journal of environmental planning & architecture (jepa) journal release vol. 1.1 june 2010-abstracts

8/13/2019 Journal of Environmental Planning & Architecture (JEPA) Journal Release Vol. 1.1 June 2010-Abstracts

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Published by Urban Dialectics an Inquiry & Design ColloquyJEPA Management Board:

Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner,M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.

ObjectivesUrban Dialectics, an Inquiry & Design Colloquy, operating under the umbrella of Urban Algorisms, an Inquiry, Instruction,Design, and Development Ensemble (ii.2d), publishes the Journal of Environmental Planning & Architecture (JEPA). UrbanDialectics promotes deliberate excellence in the management and sustainable use of the environment. It seeks to achievethrough JEPA a competitive medium for scholarly inquiry, academic exchange, and diffusion of empirically developed, novelscientific knowledge. The Journal of Environmental Planning & Architecture [JEPA] is a double blind peer-reviewedserialisation that sponsors participation in vital scientific research, discovery, and reflection. It is a citable publication, andone, which enjoys international readership. The journal has resolve to provoke original, evolution of concepts and theories ofthe environment, in the process of the evolution of human settlements and exploitation of resources.

ScopeThe journal assembles and publicises up to date scientific thought, in the planning of the built environment & humansettlements. It brings together resourcefulness in Design theory, transportation engineering, planning, urban design,conservation, building management, as well as housing design and policy.

Ready-to-referee manuscripts should be dispatched to:The Editor-in-chief, Journal of Environmental Planning and Architecture [JEPA] ;http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.html ; http://www.urbanalgorisms.net , E-mail: [email protected]; Telephone+254-727-594-421/+250-788-829-576 in electronic form only.

Publication of papers is carried out without charge to the authors, A guide to authors are included at the end of the journal, in the last pages, The journal publishes electronically only.
http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.htmlhttp://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.htmlhttp://www.urbanalgorisms.net/http://www.urbanalgorisms.net/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.urbanalgorisms.net/http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.html


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Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief.Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Workforce Development Authority (WDA), Rwanda

Art editor...Christopher Matseshe Naicca (B.Arch Hons), Principal, Design Source, Kenya

Associate Editors:Transportation Engineering

& PlanningZachariah Abiero Ngariy (Dr., Ing), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &Technology (JKUAT), Kenya

Urban Design& ConservationFrancis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &

Technology (JKUAT), Kenya

Sociology & Planning..Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Kenyatta University (KU), Kenya

Design theory& ManagementRobert Wambugu Rukwaro (PhD), University of Nairobi (UoN), Kenya

Housing design& Policy....Washington H. A. Olima (PhD), Associate Professor of Valuation, University of

Nairobi (UoN), Kenya

ReviewEvery paper is separately reviewed by three referees, and their counsel communicated to the author (s) within 3 months ofreceipt of the papers. The authors (s) are expected to address all advised amendments and to tender the revised paperwithin 3 months from the date that the referees direction was sent out to them. Late submission that fails to meet thisschedule will be regarded as utterly new submissions. Such papers will then be taken all over again, through the full proces sof review. Author (s) whose papers qualify for publication will each be given a free copy of the particular journal issue thatcontains their as-published papers. Complete copies of all issues of the journal will be made available to interested readers,at a prescribed cost.

CopyrightAuthors should be careful to only submit to the Journal of Environmental Planning and Architecture [JEPA] , originalunpublished works, which are not under consideration for publication somewhere else. By submitting a manuscript, authors ineffect sanction the transfer of copyright for their article to the publisher, once the article is accepted for publication.This copyright covers the unreserved right to reproduce and distribute the article, and also reprints, photographicreproductions, microfilm, or any other reproduction of a similar nature, and also of any other form, including translations.The journal endeavors to ensure technical exactness and dependability of ideas and opinions. Author(s) however are fullyliable for compliance with copyright laws and the rules as well as ethics of plagiarism, with regard to referencing, citations,quotes and reproductions. They carry full responsibility over the information contained in their respective papers.


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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Jeremiah Nyabuti Ayonga ( [email protected]) A conglomeration of Towns outside the city of Nairobi: Evolved on their own Strength orare they part of the city Sprawl?

James Wachira Kagai ([email protected]) & Caleb Mireri ([email protected], [email protected]) The Liberalisation of State Led Agriculture and its implications on Rice Production andGrowth of Wanguru Town, Kenya

Samuel Irungu Kimungu ([email protected]) & Paul Mwangi Maringa([email protected]) Considerations for containing Employee Turnover in Kenyan Hotels

Stephen mukiibi ([email protected] )Analysis of Housing conditions in Kampalas Low-income Settlements
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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TABLE OF CONTENTSFORE MATTERObjectives of the JournalScope of the Journal Manuscript dispatch advicePaper review policyCopyright rules of the Journal

List of Contri butors to this issue

MAIN TEXTTable of ContentsPaper Listing

1. A conglomeration of Towns outside the City of Nairobi:Evolved on their own Strength or are they pa rt of theC ity Sprawl? Jeremiah Nyabuti Ayonga ( [email protected])............................................................................5

2. The Liberalisation of State Led Agriculture and its

Implications on Rice Production and Growth of WanguruTown, Kenya, James Wachira Kagai ([email protected] ) & CalebMireri ([email protected], [email protected])....................................................................................................27

3. Considerations for containing Employee Turnover inKenyan Hotels, Samuel Irungu Kimungu ([email protected]) & Paul Mwangi Maringa([email protected]).......................................................................................................................43

4. Analysis of Housing conditions in Kampalas Low-incomeSettlements, Stephen Mukiibi ([email protected] ).70

Guide to Authors
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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A Conglomeration of Towns outside the City of Nairobi: Evolved on their own Strengthor are they part of the C ity Sprawl

Jeremiah.N. Ayonga, PhDLecturer, Division of Environmental Monitoring, Planning and Management,

School of Environmental Studies, Moi University Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya.

E-mail [email protected] Cell phone +254-713757033

Received on 15 th of March 2010, revised on 20 th December 2010, accepted on 22 nd December 2010

Abstract

In the recent times, several towns have evolved around the city of Nairobi and, in terms of commerce andtrade; these towns have exhibited the flamboyance similar to that seen in the city. The presence of suchtowns outside the city often present two scenarios which are of interest to scholars: The first scenario is toconsider the centers as having emerged on their own strength as independent central places in the context ofthe central place theory. This could be the reason why centers outside the cities in Kenya, and those outsideNairobi in particular are treated as independent centers in relation to the city. If this scenario holds true,then the centers outside Nairobi would relate to the city in terms of hierarchical order in the context of thecentral place theory. The second scenario is for scholars and policy makers to consider the centers outsideNairobi as having evolved as part of the city extension in the context of urban sprawl. If the second scenarioholds true, then the centers outside the city of Nairobi are appendages of the city and therefore such centersshould be planned and administered as part of the city land use system. It is observed in this paper that thereare no discernible sources of employment within the centers outside Nairobi and there is no observableeconomic strength from the hinterlands of such towns to create the desired threshold that would enable themto evolve as independent central places. This observation then tends to isolate scenario one in favor of thesecond scenario and this was the hypothesis tested in this paper. The study used a combination of deskresearch and a household-based random sample to verify the validity of the hypothesis. Using evidence fromvarious selected indicators, the study established that more linkages exist between the city and the townsoutside Nairobi than they exist either within the centers or between the towns and their hinterlands. The

paper concludes that development immediately outside Nairobi is an extension of the city in the form of urbansprawl. It is, therefore, recommended that the towns outside Nairobi be integrated to the city land usesystem.

Key words: A conglomeration, of Towns, outside Nairobi, Evolved on their own strength, orare part of urban spra wl?
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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The Liberalisation of State led Agriculture and its Implications on Rice Production andGrowth of Wanguru Town, Kenya.

James Wachira KagaiUnited Nations Environment Programme

P. O. Box 30552--00100, NairobiEmail: [email protected]

&Dr. Caleb Mireri

Dept of Environmental Planning & ManagementKenyatta University

P. O. Box 43844 00100, NairobiEmail [email protected] [email protected]


Abstract

This paper shows that the liberalisation of irrigated rice farming has led to both rapid growth of agricultural production and Wanguru town. Wanguru town owes its origin and growth to rice farming. The liberalisation ofthe hitherto state run rice farming, processing and marketing has led to increased rice production;

participation of the local communities and private sector in milling, marketing and supply of inputs. However,the liberalisation of rice farming has compromised the quality of rice, increased pressure on the availablewater resources and led to proliferation of land subdivision even below economically viable farm holding. Thelifeline of the town is threatened as river water declines below abstraction levels because of rising demandand increasing recurrence of severe drought. The future of rice production, thus the town is dependent onreconfiguration of its economic base, including adoption of water use efficient irrigation systems anddiversification away from water dependent economic activities.

Key words: Agriculture, Kenya, liberalisation, rice, irrigation, Urbanisation
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Considerations for containing Employee Turnover in Kenyan HotelsSamuel Irungu Kimungu (Bsc HIM, CPA II, Msc HM) 1 Lecturer and Head Quality Assurance, RwandaTourism University College, P.O Box 5150, Kigali (Kicukiro Sonatube) Rwanda, Tel: +250 0, E -mail:

[email protected], [email protected] , www.rtuc.rw. &

Paul Mwangi Maringa (B.Arch Hons, M.A Planning, PhD, m.a.a.k, m.k.i.p, reg., Arch)2Architect/PlannerAssociate Professor of Architecture & Planning, Technical Expert & Master Trainer (Construction& Building Servicing), Workforce Development Authority (WDA) P.O. Box 2707, Kigali, Rwanda, Tel:

+250 788829576; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],


Abstract

H otel industry employees represent the biggest cost in an establishment. They are also, the first point ofcontact between an establishment and its customers. They need to be effectively managed. To be competitive,establishments must have a highly skilled, knowledgeable, and relatively stable labour force. Employeeturnover works against coordination and organisational learning that is necessary for fast response and highquality service. Many hotel employers however accord little priority to the stabilisation of the labour force.This study then sought to empirically reveal coincidence of labour stabilisation and effective service delivery

in hotels, in the local scene. It set out to first identify the salient factors of employee turnover. Thereafter,it ventured to outline the relationship of employee turnover as illustrated by its constituent factors withhuman resource management functionality. The study adopted the case study research design in order to gainadvantage from its intrinsic ability to incisively capture real life settings and detailed information. Five (5)sample hotels were selected purposively. Within each of these hotels, cluster random sampling was used toselect 160 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics geared to the Pearsons Product MomentCorrelation Coefficient (r) and also the Chi-square measures were used to identify patterns in the data. Thestatistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) facilitated this analysis. The inquiry revealed that low jobsatisfaction, unfavourable working conditions and slow career advancement were major factors influencingemployee turnover. High employee turnover rates negatively influenced human resource functionality, bylowering the quality of service, leading to reduced customer satisfaction, and a less competitive establishment.The majority of hotels lacked effective measures to curb employee turnover. Novel initiatives to discourage

mid-career movements and ensure long-term employee-employer were tagged as an absolute necessity.Possible options here would include paying new workers compensations that are less than the value of theirmarginal product, and old hands greater ones than their marginal product.

Keywords: Employee turnover, Human Resource Management, Service, Satisfaction,Dissatisfaction, Motivation, Hygiene, Hotels.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.rtuc.rw/http://www.rtuc.rw/http://www.rtuc.rw/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.rtuc.rw/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Analysis of Housing C onditions in Kampalas Low-income Settlements

Stephen Mukiibi (PhD), Head, Department of Architecture

Makerere UniversityP.O.Box 7062

Tel: +256414531860/+256752696157.Kampala, Uganda.

Email: [email protected] Received on 15 th of March 2010, revised on 20 th December 2010, accepted on 22 nd December 2010

ABSTRACT

This paper is a result of a research that was carried out in 2006-2007 as part of a PhD study in Kampala,Uganda. In Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, accessing decent shelter in the citys low -income settlement isa challenge. Kampala, hosts some of the most dense, unsanitary and insecure slums in the country. This paperexamines the adequacy of housing accessed by low- income earners in two of Kampalas informal settlementsMakerere Kivulu, found in the Central Division and Luzira, at the periphery of the city in Nakawa Division ofKampala. Assessment of the housing adequacy in the two study settlements was carried out by examiningsecurity of tenure, housing affordability, housing habitability, and housing accessibility. The study revealedthat most residents live in rental accommodation under insecure. Although housing in the areas is affordable,it is poor in terms of habitability and accessibility. The paper argues that, despite Government of Ugandaseffort to implement the national shelter strategy, benefits of the strategy are yet to bear fruits withrespect to the supply of adequate housing to low-income earners in Kampala. The paper makesrecommendations for improving housing adequacy for low-income earners in Kampala.

Key Words: Security of tenure, Housing affordability, Housing habitability, HousingAccessibility, Low-income earners.
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PUBLISHED BY URBAN DIALECTICS AN INQUIRY & DESIGN COLLOQUY JEPA MANAGEMENT BOARD: Paul Mwangi Maringa (PhD), Architect/Planner Associate Professor of

Architecture & Planning, M.A.A.K, M.K.I.P; Francis Mwangi Mburu (PhD), Architect/Planner, M.A.A.K,M.K.I.P; Abraham Ndungu (PhD), Sociologist/Planner.

Guide to authorsSubmission of manuscriptsOne electronic copy each in MS Word and PDF of all manuscripts accompanied by all original figures andtables should be submitted by email to the Editor-in-chief, Journal of Environmental Planning andArchitecture [JEPA] ; http://www.fimen.net/UrbanDialectics.html ; http://www.urbanalgorisms.net , E-mail: [email protected]; Telephone +254-727-594-421/+250-788-829-576. These will all besubmitted in English, and be original unpublished works, which are not under consideration for publicationanywhere else. The manuscripts shall be subjected to blind review. Revision may therefore be necessarybefore a ruling is made to either accept or reject papers. The authors shall be obligated to send a pdfsoft copy of the manuscript in its final form to the Editor-in-chief, in concert with an ms word soft copy,once a paper has been accepted. These submissions will be in a standard word processing package.

Preparation of manuscripts Manuscripts must be clearly typed, set into a one-and-a-half spacing, and fitted on a 210 x 297mm - A4paper with a portrait orientation, and a 250mm margin all round. Use of a high-resolution laser printer isrecommended. Every paper manuscript will adhere to the following topical structure and content:

Title pageThis serves as the cover page for the paper. It will contain in order: (a) a concise, informative title thatplainly outlines the problem for inquiry, and its intrinsic concerns; (b) the full names, professional and

academic credentials, and affiliations of all authors; (c) the full mailing address, telephone, fax numbers,and e- mail addresses of these authors. Subsequent pages must be kept free of any identifying mark (s)of the author (s).

AbstractThis is the first page of the paper. It will be introduced by not more than 5 keywords that identify thetheme of inquiry for the paper. The abstract needs to be an accurate, conventionally structured, andinformative and be within 150-200 words. It should address generic contentions, context, methods,findings, conclusions, implications, and recommendations of the research that the paper presents.

TextThe text should all be fully justified. All paragraphs shall be separated by one blank line. Sections will

be given chronological numbers, and bold section titles. Sub titles shall be restricted to one level only.They will be numbered in a similar manner and be bold too. Titles will be separated from preceding textby two bare lines, and from succeeding text with one blank line. Conventional style and formatting will inall other situations be use. Papers should be formatted to conform to the following topical structure: 1.0:Introduction, 2.0: The Problem, 3.0: Aims & Objectives, 4.0: Methods, 5.0: Analysis, 6.0: Results, 7.0:Findings, 8.0: Conclusions, 9.0: Implications, 10.0: Recommendations, 11.0: Bibliography, 12.0: Appendices.

IntroductionThe introduction will explicitly point out the purpose of the inquiry that is embodied in the paper. It willalso sketch out well the subject area well, and the accompanying propositions, objectives, and scope ofthe research. It will further briefly review relatable past research. It will thereafter unequivocallysingle out the research gap of interest. This introduction must steer clear of the appearance of a

historical narrative or that of a literature review.
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Frameworks Models and MethodologiesEffective communication that is founded on clear and accurate diagrams is essential here. A manifestcommand of the operational meanings of these research concepts is vital. Other critical explanations maybe displayed in the appendices. It is necessary for a valid and reliable course of inquiry, which implicitlyconfirms innovation, and one that makes isomorphism and therefore the repeatability of research certain,to come through. Value should be accorded to originality of thought and a derived modeling. Replicationof previously published novelties may only be done for their absolutely crucial and strictly supportiveelements.

Results- findings and DiscussionResults and findings shall be delivered through data presentation and analysis that is anchored onexplanatory discussions. Economical use of illustrative tables and figures that are not repetitious isencouraged. These illustrative tools must be disposed to enable easy comprehension. Analysis anddiscussion must concise, being restricted to the results of the research, which the paper emerges from.Analysis should principally be focused on theoretical issues. Discussions in turn ought to prioritise, boththe theoretical and practical challenges that were outlined at the outset, for inquiry. They should clearlyreveal the resulting trends and interactions, in order to effectively guide subsequent inference making.

Conclusions Recommendations and ImplicationsConclusions should be brief and to the point. They are expected to highlight new concepts, the

advancement of new theory, contribution to knowledge, and discovery, which the inquiry accomplishes.The research gap and practical problems that provoked research must be shown to have been convincinglyresolved. Resulting Implications should preferably be bulleted or featured in point form. Theseimplications should be sequenced along the lines of policy development, desirable public contribution, andinvolvement by practitioners, technocrats and professionals, in a process of possible implementation.

AcknowledgmentsAuthors are encouraged to acknowledge their financial and academic benefactors in accordance withconvention. In carrying out this exercise they should maintain extreme brevity, and relevance to theinquiry that the paper reports on.

Notes and referencesAll explanatory notes and references shall be shown by appropriately inserting a superscript number inthe text. A complete schedule of these notes and references must eventually be put on view at the endof the paper. Journal references that are relied upon in the paper, should include, all the names andinitials of the authors, year of publication, title of paper; as well as all the entire journal titles, volumenumbers, and the first and last page numbers. References to books should include the edition, alleditor(s) and all authors, the publishers and also place of publication of these books. It is theresponsibility of the authors to crosscheck the accuracy of their referencing. Contributing authors areadvised to adhere to the following style of referencing:

Internet Journal articlesRuita, Gashoki Gitonga, 2006, Seminal Attributes of the Quality of the Urban Environment,

http//www.biocicity-envit.ppa.nrb/sustcitymgmt.htm


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Journal articlesMarshall, Nyandeto Wairimu, 2005, Factorial Ecology and Alternative Procedures for Identifyingand Qualifying Distinctive Urban Social Areas , the African Journal of Planning , vol. 20, 2005: 11-23

BookMuru-wa-Ikangu, GiMo, 2004, Compositional and Spatial Arrangement of Behavioural andStructural Assimilation for Social Closure in the Urban Space, Andu Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya

Edited bookArbitrar, L. Nyangendo, 2006, Hierarchies, Composition, and Spatial Structure of Refuse Management in

a City, in Mwangi Maringa (ed.), Metropolitan Studies, Karuguoya publishers, Nairobi: 65 80.

LengthAuthors should endeavor to contain their papers within 3,000 to 5,000 words that tally with 10 to 15pages of 1.5 spacing in font 11 lettering, and in a 250mm all r ound margin. Seminal papers that featuremomentous discovery of knowledge, or extreme novelty will be allowed a higher limit of 10,000 to 15,000words, or to 20 to 30 pages.

Key WordsAuthors are expected to provide not more than five indexing words that effectively sum up the contentof the paper, to a casual scanner or browser.

Tables, illustrations and captions These must be kept to a minimum. Tables must be typed on separate sheets and saved as separate files.They should not be included as part of the text. Artwork for illustrations should be provided in a clearscanned form. It should be in a finished format that is suitable for reproduction, as the publisher willnormally not recreate the illustrations. These illustrations are to be sent electronically, preferably in theJPEG image format. The TIFF (tagged image file), or EPS (encapsulated postscript) formats are alsoacceptable options. Captions to the illustrations should be included in this artwork submission. Tablesand figures should be labeled using Arabic numerals that specify their intended location in the text. Thedesired position of these tables and illustrations should be shown clearly in the paper. This is bestachieved by actually featuring them in these intended positions, aside from providing them on a separatesheet and file. The author(s) must arrange for permission to the reproduce the illustrations and tablesthat are supplied for use in the articles.

Tables and figures should always be preceded by introductory text. Their respective titles should beplaced above, while legends and acknowledgements of sources are located immediately below these tablesand figures. These acknowledgements of sources should also be underlined. Titles of tables and figuresshould be bolde d and be of font size 10 lettering. Further, they should be single -spaced and with anunderlining of the last line. Legends and acknowledgements of sources of tables and figures likewiseought to be single- spaced but with an italicised font size 8 letter ing. These tables and figures are to benumbered with sequenced numerals that correspond to the sections and subsections of the paper, wherethey specifically are to be featured.


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ConventionsAuthors are advised to confine themselves solely to the convent ional SI units. All numbers of two ormore digits, and also the single digits when attached to units of measure should be in Numeral form.Acronyms and abbreviations ought come after their full translation and be in parenthesis when firstencountered in the text of the paper. It is only then that they can appear as unadorned acronyms thatare capitalised, in accordance with prevailing convention.

Book reviews and notesBook reviews should be kept within 1,000 to1,500 words. They must reflect an objective evaluation ofthe text that they discuss, in regarding its contribution to the discovery of knowledge. Reviews shouldonly be conducted in subject areas that expressly conform to prescribed scope and focus of this journal.Voluntary book reviews will normally not be accepted for publication. Notes that appreciably aim to drawattention to an important trend of thought that courses through previous papers that are published inthis journal, or to critic postulations of individual past papers should be of 500-1,000 words.

All reviews and notes should be typed, be of one-and-a-half-spacing and fitted on an A4 portrait paperorientation, with a 250mm all round margins. All attendant citations must fully respect acceptedconvention. Headings of reviews and notes should spell clearly, the title, author, origin, publisher, dateand number of pages of the text under review or critical analysis, as shown here below:

URBAN SYNTHESIS MWARIWA GATUMUTA, KURIRIA, 2005

THAYU THAI PUBLISHERS pp., 300, Kshs. 4500, paper backISBN Number aabbccc

No payment will be made against reviews and notes. Contributors can however cite their publication, andthereby gain the requisite credit.

ProofsThese will only be released to author(s), when time allows. They must be attended to appropriately andreturned in 7 days. At this point in time no major alterations will be accommodated.

journal of environmental planning & architecture (jepa) journal release vol. 1.1 june 2010-abstracts

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