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^rntusrIPq ls'::t .r[ r3^o Forouto suq tuql o]oetlxotrad rrnlnr to pf]!l oql

's.pcinp o^l tseo aqr ro^o urr,LPEreo o' to l!ou.roto^.parll puIstopoLr 1:3|l3]oi)ql puu e3!r.rrd slr 's!r0uo ArcuLl.lrosQr.nr slllu loot h o^r'ar)uo crtc sqt ezuooql tlln.ur|lto tulcos to sL"rotpqc flI losrLral I rtloq a7 rnrc puu a.'{)urotiod tNrnlt r lo ptoll str puu u lilurrcdsotpnls €.rLr'rurotrod drtt uo sosnrot rorclu'1. srll o!uDrurcJred s|pn7ltBrldn.uor pur,.' raL obot poraqnrl) aru so|lr^||:)P asro^!t) rtr,rtr$ AquoueT.ioua6 lo slLrollra^otrr l(1 posodLror su^losurorlt oru srlbllnrrPL]

o.u'ruuolod asoql l! osodLror) ol .lpq qtrnt^\ sur'jlperR, ,o qqr(Ltluo.roljlP.t]ruDxo lsnl o^\'o.!uu!ota(l lo l(nl turoLLoij u ti)n4suo. ol

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: : rNVt lU{ l l8 l , l lYtnl LI t : r t0 lJr j lJ I l ] ] lHl I u l rdvHJ

urGiven lhe oreat divcrsily ot acrivities how onn we catt lhem atl

''p(xn)rmance?" ldentfyino dilferef t practces and discoursos as,.pedormirnce lirsl roqu fcs qathcr n! them bgether and conceptuati/ n0 lhem rsa tield of study, a tiekl of objecls, a lotd of pc.fonnanq,_ tr simutirneoLrstyrequ es a galhcrntg ol sr|bicrts. a (nmmunily ol practi oners andreseaichers consttrting itsef arolnd nd irtrtccd lhrouqh p.yhrmance.Toddy, lhcrc rr0 sludcnts, torx)hers and practitorrers of perfornrancc, aswell ns progrnnrs, deprrtnrcrts, ar protessionat organizarions devoted toils sludy.Thc tuld ol cullurat perlornranoe and lhe paradigm ot porlormancoSlu.lles rhus co-creirte and co-teqirinalo onc anolhor ro i.tentity .J jfereniactvilics as porknmancei to shr.\, and teach such performanoos in tcnnsol IndvidLnls pcoples. gcrrros. tlovomonts. snd peno.ts; ro appty dtlersenulhdls across Insfitulional .liscjptines; to estabtish pcrtonnan(x) dcp.jrrnlarls and prograrnsi to orllrn ze panets .nd conterences and, ot Inre, aintornatbna prctessona nssocaton-to do a lhis ufLlcr lho ndnj ol''Pedonnancc Stud cs" prosupposes. movemeni ot geferatiTnr orr .japr bteot galhering all these dilterences undor thc co ccpt ot .pcrtonnanu,_' tlpresupposcs lh l such questions aJwhnl is |r€rlornrame?, an(t ,Wrar isPerfonnan.e Siti.l es'? if noldcfnirvcy Lrnswcftrd, h vo non.rhot)ss beenpflrDoslccl. conloslod. dn.l (x)lsr innunlerlrbte r mes lnd in n!merlrbte siles.

lhe hislory ol culturai pfilonnr'|cc and pcrtormand! Slrrties isproorscly lho histry oi srrch queslioning. To to ow lhe rn|vo,ncnr otltefer.liTatiof lhrl has produlrd tho ikr.t .nd piracliqm ol .LriLrrapor lormance, lshal en.J.ge a numbcr of lexls l l la l ro l o tv. tcf ineperformance, bul a/so ourltrrc irrlel/cclu.rt hist(ries ot th.r paradiqm.

What, then, is lhe pertormance ot trerfor,nnrrco Sludics? From lhcperspective ol thc {rcncru th{x)ry un.ler oonstruciion herej rh s perfornrancecnn l)est be dlsthguishe(l ftom orhcf porfonnlfo nxxrpts bV iis .)hrllcDlta ol allbacy.Ihat is, at the he.rr ot ts molenlent ot gencraltzaljon,Pcrlormances StLrlies scltl)lnrs have conslrucrcrt cutlurat portonnan{xr asan cngagcnrcnt olsocialnorms .s an ersembte oi .d iv i r ies wirh the poreftial to Lrphokl socielalnfr.ngorllcr)rs or, tt$nativotv to chang.r p(x)pe an.tsociotcs. Whic p(ridmaruts eltic.cy ro reaftirnr exisl fg slructLrrcs ardconsole or henl |]Ceplcs hl|s consislonltv txrn remgnizert. il is its rransgrossivc or rosislant txnentit|l thar has come io donrinate lhe sruty ;f cut_ntrol perlornranoc. tr has lorjg bccn irs cuttin.r odllo From rhe hnppentngs,rock n)fdyrs, nnd po r .at denbnsaaiions of the 1960s ro rhe drdg shows,raves, aftl Cullurc Wa6 of tho lgJO-,.julurat pertornhnce ll..s been theorizrxlas a catalyst to person.tand sociat transformatron. Bich.rrd Schcchncrprovcles guidancc herc oo|corrr ns thc oliicacv ol ouhfal Dertofinance.Wriiin! in 197tj, he.d.hessed rhe notiof lhat lheater and orhlrr portorrrnrsarts runctioncd as simplc onbrtainrneni or. ai best, as a re ection ofchanges mcurnn0 else*herq arsuing i stcad rhal ootcnainmcnt and etti,c.cy arc hlo slraids ot. brald rhar cross one nnorher througho!l hisrorv

''At eaoh period ln cach cullLrre one or the olher is dominanl<trc is

ascofdlng while ihc othef s descending Nnturallv ihcse changos are parl

of changes in th(] overall so(:irl slrucLurerVoL pedofrnnncc is not a passve

mirror ot lhcse social chaoges but a p.rt oi the qnnplicated ts-{backprooess that briigs aboul chanse. At dl times a dialeclical lension

exisls behlcen o{ficacious nnd eni$Lainmcnt iendcnces' Ffom ihispcrspective lho enrerqen..r of cut!ral p$lormarce entails tho rensccndan(n of eiticncy over entc(ahmcnt.

The imporlance ot clficacy lo lhe concqtlualizalion oi pcrtonrrnce can

be socn in keY d(rirrLlions prolidcd by voriols culiurrrl rh-aorisls John J

Mac^kxnr prolklcs onc such detinilion ln his r9S4.rnihologv Biio, /Jramr'

FestivzL Sp€cLacb: Rehearsals hvarel a Thea.r' at Culxral Pa onnance'ln rche.rsing lhis lheorv Mac.Aloon inlroduces his collcction bv ciling

ihe dol fiition of cultural perlonn.ncc prcvkled bv the svrJitrosium org{na7ers, Barbara Babco.rk, B.rfbat! Mvcrlroll an.l Violor Turner' CLrlturalpedofinan.es are "occasnnrs n \!hch rrs n culture or so.i€iv $re rcile.lupon .nd detino orRtrcq drnnrattc our collectivo nrvths and historvpresenl ou6(t!os wlh all.xnatives, nnd r)ventuallv ch.nge in some lr"rvswh c remair)irr0 llrc sarnc in oihcrs. " Th s o tation of a citltion iLlcnitieslhree lu l rctnns which sr) t ro l r rs have rcuu.rv al t r ib!1e.1 to cul t ! r ! lperlonnancc: 1) sffial arld s(if retlection throo.Jh ihe drrrnatizatio. or

dnbodimcnr ol synrbolic lornN. 2) lhc prescnlatidr ol .llcrnatM) arransements, fn.l 3) the possibiitY ot (jonservation and/or irtrnstomalion Giventho lniperative ol so.jial effl(iacv ihoorisis hrle l.rruelv concenlrute.l orperlonnancc s lfl rnsformationnl polenlial.

Anorhcr delifrition iln loon (li P.ionDince: taxls and Cotrcrls. a 1 !,93

book b\, CarclSLmpson Stenr and Bfune Honderson. Sl(xn and Hendirson s

Pcrlann.ncc is a tertbook work irrlen.l(xl to irssist lhe telohiig olper,onmnce sludies. As such, il aso nilosLs to lhc lnstittilionlli/ati(nr olpqlonnance study. ro ils courses. cur(xrla. sylliboses, camns, cv.lua_lons, cranrinatiorls, lrd thoses. SignilicarrllY Slcn h(f,selt sorv-'.j n'anvyeflrs as clhlr ol lhe l)epa(ment ol P(xlffnrance Studies at NorihwcslernLlf versitv. Th.) ruthoE rffito Lhat thc lorrr p-'ir.rTnrnr)c n.orporari]s a

whofc liefd ol hotn.n activilv . . .In nllcascs n p.irlornlatce 4T tttqtclion,/ in n.rure and i'NotunJq syn'l,.tlic fttttir\

^rl lie bo.lics. providos o !!av k,

constilr(e ncnninq an.l allirm ndi\rjckral and culturrl vrues '' Lik.)

MrcAloon, Slem Lrnd Hefdorson d€iflrre pcrlormance hy cling its socialfr(rclids, thosc otoonstitutnrg nrearing ond atlimrng values.ThcYslso citet\{,o lornrs.lhoso olhunran symbols and human bo.lios. Thesc lunrlionsandfornrs hale bcef routinelv empoYed by resdr.rhcrs .though .s we

wl shortlv see, lhe prccse lurctions lnd lornrs llrve ch.ng€xl over llre

The delnftbns proMdod by Nlac.Akxnr and Stern and lrenderson demon-strate ho!! .Lr tural pcrfornrrnce has bccn drrceptuili2e.l as social

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efficacv. Pcrformance gives Us an occasion to .onange n some h,aysllhile remainino the samc in olheB;,, [ .prolides a wny lo constitutenreanir\l anLl altirm Indviduat and cutrlrat va ues.,,To theorize lhe ways ntwhich perfornrancc produ(;es ihis efficacy, schotars havc atso clrawnupon spccilic scnrcs of perfon a.ce rrd doptoycd thcm as modeis lo lhinkabod lhe lransfonnalivc pobntiat ol culurat perlor,nancc in generalSlch |ll()dcls have ihus been fiucia ro rho parucliq]m s rnovement of gererBlizali.,r1, lo thc thooriz!tbn ot its liekt, and to rhe rflio|.ll"rtion ol it$ choIenge

challen0n|(j| in lacr, may be one ot lhe mcl ansistcnr gcsrures olPcrfonnance Siudles, and lhus my frarn ng ot pertorD or E/se ns a chat_lenge h.s bccn rohoarsd many i mes. Across diffcro lstes, rhe ionatity ofrhallcnging carries . force of officacv ln the general arlroductio ro thciranrhology Crlt ?/ Thco! and perfomt.r\a: (t992), Janele r]einel an(tJosoph Hoa.h arrribule,,an fhcrcn|y potiilcot cha*der lo rhe pcrtonrarccanalysls thaL h.ls onrerqed trom brilic.t thc.,ryi it rovses .*r//-.4]es,rcwnr{rs. lnterrognres! and so.ll(')timirs d,ndennN received mcrnnlgs.,! Forhis parl. Maruin Ca son, in his perfonna,\b: A Crittu:rt t ro.hnttrn (lgg(j),writes ihat "almost any conrcmporrry perfornrance tnoj.rcl, invotvcs m.ny" lur ' r - s, L i '1. lo hrtFl lFc.r , r , . r / , . - r . i IUl , r lhtr t t l t , . \ . . . , i r ,o. . / r rx- , , rF\or.len.pr race, ,rnd cthnie,tv, l,r rr,mp,,nt!, \ome ot thc Inost vrjibtu.. In .rcloselv rclalen houoh sti0hrty (tiflcrcnl nunnor, peggy phetan oDens herunnarked: Th.j Polilbs at P(xt(ttnance (1993) with anolh$ ohrlenge'U,xrarko./ examines rhe i pticit ass!mt)tions abour the cofnccriofrsbetween rep.ese tu(ionat visibtlly and poliftcat power wn|ch havc txren aclomnu||t lorce in cuth]rat lheory in rhc tasl bn ye€c. Among the c/irrrc,U.sthis poses s how to rckh lhc power of ihe unnrarkod bV s! rvoying i N thina lhoo()tio! lrame."/

civer lhc ro/o which chnttenging plnys h pcilormance Sndies, onef shr say thar rrlormanca cha{Lw]cs. it provokes, conresls, stakcsa claim And thorc is some uncanny fecdbrck h(xc: not onty .toespodormance challenele, chattongos pertorm J.L.Austif inctudcs,oha cnq{r,in hrs list of port()rmari@ soeech acls. lvords that,..lo somethi;.J.,,Spmilically, Austin lasrs "chatbnqe" .s ll word wirh i ocurionary bre.,Challefoes do sorixrhinEt:they ncie, de und. asscrr, a(xruse anfl oppose.An.l as performance schoars lrale shnrpened our cha efqcs ovcr lhepast scvcra/ dinndes, perhaDs we havc w nossed rhe iaunch olsmethlng like "lhc fbrlormanoe Snrdbs cha engo." akin h the one$,hich Lawrence crossberg Cory Nctsof, an.t pala Treicher cte in thcintrodLrdlon to iheir 1992 anltuogy Crhrl?/ Srro,e.,:

Ihrouah the last rwo d{ades, when rhcory has somennes seemed adecohrertual izcd scene of phi to5oph'<al specutar ion cutturat studieshas fegL ar iytheor ized in r€sponscio part(u arsoca, hisrortca an. l

matenal cohdirions. lts th@ries have attemPted to .onhect to .ealso.ial and polilicat p,oblems. Now lhat -thory" is more broadlvreturnl.g to mat€r al con.€rn5 and iretrogat ng thc so. al cffects ofts own d scour ics. t f ids rs c i terpr scs c ar i fcd ard Isci tatcd bvthc c!itural stLdi€s challengc

Pertornranco Slu.lics, lrke culluifll slLdies, hns challenscd lhmrv lo gct

refll, $,hile .rlso challenging itsell w th ihcoretkjal qLjestions ooncernirg lheslnhrs of that "reil" ("real bod es " 'teal malerkrlitv" rcal te') Over thepasl half century. lhis para.llgm has omitted m.nY challenqos and countcrchallenges in lls sludy ol cullural perlormancc In lheohzing pertormalivc

eltbacv Perlorm.nce Studics hls mLmod jts objocl ol sludyi our scholarshave launched lheir own challenges to the lnsiliufonal norrns ol reseorchand teachnu t)evcloping specilic modcls to lhcodze cultural pertormann)generally, w{) have also dcployed lhem as paradigms ol lhc paradigm

ilsel. To ln(kxstand ths pfocess, lei us row turn to Lhe nitalion olP()rlormafce Studies.

fHE PASSAEE fO PARAO'6M

fo conpose a field as divcrse as lhat ol cultural peformance and loco'nposc ilsell as a paradignFPerlor'rFne Sltdbs has.lrawn upon mAnvdi l f ( ) rcf t ,evcndLsparate( l isc ip l incs.Thoscdiscipl inesrrngelrom." l { r"7":dnlhropologv arlhistorv culturalsllKles Grspeckrlly gendor, ethnrLtv, clossand, ot lrle qoccr and postcolonial lhc$ry), dnnce hlstory, ethnographv, lolkloro historv, linguislics, lilorary crilicism. nredia slLdies. phlbsophy, polilic.l

scencc, psyohology, s.)ck)logy spceoh dnd nofverbal communicatlons,thcnler sludles, afd zoology.

Becausc lhe lickls t|pon which il draws .rc so divitse" thc intellirctualhiskry ot Porlormance Sludies is quite complot, lhouqh rhorc is gcneral

agrcemcnt thal its k)rnrarlon beg.n in the l950s N4acAbor1, id nsinnce,cilos cert:rin InltialLy n(lopendcnt lnkrllectLral devekrpnrents in the 1950sthal ha!€ *rvcd as a foundation lor the now r:Qidly expanclins an.l coalcscing interesls in the sludy oI cultural lorms."' ' He goes on lo discussllrclrnportancc ol lour conoopts: Vic lor Turner's su,ialdrarna Millon Sn'!eas

"cultural pfflonnnnce,' Koffeth Burkes "dram lislic paniad" and ErvingGolfman's "s(nial psychology of ev(xYday li{e. Thcse th$rists a.e slgnilicanl. for Slcrn and Hendorson also.llscuss bur oulhors amporlant lor theircontribulons l0 defh n0 p'.]-fonnance ]n.l peiortners Dcsplk their d I'ercnt disciplinory orientallon, Stern and llen.lcrson cile lhreootlhc samc tourlhco.ists as MacAhDn, n.mct, Tunrcr. Burke, and Gothun. Insteoci olSlnoer. thoy slress lhe importancc ol Richard Schechner nnd his concepl

o' "resLored behavior' Th. overapplng casls of pertonranco theoristsindicate thal desplte tho diliercfl Dorspeclivcs and debotos n thc tleld

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Whi le \ , la-Au,rn s, , t inu In gh/. a.gIC\ .h, , thr tu,h or , u ur-p^n4fifirncr rs iI. rs vct. jr 'lf,.n x JLtgn rli,,. 5tJqc,- ,sl trchoer rrrthrFs Jnroro detailed intett€rluat history o, a trit.(cdoed rescarch Fr.dism jusrlivc ye:r6 latcr In ,.pAJ Distorts the Brond Spectrunr,. he writes:

The perlo(nan.c srudics paQdigh c!mc to the fore in rhe frid .ros.Cregory Bareson s ,A Thco.y of ptay dnd Fanrjsy,. was pubtished ini955. ihe same year ar , L Alst in 5 |a.va,d cct l res of rhc ,perfornatuc lHo|/ ta Da flnes

''ith ||aIls) ?v.e corrnar s rrc

Pr.entuft,n af setf i" Evdtd,r Ly'e wrs plbt shcd in r!59: A/b€n B.tatd s Ihe sing.t afral., n 196(); aid Rogcr a, o:ts M.n. ptar a,t16an6 in t96i My Approach-"s io -rh(ory/Cf i t , . sn, , was p!bt sh€din r966 D. l l Htrnes Modc ol Lhc l . lcracr on of Lr ig!age a. . lsocialsctr ing j jg6/ v ( t \ {net s fha Rir ,a/p&.r$.ame out It9ti9 hts Dtuna Fi.lds ond Metdthot! . rrl4 Mr ron Singeas Vi/tc,d armt Ttdditiat t"4odenri^5 appcrr-pd tn r972 hlkta|: pef.nnndand Can,tuni.atian (edtr.t.. DJ. Bc. A, 05,.rt keni.th (;o dneir)w{ pub sh.d Ln 1974 3s \!rs Errberr t"1yohoff,,Ihe pcprt Hunt.sealnt Rnualle.lnedb,/ Myertbff.nd Srly Moo,o) appc,r€d In r977.

' lh€ sanp t€ar as Ri.hard Baunrn-s Vnbat Ai os pefo.nun.e.

Tf is txmgraph r€lds ns a (tr riturgy ot thc parn(tilrm. an expansivcrca.li|lq ol its cilrtionnt nerrork. Thou(,h |)l,rtr Schc\jhner and MacAtrnn.lnlc the tield's orisins ba.k k) ltx: 1Obos Sitr:chner incorpor.tcsMro^loon s 'prep! rad omntic, slrq(t i[to ltro para.]igrn. AnLl wilh theoNcopl.n ol Burke, ho oi les. l tot lhe aulhrrrs oirod by Mro^toon. Slcnr, .ndts{ndorson-.nd then some.

. ,Thc i f ie l /ectu. t h isror ics. i lcd rhus i r ) f ( ) quir . b iot , l u i rcd as theV are

l ,h. l rLdn-,qr.r t ' r r , r r r .^ \ . -L,- . , t , r , r , t , . , r , - j' ' l l l ' , , lh l na^ , .uL. . ,aJ I t ,n,r ( : . r , .^ . t . , t rnt , t t . - qt- . tu. . t lLt t ' , t t t l i t t t t r L- , . , , t t l r . \ . . r \ , \ i r , r ) . " , r t , - , . . , s r t< t ia, ,Lt . , . r u l' r r r \ d ' \c. ,1 Jor, th, ur .J\ Inrr , r iu, r . . . , r . , , , , , ,d:he provkles .liscussior) ot nlrnosl a[ o I rfrom. Nee( css to say, ho c les al rlnrfulhors we hlve cired rbovc anct. beyoi| rhis,.tL,)trhe aurhors ihey cle()xl, one $spcrts, a[ o, lhe authors th.t /hcy crie) In shorl. Carlson,sR-'d.,rDancc delilcrs thc mosl exlcosive ro:(tirq yet ot thc Frndignrs lornr, ' r i ' r ' d. levulotnrr .nt . r ln.nlost i t . t .nt , { t , , , t ) t t r , r i totr ts. i l ; r t ! rntrFh{{) lk.H! s l . r l ' .s l l tu l rh. i nncupt ot par tum.n(, , ,<, tn. ,Nrt ! r r t .btpiJ tu tFn,motogy aD.l llutretical slnre.Jics devdoDc(ldurinq rho 1960s.nd j070s,.,, lctirrso drsixrsscs Liscs ot rhe renn dnlin!, blok ro lhe 195{)s an.j earler

C.rlson's nte ecluat hisrory ot pc.ton)rtrnce tocusos on the con.epr,s!roverL'pmeft in rhc tietds ot anrhrqrotogy llfd oihno!ll.phV, psychotoqy.n.]socktolv, and lin0uistics. I anl Interested h(ye ll()r o/]lv rn 0r{r thcorisls and

.lis.iplines that contr b!led lo lhc oarV fonnaion ot Pertorm.nce Snldies,but also I the ways that schoors hnve since iheorized this Ionnatofi tsclf.we lind i'r Ca sons trtrodoclion a tollinq dos.xirtion ot the pnradigm smovomenl ot generalization.

with perlormance as a k'nd of (nl'cil wcdge, the metaphor ofth€atri.rlity has moved out of the arrs

'nt. almosl cvcry aspcct of

modern .tlenpls to undcrsllnd o!r condiiion .nd activities, Intoalmosl every bEnch oithe h sociolo$1 anthropologl. ethnograplrt pstcho ogy, nltu st cs

N4.ivnrg o!t ol tlrcalcr, out ol.r lo(linken by many lo be its proper honrc.pdtdmance becomes the c!llifo cdtc o{ a crilicd wcdqe. S o ig inlo thelr ! trran or socia sciendrs, perknmnnoe hefe brif.Js wllh t thc mctaphor thcligrre ol theftricn tV .rnd, at tlrc sflrx) lirx) ins{f,ibes its own movemenl ollcnrra/zaton. lh s re.ding. l ls i ls wry l l i r ( t r rUh Cfrsans Par lamantx] larin his conclusiof he desnibcs por ionr*rnl i ) as a nret .phor or.n.y l i .a li{nt suqclesling th.t perlornr.nff) lir$l qrl.rs llrc scicnccs as ar lnfu-

ar nretaphor ! r rd. r l lcr cxkxrdod lJsr) , br l i rnes. cr i l ic . toolol l rnayss.aul he .lso siresses a ieedbn.l ,tl{rol: rs pcrlonulilrty and lhoalrcalilyI'nre lFen devclopcd in thcsc lickls.l)olh.s DolaDhors .n.l analylicnl knls.lhq)rists.nd pmclilionersol DerlonnoDcenrl ha!,c nt lunr llromc avfa(r ollhesc dcvclopncnts and ft)utrd in thonr no!! sour.es ol stimulalion. i,rspirnlion, and nrsighl lor thetr olvn crqrlivc work .n.i tho theoreftjal !!ork olurdcrstandioct it. lheater thus t)rovkles lhe humarr scicncos lyith.relaphors ard lrotres N r ch itrc dolc'btrxl inlo corr.eDt!.| tools lff ana-yzirrq ot f r f f . r l iv tes, .n. l these looLs rrry lhef pass b:rck lo huniani lbssoholars nnd bccomc app iql .rxxv Ff(nr) thester to rnet.phor to anal\rtcarxr jeDt.nd back to lhe. ter .nd olhor pcr iofrnanccs such s thc !on(x!trrovonrcnt ol Pirlornnn(r) Sttxlkjs i(xnrdin!.t lo ofrjson

Al lholgh lhe d sci t ) . ! ry r i r ' f ix i ) l P(r lor f rncc Studics cor la i f rs rmfytickls ofsludv Uxr passr.r{)wrys lx)l!\i(nn lherler .nd . nlhropo ogv arc lhcones mosi often c led .rs .Jcf{rrr t vo ol llrc para.liqnr. Dur n.J lhe 196os.n.ll9/0s, tho teedb.ck hetween lhe. tar sru( lLcs rnd.r lhnoqhphv qorcralcdpo(erl! .nd nlhcft! trrodcls ol r)ult!ral p.rrtonnance. rheater Drovkledarthropololtsts and elhnogrnDhers wrlh n lodel for sludyiiq how pcoplcand socielies crrbody symbolb skuolur.rs i'l living behilior Social nclors.(to plnyi'rg, the scdplino and rehearsn( ol irlcr&lions. lhc imporlanrjo ollcsturc. costumc'. selting, and dramallTalion in nrni'rtii'In! and trnnsloftin!, strial relations all ol lhcso colcqrls woo cxplicitlv de.!€bped tromlhe st(dy ol tlcatcr .nd applidllo lhennnlys.s ol .erenronies, lesl.vnls, nndriluals. Over these sane Mo duc dos, liowovor conc{ipts .ldc oped bycthfo!raphic slud es of Dertornlance were used bv lheater and h!maniLcsscholars lo theorize lhc social dirn(xrsons ot iheaier an.l other emerlifgLrenres ot perlonnance Th,. Nork ofV(lor Tunrcr was cspcca y influontial

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t. herc. n particular hjs concepts ol socld drama and trminalrites of passdgL,_In his essay, 'Lnninrlily and lhe Perfoanativo Genres, rurner llrites rhar timi.rality is a complex phasc or mn.lition. lt is oftcn the s@ne and rame lor theenrergencc oi a society's creepcsl valuos in the lorm ot sacred dmmas andobimts. . . . Bul il rnnv also bc lhe venoe and occasion tor the most rddical

timinalrites u€re lirsl lheorlzed by Arnokl v.n cennep al the bcsinninqol the last ccntury.' Through Turnols ortltc.l datoglc wnh Schechner inirooks such as From Ritual ta Thaalrc aid Bctween lhaatrc andAntlnpL,loa\,,lim nal IGs of passago provkle.t perfofinancc schoars wilhanolher imporlant mo.lol one used lo llrcoizc lhe wiys in whtch thcarerand other arts can help to trnnsforrn indivduals ard sociolv ai larlle. peggyPhe.n poses the "fcc!nd collaboraliofi botw(x)r Trmer.nd Schcchner nthis way: 'ln brinllin! lhe:tcf !nd flnihrohology logcrhcr, both mef snw rhccxtraordinarily decp questi.ns these porspootives on c! tlral exprcssionraised. ll the diversilv ol h!nran oulture showed pcrsisrenr iheatricatirVooul.J pedormanco be a universol oxprcssbr ot hunran sgnilkrarion.?lf performance commurrrtics coniinually remadc lhcmsetves iDio nrin-cultwal ensenrblcs. how dkl thei. rulos nnd responses rcftel targercullu' xl rmperalives l ''

Bbtueen thcalcr .nd anlhropology eme.ges the paradigm olPerlormance StLdies. Thealcr p(wided.nthropotogisls and erhnographcrswilh a tonnal model lor "seeing porlorm.nce, tor reco(nizing irs lormsnr sdiie,ty. lor co|lccplualizing lhe ways i|| whn]h sociat meanings andvirLies becomc .mbodied ,n behaviors and cvenrs. trr (irnr. ftrinat rles olprsslqe gave lheater scholars a / rcrior.t/ r odcl lor theorizing the rrans-lormational potentia ol iheater and othor pe ornr.tive gcnrcs. Ltke rheater,limnality wolld beconro a pervasive rodol ot ouhtrat pertormancc tset:seprratcd hom socielv bolh l(mpornlly and spatia v timinat activitesa ow participants to rctioct, tnkc rp rl ancl rcass.rmble svmbots an.tDehaviors and, possiblv lo lransk)nn themselves a|d soc ety. And evenmore than thentef, minaliiy $,oukl bccorro kov to theoriztng performance

Draw ng upon lhe rellexivltv tound in riies ot passage, cutrurat perior|rr.rnoc scholais have dlso thcorizcd our own activttics in terms ot timina ]lvarguing that lvc opcrate in lhe ntcrst|ccs ot acndemia as rett as rhemarqins ol social slructurcs and seek to rellcor upon and transtorm bolhthe academy and society at lar0c. Porlormance schotars havc b€en inrereslc.l. in other lvords, in thc ollicacy ot our own pcrtormance. and we h:,vcused hnirlal rilc ol passage as a motamoctet of rhe very lomation olPerlorrnance StLdies. MacAloon. lor cxsmple, lhcorncs its earty devetop-menl as a br€kthroughj a passagc

Del NImes fas coincd the phEse ,breakr l fough inro perfofmar.e '

to descr ibe th€ passage of human agents nto a drnrrct vc 'modcol existen.e and rea|luatron. "Breakth.ough into perlorman.e'€quallywell configuresceftain initiallt independentintell{rual d€velopncnts in thc rgtos that hiivc scrvcd as a foundation for thenow rapidly expanding and (oalescing intcr.rtl in thc study ofcul

Whal is Perlonnance Studies? Casltro llymes "breakthrol{h" withintho orbi t ot I4acAoon's anao! cal rcad ng w0 qcl lh is rcspofsc: i l is :Ldra-matic riie and rtualiTed.lrama ot passnge n rehearse.l movement ihatcarries theory brilders into r distl clive mode olexislence .ncl realization.Thcory b.conrcs porlomlrfcc (and porfofrnl|nco lJccomcs theorzed)as af.ssembl.ge ol limnal pro.esses relectbn rnd (leliniti(nr alternativoembodimenL, transgressive trans{ormili!)rl. I inrlfal riles of passage lhushav(: playod scvinal f! n(ikrns I Podo nfln(x) Stud cs. First, rs thcorizod byTurner, they have been an inrlfanl ,b/(x, r)/ r-lody. S{xxrnd. throlqh lhowork ol Schechner TLrrner, arrd manv olhers, the .on.ept ol lim na ty hasbccn app cd Lo d llcrcnl clltural roliviles, lhcroby conlribut ng lo the lerleralization ol the concepl ot pertormailve dtro?x)V Limrnal riles havo ihcrc-lore lmclioned as an exernplarol theerlke lieldotobiects, guiding notonlythc dcscriptive analysis bul also llrc lheorelic.l .nd tnactical constructionol olher pertomances. Over lhc 6orso ol scvcral dcradcs, Fjrlorrnanccscholnrs have downplayed lhe |x)lenlinl lor riles ol passage to conservesocial slructurcs and cmph.sizcd lhoir transgrcssivc possibililies instead.And lin.lly. as MacAloon demonslrAles, liminal rikrs have bccn usctl lolheorize the very emergence oi Pe ormnnn) Snr.lies. Thery have bemme ancrrb/cm of the paradillm ilsef. Tur'rer hmsef wrote thnt the universiiyfunctiond asa " minoi.l" sk) in nduskia z(Xlsocictcs Pcrlormancc schof.rs have not only extended th s iranstornlat ona poieni al to other culturaacliv tics, wc hrvo Lhcorizcd orr own dclivilics ds nrinally effcacious.

As objcci, oxcmplar,.nd ctrrbcm lirn fa ity has scrvcd rs a pnradism oflhe paradiltm. Even more lhan theakr rtus ol p.ssaqe have providcdPcr lormarrce SLudies a nreL:nrodel for i ls own in i l iaton.s. d iscipl ine, i tspassase lo paradigm.Th s passagocan b0 u dcrstood in folalion to a scicsot conceptua shfts. shilrs deliDed In d tlereni lerrns hy .litferent cl sc plines,bul now ciled as formalve ol the concept.nd st!.ly oi cuhra pertorrnancc.? Wilh rcspcrt to lhcatcf, thc movollront korn cntcrh ment to efficacy came !4a a shilt in emphasis trom lho physcnpt b the adG's tDdv: indance.-attention nDved horn fonnal choreography to mo\r'emenls of everyday lilc: and in blh dancc and cxp(xtrnc||tal thcalcr, thcrc was a shilt awaylrom thealrical to environmenlal spa(!s. In lhr) visualarls, artistsand crilicshrnerl lrom the an ouecl lo lhc arl-m.kino prcxress ilselt lrr anthmrFlogy,cthnographcrs shi{tcd theirrtlcnlion k!'ri nrylhic slruclures lo theirembodment in r tlals. Sim arly, in lolk ore slud es, aitention moved hom thc tcxt ola lale lo the context of its tellin0. l|r lirlouisUcs and comnnrnic.uotr,

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researchers turned thoir locls konr /rngue to prronr, ho r sludv ng grammalcalstructffes 10 analyz ns lho praqmalics of ulter.n()es.And I potiticnscience and s(reralactrvism. there was an athmpt to rnove tls cutture Blt€Vkorn se^/ing lhe Establrshnrcnt" and loward rhe deatron oI nuthenliclorn ol socl l rear ions beiween gondcrs, rarrrs . fo . rnsses

h genffrl, bclNcen 1955 and 1975 and loross a widc range ot cr ruralpraclrce and research. therc was an allernpt ro p.ss trom pr(Xtucr roprocess lrom nred alod orpressiorl to direci (x)nlad. Iro l rcpresent.tion iop|( , !sdrt ! l ioI l rom clsco!rse io body l ronr nbsence kr prosdrcc.P,)rlonnance Stldies possalc to pl]r3dtgnr Nas intrialty drvrs by rhjsllcr|cral movcnrent. tnl by the i)a y 198{+ rl had bccome clidsrl lhatsonreth nlt hrd happdrlx|. someth 11! had allefe.tthis oovcment sub y yeir.d{ially. Tlic rcpercussions ot this cvcrr \foutd rerorlre rhe prssaso roparadigm, enoen.ler olh(x nrcdcls oI perfonnative eitioncy, and brin! theParadigm ilsoll rrto disis.

IEE THEOEY EXPLOI'ON

A prr..ji.rm is corr nll to pass: . lrrherinlr ol subjccts slaking orr . tiektootrrposed ol . q.thoring ot objoot$ P(tr1{)rnr.fce enrcrcres horo rs lheerl cacr,, ot cofhirr nclivil cs, octivii r)s c.p! bk) ot c|l.l cnu ig ol so.ii t normsand symbolic struchtr.$. To col(:q)lunlize this eltnia(:y. sctotnrs sludva verse culirrrfil practcos, lener. 7ing, d tky(xrtiatnr(r lrjd rheorTing th-.nr,s porfoi'Jranoe. This nnvement ol gcncr! zolon depen(ls flrn l t)rocossol sclcction, onc thal rul odly delrnits ih. ficld ot c!I!ri'l pcrt ,inlnce" buldso sclecls D.radiqnrs ol th{r paradig|n, $,.rcitic nrdtds ot lho scrlcralnrffle. In its lirst Lwo clocndes, the lonnati(nr ot thc forf.rrmn|ce Snr.liesprrr |dqnr was ! !ded by two dom nant t r rodos, theaier Bnd r tu t Thcsow-rre nol rhe ()nlv onr)s l,V rny rnoins, but betlleen thq . iI thcn lirnen, thechallcnqc ol cllicrcy r(!rk on . rrarlicuhr lornr ttre thealricat bocty, thcphysi..l presoftxj ot aoLor and rdience-.nd . p!rtkxrtar function theif.nsbrn[liofr of socLclv lhroL].Jh limina transllfessiorr. Through this tdmand lunction, Perloman(x) Studics lashioned its tietd and itsctt

lletlecling back or lhe efficncy attrbut(xl b lhc lrody if rhe 19mslr er ren Blau writes thai ihcrc !!rs i I liber! L n! enerltv n lhc bntnLr thinking which s()oki ! a tody lllthout org.ns! or trslilulcd power-srbverre.lUu rcpressive textand disruplcd, alons lvilh rhe Liniversaties. lhc instilulio sof lirer.hrre nnd lhc.tor, which wffe expose(t tn thoir rb usjon wirh otherfslfumcnls 0|d agefcles ol po$,(x',/ Tho irrlned n.V ot Nhar Bh! catts_Ldve s tsody oticrcd bolh the oleaos .n.l thc cnds. lho p6s..Je .nd the

clcslirJatiorJ of those workinq to mnnccl rhc arts wilh sociat sl.lqgtcs ovcrcvi l r i !h is, lhe Vietnatrr War afd wonren,s ber. t ion. At i ts mosl potemicat,oullLrral porlormance oDDosed ihe phlsica Lv nnd passion ot bodv lo rhcralionnliTed alienation ol modcnr society. fronr lhe Livnrg nrnter lo

Woodstock trom Birmifgham to the strccts ol Chioaqo, bodles performod.nd transgftisscd the Do$,cr ofthe tslablishmort, the Sysicnr.the Machine.Peno.mance Studics emergeil as wiln6s and Frlicpanl ot lhis pertoFm ncc and ils mcnrcry still haunls us. Commcnlnu on lhe conver0emic ofhislory.nd lheorv Suc-F- en Casc remarks, "l hale bocome aware thiisornclhing lik(j a faraiiv'r keeps hljlnLfg my discusson cJl this (xnNerqence. ll's ns il somcthiru h.ppcned in thc lgOos and is nErchino lhrough

Somethir( has happ.jned aong lhs march, howevor the pfl$sage loD^rodisrn h.s been redirectcd. Beg inrn! rn lhe mid-1970s. thffc has beenr Drotound shill in lhc ways in which perlonnance srtulnrs adnjulate lhe.ha d\le ot ethcacv. lls turm and its htrrclion h.vc been nllercd ls modolsmrl0ted, its liod blown wkle open as neN sit{)$ of culturrl pcrfonnance andresearcti emerged. schechne. marked rhis Irnnsiormdl/on in 1989: siocclho orkJ Tos lh('e has bcen an innflense body ol Derlonr.nce sludieswork. lt is noi possibe io n.mc even . hacliorl ot tho scholars-some wckr'()wr, somo jlst enr()rging curronty worki'rg the liold.' Blt pcrhapsBelnelt and tlo:rch pul ( lBt nt 1992 !r,hcr' lhey wdc: Therc has been alhqrv explosion . .

Docunrcnls and anrlysis ol th s expbson iran be [(n]fd in noirre t anilRo.lch s anfhoog\,, P.lbnnan.e ! td Critk:tl l/,cofy. Ihc c.tegorics inlowhhh lhc ediloB slructure lhcir nntholo(ry indicalc some ol llle na!.pproach* lhat have em(yscd in tho .rst two docades: Cullurn Siud cs,""Sclniotbs l fd Dednrslr lcton," 'Af ler N4arx " 'F.rmif isnr(s) , ' 'TheaterHislorv.n.l Hislorj.qrnphy, "lIermeDcuti.rs and Phenomcnoloov" and.Psychoanalysis." Discussing lhc consequcnces ot lho lheory oxplosion.Itoinclt and noach llrile that "the now theory has provld(xl a rethodoloqvlnd an impclus to spqr fy the mornin.J ot aI okl clichdr .r text is dilferenlon lhc stale lhan it is on thc r).19e^ Tlrc.Jry h.s done so priic4)allv byr.dcnlly qu.slbJinq the nlclr ot what r lexl is. .. . Perh ps mosr imporlanl,perlonfance oan bc nrtkxrlatcd n terms ol politios: reDresentalion, ideolo!lV, hegemony, resislanoc lf a wav theory giles theatro back lgain lothc bdy poliiic"'" The ihmry explosior-in parlicular, the lronslatidr.publifiton, nnd rea.linlt of Oonlinontal phibsophv by nrlisls. idivisls. and.cnclemo n:se.rchcfs-t!rther .xpanclod the concopl ot p$kYmaiiv(ltiJlicncy whib nso subioclin0 lt lo I rigo(nrs philosolhical exanrinaLion.one whose rnerhodolooic.l ldius on lexturlilv has had lhe ettcl ol return-n! lhcater h thc body polilic or, k) put things dilfcrenily, to an embodicd,,)c i . l iscursve pol t ics. For lho fa l lout l rom th( i lheory blasl h.senl.|ilcd i raclicdly rerelvcd nlerest h ,nlrny of lh.: sites lcll behind jn

Perjormance Sludios nri[.] passage to paradigm. cspe.ially lhc lopicsol d scourse rLl lext.

The corocDt ol culLural perlornEnce devo oped in tho 1950s flrd 1900shad dnphasiTed lhc presencc o{ lhe thcalrical lDdv. The th@ry exploson

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ot the 1970s and 1980s challenged lho eltica.y of rhs bodv rhrough nradlcal quesiioning ol prcsonce ttselt Amonq lhe mosl imporLut lexisn this regnrd arc Jacques Derrda's readings of Arraud in .The Thenrfcoi Cruoty and lhe Cosure of Fleprescntation" and of Lavisrraussin Structure/S gn/Plav in the lliscoursc ot the Hlinan Scioroos. , Betweeniheatef and anthropoolv these deconstruclive readifgs nfque rhatpresen.e an.l alrsonce are irscrbod within a systcm ol conceptujhicfarchies, an evalurtvc netuork lhat llso inctudes such opposronsas trLrlh/ln silV science/.rt, sp.cch/wr i rrg, renlity/rcpresentation, ardbody/anqu.ge. tn Of cnnnatobgy (1974), DijriLla delines lhis sysremand its histofv as 'bgocentrsm," lho dominance ol rhc spoken or wriLrcnwofd Nhich he charrctixizes as lrorh f.r but rhe mosl oriqina andpowerrul ethfo{rcntr.ism, in thc process of imposfg itsett upof thewod.J."r The crtquo ol presefce, and the reevaluaron ol vares reniails, hnvc bccome a sgriatufti evenr oJ Frerch poststrLrclura snr,tscli a slgnpost bcaring righUy or ilfonay the names ol Bata tte,BaLrdrllard, Barthes, Bolrdicu Cxous Clemenr, dc Cerr-4u Dct.uzo,Dcri.]!, l'oucault, Girad. GLrattari, lrsaray, Krsteva, Lacan Levinas,Lyotrr(1, af.l Setres.

In the w.ke of lho th(xtry exposior, am.lst rhe dec inc ot 1s6os and'1970s acLivsm an. l lhe start lnrq r ise ot 1980s Boaqlnism..r i tcat thcoryqru.lually took on th. etlicacy th.L artists, ..tivisis, and schotars had tongaltr bulcd to the body. Blau ftxvds th s sh fl I his essry. ,(Re)cyctinq iheSixlies, argunrq lhal when the ra.lical activism ol rhc sxties abated orwe.L urLlcr.rroun.l t surfacc.l in rheort as n rrow orotics of d scoursc. . . .The ltestyle desircs and polymoehous p.nverstywhich wcrc.jetebrated alWoodstock an.l seemed to bo s.v.ged alAlLanbnt also wenl undcr rorrearinlt .cross lho Atlantic and e|tcfoLl the high nte ecrlal lradirions of conrinent! thoughi, given tho r./eologfthev wcro charqed wilh ,ot havinq in rhesixies, and nrc bcinq recycled, bio.lcqrailably as ar assautr on rhe phn o-oocentic slruclure ol bourqeois powcr, i!th its tnvsible .lcokrqy.,.Th s iheory was not restricLcd lo Frcnch sirucluru ism .nd posisirlctura ,ism, ior the worl$ ol thc Fr.nktLtrt School and the Centre for ConbmporaryCullural Studies al Birnringham also conlribul..t to rhe e\posion olne\! appo.ches. Al slakc in lhis recycling was not the si'npto htrodlctionot theoreticaldisrnrrse for slch discoLrrse had obvblsty been emptolcLlby car ler per lonnrnixr theor ists-bul the heighlenod ctement ofphilosophcal crtique Beinclt an.l ttoach commcnt rha|the trew, rheoryhas retuned lhc humanties to phik)sophy: performlncc hsrory andcriticism, alonq wirh olher human ties discttincs such as Eng sh, modcnrlanquages and hisiorv have returncd lo a tundamerral cxamination ofthe undcrlving .ssunptons ,nd their undersland nq ot objects of inqu ryif' general." In shorl, io lhe criliquc ol dominanl socral nonnsj rhe newtlreofy lLlcled a critqle of pstorm€nce rcscarch.

Blaus re.y l ing ol the s ixt ics 'and Renel lnnd Roach s lheory, . rp loson" hclp us mark an important sh fl here, one I wll call "from l/rcaicr toiheory " Over the course ol the past tNo afd a h: f decades, the mpact otixiiicalthoorv has hclpcd tfarsfonn lhe "what and the how" ol perlorma-live efticacy wh!e also iDntributifq to ts rnovenreft ol ge.eralizaton.This shfl kom lheaLer lo theory however, tsell marks an evcr nrore)prolound passage, tor there has bdln a passagt iu the passage its-.ff.'The effcacy thc transformntve polentia ol cLrltural pedormance has itscll

Ths translormntion c.n be siiuared lry knking at thc nDdcls ol pcrformaiive ellicacv the paracligms of thc Pcfformance Strdies paradigm.Theater, wh ch had sefved performance scholars as the most pro.llctivcfonna model lor analyzing cut!ral perlormafcc, hls !,raduallv ceded thisrole to theory itsell ll thcltcf helped pedormance scholars see" pedorfirance as embodied Dra.tices, criti(jal thcory chalcnljed this \rision andindeed, lhii v$! licld of iLs Lheorelical vis bility. its lorm as pr€s.rncc. Inposing the chr efge ot how to trame the unmarkcd wilhif theorv Phelanwrites that "Visib tv s a lrap. . . I I sunrmons surveillance .nd lhe lawi tprovokes voyeurism. fetshism, lhe.xtonia st/impcral appetile lor possession. " Bccausc practiLiorrcrs afd reserrchers alike ha.l originall! locatc.lrhe elfcacv ol performan.e in the presen(xr olpcrlorm ns bodies, the posistructura lst criuqu€ of prcsoncc contr buled lo a whole new series ol on-coptu, shLfls withif the sludy ot cu hr ral pertorm.n.e.

Among ihe most evident dcvoloprricnls: Lhe nflt]ence of Winn cott andPiagel s psychoollies has been eclipse.lby L.canian psychoafalysis wh ch,with its slress on the structu! rchton ol desire and iangLrage dspac-.stho prcscncc of the sublect inlo the insstent deletralol siqniiynrg chanrs.Simibrly, the impodan.e ot Gotfman's work rnd. lor lhal mntler, ol socology in gen$al, has slcadily declined as ihe notion ol the social has bccnfragmenle.l and disperse.l ,mong muLtiple and conpetng voices. Evena nthfopo ogy, so cssen lial to lhe lormation ot the paradis m, ro onlcf physthe same role il once di.l, owincr ln larqc p!ft to the criliques of ts own culntra .Dnstrldcdncss rrd lo lhe increasn! lmportance ol an aray olappronches associnted with c! hrr.lst!dies, including clhnic sitdies,lheorkrs ol gcn.lor rf.l soxualily, nfd postcoonial siLrdes Obvbuslv clch ollhese deveopmenls has nvolved dilt$onl ch! cn-clcs posed al dilferentlimes and paccs. bui ! havo also beerr iiformed by the poslstruduralistcritique ol presence

Ovei_the past dccado onc ol the mosi signif cant .hallenqes to pertoFmatve presence has come thrcugh dcconstrlctvc readings ot Austin'sspeeoh act thcorv Throlgh lhe work of JLrdith Butler and others, Austif'sanalVsis of pedormative ulierances has povid.d scholafs a igorous nreansol siudying how pedonnancc cmbodies symbolic sysiems. and more radicallv how such sysiems help to construct antl constitute thc body:s such.

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The body has in no \rvny dsappearcd trom periormanije SrLrdies ln.lee.tbodnis hile nrultip (Xl and dtvoft fie.t as nroro rnLl more pcqJkr have inkonup cultural perlorn)ancc as a nlea|ls lo chaltenoe s@ial norms.

A second and more proloun.t tr.nstonnarion ot pertoiinalive preson(x)has lrcon the hyp.rnlcdiaton ol $ociat pro(luclio. via .omp|lcr !nd in,ornraln)n nelllorks In terms ot (xrtirtrat perfonn0nce, this has enraite.t thcin or ' ) ( , . , ,1r . r ot . uJi . r - , . , . t tur ic. , r In, t rc Du1. , " . .Fc i r , t \ . i rer .<aMH.jr,' h.rve lonir hepn Lonrrunptii 4In pdt,nmince strci.\ hut Iot! x,sespacos rre lherrsotv{)s beiD0 nnppe.t try arJd inro .tiqiht rJlcdia. Wilh pro-qranrs sL|ch as LileTonns, choreogr.phcrs cnn gerrcrato indivt.lLnt Inovc-menrs lUences ar jd (x)mpose of t rc. tance Dcocs on corrr t rcfs an.t ihen'.lowDloid Lhcm ir the studb tnlo da|cDs borties Oorvi)^i{rv. Drovcor(xrrsensors cin track l portonnets gosrrtres so llnl rhe nDvcrncnrs can bccliqitally, s tor(rl and Droccss-A.t to crcalc {nnpLrrcr rrjmarons. conndrtinglhomselves to and lrotween oktcf med. s!ctj r$ tilm, .udio, vi.tco sy|llrr-srzers, r rc comDurr_y sysrcnrs.nn brcrk up.fd recorrbin) eements, l t is-lribuliiU" or rnthcr fixtistributn|o tprtorDntave p.csence- Wods an.t d;lsbFik Nn, cmbodiftt |arld m.n, xjs can bo recasl In rcr.tion to ctis{xtrsivcporktrnllrtives. :rs bolh perfoanrrr(xrs .fd pcrtonnaNes rrc rnmerset rlneh{.n(s ot ctaiionrlilV

ll llx) shilt lrollr tlx)arer io ltroory (Fn be ud{)rsr@d as orcurrnq nton(]. series ol lrcnts. il hns ntso bee lccomD.nted by a rranst,rnrariori irr rhel! nct onr)l nro.lcl ol (jl]ihm pcrlornraice. As \\rl) h.ve seor, rtlr.t procoss_es provcl(xl ear y p{j1ofln.nce sdrohrs with r irnrrfi.nl nrollot ot eflrn-cy one Nh,ch lhcy ! j ( r ,craiz(x i a( j ross thc ent i . j t iotd ot . ! t turntperloanirne-- tn thc sooat.n.t politicd mnlert ot lhc 196os nnd lg/os. rhisIno.lel hel|x{l lo antr nlc slratr{ies d enfuo(Js||ransqrcssion. srrnrc(i(jsdeplovd in perfonnnrxxrs r.n! nlt ironr Grolu/sk to Spd0rworn.n. In thc1980s r |d 1990s, howovor lhe mtc ot r i lua ls a gcncrr t moctetofc l tcaoyh.s doc ne.l. or tulhc,r, r tlat hrs ilsctt bedn,rj lhc ra!!,hlc.i!t tor an.llrrnbdeliTtliqr p(xxiss, orc ccnkxe(t nround Dorlorm.ncc it. tsDecia[V ints nosl lgrogf zab o tnm a bodv an.t sonrc sl(tri.rs pertorrnance,rl lr|sqner.J.r(l rs.n incrediby if,iticf ld fcrtite siro tor rcs{)archers thcoriz nll

lhc m.xlnled p.V ol emboLlic(t Drn,liccs irn.t rtiscufsvo sr.remcnls.lhroush thc work ol I {uric An(tersoo. Karcn rnrtey. :rnd qit|dnD Gdnx,z_Pcrla (lo naDe bur ii tew ot tho innumeratrto indivictunts atxl groups wtx,ha,e lufircd to perforrran.e irrl lo ongage c! r!rar refrescnlation), rhela{rt.s ol appn)prati r prftxty, anrt crcss-cutlurn Llctournement hlvcbecorro ccntralio llxi artid)lalton c,i dticncious pcrtorm.ncc OlhL-rqenres.mGt nol:rDly dmg. vo(,utrrg, and r^p, have atso conlributcd to this theonla_tion, but over the plsl two .tecndos pe onna|cc arr h.s been lhij nroslprod!ctive silo ol pr;.xrricat!fd theorelical o\r)erlmef ra liof. Cartsof, in Iaot,devotos two thirds ot tls sLrrvev to the hislory and theory ot pcrformafceari. And lor many in lhc c4Frimentat nrts, pertorDanc\) /s penonnanco ar!.

Ihs transfonnlrton ol perfonn.rve eificacy has b xl .tisclssod m!nvlnncs oltcf h rcl(xcnce ro ihe dflerences hehreen nloclern afd postuodern De.tornrance a(t tn Prascnd) an<t Rasisrntx:. phitip Aushnderdoscribes poslmodern perlornrance as invotving a shitl trorr lrnnsgrcssionio res sla..e, wh dr cnn be !fderslood horc as rwo ditforcnr srratogt.s ofporformdtiu) tlioacy. Trrnsltressve elticllcy posits tsetf ns a prcscnceo(]lscle an aliennlfg powcr, trkntg its posiiion in opl)osttion to dominants(xxal slrudures and lornrs. Uy contrast, resislnrrl cllicacy ariscs fromilrllin, ncccssar ly inscribc.l $rithin tho v.ry fdces ot po$,erwhose arrangem()n ot prcscrlcc an.l absence it seeks lo cha eIge. The ditforcnocbelw.ren lheso stralogics corrosponds nso lo a dittcrence in rhe waysrlv()r is conceive.l: shile rransgressire etticacy secks (o ovcrthrow rircloli'hlarianism ol lhc Eslablishmcnr. resisttnl etticacy seeks ro sobverl lheheqemof es ol erhnophalloqocefrricisnr. Austandcr a(,ucs that postmod-crn Porrormanco docs not.ltcrnpt to opt)use so.jat rror'|ns n.d nrstitutio.sbLrt lnstead int trales them throogh slbto oriLiqles aId/or parodics ot icp_ros(xrlntunal m(xlia. The title ol one ch:rpter succinc y a.ticutatos lhischanle: in Fronr the Polircs of tcsrrsy b Ijc tcsiasy ot Communioilron,hc wriles that lhe so. al srbleor can no tonter tnke !p I p,rsilion in Lr sucialdr.rLr buL is a[!|ys rlreac]y rlJsorbcd rjlo $ociol! as oloclronkr {rnr[)uri

Thc shill koor lranssrcssrvr) b rcsislant rfbacies r( eds rhe qowingre L(J.n.e ot.rrlsts, activisrs, nnd theorists lo ground p{jrfornr:rivo olftcacvn o lh$ an .loa or a m.t.xifll pr.rsen*r. Dot)ares over ihese modets ot efficacv h.ve been ntensified by the ncre.sin0ty diverge t cu rlrat ditiororrcesal rvork in prxlormance tho(ry and prncrice. In ..perfornrance nndconremporaryfheory." Patr lll oI his t

-\rtonn!!kL,C.rlso dddcs his trnal(irapters to two strategies ol potiicat perlornrafce a(, ofe base(l I theclof t ty po t ics oi lhc 1960s,r id oarty t9/0s, an. l ihe orher n rhe Dostmrxk)rn cdi4le ol presence. The .lifferences beh{,een rhese |wo strnreliesganoratcd a sublk) ycl p(tound chanqc in portormalM) In{fi)s.

l is tead of prov ding res s lanr po r . ! t melsagcs or rcprcs. .L i r .t ons, !s d d the po r .a l performan.es of the rr6(x. postmodernpe.tormancc prov,dcs .csisrrncc prcci5ct, not by otfcnng mcs.rrBes.' posiriv€ or negJtive. rhar fit comforrabty inlo poputarrepresei tat 0ns ol po i t ca thought, bui bI chJ cng ng thc pro. .ss.es ot feprese l tar on i rse | .vcn frouSh i l musL.ary ort rh is pfol .c lDfncans or rcP.csenrnt on

At,anr, lhc'so ch.nges can be situated in retarion to thc reJmting o, crilcal v:r ues thai has occufied since rhe thoory cxptoso . Onc otfcrq hasctu cnlccl anolhor The critique ot presefce has chr enoed the very coreor dentity po tics, Lhe position of lhc subju:I, lhc auth(xrlio presenq) trcmwhich opposilional transgression Grn take Dlrce Given lhe potiricat slakes,

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'nost heated dcbales wtrhin pertotrna ce St{dies over

thc past twn decades. Thls is not to say thal ntonriry potiths havo beeneclipse.l as Carlson points out th()ro has been a prodlclive lensioJr"bc'lM[n rho des're lo provido a groun.tinq kr cl€rive Dotithat action byattirm ng a spcc fic denttty and sutcor position, nnLt thc des re ro un.termnrc lhe essentialast assuntplions ol culural coDstruclions.,- V)l lho veryspace betwo(in thosc desires atiests lo rhcir dfterclxxr, thc r I tcrily

Thorc hns ber-'n . l}$e(,o i,r rhe Dassaoe irsotf_ The theory e{tosionrarks n threshod l )c lw(nrn threshokls, a r i t expenen(x) w|orc onc lmi-nalrty chailenges anothcr. whcrc paradiqms ot clticacy are retftxtc.t upon,laken opart, r.assombed,.nd transbrnrcd The teedback botweef ritLraland lhclrler so pftrludivc lor nn errtier (jencfltiorr ol Derform{ys alscholnfs. hns its.ll beei spproprralr)d, p!rodie(I, an.t reoyctcd I rhe reverbot lheory and De.lormanco ad. Whrtr the i,rlUnt p.radjsr!1<rlic Dass.cto i.otrr(riscorfse lo body was olt,an DosoLt a$ a nj.jdior or oxctusion of lhe li6rlffm !rrLI a .orresponding valoriznrioD ot the presrxrcc foLrnd in the s{xrond,lhe larer p.ssallc l)as rended tr) inctlrdc lx,lh ler rs whito Ltiq)tacing rhenrw thin i) nroro leneral terr.in ol i|lquny. Ihe post oxp os()| pnssalJe rh us sl)v M ore.ns . sinlrlc rcv.jret or ret|'|rn: il tr,s ntn,rtrj the verv silc ot D€r_k)rnrancc Displacerl brft not rcptaced, rhe ofli{)lol', ot c bodied hansgrcs-sion his ber)n rL\!o ed ns rhc oflnjac!, ot discursile r()sish,lcq 6nct. nlpasstr\,, pcrlor'nalive presen(x) !,iv.s wav t0 pertorrrralivir Lerabltity.

PAE DE PARAO'GM

Tfrc lrrnsfonnilion olcflioi,cv trom rrjrnsqrcssior to resist3n.r), ro slr trs inmo.lels lrom lhcator lo thery anLl korn ri\jat to perlofinance arl,. ollhcsc chafges nru$t b. unllcrst(ff] i retaron to arr)lher inrrrortanr pnlrcsslhat \,!t$ Mll undetu€y an Pcrti)rm.'Dc Shr.li6 by lho talc t970s. t.ekrhcrc Lo i ts i rs i tutona zaton as o discip inc rrnd protesson Tho prssLr! ,c lor).1rndaqnr, in shon, hasled trom thcstrccrs and barrimdcs lo llrcclassroonrin col lererrce hf . ln 1980, lhe cfr . luarc Dralr l ] prooram r N(\{ ,yofklntve.sity $,as rcnr'nred the Ueparrrrcnt ot pe.tonnancc Sr(dies. smnirllcr, Northwcstern Univlxsiry lranstornred tts Orr hrrerprer.ti(nr p(\,ranrnlo r se.irxl Pcrl('n nce Sirdi.rs dcpnrlorent Other r)roqranrs ot srdyh.v. siricc (nnerltcd .t Arizonir Srate, South(f,n tnros Norih C.r()tn[-qhnrlolle aD(]. o(rrscas in creat tsrtr in lrd Ausu!rn.

Wh. l l . ) nr .ke ol lhe laot th. t rhe lormal instr tur ionnt iz. t ion otl)ertornrandr Stldios hns r)ccurrecl ov()r rhe same perir)d .s rs 1rlnstonna,li(rr lro r lrnDsgressive b rcsist rr srrntegies ol olticacy.l one milrht ars(olhat lheores ot 'rosisl.ncc tronl \dirhid arc utrimarety seff-scrvin!. beclruselhoe ol us who nniculato lhsl are rrcrety legitinanng our o!!n aclN.lrcs

withif ihc academy. Tlre vnlorizaliof ot p(xtofinan*j thcon/ (x)!ld be atsoideereled llr a snnlhr nranner of course lheory tlas displacod lhe.ier rs nlunling modolol Perlonirance Sludicsi theory is wh.tsdrotars producc- notlheatc( etc Su(jh argunrents cannot bc dismisscd arogoltrcr Hl]r rhcimpacl ot lhoorv and lho enrerqencc ot iosislant enbacy have not beenlimitod tb scho ars n riisls and nctiv sis have a so rosponcted to Coni ncn rl]llhcory .nd put reslslant str.teltcs nno prrctice One coutd thus counrerlhat pslonn.n(xr scholars have m..xc! blow l lhe tend ol lhose lhoysludy nnd lhal. to l.cillllc the re*'arch and rcactjng ot pertormance, thepar.dlr ha.l nr nslitutbnalirc tsei Slch nr{]!trrenls atso cannot borciecred oul ol hnn.l.

nalhor thnn choose behlccn tlreso hlo readinlts, we mighi insrea.tdruwthcrr logelhlx nnd |ndorsland lhc pirrndiljlr,s recvahla on ot eiticacy aDdils own nrsl lurionnlization aslwo unrdh, rcir loroinq davelopmcnrs. t h.l is,p€rlornancr) schonrs h vc respondod simutrlrcously lo chafges in lhepertormanccs lh{)y shrly and in rhcn own pcrtormandrs ot slu.tyA.rain, both ol lhcse doveopm{xrls must bo sitLrar€xl wilhin a broarlersffbtx)lilicnl cont(ixl. tel us rccall til.u's nrcnDry ol rhe l060s tibi.tinrlthnrkino whoh 'subverl{xl the rcprossve texl rnd .tisftrpred .t(nN Nthlhe Linitcrsities, lhc instihniors ol lrreralure and lhonter' pcrtonnanq)sdroars sLrspic ion ol i is t i tutons ard d scrrsvcly brs.rd nrethods an(t the rlheorizaton ot embodrcrl krns!,rcssion scro resDonscs lo norrrtive torccsnl work bolh oulsue an(l insidc the hllls ol thc rr)r(temv. N4ore sn€x)ti.jaLVthey were diredly {ronocrte.l to lhe civil ri.Jhts movcment. lo :rrri wardemonsrrnrbns, arrd to tho o r.nltent lcminisr nbvcrnent, lllotwhktr posilioned lhorse\€s. both mnurllually nnd physnltty, j| oDposlion io esrab-lishcd ro.ial institulions.

In ninrs ot lho lniverstV scho.rs sLudyifs c!lttraL por'onn.n(x)slrusglcd ro dclirrc its dishrtilemss as an obiect ot rosean)h andloachlng. Roinell and Roach rr!]uc lh,rt

the h srory of rhe dts. ptne or rheater ! tudie5 In r i j rm Ima.t ivcly re:d,ns hcrc as Pef lofna.c€ sludier l soncoffghrnefora! tonony fron Englrsh and speech deparhenrs, inr tsrrng on , k indof s€parat lon f rom olher areas ol stLdy l l was ne.essary po t .a tynccers.ry. ro (raim rhis disrinclvcnets, evcn al rhe exponse ofbe.om ng somewhlt ns! ! r and h€rf t ic t ic a r€ru I rhat uhfof tu.nately becamc lrue for mrny departmcnts ofrhcalei.

Howovct the dovobr)meni ol tesisldn.e trom{ithin sifltcgcs andrh{r cxpansir}n ol rese.iirr to imhrlo bolh cmbo(tied pr rlices and discur-s!e slaLcnrents havc contribuLod to a rcthrnk n9 ot lhis separaLsL appft)ach.Inslitdaonallv if pre-expbsion di$iplinary t tics vis n,vis Enotish, speech,l] nd trfld t ona the)a lcr departrronls hrd boen ro brcak aw.y and sea up,rDslcxplosion taclics havc sought to rclirrk and lorge atfiancos. Heinctr an(t

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Ro.ch wr te lhai " t|losr t is even more necess! ry ro rocoll n zo a nd insist ofthe inlordcpendoncy ola rclaldl scncs oldasciptines and atso or therote olperlornrance in the prodlctlon ol cutlLrre in rhe widesl sense."",As in ther9O0s nn. leary 1970s, ths inst tut iona rrpcrus l l ] ( ) rgcs wrh krger socialIofccs. ln thc 1980s and l990s, lhe embrac ng ot dtscourse.nd theory andthe pradi@s ot ()sistanl cllo.cy havc cut across anastc, activisl. and aca-de ric comnr! nilres, com !nites workif! under a .lilterenr selot normariv.)ior.es, such as lhose revovns a(rnd obortiof righrs, rho tforhefr otAIDS, aparthcd, fcderal fund n0 of the arls, gay and tesbian righis, ind m!l-liculturalism. This wider smiopotiri€t conrert alows us to undorsland howchangcs in slratcgies of ellicacy and clisciptinary lormarion srnptenrenleach oiher:from th s perspectve, the stronsrhening of nrsr r!rionata i:rccsis itsolf a tactic ol fcssranr c'fioacv.

Two models ol elticacy, an ext)losive kanslorma|on in tErw()cn: one canrea. l here t ra i ls ol whai Kuhn woutd cat t a parndigm shtr wirhnPerror'n. nce Slud es. The mnlense bo.ty ot ne\! rese rch,lho thmrycxpkrson! lho rccyc fg of Lovc's Bodv rhcso striking Iigures lrace lhe reroutiroand detourin0 ol Pertormance StLdies p.ssage h paradism. yet lhisread,ngol Perlonnancc Studbs is hauntcd byanortrcr parn.tig r shifl.As we.read in SLern aid l.lendersof's 1992 rexrbook, the flektoi orat nterpretarknrhas oonlributc.l io thc loflnaiior ol Pcrloflirafcc Srldies and ls conceprr!aliznlion olperfonnance Thouoh Stem and Henderson cite mGtot lheeanytheorisls mentionod by MacAkxrn, anoth(x pai.ot thoorisrs oflor I difierclrtpcrspootivc on llrij rclation bolwecn or0l inlerpretalion and pertormanceStudles

'rnd, in do nq so, they trace an alierfarive paradism shilt.

In a l9a7 estny entilled "A Paradigm tor pertormance Srudtes.. nonatdJ. Pellns .n.l James Vanoosttng depkn portormanco Sructics nor ns rhccmorgdrcc or a rcvotuliolrry ncN p:fad gm, bur ralher as a pnr.d gm sh hoccurring rlith I nn establishecl d sc p ne. pos ng thts shfl as a srarlinuhypolh()sis. th(jv sct out to nuasurc ,rhc c\ptanarory Dower ot the Daracliq,malic pr*uDplion. "'

Perfornrancc sLud.s arscrts d Lhcorct ca or ie.rar or t ramed squarely withrn the dis.ip|lne of human communi.ation and enriched bysuch fi€lds as JnthropoloS, lh€rrrc, fotktorc, and popurar cutrure.From w th n sp€e.h .omnuri .at ion, p€rformance nld €5 dcr ivcslroh the intcrprclat io i o l : r . rarurc ud locutes or Lhe perfofnat iveadd aesthetic natrre oahufrar discouBe it rs based in all. cliri€sepistemological.lrims, porit5 methodotogicat proccdurcs. and caIsfor icw p.dagog ca appfoaches "

Pc irs and Vnnoosling corlc|]de th6t it is too earty to s.ty,,wheth{,lhere has been a paradigm shth. We can sec howcvor rhar rharr h!.porhesistramos il as a paradigm shrll lo PerlornJonce Sludles, whereas the reaclinglhave been deveoDing sog0ests lhere hns been n Fradsm shifr hrlrrr

Pertormance Sludies Ther h story ropeats and Vold flers from lhe thenlffn'ools anlhrcpology pasJi<)gc I have lrackdl here; it rehearscs .nother palh

Hnv ng ph(rd Perfonnnnco Slud es squarcy within spooch commu| -callon, Polids ond Vanoosting concludo Lheir text bV sntherlng up dilferentqonres eilh lhis round tigurc: 'the para.liqmrtic relationship beh{en or.linterprctalion n'r.l perlornrance sludics

'righl displlly lhe peflorm{nce ol lll-

.rrature as tho c.nlrnL clrcle in a conoenlric li0ure widorifo oLrh(ard tonc trb socialdramas. ri1ulrls, storyic ling, jokes, orsunzati.rnn mctaphorse(ryday convorsalions, irrded any communicalonirct mmling the crikrirot aesthctic drscours-.."" lam temptcd to saylhat this liourq e.vocative ot alaruo tarqet, rnarks lhe slle whore orol ntdprctnlioi met a|lhropobgy Is le ocatcd sornewhere in I Linois {Pelirs n nd Va noost ns s I 9ll7 ! rlicle llststhnn as assisl.nt prolessors of pertormancc studiB i|| lhe S|}xxllCo nnLmicalions depadm(rrl at Soolhrn llli|lois L,nivcrsily; Norlh$oslerntlnivorsity is ooalcd if Fvnnston, no(h ol Chicaljo). The (inrlftlsls bet$(nnwhnt we mqhlca the MidwL:stem .n( | fastern pflssagcs are manv bll lhemost signilicanl involvcs lhe ditlcronl emphasis c.ch givrls lo discorsivcnnd emboLlic{l pracliees. For rese.rch{rs wilh presumplions inlomrcd Dri-mnrilv bv tlre ornl nkypretni on ot liLcrirlure d soursive pr.oliocs hnve lonstnken.nalv l ic l l precedoloc lheir p f t rd igm shl l t lo Pcr lormanoo Sldieshc( rtcned lhe imporlance ol cn rodid praclircs whik) s|lnullaneolslynlrodr.ing ncw bodies loinalyzeanrl n{)w mclhods {,ilh which to doso. nyconirrst, for resmrch€trs hoklinq prcs!nr ons nlornred bV lhoatcf s tud esthc emergeni)o of Perfonnancc Studkls cmphasi/ed embod ed rathff lhaf.lisoursive prndices. This diflerenco onn be (!.d in lhe conltust betw(x)nSchechnei who ollen exr)ludcs literary bxts korn lhe liold ol DerlomanccanclPclias andVanooslirlg, who.wh(xr gnlhering logolherlhe gcnrcs ol per-tormance. do not

'Jre.ton pcrionnrnce art, rrgwbly lh. gcnre that h s

nrosi testdl lhe body's lirrils uut as fast meels Mid{esl, lheatcrbasedseholars havo shitled moro ol lhet allenlion lo discourec lvhile ihe hlora-hrre-bascd scholars havo tLrrned loward embodim('rt.'

The convergcnce ol lhese two pnssaltes to pdrndigm has been lonrlal-i/cd over thc course ol tho 199Os. ln 1990 gradrinh studctrls at NYU oroinizod PSI (whhh originally slood lor "Perlo.manco Sludies Inliirnalional ), amnlor conlcrcnce and tostval co hoslcd by ther NYU afd Norlhwcslenr.loprrhenis. Boqinn ng n 1995, lhe two cbparl'nents hrvo m hosk:d,series ot {rnlorcnces, hl/o h Nes Yorft (rrc of whlch was also co hoslcd bylho Cily Udverslly ot New York) and one e.ch in tvaDslotr and Atlanla (rx!hosted by Cooryia Insututo ofTechnok)gv). Oul of lhe 1997 conlercncc ifAllanla cnme iho Iofmatlon ol lhc lirsl proiessio | organiz!liorr of rhe ti(ld,lrt'ich somcwh.l coincidontally tmk lhc nanre ol thc 1990 conlcrcnce,P lormance Slu.lics trlernfllional or PSi. SubsoqaeDl con'crcnces havcbeen held ai lho Ur vers ty of Wn es nnd Arizona Sirle Llnivcrsitv

ta,lq! t

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l)espite such reguhr mnl$cncos iDd or(,anizalionat devetopnrenl. thenstitltbfraL zr tio o I Pcrformnfce Stud es s a hisrory oi conhslat ons an.lr€concilintion. PertorDance schotars hllve for dccdilos lssoncd fte socinte.ticacy ol our own rcsr)arch and rcaching activiries. not onty.aling tor brnrlso pa(ic patinq I chaltenges ro rhe norms ot sc|ltorstrip nd p;ch!,oqvFrom this pcrspcclilc, lhc vcrv nolion ot a pe,Jormance Stu.li6 Fr;ig,ns paradoxic.l, I fot nr s0!.jed. Scheohner wribs rhat ,,anv o tor or workt(nlarl 0 unilkrd 1 c d' is, ir thisl vicw m sundersiarding ot the very I ! drly .nd playfulness furdarnenrrt ro pertormanrx) sludcs.,,. Joscptr Boachn.s sugfleste.l that Pfflonnancc Sludcs cofrsrituLes nor a.liscptine, burftrher an int€rdiscil ne , or "posi.tisciptin..,,, For pcrto.,nrnce Slurtiesschol.rs mys.t' includod. rhcso ar!:lur cnls are lamitiar an.t imporhnl. asthcy lorm prfl of olr lmage as n lietd ot rndkja rcsoarc|. ycl sofijoon.researching the tietd fr(nn rhc oursidc nnshl disagree. Citii!, our genres otDqlon|ancc and crnons of lilerarure, our nreiho.ts ancl dscptinos, orrcourses 3nd (jurrc!.. our proqrrtrrs and dopnrhrenrs, olr Drotession.lorganir l|ors aDd inrellectuat histories, and e_ven ou (lnlcsts and ltuntiry,th is other resenicher l fom tho ouls idO Iniglr l connncnt: t i t wrks t ike a

Thc trlisling an.l cterourins ol portoftnancc Studies,Dassa0e loBraci srr, thc dcbates over wherher ii ts or is nol a !ts{r ptnn, Lhcso rcsu rlrom a tension behvd)n lBr) d(jsircs: lhc dcsirc lo crcale cvtlu.at r)ertorrn!nco as a l ioklof sLdy, onc wi lh insr inr toni t in. t protessona teq t im.cvrnd lhe desire lo.vod re.re. i ng rhe norms oj lhc acldcnjy, fof ins th| l arelhcmsclvcs ticd lo cxtr nElitulndat l)r.es As re hnve seen. in nrv(Ilin!,penonnonce as an ohi(xi ot outiurat i ratvsis nd oursovcs t|s subic.jts olknowkida.. rrrlor.n.occ scholars hnve rnken rwo diifei)r1t srr:rbqicsrcgardnlg instihrtionaliTnrion: break ilith ka.titk)nat tiokts ot lhoarcf, spo;ch,on.l English and, ! tonutivclv solrk I rnces wilh these sane tiekts ns wetli$ othors. But lo nranrt.an rhe.h.[ena,e ot ettioacy!!hch wo havc a ribul(xlboth k) ouroblccls afd o!rsclves, \!e have nlso invenie.t n paraitigm thalchn engcs lhe Establshment, rhe vory Towor, lho !rvorsL!, tccluremnchinc. nnd .ll lhe para.tiotrrs thrl shilt alx)ut in them. This tension hasbocf and conli ues ro be al o|ce pro.lucr!e, repro.ti()rve !n(tinurtorpfo-ductive-it noi destructtve and decoflstrucrivc There is no one Fra.tk in otPcrlonnance Shdies, bur inste.d an expbsk)n ot paradigms, a gathcringnn.l.lisporson ol mo.lols !nd rrodcttcr$, a c.,nD ex nrxtsomet mes conrra(l(tory proccss ol.nnlysis. nro.letiTl]rior), and bt.srinq ot paradqms. ZF.rcDaradtgDr. Step (an.l stot, ot prrrad qrrr. Thcro is rjo pLfndign fo passageilhcrc rro on y nrffc p.rrdigdrs, more r).ssaqes.

T''E L'N''NAL.NONM

Lei us nga n asscnrble i$'o parad oms of cl{caoy, hvo rnodcls oI cutiuralpcrlormanoe legible lrorr our re.dirrgs. h lhe Insl. etticacy grormds irselt inentnrdiocl Vansqrcssions, ln practices ho cd by ihcire( riru!, afd oih(ntrainings ol lhe ho(ly. Performanco here is bcls,een ihoaler and rirunl. itslimen s the thealncirl Talion of ritual .n.l th. ritLraliz! rior ol ihearcr. Face'to-Ilcc encouftcrs. slte'spocilic ev(rrts, the nrprcsencinlt ol indtvtdlal .rndsocirl tmdics thrlsc nstanliatc lhe lranshrnrative pot4cr ot perlormance inthc flrsl deoadcs ol Pedornrance Studies, priff ov,Jr to its appellrton. These.x)nLl rnodel o1 offcacy. thlt ol resstarcc, takes oll kom tho discoursosoldiricalthcory an.l lhc oxperinxrrls of pertonDnnceart: ils cu hg cdge isthe lhcory of nr.olice nnd thc pracu.c of theory. Ntcdnted orcoLrnrrxs,p.rodic.fl)ropflalions. bodies (xnrstructed bV ond throlgh dis@u.sejincre.sinqry (thouqh not exclusivoly) lheso have como to make up rhe efli-crcy ol p.xlormafce if llrc llrst lwo decn.l€s. Passins bcrwecn thc Lwomodds. lho ch.llengc ol elli{lcy lunrs itsolf oulstcto nr: lrom krnsgressins. blnlitnri n powff from L|lr olts(b sile to rcsisli'r! a hcllcn nio powerlroJn u'ithir thal very power arrdf$.rneDi,

Thealer nnd rilual hnvo rr no w.v bodr tett b(trirxl in lhis Dassage ho llr.nsqrcssive to ro$shfl dlicrcv They ()rnai. t$ro (n the mosl i'npon nrobiocls ot sludy,

'ln.l whilc thek rolc ns mdlcls has dnnin,shed, ir has

nor been clmin.t(xJ. Todny, thc lield ol cullurnl D{rlormanc(i and rheparrrdism oi P(xlonnnn.e Slud es r).nfol l)e rhrr(y', $riihout c lifg tho lcrnrrd dtu.l. Thev remnnr, ns it !rq0. specilr; ar historicnl rouchslones tor.ny llcfernl lhcory ot .u 1!ral perlotrr:lrce. iho tcr .ontrucs ro otkx Llnntporlani lonnnl rolcrcrrcc t(tr conceniuii znri, rltur! perlonlanriei tna.lt liliu), lhcater dcpartmorls and orqanircrions soch.s theAssociarkrr torTho,rrre in H sher Edu{ratiof and lho Anrercan Society lor The.tre Rcscarchprovilc rntFrtanl lfses n)r s lo:rchn]!, lnd resoarch. Simihrlv the .lis(jipline of rnthropok)qy coniinu.s lo prcvidc p.rtormNnce s.hotlrs withmt)()rtanl nrethodolo.Jic. lppronches, cspec.llv thos. ftralcd 1o ethrr0

Furthcnnore, lxdween ihcory if.l t)oflornrnn(xr an, liminalilV renr insono of the rnost kcquenllv cite.l allrib! les of porlonnativi i c l|cacy Car lson.lor inslrnco, ck)scs his 11)96 surve.y wiUr n se.iii(n eDtlrt.nl "0onclusi(r):Whrt is Pof lor 'nance?' , which ef( ls wi lh tho Io l l !n l t c lc ln i lon, onc lharlornhG upoo bolh lir inalltv.nd (heatri(,riaty.

lPerfornraiccl s a spcci fc - .vent \ ! i th t r mroidnaturctorcBroundcd,. l ' rosrrnvlr i rb i /< iea. l /scparated frod Lhe.esroi i i l€. presentcdbr pcrro,me,s and r l rended br arden.es borh of whom ,egrrdthc.rPer encc as made up ol

'nat€r r to be nterprctcd, to be rc l lect

ed !pon. lo be engaBed in-chotionally, ncnrally, dnd perhrps

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eveh phys ca y. Th s part .u lar seise of occas on nnd fo.us as lveli r r thc ovcrar. i r ine social .nve ope conbine w rh the Phys ca i ty oftheat, .a performar.e to mak€ i one of th€ mon pow€rful ardcfc,rcous proccdurcs that human soccty has dcveopea fof the

-. id .sdy fas. inat ig pro.€ss of c! tural and peEonai 5€ f . ref€x onano crpc4men'aron

Solxtars also conlnuc to slross lhc lirntr'rhlv or "rn bclwcenness ol lhc

Dnr.rcli0nr itsell. hr a 1994 essay. wfint b Perlormance Slu.lies Anta!a\/1 ,Soh(xhnir lsiles: 'Pertorman{)e studios is 'irrt$ h bctrccn. lt is nrtor-g(nrrr!), olrrdisc4ji^nry. irl.r.rrllurnl-ind th.rlilor.i nrherently unsl.bteP(xioftnrrndr sllclios rcsisls or rLrcds dojnr l on. As l .llsc plnro. PS cafnoll)c nloDped elleclilelv becn!se I trnnsgressos bound.ries, it goes where ilis not oxprlid lo be lt is nh{nrnlly n bolw(xrr nd lhcrclorc crnnol bcp nn(j(] down .,r locrted crrctv"" Lim falilV, lhorr, rcnr ns key 1'] articul.lIng iho eftki.cy ot both culturai pe ornrnn(n rnd Po ormlncc Slttrlicswhclhff lhat etlcacv be conceived .s lranselresslve or resislaft.

Crft nrfe.lqe pr.iik)es, trinq€r !rcuDs rrf(l nxr ruirralizc.l poop cs, bordir{jrossngs, translfcssiofs of bolndirrics and rnils these can and hnlebeen theorze.l in ierms ol nrin.litv Whrt is ptYl(rmaniD? Wh.t isPolonmnco Sludics? 'Lnninrlily' 6 |rerl|.ps lhc Inosl ootrcise nnd irccuralo rostxrrse lo both ol these quesli{)ns. l'?rra(k)ti(ialv lhc rrreislcnl uscol rlris oofrccptwithit| rhc field h.s fi|llLla ht,tititlilv ito soniethilq ot a Donnlhil is, vte have conre to deline the etlimcy olperlormaDce and otourolmr.sc.dr, il nol c\clusivclv thcr lcrv irrclt|srv(l!. (r tcrrns ol kritulitv tt[ts, . morle ol rctlrv whose sp.t.]. lemt)ornl. nn.l symbolic in behleenrioss' rliows Ior social foflns lo bc slspul(kxl, olrallcrrgctl, pl.ved wilh, nndperh ps even trrnstorme.l. The con.ept has nolsinply been.pp e.l to per

lonnan(x)si it has also hclpcd us b dr)s1ft/(;/ obj(xits ol nrquirv by quidnr!

lhe s{rleclirnr of a,rtiv ties to be stud ed lho r lonnnl analysis, rn.l their politrral ovoluaion And as wc h.vc sccn, lho limiD rtc ot passrsc . so lunctons ns. strik fg emblem of ihe p.rad 0m is.lll both ol ils initation an.lolts subs(xtucnt d{rvitopmcnt.

To urderscore the nornratile dimensiof ol rinalry | have conre lo c.il tho /inr,Dt roD. More generally.lhe hminal-norm ollialos inanysiiuationwhere l[e vnlo./alion ol Innnral lraDsgfesskri or resislance ilsell LPmnresnormxliv.-al whbh point theonzalbn ol su(lr i! norm may tLtomc sub-vcrsilc. I n de up the tenn "lirninal nonD ool lono atler reading anotheroilillon ol rites ot passage, this one by Michel I oucault. In an interviert enti-Lled Biluals ol txclusiorr. Foucaull disclssos how cnpilalist nonns areinsoribed pedasooica v:

Ttefe is the f rsr f !ncton ofLhe ! . ivers l / : lo PrL s!ude.ts out ot . l rcuaton rss€.ondfun.ron however. soreof ntegraton.Of.castudc.t has spc.t sr of scvci tc.6 ofh s i fc wLhn ths art f ica

so. ety. he bc.ones 'absofbabe so.ety.ai .ons!mc hinil .s id ous t he wi I have /ccc vcd the values oa th t toc etr . Fle !v Ihale beei g vei soc ! y d-.s i rab. nrodc s of behav of so thJt t l r isr tunl ofex. ls ion w I na /y tn le or the va !e or nc lsron and fe.u-perat io i or r€Jbsorpt on.In rhk sense, the universi t ) is nodoubt l i t t leditrercnt from thosc aysrcms in so-.alled pimirive s@ieiies jn whi.htheyoung men are kept ollside lhe village duing then adolescen<€,undergoing rituals of initiation whi.h $parate them and we. allcontact betw€n them .nd real. active so.iety- At the end of lhespecified time, rhey can be e.ttely re.uperated or rcabso$ed..,

ln olhorwords, the very srrirc rilu s which DerfonMrrcc schoBrs havc iongc lod nr theorizifolhc ctlioroy ol ped.nna|co. Foucault ctes b exph I lho!n vorsty s nor'ralivc lun(tkn w llrln 00rlctrutrnry socielyl

Turner himsct reco! l zed tho o(n's(rv.uve luncton Lh!t lim nal rites olp,ssf i lc ! t inrat . l \ ] pry i f a$ntdrf , Dre nr l ls l ra l soci i i i .s . where 1rcyI nlosl rwavs reflorcc cxislirU sooi.l strL,l:1!fcs. T!rning to.Lrlrtr.r por-on"an.es tound tr indusrr i r r l sooiel es, l ic c.m€i to . l isr ingush lhc l i r r r f l lt rom rhe inrnod. lho l . r r€r rcfcrr i rq io cul tLrrn acl i ! i lnrs i (nrn( l in''idvnrrcccl so(reties nrnrko(l bv llnr shnr! 3etr.rntiorr oi labor.n.l .risLrru.llowcwcr. there is lirl|r rk,(i, lhll lurncr's xnerest.nd Fssion L'y i tl!)nrrlislrurtural ele ents hc llxx)n/fl in bolh liminnl an.l linrinoid dlivitn)s,a|'d il !t?s thesc clsnurls whi{;h h. slrcssc.l in his critical di{krsuo withSclFchner and other |Frl(trnrirrri schohrs {ele e ls Fou(:nult does nolnrenl0n ir lho t.rxt.iled nlrov(i llh('r{th elseNhcrc ho does enrDlrnslrc llx)nrtrrtrnce ot limil cxp(r'Lrn)os lo hi.! r)wn lhcorctic.lwork).

Th( i minal fon is t r r tx)r tnnl hcrclorso\qa in lereated fcrso| ls. Flrs l .I domonslr.tcs how l(njes ol noflrirliv lV o.n be.ome muLrlio|al anrl viooversa o his clhnographic r']sourc h, Tr rrner re.o0nizc.llh.t th.r lminalpr.!c-l iccs ol Nt l . rmbr soccLy cou( l k)rd T.r e lhcr s i ihsm or reinktr , ion r l o lcrstnq so.. l s lnrc lurcs. wl lh n) i | { { t rccnront being th.r nx)sl lonnnono!hnme Howevcr as limini iy wns .lcfcralized across lhc cnxf,s n( lir)ldol .xrli'lrn perfoflr.n(r) thnt is |s t w.s re cted. dccon loxtur rzed, . nrlreconte\ lu! ized the rei , l ivr ly ra() instnn.es of schsm.n. l r .d ic. l r l i is-Ionnalion quickly cnmc lo lh,) l(r,) is Derfonnand, $holnrs sou! t l() th{!orizc the ejli.acy ol cdtrtr.l pcrkrnrttrn* rlurinq the socinl urcst knnd tnNorlh Amehca arrd Wsleln tur('r)o dtring lhe 196Os a carly 197(IsLiminalilv nhnost cxrjhrsivelv bccltr'ro r sp.ce and limc ol transgression itndsul)lcrsion: thus, a co.cqrl i[ld Drn.lice prnnanlv as$cinled with Inrnnlt,livc lours had beco nc lhc (:mhod nrrl ol nrui.ton.ltorces. Howovor, theldv s!..ess.r lrr s qcnitr.lizalior Drocoss inevilably prcdu{icd the nonnnl-rz fq etlects . rca.ly fotffl the conccpl ol lim n. ly hns hclpod i{) au de Iheselection .nd construction ol obi ls as well ns lhcrr rfa ysis .nd evaluLr-tion, and ir aild tion, it has sh txxl Pe omrincc St!(lies' mlroe of ilso l llx)sell-rcpr€sent.lion ol lho pirnd0m n rchton b both the acrLl(rfy rn(l

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socbly rtlarge A(,ain, ccilation. decontext!alizat on, and recontextualiza-lon only h{rrc lim n. eltic.c! has beconre a nrinfll-form.

S.rcorcl, the lhn ral{r.}rm also su.rclosls thdL .ny Etven conccptualnrode! ev(xr o o constrLrcted and dcpoyed to theorizc translression orrcsistancc, s necessarilv lirri ted in terms ol bolh ts fonnal an.l lts tuncliofal rspe(;i$. Tlls does not mpl! that one rnust-or ovof cnn avoid nrodc|z.tun or 0enera|zrLion nltogether As ln.Ioaled eorlier, lhe brnralion .'1lheoreticil (xnrocpls presuppos.rs n'ove||Enls ot aoncruliznlion- as doesthc cnrroence ol a rcscarch paradigm su.ih as Pcrlonnane Studics.Thcchallenoe. lh([ is nol lo abandon mnctplui modellzalion, but ralher loinscrilra lhis movemcnt willt|l one s sDecili{j silu tion, lo lold gencralizalionb.ck on ltso I i'r oftler lo avoi.l rcLlucin! porlonrtnnce to lny one model, bet thc!tcr or ritr|.l or p{rfornunce arl or surjh lhmfo lical nrode s as toflnalsnr. psycho n?rLyss, fcm nism, .le.r)nslrlo liorr, queer ih(x)rv or poslc,rlof atheorvThoso nrodels havc allbocn cxkeme y t)(xlu(lvc to the study ot{rul1!ral tredonlrll()c vcl nll have thc r owf pcrspo(illves,lhcir own linr ts Ihet.sk is Lhus also to multiplr thc nrodels .t on{ts disposrl wh e .t thc sanrctinre or)ening ut) lhcsc nrodels to thc r 'own rlllrritv To citc ar)other yelnnnl): Fa r Guallar destr bcs sch roanslysis rs n pru:r:iss ol tnetamod-clisalion, one lhal, 'ruther than nnvinq n lh{- directk ol rLductionislmodo|srlons $lhich simplilv lhc cornpler, lvill\'t()rk lo\$.d ils compbxilicr-lion, ils t)(lr)ssual cnrichrnent. to\r€r.l lhc consislenlov ol ils lirlunl Inres oltrilurijalnrr ro(l dilhrcntialbn, nr shorl lowads ils (rnoblJical helercsoneitv" I h.ve rlliimpkid hcrc lo an.lyTe th{i worktrr{ts ol not onc but sc\cralnrodes (ir'toirlto lhc enrerqenm and dcveoDnront oi Pcrbrdrfnce Snr.lkrs.n doin0 so, lhrvc lo, juscd spec. l . l lur l ion on minnl r i l .s o l passno-Abe. j .uso thoy urc. part i . r i l . r l ! r ich rnd pr.drntv( : r r ro. lc of the para. l iqm snovcnrclrl ol 0efffalizalior. This nrode 2 lon prucess I h.v.i nickfarncdlhe possrgo lo parrdign ln othdwords, lirrnfrl riios prov de us with :r(and rDL l/,c)rrlelarnoil(l olthc parndilnr, onr) lh l liave lri-.d lo ffauk opcnby.jilinq ils rmr ml!e and mllalional (l n.rns (,rls rs lvcll as other nnnlo s

ihlnl, as a rrcl.rnnxlel. lhe lirrinrloornr c:n h(ilp us resilrate thebo crs .'rl(l limits ot F\rktrnnrrce Sl(dbs ilsoll. Tltis resinFldr or dis-pla.erncnt,)r boi(lcrs is crucialto lhc ch.llon!,c lNidnrq our orlire Droiect.lhc rclb.rsri rt n qirnral theory ol D(tltriruroc This t)rcjtxil cnlailschallengin{t p(xtunnnnce StLrdies, thdt is chalkinoing oursclvcs. Ry fo.usinq on lillr n l i]clivites, on transgrcssive nfd ()sistarrl prnclices, or morogenern v Lrtxnr socrllv cflirracous pertonrlncr:rs, we hrvc ovcrooked rheinrporlaroo r)l rth., perlonn.nccs, pcflonnonn)s \\/lros. lornraliz.tbn rndslldy nlso t(x)k off i|l lhe lrn te.l Strbs rr)d wh ch hrvo snrcc gone oloh.l.Thoso ot l ror )er forman. ls arc nol nrelaphoronld $pucements ol thcatr icalor.iullurn n(tivtcs, tlioullh they ce.lanr! !|rrd rrristaken v can bc reduce.l10 them. Nor woukl Ne destribc lhcse olher tx)rlonmnces ns primaril!

rransllressive or resislant, tnf trom r As wc shal sco, iheir tun(ron s fdthe most part highlv nonnalivo, so normative tI froritrar ono nrtlh t justitia bl\'align them !! lh the Estabtishnroft, rhe Syst{rm the t4.chtn{Fjn shorl Nirhlhe very nslilltons afd forces rgarnsr whch .Lri,rfat pertornrnce hasrlroded nruch ol ils ottioacious efions ovcr rhe pasr ha (rntlrv Bur rocogniTnrg ones o\ !n involvdnenl wi th rhese rurnarv0 tx)rrornl l | rx)es s.pnra.joxically. ossentiallo nraki q such eftods more ctiverse, nn)ro concrole.more clln:acious. lt is .ls0 ossentirl b our gencmt theorv

The dcvcbpmeol ot such l theory is hishty problemalic. Cartson writ6lhal il !r€ "consi.is perlorm.nce !s an esscnli.lv cdnlcsted concept, lhiswillhelp us to utrderstand thc I rty ot sccking sornc overnrching setrranliciielcl lo mver such seerl rir rgty .j sparare Lrsnqcs.s rho prytorrrj.rn(je of .nack)r ot a schoolchikl, ot ,rn auromobitc . I a1lro. Blr rt stlke i'r suchusaijcs is nor simply difloftxrr mclninqs of rlrc rernr ,porlornrLrn0o, bLrl atso( irely dilldenl scls ol .lsoourses aird pra.tnls dilfercnt inlrrstructures.nd histifies, dilf.rent lJ(|ftr(lhms ol pedorman(je. fi4orc Drotr)!]rrdty whnL.srr st.ke in olr ltelofirl ih(n:ry is nol rn oleradrnra senrN,rlo icd ot periornraDe but rlther rI un(tervoddty slrarum or pcrom.trvr) trower n|LIkrowledlrc.. . prngmrtic lorrillk)n Lrpon which rlt th s .ronlcstino ot potormn.rcc uniol.ls. lhe quostion ,v|mt is Ertonn.nco?, Btrhlr)s .en)d.rsi. 'csrFpnblc'.

especarllv when surveyin!, a p.radigrr or .letft lil V n tiekt, trul lonrap dilterenl brrri|]s ot this stratum llhich is tess a met.Dlrysio.t toufdalion lhan.n onto.historient sslinre, rtation ol lorces rnorour0c, queslion becoircs rvhnJ) pcrtonnrn()?..

Philosophkin v spenkn\l ro Brsrj rhe q!.rshon ,Whrr s?,,p()supposes. unilied'for'n white !r(nnisln0 a s ngte corecr n|s!!{)r. rlh tc Ux) qLreslbn"Wh ch urc?' assumes n rnuttip cily ot torces thar musl trc r,rirciy inrerIrcl(rj 3nd ov.llarcd.i lhis wi be mV assumpron. nchenrsi g n lofs.ltheory ol perfonn.fce, wo Inusr |or on y usc .Jilterenr drDcepls, ror ontlt'contesl irn.i.xitquo lh.inti w) Inust.tso.jrernr c.lrcepts, /i,tllrr. nrodo/s,/,ronch nx^,-anrents ol g(rn)ftr ?ation. perloilanoe Slu.tos scholrs hiveobvously croded rrllipte nfd diverse concepts an.t conlirnl() to do so.Howclcr this fiultiFli.:itv lnd davcGiry is rrsctt targetv.ietenr rxxt bv ou.pnradigrnalic perqxlitivF. wh(h I hnvc ca ed hcrc rhe chdtoqlc ot cflicacV Dirq)i. or rather nrtrrnilt, annlysis ot this peFpeclile ..n LrtV prmeedso lar. tor lve cannot ellsity g(, n Dersp(jtive oD our Dfisp{x)lve, on lheo,licalan.l alaoctive inv'rsh xrs i r tet.l wc have cons hurrrxt ln(l b somccxtenr Dcon cofstrricte.l through. nr opcn an anotrj ! \{mr lnm(nrs lo ourp.rao.rnranc p(isuppositk)ns Ljr)d prejudiccs we nj!sr tull| 0tse!!hercId prejldices uni tdrnd by oontrrst. noi by !n.yss.,, OUr fttlcars.lot a gcner. lhcory nrust thus scck out olhcr sres, othor prenrsos, olhcf

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