josef schmied chair english language & linguistics chemnitz university of technology...

Josef SchmiedJosef SchmiedChair English Chair English LanguageLanguage & Linguistics & LinguisticsChemnitz University of TechnologyChemnitz University of Technology

www.tu-chemnitz.de/phil/english/schmiedwww.tu-chemnitz.de/phil/english/[email protected]@phil.tu-chemnitz.de

Analysing Academic English: Analysing Academic English: new resources and research new resources and research

questionsquestions

Brno 1/12/05Brno 1/12/05

1. 1. The web as a dictionaryThe web as a dictionary: : from www searching to comparingfrom www searching to comparing

0. search machines (esp. Google) 0. search machines (esp. Google) allow www comparisons of language usage allow www comparisons of language usage indicate occurrence and frequencyindicate occurrence and frequency

1. 1. WebcorpWebcorp (Liverpool) qualitative / quotations (Liverpool) qualitative / quotations KWIC besides URLKWIC besides URL esp. specific search in Google/Altavista (e.g. .co.uk vs .ac.uk)esp. specific search in Google/Altavista (e.g. .co.uk vs .ac.uk)

domain-, text-specific (newspaper, etc.)domain-, text-specific (newspaper, etc.)

2. 2. WebPhraseCountWebPhraseCount (Chemnitz) quantitative differences (Chemnitz) quantitative differences= compare concurrences of phrases on top level domains= compare concurrences of phrases on top level domains

limitations: limitations: Google: 1000 queries per dayGoogle: 1000 queries per day internal: 100 quotations/snippets/results per searchinternal: 100 quotations/snippets/results per searchproblems:problems: non-English websites (+non-English websites (+thethe))

WWW dictionary Schmied WWW dictionary Schmied 22

1.2. The web as a dictionary?1.2. The web as a dictionary? limitations limitations

1. 1. the web is not a reflection of reality the web is not a corpus - but a text collectionmachine-readable but not stratified!!

2. lack of oral language but: possibly from more oral parts of the

internet like emails and chats

3. general characteristic of the web: public! even „private homepages are exhibitionistic“ - and culture-specific

WWW dictionary Schmied WWW dictionary Schmied 33

2. multiSearch: a EU translation corpus2. multiSearch: a EU translation corpusin German, English, French, in German, English, French,

Spanish, ...Spanish, ...EP 1997-2004EP 1997-2004

http://ell.phil.tu-chemnitz.de/multiSearchhttp://ell.phil.tu-chemnitz.de/multiSearch

problems vs. surplus value ? problems vs. surplus value ?

2.1. for translation studies2.1. for translation studies+ real equivalents (not only comparable texts)+ real equivalents (not only comparable texts)

for contrastive linguisticsfor contrastive linguistics

- not natural - not natural

as a discovery procedureas a discovery procedure

multiSearch Schmied multiSearch Schmied 44

have have etc. in Englishetc. in English

lassen/läßtlassen/läßt, etc. in German , etc. in German

faire/faisaitfaire/faisait, etc. in French, etc. in French


2.2. Example: causatives2.2. Example: causatives

have have s.o. do s.th.s.o. do s.th.

lassen/läßtlassen/läßt, etc. in German , etc. in German

faire/faisaitfaire/faisait, etc. in French, etc. in French

English English ha* ha* +German+German la* la* +French+French fai* fai*

provides some interesting prototypical casesprovides some interesting prototypical cases


ep-00-05-03: 2651ep-00-05-03: 2651English: English: I I havehave also noted that my dear also noted that my dear friend, Mr Dell ' Alba, friend, Mr Dell ' Alba, hashas hadhad his grumbles his grumbles printed as an appendix to my opinion. printed as an appendix to my opinion. German: German: Ich habe auch zur Kenntnis Ich habe auch zur Kenntnis genommen, daß mein spezieller Freund aus genommen, daß mein spezieller Freund aus dem Parlament, Herr Dell ' Alba, seine Kritik dem Parlament, Herr Dell ' Alba, seine Kritik als Anlage zu meiner Stellungnahme hat als Anlage zu meiner Stellungnahme hat drucken drucken lassenlassen. . French: French: J'ai également noté que mon cher J'ai également noté que mon cher ami député M. Dell'Alba avait ami député M. Dell'Alba avait faitfait imprimer imprimer ses rouspétances en annexe à mes remarques.ses rouspétances en annexe à mes remarques.


ep-97-07-14: 39ep-97-07-14: 39English: English: Just eight days earlier, the European Just eight days earlier, the European Parliament Parliament hadhad adopted a resolution in the topical and adopted a resolution in the topical and urgent debate which runs to about three pages in urgent debate which runs to about three pages in length. length. German: German: Das Europäische Parlament hatte genau Das Europäische Parlament hatte genau acht Tage vorher eine Entschließung in der acht Tage vorher eine Entschließung in der Dringlichkeitsdebatte verabschiedet, die ungefähr drei Dringlichkeitsdebatte verabschiedet, die ungefähr drei Seiten Seiten langlang ist. ist. French: French: Huit jours auparavant, le Parlement européen Huit jours auparavant, le Parlement européen avait adopté une résolution au cours du débat avait adopté une résolution au cours du débat d'actualité, une résolution qui doit d'actualité, une résolution qui doit fairefaire environ trois environ trois pages. pages. Spanish: Spanish: Exactamente ocho días antes, el Parlamento Exactamente ocho días antes, el Parlamento Europeo aprobó una resolución en el debate de Europeo aprobó una resolución en el debate de urgencia que abarca aproximadamente tres páginas.urgencia que abarca aproximadamente tres páginas.


3. English for Academic Purposes3. English for Academic Purposes

3.1. types3.1. types

expert to expert vs. layman to laymanexpert to expert vs. layman to layman

expert to expert vs. expert to laymanexpert to expert vs. expert to layman

3.2. data?3.2. data?

3.3. differences? 3.3. differences?

EAP Schmied EAP Schmied 99

3. English for Academic Purposes3. English for Academic Purposes

data?data?

expert to expert vs. layman to laymanexpert to expert vs. layman to layman

BNC BNC

expert to expert vs. expert to laymanexpert to expert vs. expert to layman

Public. of Am. Society of the Learned Public. of Am. Society of the Learned Sciences Sciences

vs. New Scientist?vs. New Scientist?

wikipediawikipedia


differences?differences?

technical vocabtechnical vocab

academic wordlistacademic wordlist

hedges = hedges =

types?types?


The ability of topically The ability of topically applied pTT to induce protective physiologic responses that applied pTT to induce protective physiologic responses that

normally_AV0_M_8 normally_AV0_M_8 result from DNA damage suggests_VV_M_8 a previously undescribed means result from DNA damage suggests_VV_M_8 a previously undescribed means

of of reducing skin cancer in high-risk individuals. reducing skin cancer in high-risk individuals. Skin cancer accounts for at least_AJS_M_9 40% of all human malignancies, Skin cancer accounts for at least_AJS_M_9 40% of all human malignancies, #1,000,000 cases annually in the U.S. (1, 2). Incidence #1,000,000 cases annually in the U.S. (1, 2). Incidence is clearly_AV0_M_9 linked to UV exposure and increases exponentially is clearly_AV0_M_9 linked to UV exposure and increases exponentially with age (1, 3). Skin cancer risk is greatly_AV0_M_8 increased in the with age (1, 3). Skin cancer risk is greatly_AV0_M_8 increased in the rare disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), because of mutation rare disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), because of mutation in one of several DNA repair enzymes responsible for nucleotide in one of several DNA repair enzymes responsible for nucleotide excision repair (NER) (4–6). Development of a hairless mouse excision repair (NER) (4–6). Development of a hairless mouse model (7, 8) and more recently hairless XP gene knockout mice model (7, 8) and more recently hairless XP gene knockout mice that mimic the human cancer susceptibility (4) has greatly_AV0_M_8 that mimic the human cancer susceptibility (4) has greatly_AV0_M_8 facilitated studies of photocarcinogenesis. In particular, lowdose facilitated studies of photocarcinogenesis. In particular, lowdose daily UV irradiation of XP group C (Xpc)#/# mice leads to daily UV irradiation of XP group C (Xpc)#/# mice leads to the development of skin cancer with a short latency time (80–100 the development of skin cancer with a short latency time (80–100 days) and 100% prevalence, and partially_AV0_M_6 repair deficient Xpc#/# days) and 100% prevalence, and partially_AV0_M_6 repair deficient Xpc#/# mice are also more prone to UV-induced skin cancer than their mice are also more prone to UV-induced skin cancer than their WT counterparts (9). WT counterparts (9).


English English maymay = German = German vielleicht = vielleicht =

French ?French ? English: English: Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, Mrs Gradin, Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, Mrs Gradin,

before coming to the individual requests I would like to before coming to the individual requests I would like to situate this report within a wider framework, even if this situate this report within a wider framework, even if this maymay seem presumptuous to the eyes and in the ears of seem presumptuous to the eyes and in the ears of some Members. some Members.

German: German: Herr Präsident, liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen, liebe Herr Präsident, liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen, liebe Frau Kommissarin Gradin! Bevor ich zu unseren einzelnen Frau Kommissarin Gradin! Bevor ich zu unseren einzelnen Forderungen komme, möchte ich diesen Bericht in einen Forderungen komme, möchte ich diesen Bericht in einen größeren Zusammenhang stellen, auch wenn dies in den größeren Zusammenhang stellen, auch wenn dies in den Augen und Ohren der einen oder anderen Augen und Ohren der einen oder anderen vielleichtvielleicht anmaßend erscheint. anmaßend erscheint.

French: French: Monsieur le Président, chers collègues, Mme le Monsieur le Président, chers collègues, Mme le commissaire, avant que je n'en vienne à nos exigences, commissaire, avant que je n'en vienne à nos exigences, j'aimerais placer ce rapport dans un contexte plus large j'aimerais placer ce rapport dans un contexte plus large même si cela même si cela paraîtparaît prétentieux aux yeux de l'un ou l'autre. prétentieux aux yeux de l'un ou l'autre.


josef schmied chair english language & linguistics chemnitz university of technology...

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