joints part 2 - sinoe medical associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/ap/joint2.pdf ·...
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Joints part 2
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JOINTSSynovial or Non Synovial (Fibrous or Cartilaginous)
Non Synovial:
Characteristics Fibrous Cartilaginous
Designed for Suture Jts of Skull No motion Vert. Body w/ discDesigned forStability
Suture Jts of Skull No motionprotects brain
Vert. Body w/ discAllow very limited motion
Simple Tib-Fib Joint Maintainsrelationship between tib & fib
Symphysis PubisOnly moves during labor &delivery
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Joint Motions
Flexion Extension Hyperextension lat flexion
DF PF Eversion Inversion
Abd Add Horiz Abd Horiz Add
IR ER Pronation SupinationProtraction RetractionElevation Depression
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Classification of Joints:Functional
• Functional classification is based on theamount of movement allowed by the joint
• The three functional classes of joints are:
– Synarthroses – immovable– Synarthroses – immovable
– Amphiarthroses – slightly movable
– Diarthroses – freely movable
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Fibrous Structural Joints:SuturesSutures
• Occur between the bonesof the skull
• Comprised of interlockingjunctions completely filledwith connective tissuefibersfibers
• Bind bones tightlytogether, but allow forgrowth during youth
•• In middle age, skullIn middle age, skullbones fuse and arebones fuse and arecalled synostosescalled synostoses
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Fibrous Structural Joints:SyndesmosesSyndesmoses
• Bones areconnected by afibrous tissueligament
• Movement variesfrom immovable tofrom immovable toslightly variable
• Examples includethe connectionconnectionbetween the tibiabetween the tibiaand fibula, andand fibula, andthe radius andthe radius andulnaulna
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Fibrous Structural Joints:Gomphoses
• The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between atooth and its alveolar socket
• The fibrous connection is the periodontal• The fibrous connection is the periodontalligament
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CartilaginousJoints
• Articulatingbones areunited bycartilage
• Lack a jointcavitycavity
• Two types –synchondrosynchondroses andses andsymphysessymphyses
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Cartilaginous Joints:Synchondroses
• A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites thebones
• All synchondroses are synarthrotic
• Examples include:• Examples include:
–– Epiphyseal plates of childrenEpiphyseal plates of children
–– Joint between the costal cartilage of theJoint between the costal cartilage of thefirst rib and the sternumfirst rib and the sternum
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Cartilaginous Joints:Synchondroses
Figure 8.2a, b
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Cartilaginous Joints:Symphyses
Figure 8.2c
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Synovial Joints: GeneralStructure
Figure 8.3a, b
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Table 8.2.1
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Table 8.2.2
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Table 8.2.3
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Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures
• Bursae – flattened, fibrous sacs lined withsynovial membranes and containingsynovial fluid
• Common where ligaments, muscles, skin,• Common where ligaments, muscles, skin,tendons, or bones rub together
• Tendon sheath – elongated bursa thatwraps completely around a tendon
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Plane Joint
• Plane joints
– Articular surfacesare essentially flat
– Allow only slipping– Allow only slippingor glidingmovements
– Only examples ofnonaxial joints
Figure 8.7a
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Hinge joints
– Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into atrough-shaped surface on another
– Motion is along a single plane– Motion is along a single plane
– Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extensiononly
– Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints
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Hinge Joints
Figure 8.7b
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Pivot Joints
• Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a“sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (andpossibly ligaments) of another
• Only uniaxial movement allowed• Only uniaxial movement allowed
• Examples: joint between the axis and thedens, and the proximal radioulnar joint
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Pivot Joints
Figure 8.7c
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Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
• Oval articular surface of one bone fits intoa complementary depression in another
• Both articular surfaces are oval
• Biaxial joints permit all angular motions• Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
• Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, andmetacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
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Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
Figure 8.7d
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Saddle Joints
• Similar to condyloid joints but allow greatermovement
• Each articular surface has both a concaveand a convex surfaceand a convex surface
• Example: carpometacarpal joint of thethumb
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Saddle Joints
Figure 8.7e
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Ball-and-Socket Joints
• A spherical or hemispherical head of onebone articulates with a cuplike socket ofanother
• Multiaxial joints permit the most freely• Multiaxial joints permit the most freelymoving synovial joints
• Examples: shoulder and hip joints
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Ball-and-Socket Joints
Figure 8.7f
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Synovial Joints: Knee
• Largest and most complex joint of the body
• Allows flexion, extension, and somerotation
• Three joints in one surrounded by a single• Three joints in one surrounded by a singlejoint cavity
– Femoropatellar joint
– Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints
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Synovial Joints: Movement
• The two muscle attachments across a jointare:
– Origin – attachment to the immovable bone
– Insertion – attachment to the movable bone– Insertion – attachment to the movable bone
• Described as movement along transverse,frontal, or sagittal planes
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Synovial Joints: Range ofMotion
• Nonaxial – slipping movements only
• Uniaxial – movement in one plane
• Biaxial – movement in two planes
• Multiaxial – movement in or around all• Multiaxial – movement in or around allthree planes
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Synovial Joints: Elbow• Annular
ligament
• Ulnar collateralligament
• Radial collateral• Radial collateralligament
Figure 8.10a
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Synovial Joints: Elbow
Figure 8.10b
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Synovial Joints: Elbow
Figure 8.10d
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Synovial Joints: ShoulderStability
• Weak stability is maintained by:
– Thin, loose joint capsule
– Four ligaments – coracohumeral, and threeglenohumeralglenohumeral
– Tendon of the long head of biceps, whichtravels through the intertubercular groove andsecures the humerus to the glenoid cavity
– Rotator cuff (four tendons) that encircles theshoulder joint and blends with the articularcapsule
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Synovial Joints: ShoulderStability
Figure 8.11a
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Synovial Joints: ShoulderStability
Figure 8.11b
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Synovial Joints: Hip (Coxal)Joint
• Ball-and-socket joint
• Head of the femur articulates with theacetabulum
• Good range of motion, but limited by the• Good range of motion, but limited by thedeep socket and strong ligaments
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Synovial Joints: Hip Stability
• Acetabular labrum
• Iliofemoral ligament
• Pubofemoralligamentligament
• Ischiofemoralligament
• Ligamentum teres
Figure 8.12a
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Synovial Joints: Hip Stability
Figure 8.12c, d
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X-ray of hand affected by arthritis
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