josh moulin: basic fire investigation for law enforcement
DESCRIPTION
This presentation was given in 2003 to a group of law enforcement officers attending a fire/arson seminar. The presentation provides information on basic fire investigative steps, roles and responsibilities of fire departments and law enforcement, motivations of fire setters, legal aspects, and search/seizure. The instructor, Josh Moulin, has 18 years of public safety experience including 7 in Fire/EMS and 11 in law enforcement. Josh has an Associates degree in fire science and a Bachelor's degree in Fire Service Administration. He holds multiple fire and law enforcement certifications and is a graduate of the National Fire Academy's Fire/Arson School.TRANSCRIPT
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By:Josh Moulin
Police Officer / Fire Investigator2003
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Instructor Background 8 years of Fire/EMS experience
Left the fire service as a Lieutenant / Fire Prevention Officer when hired as a Police Officer
Certified Fire Code Inspector
Multiple NFPA Certifications
Graduated from the National Fire Academy Fire/Arson School in Emmitsburg Maryland
Conducted multiple Fire/Arson investigations
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Objectives Develop a basic understanding of scientific
principles of fire behavior
Relationship between local fire agencies and law enforcement
Terminology used in fire investigation
Role law enforcement plays in fire investigation
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Objectives Identify common fire patterns and how they
relate to fire behavior
What makes a fire scene suspicious
Properly document a fire scene
Evidence collection principles for fire scene
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Objectives
Case law involving the investigation of fire scenes
Motives of a fire setter
Courtroom testimony for fire investigation
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Introduction
The need for a curriculum vitae
Training and experience
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Expectations of this Course
What resources are needed for a proper fire investigation
What should you do if you are assigned to a fire investigation
How do you contact resources you may need Where does the fire department’s authority
stop and yours begin
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Legal Aspects of Fire Investigations
Oregon Revised Statue gives local fire agencies statutory authority to conduct an “origin and cause” investigation
No warrant needed and no consent needed Investigation must occur “within a
reasonable amount of time”
Fire department must remain on scene
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Legal Aspects of Fire Investigation
DA’s office interpretation
Consent forms
Civil litigation
NFPA 921 – Systematic approach to fire Investigation
Exigent Circumstances
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Administrative Search Warrants Primary objective must be a neutral plan based on
specific criteria Must show a fire of undetermined origin has occurred
on the premises Cannot unnecessarily intrude on victim’s privacy Evidence found in plain view may be seized in
administrative search warrant Cannot “roam freely” through fire victim’s private
residence Handout
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Additional Information
Firefighters may make forceful, unannounced, nonconsensual, warrantless entry into building
Firefighters have the right to remain on premises, not only until fire is extinguished and no danger of rekindling exists, but also to investigate
After origin and cause determined, additional search of premises may be conducted only pursuant to valid warrant
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Fourth Amendment Applied to Fire Scenes
Exigent circumstances allow firefighters to enter to fight a fire (Michigan v. Clifford 464 U.S. 287, 294 & Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499
Post fire searches are admissible when conducted within a reasonable time
Additional entries, after a reasonable time has passed, must be made pursuant to the warrant procedure
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Fourth Amendment Applied to Fire Scenes
Additional investigation after fire is extinguished and firefighters and police have left generally must be made pursuant to a warrant or new exigency.
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Oregon Fire Laws Arson I
Arson II
Reckless burning
Criminal mischief
Reckless endangering
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Motivations of Fire Setting Spite / revenge Pyromania Crime concealment Arson for profit Civil disorder Vanity Gangs Cults Serial arsonist Drugs
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Profile of Serial Arsonist Single white male 20 to 27 years old Unstable family environment High school educated Considered an under-achiever Sloppy and unkept appearance Poorly adjusted socially and sexually If married, usually has periods of separation Feels sense of satisfaction after the fire If arrested, shows no remorse
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Resources Available
Local fire department / district
Regional Fire Investigation Team
Local law enforcement
Local insurance companies
IAAI
UL / www.CPSC.gov
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Basic Fire Behavior What is fire?
Rapid, self-sustained oxidation process with the evolution of heat and light in varying intensities
Fire must have four things to survive Heat Oxygen Fuel Chemical Chain Reaction
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Fire Components
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HeatFu
el
OxygenUninhibited Chain Reaction
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Steps of Fire Process
Input heat
Fuel
Oxygen
Mixing
Proportioning
Ignition continuity
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Classes of Fire
Class A – Ordinary combustibles
Class B – Flammable / combustible liquids
Class C – Energized electrical equipment
Class D – Combustible metals
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Stages of Fire
Incipient stage (growth)
Free burning stage (development)
Smoldering (decay)
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Oxygen Needed for Combustion Atmosphere has 20.8 % oxygen content
Open flaming combustion will stop at 15 – 16 %
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Fire Phenomena
Flashover
Backdraft – dangerous to police and bystanders especially
Signs of backdraft
Fire gases, superheated gases, soot, smoke
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Signs of Fire Physical effects that can be seen or measured
Lines of demarcation – borders defining heat and smoke
Movement patterns
Intensity patterns
Spalling
Clean burn
Calcination
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Char
Depth of char as indicator
Consider ventilation
Shows duration
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Temperatures Aluminum melts at 1220 F Copper melts at 1981 F Glass melts at 1100 – 2600 F Cigarette 550 F at end, 1250 in center Collapsed springs at 750 F Hardwood – 595-740 F Gasoline – 853 F Average house fire – 1300 F
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Fire Patterns Fire will usually go up and out – path of least resistance Shadowing Protection “V” patterns Inverted “V” patterns “U” patterns Light bulbs Arrow patterns
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Firefighting Tactics Changing Patterns
Importance of interviewing Fire Department
Hose Streams
Ventilation
Overhaul
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Fire Causes
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Natural FiresLightning
Earthquake
Wind
No direct human intervention
“Acts of God”
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Undetermined
Cannot prove cause
“Under Investigation”
Can be determined at later date
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Incendiary Fire
Deliberately set fire
Suspect knows fire should not been set
Mindset of suspect
Never call a fire “suspicious”
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Signs of Incendiary Fire Must first eliminate ALL possible accidental causes
Multiple fires
Trailers
Presence of accelerants
Low level burning
Splash patterns
Odors
Flashback
Containers
Removal of household contents
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Signs of Incendiary Fire, Cont. Absence of personal papers and items
Location of the fire
Evidence of other crimes
Unnatural fire spread
Previous fires in same structure or with same people
Injuries to occupants or others
Time of day
Limited / blocked entrance or view
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Certainty of Opinions Conclusive
All reasonable alternatives to hypothesis are considered and eliminated
Probable More likely than not
Possible Hypothesis can be demonstrated to be feasible but
cannot be declared probable
Suspected Hypothesis may be true, but insufficient data to draw
a conclusion to the exclusion of other reasonable conclusions
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Oregon State Fire Marshal’s Office
Required to be notified anytime a fire fatality occurs
Has additional resources
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Fire Fatalities Team of fire department, OSFM, local L.E., medical
examiner
Two individual investigations Origin and cause Death investigation
Considerations about moving the body Additional damage OSFM and ME approval
Photography
Fire debris around the body
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Fire Fatalities Cont. Why didn’t the person get out?
Obstacles Locks
Past history of people and buildings Fire and life insurance coverage Cause of death
Thermal injury v. CO asphyxiation
If unknown remains exists, consider everything human remains
Typical injuries and conditions found Lividity Eviscerations
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There’s a Fire…Now What?
Evaluate scene for safety
Secure scene perimeter
Use “team” approach Consider respiratory
hazards Always talk with IC
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There’s a Fire…Now What? Cont., Solicit information about fire suppression
Difficulties Flashback Unusual findings Forcible entry
Time and method of alarm Weather conditions Color of flames and smoke
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There’s a Fire…Now What? Cont.,
Scene evaluation “backwards theory” Reconstruction of fire scene
Debris removal Determine fire origin Determine fire cause Document
Field notes Photograph Sketch Report
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Evidence Collection Follow standard chain of custody
Realize fire department is usually not well versed in evidence and may need your help
Contamination
Specialized containers
Samples taken at scene
Trace evidence
Accelerant detection K-9’s
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Common Law Enforcement Role Assist with interviews, interrogations,
neighborhood canvassing
Assist with evidence collection
Criminal checks on suspects
Investigation may be “handed” off to you if suspect is developed or fire is determined to be incendiary
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Vehicle Fires Damage from accidental v. incendiary Look for signs of theft or damage Two scene investigations
Overall scene & vehicle interior
Gas caps and filler tube Shoeprints, fingerprints, skid marks Soil samples Tire pads Interior vehicle examination – combustibles or flammable
liquids Ashtrays
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Vehicle Fires, Cont. Window position
Door positions
Attempts taken to extinguish
Presence of personal items
Engine compartment
Vin number and license plates
Fire objectives
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Vehicle Fire Objectives Identify point of origin
Usually lowest point and greatest damage
Find the heat source Energy which ignited fire
Determine fuel source Material ignited by heat source
Determine the event of the fire How did heat source and fuel combine to start fire
Determine category of fire Must accomplish 1 – 4 first.
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Motives of Vehicle Arson
Mechanical problems Vehicle is lemon, cannot afford needed
mechanical work
Owner’s financial problems Conduct financial check Status on car payments
Witnesses
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Terrorism Related Fires / Explosions
ELF / ALF
Use of common devices
ATF notification
Use of tagging
Websites – Anarchist’s cook book
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Fire Scene Photos
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Roof Condition
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Doors / Forcible Entry
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Exterior 360 Degree
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Arial View
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View of SE corner
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Interior Garage - Area of Least Damage
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South Interior Garage
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Electrical Panel
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Electrical Main Feed
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Top of Porch Landing
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North Side of Landing
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Underneath of Landing
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Outlet on Porch Landing
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Stain Cans
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Close-up of Stain Cans
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Paint Rollers
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Heat Damage
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Cigarette Butts
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Heat Damage
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Heat Damage
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“V-Pattern”
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Wide View of V-Pattern
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Fire Damage
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Fire Patterns
January 2003 © Josh Moulin 74
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Questions?