Tanveer SaeedAssistant Professor

AKU-SoNaM

A joint or place of articulation and is formed where 2 or more bones come in close contact in the body and are attached to each other by ligaments or cartilage.

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Fibrous or Immovable

There are three types of joints classified by the amount of movement they allow:

Fibrous or Immovable----synarthrosis

Cartilaginous or slightly movable---Amphiarthrosis

Synovial or freely movable----diathrosis

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Amphiarthrosis or Cartilaginous Joints This type of joint is characterized by

bones that are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage) and  ligaments which allow only a limited degree of movement.

Examples are the vertebrae  cartilage in the symphysis which binds

the pubic bones together cartilage in the joint between the

sacrum and the hip bone. The ribs that connect to the sternum.

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Cartilaginous joints between the thoracic vertebrae & Pubic Symphysis

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Most of the joints in the adult human body are freely movable joints.

There are six types of diarthroses joints:

Ball-and-Socket Condyloid Saddle Pivot Hinge Gliding

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Articulating boneshyaline cartilage---- articular cartilage

capsular ligament.Synovial MembraneSynovial Cavity  Synovial fluid

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The capsular ligament is lined with a synovial membrane.

This membrane secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity

 acts as a seal, waterproofing the joint,lubricates the joint.

In addition to the capsule, the bones are also attached and held together by strong, tough ligaments made of dense connective tissue. These ligaments prevent dislocation during normal movement.

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Synovial joints can be subdivided into the following groups according to the type of movement they carry out.

All combinations of movements, including circumduction and rotationcan be performed.

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Directions of movement ( ROM)Flexion - brings a body part forward. Extension - moves a body part to the rear. Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline. Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline. Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around a joint. Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward. Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward. Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward. Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.

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These joints are formed where the rounded head of one bone fits into the hollow, cup-shaped socket of another bone such as the shoulder joint and the hip joint. Such joints allow freedom of movement in all directions.

Ball-and-Socket

The Hip Joint - ball-and-socket joint.

. These joints occur where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, so making movement possible in one plane only e.g. flexion and extension as in the elbow and knee joints.

Examples of these joints are the : knee ,ankle and the elbow joints. Hinge joints have ligaments mainly at

the sides of the joints.

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A hinge joint (elbow region)Tanveer Saeed

Oval shaped condyle fits into oval cup shaped end of another bone allowing angular motion but not rotation.

Flexion,extension,adduction,abduction and circumduction but no axial rotation.

Examples include: wrist joint Metacarpophalangeal

joints(Knuckles) Meta tarsophalangeal joints (toes)

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This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions allowing rotation in two directions.

The only saddle joint in the body is in the thumb.

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This type of joint allows for gliding movements between flat surfaces as the surfaces slide over one another. Only a limited amount of movement is allowed such as the joints between,

clavicles and the sternum the carpal bones the joints between the tarsal bones 

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Gliding joints in the wrist region

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These joints occur where:◦ a bony ring rotates round the

pivot (axis) of another bone such as the ring-like atlas rotating around the odontoid process of the axis, allowing the head to turn from side to side.

◦ the end of one bone rotates round the axis of another bone such as the end of the radius rotating around the ulna as the palm of the hand is turned inwards or outwards.Tanveer Saeed

A pivot joint between the radius and ulna

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Tanveer Saeed

Self quiz to check what you have learned.

1.A point where one or two bones meet is__________.2. Ball and socket, hinge, gliding and pivot joints are example of _______.3. Elbows, knees and fingers use what type of joints________.4. What type of joint can be found between vertebrae________.5. What type of movement is possible at Joint between atlas and axis___________.6. What type of joints are present in below mentioned diagram___________.