journal of e-government - ibima publishing · journal of e-government studies and best practices...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Journal of e-Government
Studies and Best Practices
Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID
270543, 276 minipages.
DOI:10.5171/2011.270543
www.ibimapublishing.com
![Page 3: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2011 Mohamad Aizi Bin Salamat,
Shahizan Bin Hassan and Mohamad Syakiran
Bin Muhammad.This is an open access article
distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License unported 3.0, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided that
original work is properly cited.
![Page 4: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Electronic Participation
in Malaysia
![Page 5: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Authors
Mohamad Aizi Bin Salamat1,
Shahizan Bin Hassan2 and
Mohamad Syakiran Bin
Muhammad3
![Page 6: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM), Johor, Malaysia
2Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM)
Kedah, Malaysia
3Universiti Industri Selangor
(UNISEL), Selangor, Malaysia
![Page 7: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Abstract
This article seeks to
highlight the prevalent role
of electronic participation
(e-participation) in the
![Page 8: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
implementation of e-
government (EG) and
possible approaches in
enhancing the application
of e-government through
the insertion of e-
![Page 9: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
participation module.
Previous case studies on e-
participation cover
definitions and technique of
e-participation, applicable
strategies to implement e-
![Page 10: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
participation, and the
quality of e-participation
for top management
decision making. Several
literature in EG supports
the statement that e-
![Page 11: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
participation could improve
the quality of public sector
governance process. As a
result, most developed
countries implemented EG
projects to enable
![Page 12: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
involvement of citizens in
the political decision
making process through e-
participation. However, this
is not the case in most of
the developing countries
![Page 13: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
which focus more on
improving public sector
services rather than e-
participation. Among
others, there are arguments
which focus on the issue of
![Page 14: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
lack of citizen participation
in the political process
through the Internet. This
is particularly true in the
context of EG
implementation in
![Page 15: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
developing countries
whereby the focus is more
on e-services rather than e-
participation. Malaysian
government has
implemented EG, since
![Page 16: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1997 under one of the MSC
flagships, to deliver
information and services in
an integrated manner.
Malaysian Government
Portal or myGovernment
![Page 17: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
performs as a single
platform providing
information and services
related to government
agencies. Despite this effort,
myGovernment, as evident
![Page 18: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
in other developing nations,
also does not place
emphasis on e-
participation.
![Page 19: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Keywords: e-government,
e-participation,
collaboration approach, my
government portal
![Page 20: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Introduction
The huge potential of
Information and
Communication
Technologies (ICT) in
![Page 21: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
transforming the public
sector brought around the
phenomenon of e-
Government to nations
across the world. The rapid
expansion of ICT in
![Page 22: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Malaysia saw the launching
of Multimedia Super
Corridor (MSC), in 1996, to
accelerate its entry into the
Information Age. Putrajaya
functions as the new seat
![Page 23: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
for government and federal
administrative capital
becoming the centre for the
introduction of the concept
of Electronic Government
(EG). EG, one of the seven
![Page 24: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
MSC flagships is aimed at
reinventing the public
sector’s view of the needs
of citizens and the private
sector. Simultaneously,
information flow and
![Page 25: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
processes within the
government are
streamlined. Exploitation of
ICT in government is
expected to improve
internal effectiveness and
![Page 26: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
provide citizens with better
information and services.
Governments worldwide
have now come to realize
the importance of citizen
![Page 27: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
participation in democratic
political processes and are
trying to re-engage them in
order to strengthen the
process of democracy. On
the other hand, citizens in
![Page 28: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
many countries are
demanding for a more
active role in government
processes and not only to
take part in the voting
process (Tambouris, 2007).
![Page 29: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
World Bank (2001) defines
citizen participation as “the
process through which
stakeholder influence and
share control over priority
setting, policy-making,
![Page 30: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
resource allocations and
access to public goods and
services”. Since the last few
years, many governments
are experiencing the
growth and adoption of
![Page 31: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ICTs. Following this trend,
e-government should be
extended to include e-
participation mechanism to
get citizen’s views and
inputs on governments’
![Page 32: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
public policy and planning.
Some research referred to
e-participation as e-
Consultation (Whyte &
Macintosh, 2002), web-
based citizen input
![Page 33: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
(Elgarah & Courtney,
2002), and online public
engagement (Coleman &
Gøtze, 2001). However,
Betancourt (2005) claimed
that ICT and EG's initiatives
![Page 34: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
will not automatically
enable the people to
participate in EG.
E-participation serves
varied objectives such as
![Page 35: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
providing information to
citizens, generating support
among citizens, utilizing
citizens’ input in decision
making, and inquiring for
citizens’ needs. It is
![Page 36: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
believed that e-
participation can serve to
encourage two-way
communication between
government and citizens,
educate citizens on the
![Page 37: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
rationale and complexity of
policy-making, legitimize
government decisions, and
provide opportunities for
mutual learning (Coleman
& Gøtze, 2001). As a result,
![Page 38: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
most developed countries
have already implemented
EG projects to enable
citizen’s involvement in the
political decision making
![Page 39: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
process through e-
participation.
In an attempt to provide
seamless integration of
information and services,
![Page 40: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Malaysian government
launched myGovernment,
an abbreviation for the
Malaysian Government
Public Service Portal. It is
designed as a single
![Page 41: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
gateway to information and
services provided by the
Government of Malaysia via
the Internet. Through
myGovernment, users are
linked to more than 900
![Page 42: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
government agencies
websites nationwide.
myGovernment is an
initiative undertaken by the
Malaysian Administrative
Modernization and
![Page 43: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Management Planning Unit
(MAMPU), a department
within the Prime Minister's
Department. Most of the
Malaysian Government
information and online
![Page 44: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
services have been on the
internet for a long time, and
myGovernment is created
to provide easy access and
search for these
information and services as
![Page 45: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
well as answers to
government related
enquiries and concerns.
With this motivation in
mind, we investigate
![Page 46: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
an approach for assessing
Malaysian government’s
effort in extending e-
participation initiative with
the current EG application.
This paper is organized as
![Page 47: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
follows. Section 2 presents
the issues on why EG
application should be
extended in e-participation.
Section 3 introduces the
Malaysian EG initiatives.
![Page 48: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Section 4, presents the e-
participation while section
5 describes the proposed
approach for e-
participation initiative in
Malaysia. Finally, the
![Page 49: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
conclusions and future
work are discussed in
section 6.
![Page 50: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Issues
Many governments of
developing countries have
tried to deliver their
services to citizens through
![Page 51: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ICT mechanisms. However,
most implementations
focused on publishing
information and links to set
of resources. Gupta, Kumar
and Bhattacharya (2004)
![Page 52: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
argued that very few of
these implementations
provide actual
transactional service
delivery through
government portals.
![Page 53: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Furthermore, with non
exhaustive infrastructure in
term of access facility, it
will complicate the delivery
of a service to the people.
![Page 54: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Malaysian government had
set one major goal and
several visions in ensuring
successful implementation
of EG. The goal is to
improve the convenience,
![Page 55: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
accessibility and quality of
interaction with citizens
and businesses;
simultaneously, it will
improve information flows
and processes within
![Page 56: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
government improving the
speed and quality of policy,
co-ordination and
enforcement (MAMPU,
1997). In addition, there
are five visions that are
![Page 57: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
specified to achieve that
goal which are to (MAMPU,
1997):
• Transform administration
processes of government
![Page 58: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
through usage of leading
edge information
technology.
![Page 59: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
• Drastically improve
performance of
government processes.
![Page 60: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• Provide high quality, low
cost administrative services
to public and business.
![Page 61: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• Employ multimedia
technology to foster
government effectiveness.
![Page 62: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
• Attract world class
multimedia web shapers to
Malaysia.
![Page 63: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
However, it is obvious that
the goal and visions stated
above contain no
statements regarding the
role of citizen participation
in EG. With reference to UN
![Page 64: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Global E-Readiness Reports
(2005), the following broad
definition of EG has been
adopted: “The use of ICT
and its application by the
government for the
![Page 65: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
provision of information and
services to people. The aim
of EG, therefore, is to
provide efficient
government management of
information to the citizen;
![Page 66: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
better service delivery to
citizen; and empowerment
of the people through access
to information and
participation in public
policy decision-making”.
![Page 67: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The stated visions by
MAMPU entail that more
focus is placed on service
delivery process to the
public. EG is defined, as
quoted above, not only to
![Page 68: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
focus on reliable service
delivery but should also
include public involvement
in EG initiative.
![Page 69: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Thus, a gap exists within
Malaysian EG with
reference to e-participation
in its EG application. To
ensure a more successful
EG, this gap must be
![Page 70: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
bridged by creating a
mechanism in EG which
enables people’s
involvement in government
processes. The government
needs to play a major role
![Page 71: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
in determining how the
citizen can participate in its
EG initiative. This enables
Malaysia to form a
knowledgeable and active
community in accordance
![Page 72: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
with the progress of ICT
beside the democratic
process in Malaysia.
United Nation, through
Global E-Government
![Page 73: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Readiness Report 2004 and
2005, reports that
Malaysia’s achievement
from the aspect of people
participation inside the EG
environment is almost
![Page 74: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
static. In 2004, people
participation percentage is
8 %, while in 2005 the
percentages attained in
Malaysia is still under 10 %.
The report also highlights
![Page 75: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
that Malaysia is at the
fourth place after
Singapore, Philippines and
Indonesia.
![Page 76: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The government recognizes
the need for public
involvement during the
formulation of policy,
schemes, and programs.
However, the conventional
![Page 77: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
mode of communication
and information gathering
mechanism makes it
difficult to enable public
participation in the process
of decision making. The my
![Page 78: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Government portal is
equipped with
infrastructure and
technology to facilitate such
initiatives by various
organizations within the
![Page 79: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
government but this is still
not enough to ensure a
smooth running of e-
participation. The
development of e-
participation initiatives
![Page 80: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
requires public sector
agencies to think well
through the approach
before developing an e-
participation framework
that can assist citizen’s
![Page 81: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
participation in
government processes.
With the background
principle of democracy,
public participation in
government processes
![Page 82: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
through ICT is an absolute
necessity.
![Page 83: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Malaysian E-government
The aim of Malaysian EG is
for people in government,
business and citizenry to
work together for the
![Page 84: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
benefit of Malaysia and all
of its citizens (MAMPU,
1997). The aim calls for
“reinventing [of]
government” using
multimedia/information
![Page 85: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
technology to dramatically
improve productivity and
creating a collaborative
environment that fosters
the ongoing development of
Malaysia’s multimedia
![Page 86: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
industry. The focus is also
to ensure effective and
efficient delivering of
services for the people of
Malaysia, enabling the
government to become
![Page 87: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
more responsive to the
needs of its citizens.
The 2008 e-government
readiness rankings show
that Asian countries make
![Page 88: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
up 20 per cent of the top 35
with Malaysia in the 34th
rank; this is an
improvement from year
2005 where Malaysia
ranked 43rd. Singapore
![Page 89: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
continues to lead the South-
Eastern Asian region
followed by Malaysia and
Thailand. In the web
measure index, Malaysia is
ranked 17th while
![Page 90: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Singapore is rank 25th,
mostly due to the strength
of Malaysia’s three
ministries’ websites,
namely: Social Welfare,
Labour and Finance (United
![Page 91: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Nations, 2008). Malaysia
has enhanced the websites
of the three ministries by
using multimedia tools
(both audio and video). In
addition, these sites
![Page 92: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
encourage citizen e-
participation and provide
the citizens with
downloadable forms. The
Ministry of Labour has a
formal time frame by which
![Page 93: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
to respond to online
queries and e-mails and the
Ministry of Social Welfare
has the ability to respond to
its citizens via e-mail.
![Page 94: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Malaysian EG identifies the
services provided by
government and the
spectrum of multimedia
application that will help
deliver these services
![Page 95: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
according to the objectives
of EG vision. The landscape
of application is grouped
into three categories:
Public/business to
government, intra agency
![Page 96: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
and inter agency. The main
portal for Malaysian citizen
or non-Malaysian citizen to
refer to is myGovernment
portal.
![Page 97: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
My Government Portal
My Government is the
government’s initiative to
improve service delivery
introduced in 2003 by the
![Page 98: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Malaysian Administrative
Modernisation and
Management Planning Unit
(MAMPU) under the Prime
Minister’s Department. My
Government portal won top
![Page 99: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
prize in the public sector
award category in the 2008
Global ICT Awards. This
portal begins its operation
in 2005 with its main
objective to enable the
![Page 100: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
public and business
community to acquire
online information and
government services that
can be obtained through
the local service centre.
![Page 101: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Services offered are prime
news display, event
calendar, job vacancy,
tender notice,
advertisement,
announcement, public
![Page 102: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
complaint and form
downloads. Through this
portal, dealings with agency
become more efficient, easy
and the public can reduce
![Page 103: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
time spent at the physical
counter.
The my Government portal
contains six (6)
![Page 104: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
components (MAMPU,
2007):
1) My Home is where users
register with my
Government portal and
![Page 105: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
personalized information
display according to their
preferences. Through this
personalization, consumers
are able to accept message
up-dates, upload
![Page 106: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
documents, and view online
service status offered
through my Government
and web agency sites link.
![Page 107: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
2) Message's Centre which
acts as a communication
centre facilitating
exchanging of messages
among users and my
![Page 108: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Government
administrators.
3) E-Community Centre
which provides community
oriented services such as
![Page 109: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
poll, service or information
subscription, advertising
and general questions. E-
community Centre is a
component that seeks for
citizen involvement in
![Page 110: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Malaysian government.
However, based on the
current status, only poll
mechanism is successfully
running. The average
number of people involved
![Page 111: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
in poll is just 1000 people
per poll. This brings a
greater need in an e-
participation platform to
ensure citizens’
![Page 112: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
involvement in government
processes.
4) E-Business Centre
supplies all the
downloadable forms and
![Page 113: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
online interactive services
by public sector agencies in
my Government.
5) Administrative Centre
which enables my
![Page 114: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Government administrator
to manage the portal.
6) Content Delivery Centre
which provides
infrastructure in managing
![Page 115: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
my Government content
such as search engine
facility and my Government
content broadcasting
through Internet. The most
popular services on the My
![Page 116: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Government portal are
accessing government
tenders, checking
employment prospects in
government agencies,
renewing a driving licence,
![Page 117: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
paying traffic summons,
registering a business, and
filing of income tax return
electronically.
![Page 118: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
The portal links more than
900 public sector websites
at federal, state and local
levels, as well as delivering
government services to
citizens. Currently, 30 per
![Page 119: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
cent of agencies provide
their services through my
Government portal. UN
researchers in the annual
Global E-Government
Report evaluate criteria
![Page 120: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
such as multi language,
website personalization,
feedback mechanism,
workable support links and
navigation within
tolerance. The number of
![Page 121: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
visitors to the portal has
increased almost threefold
in two years with a number
of 6.5 million visitors as at
May 15 2008, according to
MAMPU. The multi-channel
![Page 122: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
service typified by my
Government is being
continued in the Ninth
Malaysian Plan 2006-2010
and further improvement
![Page 123: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
for the convenience of
users is being promoted.
As mentioned above, E-
community Center is a
component that encourages
![Page 124: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
citizens to get involved in
Malaysian political process.
However, based on the
current status, only poll
mechanism is successfully
run indicating a low level of
![Page 125: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
citizens’ involvement in e-
government. Based on the
statistic, average number of
people who are involved in
poll is only 1000 people per
poll. Thus, it is clear that
![Page 126: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Malaysian government
badly needs an e-
participation platform to
improvise citizen
involvement in e-
government process.
![Page 127: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Currently, this E-
community Center has
added a few mechanism to
extent citizen involvement
through e-government
initiatives which are
![Page 128: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
survey, feedback and
enquiry and public
complaint.
![Page 129: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
E-participation
E-participation is seen to be
an essential part of e-
government. Many case
studies were conducted
![Page 130: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
previously on e-
participation which
includes definition and
technique of e-
participation, applicable
strategies to implement
![Page 131: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
e-participation, quality of e-
participation for top
management decision
making and others. Some
literature on EG supports
the statement that
![Page 132: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
e-participation could
improve the quality of
public sector governance
process (Verma, Singh &
Misra, 2007). According to
Scherer, Schneider and
![Page 133: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Wimmer (2008), EG is a
well-established field in
research and practice,
while e-participation trails
behind with only a low
number of programs and
![Page 134: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
strategies at the moment. It
also reflects ideas of the
concept of good governance
in term of ethical
behaviour, governance
process and others.
![Page 135: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Citizen participation has
been discussed widely
especially in the field of
political sciences and
administration. It is often
defined as a citizen action
![Page 136: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
that influences or seeks to
influence policy decisions
(Nagel, 1987). Meanwhile
Zimmerman (1986) claims
that citizen participation is
an action that incorporates
![Page 137: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
the demands and values of
citizens into public
administration services.
Citizen participation can be
categorized into 2 parts;
political participation and
![Page 138: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
administration
participation (Zimmerman,
1986). Political
participation relates to
citizen involvement in
election in political
![Page 139: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
proceeding while
administration
participation relates to
citizens’ participation the
management processes of
government agencies.
![Page 140: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
E-participation has gained
rising importance within
the information society. In
general, participation
means “to take part or to be
involved in it” (Chamber
![Page 141: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
21st Century Dictionary,
1996, p. 1005). With the
exploitation of ICT,
participation will be more
of electronic nature known
as e-participation.
![Page 142: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Macintosh (2006) describes
e-participation as “ICT-
supported participation in
processes involved in
government and
governance. Processes may
![Page 143: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
concern administration,
decision-making, service
delivery, and policy making”.
It transforms relations
between citizen and
decision-makers, and those
![Page 144: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
activities are expected to
help renew the
representative model of
democracy. Meanwhile,
according to Europe’s
Information Society
![Page 145: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Thematic Portal ( “e-
participation is about
reconnecting ordinary
people with politics and
policy-making and making
the decision – making
![Page 146: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
process easier to
understand and follow
through the use of new
Information and
Communication
Technologies (ICTs)”.
![Page 147: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
However, based on OECD
report, e-participation is a
term used to refer to the
use of information and
communication
technologies (ICTs) in
![Page 148: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
supporting information,
consultation and
participation. E-
participation is, to a certain
extent, the same as
marketing activities and
![Page 149: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
CRM (Customer
Relationship Management)
in the private sector (OECD,
2001). The definition is
supported by United Nation
e-participation index where
![Page 150: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
e-participation is defined as
ICT-enabled “participatory,
inclusive, deliberative
process of decision
making”, including the
increased supply of
![Page 151: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
information (e-
information), enhanced
consultation (e-
consultation) and the
willingness of government
to take into account the
![Page 152: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
e-input of citizens into the
decision making process
and subsequently inform
citizens on what decisions
have been taken based on
the consultation processes
![Page 153: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
with the framework of G2C
and G2B interaction (e-
decision-making) that may
lead to increased input of
citizens in decision making
(United Nation, 2008).
![Page 154: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Through successful e-
participation
implementation,
government processes will
be more transparent. This
argument is supported by
![Page 155: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Hacker and Van Dijk (2000)
which emphasize on e-
participation’s role in
improving the transparency
of governmental activities:
“e-participation has the
![Page 156: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
potential to establish more
transparency in
government by allowing
citizens to use new
channels of influence which
reduces barriers to public
![Page 157: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
participation in policy
making”.
![Page 158: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
E-participation Approach
Multi-perspective approach
is one of the e-participation
approaches used in
![Page 159: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
developing an e-
participation initiative.
![Page 160: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
The Politics and
Organization Perspective
It is assumed that the
involvement of citizens in
the process of decision-
![Page 161: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
making and
implementation will make
the public sector agencies
more responsive and
effective. As such, the
government needs to find
![Page 162: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
ways in eliminating the gap
between citizens and
government. E-
participation could be an
effective tool for collecting
or disseminating
![Page 163: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
information and knowledge
from citizen, experts, and
stakeholders.
However, there are
potential problems that
![Page 164: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
could prevent the smooth
process of implementing e-
participation for a more
open, transparent and
inclusive public. Also,
stronger involvement of
![Page 165: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
citizens and more
responsive and effective
performance should be
looked. Currently, citizen
participation through the
Internet plays only
![Page 166: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
a marginal role in the
political process (Koulolias,
2007). Government should
focus on the potentials and
impacts of the ICT
(Internet) for two-way-
![Page 167: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
communication in e-
participation. The
authorities should pay
more attention in ensuring
access to all citizens to the
e-participation. The access
![Page 168: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
to the Internet is a key
barrier for e-participation
success. It should be seen
as a responsibility of the
government to overcome
this barrier.
![Page 169: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
The Communication and
Interaction Perspective
This perspective focuses
more on the citizen
participation process. This
![Page 170: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
means that design and
implementation of process
are always studied in
relation to the use context.
Authorities should focus on
interaction and
![Page 171: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
communication in both
design processes and in the
designed system. Developer
should emphasize on
designing systems to
contribute to quality in use
![Page 172: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
by developing techniques
for users to participate in
the design process. The
participation processes in
the design of information
systems will lead to
![Page 173: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
improved quality in use
(Myers et al., 1997).
Interactions perspectives
are at: 1) both user levels
were focusing on the
support of them in order to
![Page 174: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
make them capable to
participate and ability to let
users interact and
communicate. 2) An
organizational level to
develop techniques and
![Page 175: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
processes in order for
different stakeholders to
participate.
![Page 176: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
The Technology and
Infrastructure Perspective
This perspective takes into
consideration system
applications such as voting
![Page 177: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
systems, poll, debate
system, forums, people
voice systems and others.
Some applications are
dependent on
infrastructure either
![Page 178: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
physical infrastructure or
conceptual infrastructure.
Infrastructure is an
important aspect of
concern because e-
participation needs
![Page 179: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
a suitable infrastructure for
effective implementation.
The development and
implementation of e-
participation system and
the infrastructures are co-
![Page 180: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
dependent. The main issue
in e-participation is citizen
involvement in the new
applications. In order to
capture the most effective
e-participation, system
![Page 181: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
developer has to consider
the successful variables of
e-participation.
![Page 182: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Malaysian E-participation
Approach
Governments expanded
their e-participation
initiatives through certain
![Page 183: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
processes determined by
their management. As
suggested in this paper,
Malaysian government
should expand e-
participation initiative
![Page 184: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
through the knowledge
process approach. Creating
and sharing the idea or
information, is the most
important element in this e-
participation initiative.
![Page 185: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Beside strengthening
relationship and
exchanging ideas or
information, it can also
improve the decision
making process in
![Page 186: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
government sector.
Technical systems have
been developed as a
foundation for e-
participation. To provide
facilities for e-participation,
![Page 187: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
organization must look at
the future technical site as
well as information
environment such as
human interaction policies,
and information transfer
![Page 188: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
process. Understanding the
context in depth is also
important which includes
pressures from the outside
environment such as
communities, government
![Page 189: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
and stakeholders
(Devenport, 1997).
E-participation can be
assumed as a mechanism
that allows citizen in
![Page 190: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
a country to create a
community for collecting
information and sharing
the knowledge they know
to increase the quality of
government process. Based
![Page 191: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
on researchers’ readings
and opinions, e-
participation initiative in
Malaysian environment
should be carried out
through three main
![Page 192: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
resources: citizen, process
and technology. These
three resources must play
their role together to make
e-participation effective as
depicted in Fig 1.
![Page 193: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
Fig 1. Keys for
Realization of E-
participation
Please see Fig 1 in full
PDF version
![Page 194: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Citizen
Citizen does not play a role
in managing the
information, but the
government can structure
![Page 195: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
policies and training to
assist the interaction
through e-participation
application. E-participation
initiative can include design
that fosters professional
![Page 196: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
cooperation by actively
involving citizen at every
level of society in sharing
information and knowledge
of their opinion, idea or
comment and suggestion
![Page 197: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
for improvement. Looking
at governments with
developed e-participation
initiative in their country, it
is proven that cooperation
between citizen and
![Page 198: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
government as one group
will produce an excellent
working style, more
effective and improved
democracy process. This
working group will create a
![Page 199: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
relationship, trust and
expertise between citizen
and government. As an
outcome of this resource, it
will encourage
development and facilities
![Page 200: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
for communities of practice
(CoP) element.
![Page 201: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
Process
Management process in
government organization,
be it formal or informal,
requires a flow of
![Page 202: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
information. Most citizens
do not realize the existence
of such process in some
organization. The element
of this process is in
determining the ways of
![Page 203: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
how to convey information
by the government to the
people and vice-versa. It
also forms as a connection
between technologies with
citizen and becomes a
![Page 204: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
resource to sustain the
relationship between
citizen and government.
Many methods developed
by other countries can be
deployed into the
![Page 205: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
Malaysian environment.
This process will play an
important role because
people will see whether or
not information delivered is
accepted by the
![Page 206: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
government and would
further show whether the
government is transparent
or not. It should not only
act as the relationship
among government and
![Page 207: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
people, but also to help
establish ties between the
people. The processes will
help to produce the
information needed by the
government and to share
![Page 208: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
the information for
benefits.
![Page 209: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
Technology
Technology functions not
only as a centre of
repository of resources and
not only as reference in
![Page 210: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
using e-participation.
Technology also acts as a
tool and requires
contribution from the
citizen to ensure a more
effective government
![Page 211: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
process. Effective
technology in designing e-
participation initiative will
create an archive for the
targeted citizen in
exchanging information
![Page 212: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
with the government.
Several countries have
employed mobile
technology as their process
to make e-participation
more successful. Internet
![Page 213: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
with web based system
application is the best
approach for a beginning in
the running of e-
participation within the
Malaysian environment.
![Page 214: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
After Multi-perspective
approach and key for
realization of e-
participation have been
explored, one collaborative
approach for Malaysian
![Page 215: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
e-participation initiative
has been developed.
Researcher suggested the
collaboration approach is
shown in Figure 2. The
approach has two
![Page 216: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
important elements that
are dependent on one
another: Information
Acquisition and
Information Dissemination.
![Page 217: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
Information acquisition is
described as the acceptance
of information submitted to
government by citizen i.e.
Communities, NGOs,
Individual and Interest
![Page 218: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
Groups while, information
dissemination is described
as the process of delivering
information to particular
users. The main processes
in this element are
![Page 219: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
knowledge collection and
storage to be disseminated
to people. Information will
be gathered from outside or
inside sources and will be
stored in the repository.
![Page 220: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
The combination of these
elements will create and
establish e-participation
process. Three perspectives
(people, process and
technology) are the
![Page 221: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
controlling mechanism to
establish a successful e-
participation initiative.
In brief, knowledge process
approach in e-participation
![Page 222: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
concept is an approach that
requires commitment from
every stakeholder for
smooth and effective
running of e-participation.
There is a crucial need in
![Page 223: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
understanding how to
integrate this collaboration
approach within Malaysian
environment. Conversely,
an organization investing in
new technology without
![Page 224: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
first understanding the
organization and their
patents, will not achieve
potential and profits from
the investment made
(Petrides & Nodine, 2003).
![Page 225: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
Fig 2. Collaboration
Approach for Malaysian
E-participation Initiative
Please see Fig 2 in full
PDF version
![Page 226: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
Conclusion and Future
Work
With the help of ICT, e-
participation will increase
citizens’ input to
![Page 227: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
government and citizen’s
participation must come
together with ICT support.
It can be concluded that
work is needed on both
sides (citizen and
![Page 228: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
government) to enable
wider interaction and
benefits. Although e-
participation could increase
the level of transparency,
participatory decision
![Page 229: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
making and accountability,
the government faces huge
challenges to implement
and facilitate it.
![Page 230: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
This collaborative approach
is a basic foundation for the
development e-
participation framework in
the next phase. In ensuring
successful implementation
![Page 231: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
of e-participation, there is a
need for awareness of some
factors such as the process,
the level of participation,
the communication
platform, the role of
![Page 232: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
facilitation and consultation
and the role of ICT (Jansky
& Juhal 2006). These
factors should be
scrutinized to ensure
successful e-participation
![Page 233: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
initiative. The result should
clearly describe how citizen
participation fits into
government process. This
approach can be integrated
into an e-participation
![Page 234: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
framework and can be used
for participatory
techniques and strategy
with ICT tools.
![Page 235: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
The process of e-
participation should be
adopted concurrently with
a system whereby people
from different background
have an equal opportunity
![Page 236: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
and equal access to
participate in the
government process. This is
necessary to ensure that a
larger number of people
participate in the
![Page 237: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
movement of e-
government. Consequently,
this will realize the vision
of ‘reinventing government’
where Government-to-
Citizen and Citizen-to-
![Page 238: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
Government
communication is freely
accessible under main
portal (mygovernment
portal).
![Page 239: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
References
Betancourt, V. (2006). “E-
government: An
Opportunity for Citizen
Participation in the Era of
![Page 240: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/240.jpg)
Digital Development,”
Association for Progressive
Communications (APC).
[Online], [Retrieved
October 11, 2008],
http://www.apc.org/
![Page 241: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/241.jpg)
en/news/all/ world/e-
government-opportunity-
citizen-participation-era
Coleman, S. & Gøtze, J.
(2001). “Bowling Together:
![Page 242: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
Online Public Engagement
in Policy Deliberation,”
United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organization. [Online],
[Retrieved October 11,
![Page 243: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
2008],
http://portal.unesco.org/ci
/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=5468&URL_DO=D
O_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=2
01.html
![Page 244: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/244.jpg)
Davenport, T. H. (1997).
“Ten Principles of
Knowledge Management
and Four Case Studies,”
Knowledge and Process
![Page 245: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
Management, 4(3). 187-
208.
Elgarah, W. & Courtney, J. F.
(2002). “Enhancing the G2C
Relationship through New
![Page 246: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/246.jpg)
Channels of
Communication: Web-
based Citizen Input,”
Proceedings of the 8th
Americas Conference on
![Page 247: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/247.jpg)
Information Systems [CD
Proceedings].
“eParticipation,” Europe's
Information Society
Thematic Portal. [Online],
![Page 248: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/248.jpg)
[Retrieved July 23, 2008],
http://ec.europa.eu/inform
ation_society/activities/ego
vernment/policy/eparticip
ation/index_en.htm
![Page 249: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/249.jpg)
Gupta, M. P., Kumar, P. &
Bhattacharya, J. (2004).
'Government Online
Opportunities &
Challenges,' Tata Mcgraw
Hill Publishing, New Delhi.
![Page 250: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/250.jpg)
Hacker, K. L. & Van Dijk, J.
(2000). 'Digital Democracy:
Issues of Theory and
Practice,' SAGE
Publications: London.
![Page 251: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/251.jpg)
Jansky, L. & Uitto, J, I.
(2005). "Enhancing
Participation and
Governance in Water
Resources Management:
Conventional Approaches
![Page 252: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/252.jpg)
and Information
Technology," United
Nations University Press:
Tokyo.
![Page 253: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/253.jpg)
Koulolias, V. (2007).
“Interview with Vasilis,
Executive Director of
Gov2U,” egovblog: The
future of governments.
[Online], [Retrieved
![Page 254: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/254.jpg)
October 12, 2008],
http://www.egovblog.com/
2007/03/21/interview-
with-vasilis-koulolias-
executive-director-of-
gov2u/
![Page 255: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/255.jpg)
Macintosh, A. (2006).
'Characterizing
eParticipation in Policy-
making,' Proceedings of the
37th Hawaii International
Conference on System
![Page 256: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/256.jpg)
Sciences (HICSS”04). ISBN:
0-7695-2056-1, 117–126
MAMPU (1997). 'Electronic
Government Blueprint for
Implementation,' Malaysian
![Page 257: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/257.jpg)
Administrative
Modernisation and
Management Planning Unit:
Kuala Lumpur.
![Page 258: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/258.jpg)
MAMPU (2007). 'Garis
Panduan Portal
Mygovernment Dan Laman
Web/Portal Agensi-Agensi
Sektor Awam,' Seminar
Personel ICT SektorAwam
![Page 259: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/259.jpg)
Myers, B. L., Kappelman, L.
A. & Prybutok, V. R. (1997).
“A Comprehensive Model
for Assessing the Quality
and Productivity of the
Information Systems
![Page 260: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/260.jpg)
Function,” Information
Resources Management
Journal, 10(1). 4-33.
![Page 261: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/261.jpg)
Nagel, J. (1987).
'Participation,' Prentice
Hall: New Jersey.
OECD (2001). 'Citizens as
Partners: Information,
![Page 262: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/262.jpg)
Consultation and Public
Participation in Policy-
Making,' OECD: Paris.
Petrides, L. A. & Nodine, T.
R. (2003). “Knowledge
![Page 263: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/263.jpg)
Management In Education:
Defining the Landscape,”
Institute for the Study of
Knowledge Management in
Education: California
![Page 264: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/264.jpg)
Robinson, M. & Davidson, G.
W. (1996). 'Chambers 21st
Century Dictionary,'
Chamber publication
![Page 265: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/265.jpg)
Scherer, S., Schneider, C.,
Wimmer, M. A. & Shaddock,
J. (2008). “Studying
eParticipation in
Government Innovation
Programmes: Lessons from
![Page 266: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/266.jpg)
a Survey,” Proceedings of
the 21st Bled eConference:
Overcoming through Multi-
Channel interaction, 15-18
June 2008, 483-497.
![Page 267: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/267.jpg)
Tambouris, E., Liotas, N.,
Kaliviotis, D. & Tarabanis,
K. (2007). “A Framework
for Scoping eParticipation,”
The Proceedings of the 8th
Annual International Digital
![Page 268: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/268.jpg)
Government Research
Conference, ISBN: 1-59593-
599-1.
United Nations (2008). e-
Government Survey 2008:
![Page 269: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/269.jpg)
From e-Government to
Connected Governance,
United Nations: New York.
United Nations (2004).
Global E-Government
![Page 270: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/270.jpg)
Readiness Report 2004:
Towards Access For
Opportunity, United
Nations: New York.
![Page 271: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/271.jpg)
United Nation (2005).
Global E-government
Readiness Report 2005:
From E-government to E-
inclusion, United Nations:
New York.
![Page 272: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/272.jpg)
Verma, N., Singh, S. & Misra,
D. P. (2007). “Citizen
Participation in the Process
of ICT Enabled Governance:
A Case Study,” Proceeding
of 1st International
![Page 273: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/273.jpg)
Conference on Theory and
Practise of electronic
governance (ICEGOV).
ISBN:978-1-59593-822-0,
10-13 December 2007,
371-379.
![Page 274: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/274.jpg)
Whyte, A. & Macintosh, A.
(2002). “Analysis and
Evaluation of E-
Consultations,” e-Service
Journal, 2(1). 9-34.
![Page 275: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/275.jpg)
World Bank, (2001).
Poverty Reduction Source
Book, Vol. 1, World Bank.
![Page 276: Journal of e-Government - IBIMA Publishing · Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID ... involvement of citizens in the political decision](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081521/5edab069ea30a273770f4abf/html5/thumbnails/276.jpg)
Zimmerman, J. (1986).
'Populism Revisited,' State
Government, 58, 172–178.