Journey throughIndian deltas

Hello!I am Tuhin Ghosh from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, INDIAI am a faculty in School of Oceanographic Studies and the Country PI (India) for the DECCMA projectand I love to talk about DECCMA!

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GEOSS Symposium: My first time…… Themes on SDGs, Paris Agreement and Sendai Framework, but I’m not talking about the subjective wellbeing of the people !

I feel excited !

I expect your excitement !

DEltas, vulnerability and Climate Change:

Migration and Adaptation

Funded by: IDRC (Canada) and DfID (UK)

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Road Map

Introduction

Vulnerability

Migration

Adaptation

Our journey so far

Road Ahead

*World heritage site

* Largest mangrove patch

(4.3%)

* Rich biodiversity- flora,

fauna

* ~ 4.6 million population

* 34% under poverty

* 99% rural areas

* Poor access to

infrastructure and facilities

INDIAN SUNDARBAN

Introduction

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Indian Bengal Delta� Seaward portion of the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta, within 5m of mean sea level

� Study Area: 14,054 sq.km� State : West Bengal� Districts: 2 – North 24 Parganas

and South 24 Parganas� Blocks (sub-districts): 51� Population: 18 million (2011

Census)

• The inhabitants solely depend on the

traditional farm based livelihood options

depending on available natural resources

• Mono-cropping is the only way of

agricultural livelihood for the community,

with higher level of exposure to climate

change and natural hazards

• Inland fishing is common practice on

subsistence basis, while lower percentage

of people depends on offshore fishing

• Increasing salinization in river water and

soil resulted from embankment breaching

and subsequent inundation, negatively

affects the fertility of soil, yield of crops and

fish catch

Issues related to Climate Change in Sundarban

v The island experiences similar climate change issues and impacts as the rest of the Sundarban, including changes in temperature and rainfall patterns in terms of time, duration and amount and a high exposure to natural hazards such as cyclone and storm surge.

v Significantly, the local rate of sea level rise is much higher than the global average with the associated problems of inundation of salt water onto agricultural land and an increase in soil salinity.

v In addition, the area experiences acute river back erosion and frequent embankment breaching.

v Absence of defined adaptation policy and DRR

Temperature: Average temperature increase: 0.011°C / year

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Change in temperature pattern during 1901 to 2000. source: IMD data

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Change in rainfall pattern during 1901 to 2000. source: IMD data

• Amount of rainfall has increased: @ 2.08 mm per year (1901 to 2000)

• Number of rainy days have decreased implies the increase in intensity of rainfall.

Rainfall amount – quantity and rainy days

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20Cyclonic Depression

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Cyclonic Storm

01234567

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Severe Cyclonic Storm

SOS-JU

DestroyerDestroyer

ProvisioningSupporting

20 February 2015

8 December 2015

4 June 201625 March 2015 6 April 2016

- All of these factors mean that, despite increasing investments in

agriculture, there has been a loss in productivity and

production.

- The lack of alternate skills and job opportunities indicates

migration is an automatic adaptation option for these poorer

people.

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Paddy productivity

Introduction

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Mahanadi Delta� Study Area: over 13,000 sq.

km.

� State: Odisha

� Districts: 5 – Bhadrak,

Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur,

Khordha, Puri

� Blocks (sub-districts): 45

� Population: 8.1 million (2011

Census)

What makes deltas vulnerable?

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Erosion Cyclone Flooding SalinizationSea level rise

More dominant along the coastal part of IBD and lower reach of the MD.

By 2200, 95% of IBD is projected to be exposed and 99% in 2300, without climate change mitigation

Embankment breaching, erosion and subsequent inundation.

Spread over wider areas.IBD – Cyclone Aila (2009)MD – Super Cyclone (1999), Phailin(2013), Hudhud(2014)

Limited to smaller areas Hydrological modelling indicates increased incidence of flooding in future.

Risk Hotspots: Example of IBD

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Exposure to climate hazards, sensitivity, and socio-economy-driven adaptive capacity

Gosaba, Basanti, Sandeshkhali-II,

Kultali, Hingalganj, Patharpratima,

CanningII, Sandeshkhali-I,

Namkhana, Sagar, Minakhan,

Jaynagar-II, Mathurapur-II,

Hasnabad, Kakdwip

Adaptation

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� Both men and women practice agricultural adaptations, including applying fertilizer and irrigation.

� Male-headed households - mixed farming, use climate tolerant crops, and employ farming tools or equipment.

� Female-headed households - joining self help groups and cooperatives, and exploit opportunities for alternative income sources

� Structural interventions such as cyclone shelters and embankments also exist.

Migration

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24Indian Bengal Delta

Our journey so far25

Activities

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Stakeholder workshops

Focus Group Discussions

Life Histories

Household Surveys

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2

15

3724

Outputstill June 2018

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Journ

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Working

Paper

Policy

Brief

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Presen

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Article

Video

BlogPos

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Road Ahead28

Recommendations

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� Need for greater inclusion of gender-sensitive approaches in policies to reduce climate risk, reflecting the different ways in which men and women are vulnerable

GovernanceWe submitted inputs to the Draft OdishaClimate Change Action Plan 2010-15. Comments on sectors, including agriculture, coasts and disaster management, forestry, mining, health, water resources, urban development, as well as significant suggestions on how to incorporate gender.

Recommendations

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� Address the current policy gap around migration.

� Need for rehabilitation and resettlement policy for populations displaced by climate and environmental stresses.

� Gender-sensitive approaches to livelihood support for resettled populations are necessary.

Migration

Recommendations

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� Formation of cooperatives to link farmers directly to markets, encouraging climate-resilient crop production (in line with the commitment sustainable agriculture under the National Action Plan on Climate Change), and crop insurance options (consistent with the Prime Minister’s stated policy).

� Embankments are a critical hard adaptation and appropriate strategies are required for their reconstruction, together with an effective policy of land acquisition for embankment building.

Adaptation

You can find us

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www.deccma.com

DECCMA IndiaDECCMA Northern

@deccma@deccmaindia

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Thanks for your patience!

Any questions?You can find me at� tuhin.ghosh@jadavpuruniversity.in

Credits

Special thanks to this awesome presentation template free to use: SlidesCarnival

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