the Negative Ions of Iron and IronCarbonyls s Electron-Affinity Determination For the SeriesFe(CO)n

-, n ) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 5569-73[1979].

55. S. E. Novick, P. C. Engelking, P. L. Jones, J. H. Futrell,and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser Photoelectron, Photodetachment,

and Photodestruction Spectra of O3-,” J. Chem. Phys. 70,

2652-62 [1979].56. S. E. Novick, P. L. Jones, T. J. Mulloney, and W. C.

Lineberger, “Resonances in Photodetachment of Sodium-HalideNegative-Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 70, 2210-14 [1979].

57. R. R. Corderman, P. C. Engelking, and W. C. Lineberger,“Laser Photoelectron Spectrometry Measurement of Character-istic Electronic and Vibrational Temperatures of SputteredNegative- Ions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 36, 533-35 [1980].

58. P. L. Jones, R. D. Mead, B. E. Kohler, S. D. Rosner, andW. C. Lineberger, “Photodetachment Spectroscopy of C2

-

Autodetaching Resonances,” J. Chem. Phys. 73, 4419-32[1980].

59. V. M. Bierbaum, R. J. Schmitt, C. H. Depuy, R. D. Mead,P. A. Schulz, and W. C. Lineberger, “Experimental-Measure-ment of the Electron-Affinity of the Hydroperoxy Radical,”J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 6262-63 [1981].

60. P. C. Engelking, R. R. Corderman, J. J. Wendoloski, G. B.Ellison, S. V. ONeil, and W. C. Lineberger, “Laser Photoelec-tron Spectrometry of CH2

- and the Singlet-Triplet Splitting inMethylene,” J. Chem. Phys. 74, 5460-73 [1981].

61. C. S. Feigerle, R. R. Corderman, S. V. Bobashev, andW. C. Lineberger, “Binding Energies and Structure of TransitionMetal Negative Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 74, 1580-98 [1981].

62. C. S. Feigerle, R. R. Corderman, and W. C. Lineberger,“Electron-Affinities of B, Al, Bi, and Pb,” J. Chem. Phys. 74,1513-15 [1981].

63. C. S. Feigerle, Z. Herman, and W. C. Lineberger, “LaserPhotoelectron Spectrometry of Sc- and Y- s a Determinationof the Order of Electron Filling in Transition Metal Anions,”J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 23, 441-50 [1981].

64. R. D. Mead, P. A. Schulz, C. S. Feigerle, and W. C.Lineberger, “Laser Spectroscopy of Negative-Ion Beams,” IEEETrans. Nucl. Sci. 28, 1194-97 [1981].

65. S. M. Burnett, C. S. Feigerle, A. E. Stevens, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of CS- and NS-,” J.Phys. Chem. 86, 4486-88 [1982].

66. G. B. Ellison, P. C. Engelking, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of Alkoxide and Enolate Negative-Ions,” J. Phys. Chem. 86, 4873-78 [1982].

67. W. C. Lineberger, Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectros-copy in Applied Atomic Collision Physics, Vol. 5, edited byH. S. W. Massey, E. W. McDaniel, and B. Bederson (AcademicPress, New York, NY), pp 239-54 [1982].

68. W. C. Lineberger, Electron Affinity in Encyclopedia ofScience and Technology (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY), p.737-38 [1982].

69. R. D. Mead and W. C. Lineberger, PhotodetachmentProcesses in Electron Molecule Collisions and PhotoionizationProcesses, edited by V. McKoy, H. Suzuki, K. Takayanagi, andS. Trajmar (Verlag Chemie, Berlin), pp 1-5 [1982].

70. P. A. Schulz, R. D. Mead, P. L. Jones, and W. C.Lineberger, “OH- and OD- Threshold Photodetachment,”J. Chem. Phys. 77, 1153-65 [1982].

71. A. E. Stevens, C. S. Feigerle, and W. C. Lineberger,“Laser Photoelectron Spectrometry of Ni(CO)-, Ni(CO)2

-, andNi(CO)3

-,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 5026-31 [1982].72. S. M. Burnett, A. E. Stevens, C. S. Feigerle, and W. C.

Lineberger, “Observation of X1A1 Vinylidene By PhotoelectronSpectroscopy of the C2H2

- ion,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, 124-28[1983].

73. U. Hefter, R. D. Mead, P. A. Schulz, and W. C.Lineberger, “Ultrahigh-Resolution Study of Autodetachment inC2

-,” Phys. ReV. A 28, 1429-39 [1983].

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74. P. A. Schulz, R. D. Mead, and W. C. Lineberger,“Rotational Intensities in Photodetachment and Photoionization,”Phys. ReV. A 27, 2229-32 [1983].

75. A. E. Stevens, C. S. Feigerle, and W. C. Lineberger,“Laser Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of MnH- and FeH- sElectronic- Structures of the Metal-Hydrides, Identification ofa Low-Spin Excited-State of MnH, and Evidence For a Low-Spin Ground-State of FeH,” J. Chem. Phys. 78, 5420-31[1983].

76. M. A. Johnson, M. L. Alexander, I. Hertel, and W. C.Lineberger, “Improved Flexibility in MODR Using a SupersonicJet Source s Applications to CO+ and CN,” Chem. Phys. Lett.105, 374-79 [1984].

77. M. A. Johnson, M. L. Alexander, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photodestruction Cross Sections For Mass-Selected Ion Clus-ters s (CO2)n

+,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 112, 285-90 [1984].78. D. G. Leopold, K. K. Murray, and W. C. Lineberger,

“Laser Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Vibrationally RelaxedCH2

-. A Reinvestigation of the Singlet-Triplet Splitting inMethylene,” J. Chem. Phys. 81, 1048-50 [1984].

79. K. R. Lykke, R. D. Mead, and W. C. Lineberger,“Observation of Dipole-Bound States of Negative-Ions,” Phys.ReV. Lett. 52, 2221-24 [1984].

80. R. D. Mead, K. R. Lykke, and W. C. Lineberger,Photodetachment Threshold Laws in Electronic and AtomicCollisions, edited by J. Eichler, I. V. Hertel, and N. Stolterfoht(Elsevier, pp 721-30 [1984].

81. R. D. Mead, K. R. Lykke, W. C. Lineberger, J. Marks,and J. I. Brauman, “Spectroscopy and dynamics of the dipole-bound state of acetaldehyde enolate,” J. Chem. Phys. 81,4883-92 [1984].

82. R. D. Mead, A. E. Stevens, and W. C. Lineberger,Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams in Gas phase IonChemistry, Vol. 3, edited by M. T. Bowers (Academic Press,New York), p 213-48 [1984].

83. M. L. Alexander, M. A. Johnson, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photofragmentation of (CO2)n

+: Simple Energy Dependencefor the Number of Neutrals Ejected, 13 < n < 26,” J. Chem.Phys. 82, 5288-89 [1985].

84. H. Hotop and W. C. Lineberger, “Binding Energies inAtomic Negative-Ions 0.2,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14,731-50 [1985].

85. D. G. Leopold, K. K. Murray, A. E. S. Miller, and W. C.Lineberger, “Methylene: A Study of the X 3B1 and a 1A1 Statesby Photoelectron Spectroscopy of CH2

- and CD2-,” J. Chem.

Phys. 83, 4849-65 [1985].86. K. R. Lykke, D. M. Neumark, T. Andersen, V. J. Trapa,

and W. C. Lineberger, Photodetachment spectroscopy of-CH2CN in Laser Spectroscoopy VII, edited by T. W. Hanschand Y. R. Shen (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), pp 130-33 [1985].

87. R. D. Mead, U. Hefter, P. A. Schulz, and W. C.Lineberger, “Ultrahigh Resolution Spectroscopy of C2

- s Thea [2]Πu State Characterized By Deperturbation Methods,”J. Chem. Phys. 82, 1723-31 [1985].

88. D. M. Neumark, K. R. Lykke, T. Andersen, and W. C.Lineberger, “Laser Photodetachment Measurement of the Elec-tron Affinity of Atomic Oxygen,” Phys. ReV. A 32, 1890-92[1985].

89. D. M. Neumark, K. R. Lykke, T. Andersen, and W. C.Lineberger, “Infrared-Spectrum and Autodetachment Dynamicsof NH-,” J. Chem. Phys. 83, 4364-73 [1985].

90. M. L. Alexander, M. A. Johnson, N. E. Levinger, andW. C. Lineberger, “Photodissociation of Mass-Selected (CO2)n

-

Clusters: Evaporation Leading to Magic Numbers in Fragment-Ion Distributions,” Phys. ReV. Lett. 57, 976-9 [1986].

91. T. Andersen, K. R. Lykke, D. M. Neumark, and W. C.Lineberger, Photodetachment Spectroscopy of FeO- in Pro-ceedings, XIV ICPEAC, edited by D. C. Lorents, W. E.Meyerhof, and J. R. Peterson (Elsevier), pp 791-98 [1986].

92. D. G. Leopold and W. C. Lineberger, “A Study of theLow-Lying Electronic States of Fe2 and Co2 by Negative-IonPhotoelectron-Spectroscopy,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 51-55 [1986].

93. D. G. Leopold, T. M. Miller, and W. C. Lineberger,“Flowing Afterglow Negative-Ion Photoelectron-Spectroscopyof Dirhenium s Evidence For Multiple Bonding in Re2 andRe2

-,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 178-79 [1986].94. D. G. Leopold, A. E. Stevens-Miller, and W. C.

Lineberger, “Determination of the Singlet Triplet Splitting andElectron Affinity of Ortho-Benzyne By Negative Ion Photo-electron Spectroscopy,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 1379-84[1986].

95. A. E. S. Miller, C. S. Feigerle, and W. C. Lineberger,“Laser Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of MnH2

-, FeH2-, CoH2

-,and NiH2

- s Determination of the Electron-Affinities For theMetal Dihydrides,” J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4127-31 [1986].

96. T. M. Miller, D. G. Leopold, K. K. Murray, and W. C.Lineberger, “Electron-Affinities of the Alkali-Halides and theStructure of Their Negative-Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 2368-75[1986].

97. T. M. Miller, A. E. S. Miller, and W. C. Lineberger,“Electron-Affinities of Ge and Sn,” Phys. ReV. A 33, 3558-59[1986].

98. K. K. Murray, T. M. Miller, D. G. Leopold, and W. C.Lineberger, “Laser Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of the FormylAnion,” J. Chem. Phys. 84, 2520-25 [1986].

99. T. Andersen, K. R. Lykke, D. M. Neumark, and W. C.Lineberger, “Autodetachment study of the electronic spectros-copy of FeO-,” J. Chem. Phys. 86, 1858-67 [1987].

100. M. A. Johnson and W. C. Lineberger, Spectroscopy ofIonic Clusters in Molecular and Cluster Beam Science (NationalResearch Council, Washington, DC), pp 67-75 [1987].

101. D. G. Leopold, J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photo-electron-Spectroscopy of Mass-Selected Metal Cluster Anions0.1. Cu1-10

-,” J. Chem. Phys. 86, 1715-26 [1987].102. K. R. Lykke, D. M. Neumark, T. Andersen, V. J. Trapa,

and W. C. Lineberger, “Autodetachment Spectroscopy andDynamics of CH2CN- and CD2CN-,” J. Chem. Phys. 87,6842-53 [1987].

103. A. E. S. Miller, C. S. Feigerle, and W. C. Lineberger,“Laser Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of CrH-, CoH-, and NiH-

s Periodic Trends in the Electronic-Structure of the Transition-Metal Hydrides,” J. Chem. Phys. 87, 1549-56 [1987].

104. K. K. Murray, K. R. Lykke, and W. C. Lineberger,“Spectroscopy and Autodetachment Dynamics of PtN-,” Phys.ReV. A 36, 699-704 [1987].

105. D. M. Neumark, K. R. Lykke, T. Andersen, and W. C.Lineberger, “Autodetachment Spectroscopy of Negative Ions,”Advances in Laser Science II, 160, 347-54, 1987, M. Lapp,W. C. Stwalley, and G. M. Kenney-Wallace, eds., AmericanInstitute of Physics.

106. A. E. Stevens Miller, C. S. Feigerle, and W. C.Lineberger, “Laser Photoelectron Spectroscopy of CrH-, CoH-,and NiH-: Periodic Trends in the Electronic Structure of theTransition-Metal Hydrides,” J. Chem. Phys. 87, 1549-56[1987].

107. M. L. Alexander, N. E. Levinger, M. A. Johnson, D.Ray, and W. C. Lineberger, “Recombination of Br2

- Photodis-

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sociated within Mass Selected Ionic Clusters,” J. Chem. Phys.88, 6200-10 [1988].

108. K. M. Ervin, J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger, “Electronicand Vibrational Structure of Transition Metal Trimers: Photo-electron Spectra of Ni3

-, Pd3-, and Pt3

-,” J. Chem. Phys. 89,4514-21 [1988].

109. K. M. Ervin, J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger, “UltravioletPhotoelectron Spectrum of NO2

-,” J. Phys. Chem. 92, 5405-12[1988].

110. M. A. Johnson and W. C. Lineberger, Pulsed Methodsfor Cluster Ion Spectroscopy in Techniques for the Study of IonMolecule Reactions, edited by J. M. Farrar and J. W. Saunders(Wiley, New York), pp 591-636 [1988].

111. D. G. Leopold, J. Almlof, W. C. Lineberger, and P. R.Taylor, “A Simple Interpretation of the Fe2

- PhotoelectronSpectrum,” J. Chem. Phys. 88, 3780-3 [1988].

112. N. E. Levinger, D. Ray, M. L. Alexander, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoabsorption and Photofragmentation Studiesof Arn

+ Cluster Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 89, 5654-62 [1988].113. N. E. Levinger, D. Ray, K. K. Murray, A. S. Mullin,

C. P. Schulz, and W. C. Lineberger, “The Visible Photoabsorp-tion Spectrum of Ar3

+,” J. Chem. Phys. 89, 71-4 [1988].114. W. C. Lineberger, Autodetachment spectroscopy of

negative ions in Electron-Molecule Scattering and Photoion-ization, edited by P. G. Burke and J. B. West (Plenum Press,New York), pp 71-74 [1988].

115. K. R. Lykke, K. K. Murray, D. M. Neumark, and W. C.Lineberger, “High-Resolution Studies of Autodetachment inNegative-Ions,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A 324, 179-96[1988].

116. J. Marks, J. I. Brauman, R. D. Mead, K. R. Lykke, andW. C. Lineberger, “Spectroscopy and Dynamics of the Dipole-Supported State of Acetyl Fluoride Enolate Anion,” J. Chem.Phys. 88, 6785-92 [1988].

117. T. M. Miller and W. C. Lineberger, “Electron Affinityof MgCl,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 146, 364-6 [1988].

118. K. K. Murray, D. G. Leopold, T. M. Miller, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the HalocarbeneAnions HCF-, HCCl-, HCBr-, HCl-, CF2

-, and CCl2-,”

J. Chem. Phys. 89, 5442-53 [1988].119. K. M. Ervin, J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger, “A Study of

the Singlet and Triplet States of Vinylidene by PhotoelectronSpectroscopy of H2CdC-, D2CdC-, and HDCdC-. Vi-nylidene-Acetylene Isomerization,” J. Chem. Phys. 91, 5974-92[1989].

120. D. Ray, N. E. Levinger, J. M. Papanikolas, and W. C.Lineberger, “Time-Resolved Measurements of the Photodisso-ciation and Recombination Dynamics of I2

- in Mass SelectedCluster Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 91, 6533-34 [1989].

121. C. T. Wickham-Jones, K. M. Ervin, G. B. Ellison, andW. C. Lineberger, “NH2 Electron Affinity,” J. Chem. Phys. 91,2762-3 [1989].

122. K. M. Ervin, S. Gronert, S. E. Barlow, M. K. Gilles,A. G. Harrison, V. M. Bierbaum, C. H. DePuy, W. C.Lineberger, and G. B. Ellison, “Bond Strengths of Ethylene andAcetylene,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 5750-59 [1990].

123. J. Ho, K. M. Ervin, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photoelec-tron Spectroscopy of Metal Cluster Anions: Cun

-, Agn-, and

Aun-,” J. Chem. Phys. 93, 6987-7002 [1990].

124. W. C. Lineberger, Electron Affinity in Encyclopedia ofScience and Technology, Seventh ed. (McGraw Hill, New York)[1990].

125. T. M. Miller and W. C. Lineberger, “Mass-Spectra andPhotodetachment of Sodium-Fluoride Negative-Ion Clusters,”Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 102, 239-49 [1990].

126. D. Ray, N. E. Levinger, and W. C. Lineberger,Spectroscopy and dynamics of ‘van der Waals’ cluster ions inThe Chemical Physics of Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Vol.International School of Physics Enrico Fermi Course CVII,edited by G. Scoles (Amsterdam, Amsterdam), pp 451-65[1990].

127. K. M. Ervin and W. C. Lineberger, “PhotoelectronSpectra of C2

- and C2H-,” J. Phys. Chem. 95, 1167-77 [1991].128. M. K. Gilles, M. L. Polak, and W. C. Lineberger,

“Photoelectron Spectroscopy of IO-,” J. Chem. Phys. 95,4723-4 [1991].

129. J. Ho, K. M. Ervin, M. L. Polak, M. K. Gilles, and W. C.Lineberger, “A Study of the Electronic-Structures of Pd2

- andPd2 By Photoelectron-Spectroscopy,” J. Chem. Phys. 95,4845-53 [1991].

130. K. R. Lykke, K. K. Murray, and W. C. Lineberger,“Threshold Photodetachment of H-,” Phys. ReV. A 43, 6104-7[1991].

131. J. M. Papanikolas, J. R. Gord, N. E. Levinger, D. Ray,V. Vorsa, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photodissociation andGeminate Recombination Dynamics of I2

- in Mass-SelectedI2

-(CO2)n Cluster Ions,” J. Phys. Chem. 95, 8028-40 [1991].132. M. L. Polak, B. L. Fiala, K. M. Ervin, and W. C.

Lineberger, “The Ultraviolet Photoelectron-Spectrum of SO-,”J. Chem. Phys. 94, 6926-27 [1991].

133. M. L. Polak, M. K. Gilles, J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of CuO-,” J. Phys. Chem. 95,3460-63 [1991].

134. M. L. Polak, J. Ho, G. Gerber, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of Negatively Charged BismuthClusters s Bi2

-, Bi3-, and Bi4

-,” J. Chem. Phys. 95, 3053-63[1991].

135. D. M. Szaflarski, A. S. Mullin, K. Yokoyama, M. N. R.Ashfold, and W. C. Lineberger, “Characterization of TripletStates in Doubly Charged Positive Ions: Assignment of the[3]Πgs[3]Σu Electronic Transition in N2

2+,” J. Phys. Chem. 95,2122-4 [1991].

136. K. M. Ervin and W. C. Lineberger, PhotoelectronSpectroscopy of Negative Ions in AdVances in Gas phase IonChemistry, Vol. 1, edited by N. G. Adams and L. M. Babcock(JAI Press, Greenwich), pp 121-66 [1992].

137. M. K. Gilles, K. M. Ervin, J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger,“Negative-Ion Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of HCF-, HCCl-,HCBr-, and HCI- - Photoelectron Angular-Distributions andNeutral Triplet Excitation-Energies,” J. Phys. Chem. 96, 1130-41[1992].

138. M. K. Gilles, M. L. Polak, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of the Halogen Oxide Anions FO-,ClO-, BrO-, IO-, OClO-, and OIO-,” J. Chem. Phys. 96,8012-20 [1992].

139. R. F. Gunion, M. K. Gilles, M. L. Polak, and W. C.Lineberger, “Ultraviolet Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of thePhenide, Benzyl and Phenoxide Anions, with Ab Initio Calcula-tions,” Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 117, 601-20[1992].

140. J. Ho, M. L. Polak, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photoelec-tron-Spectroscopy of Group-IV Heavy-Metal Dimers s Sn2

-,Pb2

-, and SnPb-,” J. Chem. Phys. 96, 144-54 [1992].141. A. S. Mullin, K. K. Murray, C. P. Schulz, D. M.

Szaflarski, and W. C. Lineberger, “Autodetachment Spectros-

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copy Of Vibrationally Excited Acetaldehyde Enolate Anion,CH2CHO-,” Chem. Phys. 166, 207-13 [1992].

142. A. S. Mullin, D. M. Szaflarski, K. Yokoyama, G. Gerber,and W. C. Lineberger, “Triplet-State Spectroscopy and Photof-ragment Dynamics of N2

+2,” J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3636-48[1992].

143. J. M. Papanikolas, V. Vorsa, M. E. Nadal, P. J.Campagnola, J. R. Gord, and W. C. Lineberger, “I2

- Photof-ragmentation Recombination Dynamics In Size-SelectedI2

-(CO2)n Cluster Ions: Observation Of Coherent I · · · I- Vibra-tional Motion,” J. Chem. Phys. 97, 7002-05 [1992].

144. M. L. Polak, G. Gerber, J. Ho, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of Small Antimony Cluster Anionss Sb-, Sb2

-, Sb3-, and Sb4

-,” J. Chem. Phys. 97, 8990-9000[1992].

145. M. L. Polak, M. K. Gilles, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron Spectroscopy of SF-,” J. Chem. Phys. 96,7191-2 [1992].

146. K. Yokayama, D. M. Szaflarski, A. S. Mullin, and W. C.Lineberger, “Experimental Methods for Probing Structure andDynamics of Gas-Phase Molecular Dications,” SPIE Proceed-ings 1638, 264-72 [1992].

147. M. K. Gilles, W. C. Lineberger, and K. M. Ervin,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Of the Monofluorovinylidene andDifluorovinylidene Anions: The Monofluorovinylidene-Fluo-roacetylene Rearrangement,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 1031-38[1993].

148. J. Ho, M. L. Polak, K. M. Ervin, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Of Nickel Group Dimers: Ni2

-,Pd2

-, and Pt2-,” J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8542-51 [1993].

149. A. S. Mullin, K. K. Murray, C. P. Schulz, and W. C.Lineberger, “Autodetachment Dynamics of Acetaldehyde Eno-late Anion, CH2CHO-,” J. Phys. Chem. 97, 10281-6 [1993].

150. J. M. Papanikolas, V. Vorsa, M. E. Nadal, P. J.Campagnola, H. K. Buchenau, and W. C. Lineberger, “I2

-

Photodissociation and Recombination Dynamics in Size-Selected I2

-(CO2)n Cluster Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8733-50[1993].

151. M. L. Polak, M. K. Gilles, R. F. Gunion, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectroscopy of PbO-,” Chem. Phys.Lett. 210, 55-60 [1993].

152. E. deBeer, E. H. Kim, D. M. Neumark, R. F. Gunion,and W. C. Lineberger, “Transition State Spectroscopy of theOH + H2f H2O + H Reaction via Photodetachment of H3O-

and D3O-,” J. Phys. Chem. 99, 13627-36 [1995].153. R. F. Gunion, H. Koppel, G. W. Leach, and W. C.

Lineberger, “Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of C4H4-:

Ab Initio Calculations and Dynamics of the 1,2-Hydrogen Shiftin Vinylvinylidene,” J. Chem. Phys. 103, 1250-62 [1995].

154. M. E. Nadal, P. J. Campagnola, V. Vorsa, P. D. Kleiber,J. M. Papanikolas, P. E. Maslen, J. Faeder, R. Parson, O. E.Poplawski, and W. C. Lineberger, Time-resolved dynamics inlarge cluster ions in The Robert A. Welch Foundation Confer-ence on Chemical Research XXXVIII Chemical Dynamics ofTransient Species (Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston), p175-84 [1995].

155. J. M. Papanikolas, P. J. Campagnola, V. Vorsa, M. E.Nadal, H. K. Buchenau, R. Parson, and W. C. Lineberger, Time-Resolved Studies of Cage Recombination Dynamics in IonicClusters in The Chemical Dynamics and Kinetics of SmallRadicals, Vol. 6, edited by K. Liu and A. Wagner (WorldScientific, Singapore), pp 616-68 [1995].

156. M. S. Robinson, M. L. Polak, V. M. Bierbaum, C. H.DePuy, and W. C. Lineberger, “Experimental Studies of Allene,

Methylacetylene, and the Propargyl Radical: Bond DissociationEnergies, Gas-phase Acidities, and Ion-Molecule Chemistry,”J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 6766-78 [1995].

157. S. J. DixonWarren, R. F. Gunion, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron Spectroscopy Of Mixed Metal Cluster Anions:NiCu-, NiAg-, NiAg2

-, and Ni2Ag-,” J. Chem. Phys. 104,4902-10 [1996].

158. R. F. Gunion, S. J. Dixon-Warren, W. C. Lineberger,and M. D. Morse, “Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy ofMolybdenum and Molybdenum Monoxide Anions,” J. Chem.Phys. 104, 1765-73 [1996].

159. R. F. Gunion, W. Karney, P. G. Wenthold, W. T.Borden, and W. C. Lineberger, “Ultraviolet Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Of Some C7H7

- Isomers: Quadricyclanide, Nor-bornadienide, Cycloheptatrienide, and 1,6-Heptadiynide,” J. Am.Chem. Soc. 118, 5074-82 [1996].

160. R. F. Gunion and W. C. Lineberger, “UltravioletPhotoelectron-Spectroscopy Of the Tert-Butylvinylidene Anion,”J. Phys. Chem. 100, 4395-99 [1996].

161. M. E. Nadal, P. D. Kleiber, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photofragmentation Of Mass-Selected ICl-(CO2)n Cluster Ions:Solvation Effects On the Structure and Dynamics Of the IonicChromophore,” J. Chem. Phys. 105, 504-14 [1996].

162. M. E. Nadal, S. Nandi, P. G. Wenthold, J. Kim, L. H.Andersen, Y. Ozaki, D. W. Boo, and W. C. Lineberger,Femtosecond and picosecond dynamics of ions in clusters inNobel Symposium 101: Femtochemistry and Femtobiology:Ultrafast Reaction Dynamics at Atomic-Scale Resolution, editedby V. Sundstrom, S. Forsen, U. Eberg, and H. Hjalmarsson(Imperial College Press, London), pp 423-35 [1996].

163. V. Vorsa, P. J. Campagnola, S. Nandi, M. Larsson, andW. C. Lineberger, “Photofragmentation of I2

-(Ar)n Clusters:Observation of Metastable Isomeric Ionic Fragments,” J. Chem.Phys. 105, 2298-308 [1996].

164. P. G. Wenthold, R. F. Gunion, and W. C. Lineberger,“Ultraviolet Negative-Ion Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Of theChromium-Oxide Negative-Ion,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 258, 101-06[1996].

165. P. G. Wenthold, D. Hrovat, W. T. Borden, and W. C.Lineberger, “Transition-State Spectroscopy of Cyclooctatet-raene,” Science 272, 1456-59 [1996].

166. P. G. Wenthold, J. Hu, R. R. Squires, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Of the Trimethylen-emethane Negative-Ion: the Singlet-Triplet Splitting Of Trim-ethylenemethane,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 475-76 [1996].

167. P. G. Wenthold, M. L. Polak, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of the Allyl and 2-MethylallylAnions,” J. Phys. Chem. 100, 6920-26 [1996].

168. K. Yokoyama, G. W. Leach, J. B. Kim, and W. C.Lineberger, “Autodetachment Spectroscopy and Dynamics OfDipole Bound-States Of Negative-Ions: 2A1-2B2 Transitions OfH2CCC-,” J. Chem. Phys. 105, 10696-705 [1996].

169. K. Yokoyama, G. W. Leach, J. B. Kim, W. C.Lineberger, A. I. Boldyrev, and M. Gutowski, “AutodetachmentSpectroscopy and Dynamics Of Vibrationally Excited Dipole-Bound States Of H2CCC-,” J. Chem. Phys. 105, 10706-18[1996].

170. K. Yokoyama, W. C. Lineberger, and K. M. T. Yamada,“A Breakdown Of the Watson-Type Hamiltonian For SomeAsymmetric-Top Molecules: the Case Of the Spin-MultipletState,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 178, 93-98 [1996].

171. D. W. Boo, Y. Ozaki, L. H. Andersen, and W. C.Lineberger, “Femtosecond Dynamics of Linear Ag3

-,” J. Phys.Chem. A 101, 6688-96 [1997].

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172. E. P. Clifford, P. G. Wenthold, W. C. Lineberger, G. A.Petersson, and G. B. Ellison, “Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Ofthe NCN- and HNCN- Ions,” J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 4338-45[1997].

173. S. Kato, H. S. Lee, R. Gareyev, P. G. Wenthold, W. C.Lineberger, C. H. Depuy, and V. M. Bierbaum, “Experimentaland Computational Studies Of the Structures and Energetics OfCyclooctatetraene and Its Derivatives,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119,7863-64 [1997].

174. J. R. Smith, J. B. Kim, and W. C. Lineberger, “High-Resolution Threshold Photodetachment Spectroscopy Of OH-,”Phys. ReV. A 55, 2036-43 [1997].

175. V. Vorsa, S. Nandi, P. J. Campagnola, M. Larsson, andW. C. Lineberger, “Recombination Dynamics Of Photodisso-ciated I2

- In Size-Selected Ar and CO2 Clusters,” J. Chem. Phys.106, 1402-10 [1997].

176. P. G. Wenthold, K. L. Jonas, and W. C. Lineberger,“Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy Of the ChromiumDioxide Negative Ion,” J. Chem. Phys. 106, 9961-62 [1997].

177. P. G. Wenthold, J. B. Kim, K. L. Jonas, and W. C.Lineberger, “An Experimental and Computational Study Of theElectron Affinity Of Boron Oxide,” J. Phys. Chem. 101,4472-74 [1997].

178. P. G. Wenthold, J. B. Kim, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Of m-Xylylene Anion,” J. Am.Chem. Soc. 119, 1354-59 [1997].

179. P. G. Wenthold and W. C. Lineberger, “Dehydrocy-clooctatetraene s Photoelectron Spectroscopy Of the C8H6

Anion,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 7772-77 [1997].180. E. P. Clifford, P. G. Wenthold, R. Gareyev, W. C.

Lineberger, C. H. DePuy, V. M. Bierbaum, and G. B. Ellison,“Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Gas Phase Acidity, and Thermo-chemistry of tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide: Mechanisms for theRearrangement of Peroxyl Radicals,” J. Chem. Phys. 109,10293-310 [1998].

181. E. P. Clifford, P. G. Wenthold, W. C. Lineberger, G. B.Ellison, C. X. Wang, J. J. Grabowski, F. Vila, and K. D. Jordan,“Properties of Tetramethyleneethane (TME) As Revealed ByIon Chemistry and Ion Photoelectron-Spectroscopy,” J. Chem.Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1015-22 [1998].

182. E. P. Clifford, P. G. Wenthold, W. C. Lineberger, G. A.Petersson, K. M. Broadus, S. R. Kass, S. Kato, C. H. DePuy,V. M. Bierbaum, and G. B. Ellison, “Properties of Diazocarbene[CNN] and the Diazomethyl Radical [HCNN] via Ion Chemistryand Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 7100-12 [1998].

183. J. B. Kim, P. G. Wenthold, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron Spectroscopy of OH-(N2O)n, n ) 1-5,”J. Chem. Phys. 108, 830-37 [1998].

184. S. Nandi, A. Sanov, N. Delaney, J. Faeder, R. Parson,and W. C. Lineberger, “Photodissociation of I2

-(OCS)n ClusterIons: Structural Implications,” J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 8827-35[1998].

185. A. Sanov, S. Nandi, K. D. Jordan, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photochemistry of (OCS)n

- Cluster Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 109,1264-70 [1998].

186. A. Sanov, S. Nandi, and W. C. Lineberger, “TransientSolvent Dynamics and Incoherent Control of PhotodissociationPathways in I2

- Cluster Ions,” J. Chem. Phys. 108, 5155-58[1998].

187. A. M. Sanov and W. C. Lineberger, Incoherent controlof photodissociation pathways in I2

- cluster ions in SPIEProceedings, Vol. 3271, edited by J. W. Hepburn, R. E.Continetti, and M. A. Johnson (SPIE, Bellingham, WA), pp188-95 [1998].

188. A. M. Sanov, W. C. Lineberger, and K. D. Jordan,“Electronic Structure of (CS2)2

-,” J Phys. Chem. A 102,2509-11 [1998].

189. P. G. Wenthold, R. R. Squires, and W. C. Lineberger,“Ultraviolet Photoelectron-Spectroscopy of the o-Benzyne,m-Benzyne, and p-Benzyne Negative-Ionss Electron-Affinitiesand Singlet-Triplet Splittings for o-Benzyne, m-Benzyne, andp-Benzyne,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 5279-90 [1998].

190. G. E. Davico, R. L. Schwartz, T. M. Ramond, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Benzoquinonide andDehydrobenzoquinone Anions,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 6047-54[1999].

191. G. E. Davico, R. L. Schwartz, T. M. Ramond, and W. C.Lineberger, “An Experimental Study of the Low-Lying Elec-tronic States of WO2,” J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 6167-72 [1999].

192. J. B. Kim, P. G. Wenthold, and W. C. Lineberger,“Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of o-, m-, and p-Halobenzyl Anions,” J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 10833-41 [1999].

193. A. Sanov, J. Faeder, R. Parson, and W. C. Lineberger,“Spin-Orbit Coupling in I · (CO2) and I · (OCS) van der WaalsComplexes: Beyond the Pseudo-Diatomic Approximation,”Chem. Phys. Lett. 313, 812-19 [1999].

194. A. Sanov, T. Sanford, L. J. Butler, J. Vala, R. Kosloff,and W. C. Lineberger, “Photodissociation Dynamics of Gas-Phase BrICl- and IBr2

- Anions,” J. Phys. Chem. A 103,10244-54 [1999].

195. A. Sanov, T. Sanford, S. Nandi, and W. C. Lineberger,“Spin-Orbit Relaxation and Recombination Dynamics inI2

-(CO2)n and I2-(OCS)n Cluster Ions: A New Type of Photof-

ragment Caging Reaction,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 664-75 [1999].196. R. L. Schwartz, G. E. Davico, T. M. Ramond, and W. C.

Lineberger, “Singlet-Triplet Splittings in CX2 (X ) F, Cl, Br,I) Dihalocarbenes via Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy,”J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 8213-21 [1999].

197. P. G. Wenthold, J. Hu, R. R. Squires, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Trimethylen-emethane Negative Ion,” J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 10,800-09 [1999].

198. P. G. Wenthold and W. C. Lineberger, “Negative IonPhotoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Organic Reactive Inter-mediates,” Acc. Chem. Res. 32, 597-604 [1999].

199. G. E. Davico, T. M. Ramond, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron Spectroscopy of SnO,” J. Chem. Phys. 113,8852-53 [2000].

200. T. M. Ramond, G. E. Davico, R. L. Schwartz, and W. C.Lineberger, “Vibronic Structure of Alkoxy Radicals via Pho-toelectron Spectroscopy,” J. Chem. Phys. 112, 1158-69 [2000].

201. R. L. Schwartz, G. E. Davico, J. B. Kim, and W. C.Lineberger, “Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy ofOH-(NH3),” J. Chem. Phys. 112, 4966-73 [2000].

202. R. L. Schwartz, G. E. Davico, and W. C. Lineberger,“Negative-Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy of CH3S,” J. ElectronSpectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 108, 163-68 [2000].

203. S. J. Blanksby, T. M. Ramond, G. E. Davico, M. R.Nimlos, S. Kato, V. M. Bierbaum, W. C. Lineberger, G. B.Ellison, and M. Okumura, “Negative-Ion Photoelectron Spec-troscopy, Gas-Phase Acidity, and Thermochemistry of thePeroxyl Radicals CH3OO and CH3CH2OO,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.123, 9585-96 [2001].

204. G. E. Davico, R. L. Schwartz, and W. C. Lineberger,“Photoelectron Spectroscopy of C3Si and C4Si2 Anions,”J. Chem. Phys. 115, 1789-94 [2001].

205. K. M. Ervin, T. M. Ramond, G. E. Davico, R. L.Schwartz, S. M. Casey, and W. C. Lineberger, “Naphthyl

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Radical: Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Franck-Condon Simulation, and Thermochemistry,” J. Phys. Chem. A105, 10822-31 [2001].

206. W. C. Lineberger, “Concluding Remarks,” FaradayDiscussions 118, 505-07 [2001].

207. R. Parson, N. Delaney, A. Sanov, and W. C. Lineberger,Solvent Induced Cage Recombination In Cluster Ions: Experi-mental and Theoretical Investigations in The Physics andChemistry of Clusters: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 117,edited by E. E. B. Campbell and M. Larsson (World Scientific,Singapore), pp 132-42 [2001].

208. D. H. Andrews, A. J. Gianola, and W. C. Lineberger,“On the Photoelectron Spectrum of AgO,” J. Chem. Phys. 117,4074-76 [2002].

209. X. F. Duan, L. W. Burggraf, D. E. Weeks, G. E. Davico,R. L. Schwartz, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spec-troscopy of Si2C3

- and Quantum Chemistry of the Linear Si2C3

Cluster and Its Isomers,” J. Chem. Phys. 116, 3601-11 [2002].210. M. R. Nimlos, G. Davico, C. M. Geise, P. G. Wenthold,

W. C. Lineberger, S. J. Blanksby, C. M. Hadad, G. A. Petersson,and G. B. Ellison, “Photoelectron Spectroscopy of HCCN- andHCNC- Reveals the Quasilinear Triplet Carbenes, HCCN andHCNC,” J. Chem. Phys. 117, 4323-39 [2002].

211. T. M. Ramond, S. J. Blanksby, S. Kato, V. M. Bierbaum,G. E. Davico, R. L. Schwartz, W. C. Lineberger, and G. B.Ellison, “Heat of Formation of the Hydroperoxyl Radical HOOvia Negative Ion Studies,” J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 9641-47[2002].

212. T. M. Ramond, G. E. Davico, F. Hellberg, F. Svedberg,P. Salen, P. Soderqvist, and W. C. Lineberger, “PhotoelectronSpectroscopy of Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum Oxide An-ions,” J. Mol. Spectrosc. 216, 1-14 [2002].

213. A. Sanov and W. C. Lineberger, “Dynamics of ClusterAnions: A Detailed Look at Condensed-Phase Interactions,”PhysChemComm 5, 165-77 [2002].

214. K. M. Ervin, I. Anusiewicz, P. Skurski, J. Simons, andW. C. Lineberger, “The Only Stable State of O2

- is the X [2]Πg

Ground State and It (Still!) Has an Adiabatic Electron Detach-ment Energy of 0.45 eV,” J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 8521-29[2003].

215. A. J. Gianola, T. Ichino, R. L. Hoenigman, S. Kato,V. M. Bierbaum, and W. C. Lineberger, “Thermochemistry andElectronic Structure of the Pyrrolyl Radical,” J. Phys. Chem. A108, 10326-25 [2004].

216. T. Ichino, A. J. Gianola, D. H. Andrews, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectroscopy of AuO- and AuS-,”J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 11307-13 [2004].

217. F. Muntean, M. S. Taylor, A. B. McCoy, and W. C.Lineberger, “Femtosecond Study of Cu(H2O) Dynamics,”J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5676-87 [2004].

218. T. J. Sanford, D. H. Andrews, J. Rathbone, M. S. Taylor,F. Muntean, M. Thompson, A. B. McCoy, R. Parson, and W. C.Lineberger, “Time Resolved Solvent Rearrangement Dynamics,”Faraday Discussions 127, 383-94 [2004].

219. A. M. Sanov and W. C. Lineberger, “Cluster Anions:Structure, Interactions, and Dynamics in the Sub-NanoscaleRegime,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 2018-32 [2004].

220. M. S. Taylor, F. Muntean, W. C. Lineberger, and A. B.McCoy, “A Theoretical and Computational Study of the Anion,Neutral, and Cation Cu(H2O) Complexes,” J. Chem. Phys. 121,5688-99 [2004].

221. K. M. Ervin and W. C. Lineberger, “PhotoelectronSpectroscopy of Phosphorus Hydride Anions,” J. Chem. Phys.122, 194303 [11 pages] [2005].

222. A. J. Gianola, T. Ichino, R. L. Hoenigman, S. Kato,V. M. Bierbaum, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectraand Ion Chemistry of Imidazolide,” J. Phys. Chem. A 109,11504-14 [2005].

223. G. J. Rathbone, T. J. Sanford, D. H. Andrews, and W. C.Lineberger, “Photoelectron Imaging Spectroscopy ofCu-(H2O)1,2 Anion Complexes,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 401, 570-74[2005].

224. T. J. Sanford, S.-Y. Han, M. A. Thompson, R. Parson,and W. C. Lineberger, “Photodissociation Dynamics ofIBr-(CO2)n, n < 15,” J. Chem. Phys. 122, 054307 [11 pages][2005].

225. M. S. Taylor, J. Barbera, C.-P. Schulz, F. Muntean, A. B.McCoy, and W. C. Lineberger, “Femtosecond Dynamics ofCu(H2O)2,” J. Chem. Phys. 122, 054310 [11 pages] [2005].

226. V. Dribinski, J. Barbera, J. P. Martin, A. Svendsen,M. A. Thompson, R. Parson, and W. C. Lineberger, “Time-Resolved Study of Solvent-Induced Recombination in Photo-dissociated IBr-(CO2)n Clusters,” J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133405[7 pages] [2006].

227. A. J. Gianola, T. Ichino, S. Kato, V. M. Bierbaum, andW. C. Lineberger, “Thermochemical Studies of Pyrazolide,” J.Phys. Chem. A 110, 8457-66 [2006].

228. T. Ichino, A. J. Gianola, W. C. Lineberger, and J. F.Stanton, “Nonadiabatic Effects in the Photoelectron Spectrumof the Pyrazolide-d3 Anion: Three-State Interactions in thePyrazolyl-d3 Radical,” J. Chem. Phys. 125, 084312 [22 pages][2006].

229. J. Barbera, S. Horvath, V. Dribinski, A. B. McCoy, andW. C. Lineberger, “Femtosecond Dynamics of Cu(CD3OD),”J. Chem. Phys. 126, 084307[10 pages] [2007].

230. J. C. Bopp, J. R. Roscioli, M. A. Johnson, T. M. Miller,A. A. Viggiano, S. M. Villano, S. W. Wren, and W. C.Lineberger, “Spectroscopic Characterization of the Isolated SF6

-

and C4F8- Anions: Observation of Very Long Harmonic

Progressions in Symmetric Deformation Modes upon Photode-tachment,” J. Phys. Chem. A 111, 1214-21 [2007].

231. R. M. D. Calvi, D. H. Andrews, and W. C. Lineberger,“Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Copper Hydrides,”Chem. Phys. Lett. 442, 12-16 [2007].

232. T. Ichino, A. J. Gianola, S. Kato, V. M. Bierbaum, andW. C. Lineberger, “Structure of the Vinyldiazomethyl Anionand Energetic Comparison to the Cyclic Isomers,” J. Phys.Chem. A 111, 8374-83 [2007].

233. S. Kato, V. M. Bierbaum, and W. C. Lineberger,“Collision-Induced Dissociation of Fluoropyridinide Anions,”Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 266, 166-79 [2007].

234. S. M. Villano, A. J. Gianola, N. Eyet, T. Ichino, S. Kato,V. M. Bierbaum, and W. C. Lineberger, “ThermochemicalStudies of N-Methylpyrazole and N-Methylimidazole,” J. Phys.Chem. A 111, 8579-87 [2007].

235. T. Ichino, D. H. Andrews, G. J. Rathbone, F. Misaizu,R. M. D. Calvi, S. W. Wren, S. Kato, V. M. Bierbaum, andW. C. Lineberger, “Ion Chemistry of 1H-1,2,3-Triazole,” J.Phys. Chem. B 112, 545-57 [2008].

236. T. Ichino, S. Kato, S. W. Wren, V. M. Bierbaum, andW. C. Lineberger, “Ion Chemistry of 1H-1,2,3-Triazole. 2.Photoelectron Spectrum of the Iminodiazomethyl Anion andCollision Induced Dissociation of the 1,2,3-Triazolide Ion,” J.Phys. Chem. A 112, 9723-30 [2008].

237. T. Ichino, S. W. Wren, K. M. Vogelhuber, A. J. Gianola,W. C. Lineberger, and J. F. Stanton, “The Vibronic LevelStructure of the Cyclopentadienyl Radical,” J. Chem. Phys. 129,084310 [19 pages] [2008].

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238. M. A. Thompson, J. P. Martin, J. Darr, W. C. Lineberger,and R. Parson, “A Combined Experimental/Theoretical Inves-tigation of the near-Infrared Photodissociation of IBr-(CO2)n,”J. Chem. Phys. 129, 224304 [12 pages] [2008].

239. S. M. Villano, N. Eyet, W. C. Lineberger, and V. M.Bierbaum, “Gas-Phase Carbene Radical Anions: New Mecha-nistic Insights,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 7214-15 [2008].

240. D. M. Neumark and W. C. Lineberger, ”Comment on“A New Proposal for the Ground State of the FeO- Cluster inthe Gas Phase and for the Assignment of Its PhotoelectronSpectra”, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 10588 [2009].

241. L. Sheps, E. M. Miller, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photo-electron Spectroscopy of Small IBr-(CO2)n, n ) 0-3 ClusterAnions,” J. Chem. Phys. 131, 064304 [8 pages] [2009].

242. S. M. Villano, N. Eyet, W. C. Lineberger, and V. M.Bierbaum, “Reactions of R-Nucleophiles with Alkyl Chlo-rides: Competition between SN2 and E2 Mechanisms and theGas-Phase R Effect,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 8227-33[2009].

243. S. M. Villano, N. Eyet, W. C. Lineberger, and V. M.Bierbaum, “Gas-Phase Reactions of Halogenated Radical Car-bene Anions with Sulfur and Oxygen Containing Species,” Int.J. Mass Spectrom. 280, 12-18 [2009].

244. S. W. Wren, K. M. Vogelhuber, K. M. Ervin, and W. C.Lineberger, “The Photoelectron Spectrum of CCl2

-: TheConvergence of Theory and Experiment after a Decade ofDebate,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 4745-53 [2009].

245. T. Ichino, S. M. Villano, A. J. Gianola, D. J. Goebbert,L. Velarde, A. Sanov, S. J. Blanksby, X. Zhou, D. A. Hrovat,W. T. Borden, and W. C. Lineberger, “The Lowest Singlet andTriplet States of the Oxyallyl Diradical,” Angew. Chem., Int.Ed. Eng. 48, 8509-11 [2009].

246. S. M. Villano, N. Eyet, S. W. Wren, G. B. Ellison, V. M.Bierbaum, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectroscopyand Thermochemistry of the Peroxyformate Ion,” J. Phys. Chem.A, DOI: 10.1021/jp907569w [2009].

247. S. M. Villano, N. Eyet, S. W. Wren, G. B. Ellison, V. M.Bierbaum, and W. C. Lineberger, “Photoelectron Spectroscopyand Thermochemistry of the Peroxyacetate Anion,” Eur. J. MassSpectr. in press [2009].

248. L. Sheps, E. M. Miller, S. Horvath, M. A. Thompson,R. Parson, A. B. McCoy, and W. C. Lineberger, “Solvent-Mediated Electron Leapfrogging: Long-Range Charge TransferDuring Photodissociation of IBr-(CO2),” Science, submitted[2009].

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