joint event between mediatech/making green vinyl records · 2018. 6. 6. · harm theunisse ....
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Green Vinyl Records
Joint Event between MediaTech/Making Green Vinyl Records
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Joint Event between MediaTech/Making Green Vinyl Records
Introduction Harm Theunisse Partner of Symcon
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Introduction of the Green Vinyl Records project :
Should we set a global standard?
Joint Event between MediaTech/Making Green Vinyl Records
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An introduction to a new way of looking at the production of vinyl records.
We want to show you a different approach to measuring the standards that could be used.
Students of Fontys, the University of Applied Science, in Eindhoven have researched a different way of measuring and want to show you a new view on standarisation of the current methods.
Joint Event between MediaTech/Making Green Vinyl Records
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Students and their subjects:
Garm Willems: Material and the record: testing material properties via rheology, mechanical testing and microscopy.
Tom Reuvers & Dominique Nouws: QC measurement: measurement of harmonic distortion, IMD, SNR, noise floor.
Jaimie van Soerland & Michael Burgmans: Channel separation: as a function of the position of the head shell Jade Heino & Vera Schroën: Optical inspection: searching for defects on record and/or stamper
Joint Event between MediaTech/Making Green Vinyl Records
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Teachers
Acoustic: • Andre Dommels • Harrie Linskens
Plastic materials: • Guido Smets • Bas Koolen
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Green Vinyl Records
Joint Event between MediaTech/Making Green Vinyl Records
Garm Willems
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Material and Analyses – table of contents
• Injection moulding • Measurement: Feel & look • Analysis on material • Stampers
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Injection moulding
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Measurements: Sound, feel & look • Visual appearance: Shine, gloss, defects, labels, color etc. • Microscopy: Groove and land inspection
Flow fronts creating a visible defect “weld line”
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Light and electron microscopy
Traditional vinyl 100x
Land
Groove
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Light and electron microscopy (2) Dust particles blended in the material or just on the surface? Before cleaning After cleaning
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Light and electron microscopy (3)
These grooves appear to be round, to validate we use SEM.
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Light and electron microscopy (4)
What appeared to be round actually is round. Light microscope SEM picture
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Light and electron microscopy (5) 1. Traditional vinyl record, 45° angle and a flat land.
2. Green vinyl record, “bad grooves”
3. Green vinyl record “good grooves”
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Analysis on material – wear of record Type a is wear because of weight loss
Type b is wear because of deformation
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Record wear experiment All types of material were played up to 3000 times
Weight loss is minimal, so deformation occurs
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Profiliometry A clear ridge next to the groove is visible
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Mechanical properties
Yield stress is the maximum force until deformation.
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Rheology – important for injection molding Shear rate is important when using injection moulding. Materials tested all show the shear thinning effect
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Stampers - Vinyl production is based on feel not on technique
- Injection moulding based on cavity e.g. CD production
- Variations in stamper thickness
- Optimization process
- Create a standard and log specifications of produced stampers
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Sound – just an example
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Harmonic distortion, intermodulation and SNR M. Coppers; J. Meeng; D. Nouws; T. Reuvers; S. Vinkenborg
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Work in progress • Later start • Still in the middle of the process. • First results obtained last Thursday.
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Introduction • Problem
• The quality between vinyl records may differ, methods should be found to effectively find a way to determine the quality of vinyl records.
• Goal • Researching quality by determining parameters of THD, IMD, SNR and Crosstalk.
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Theory
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Quality of sound • Total harmonic distortion (THD) • Intermodulation distortion (IMD) • Signal-noise ratio (SNR) • Crosstalk of two channels (crosstalk)
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Total Harmonic Distortion • Ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency • Changes the timbre of a sound
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 10𝑃210+10
𝑃310+10
𝑃410+10
𝑃….10
10𝑃110
∗ 100% = 1𝑈1∙ ∑ 𝑈𝑖2
𝑁𝑔𝑖=2 ∙ 100%
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Intermodulation distortion - 𝐼𝐼𝑇 =
∑ 𝑈𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑∑ 𝑈𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑝+ ∑ 𝑈𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∙ 100%
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Signal to noise Ratio (SNR) • 𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑑𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑑
• 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑 = 10 ∗ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑑𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑑
= 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑑𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑛,𝑑𝑑
• The SNR is a way to express the amount of noise, present in a signal, compared to the required signal.
• In a gramophone it is mostly caused by the mechanic components.
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Crosstalk - 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑠𝑠𝐿𝑐[𝑑𝑑] = 10 log
𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑝𝑑𝑠𝑘
- Ratio of separation between two channels.
- By an input signal of arround 1000 Hz, the channel separation should be between 20-30 dB.
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Setup
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Setup • Gramophone • RIAA-amplifier • Mixing table • Laptop
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Setup THD • Harmonic distortion of the setup
• Harmonic distortion of software: Arta & Audacity • Harmonic distortion of mixing table: Function generator, mixing table, Arta & Audacity • Harmonic distortion of RIAA-amplifier: Function generator, amplifier mixing table, Arta
& Audacity
• Calculation of the software • Arta & Audacity • A track with one tone
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 1𝑈1∙ ∑ 𝑈𝑖2
𝑁𝑔𝑖=2 ∙ 100%
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Setup THD
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Setup THD - Measuring harmonic distortion - Different tracks with one tone, 1000 Hz and -12 dB - Audacity - Arta
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Intermodulation Distortion • Records with two tones, 500 Hz and 10000 Hz • Arta • Audacity
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Signal to Noise Ratio • Silent groove • Arta • Audacity
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Crosstalk • Input signal on one channel • Measure difference of output signal on both channels • Arta
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Results
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Results THD • Measuring method
- setup - calculation of the software
• Results of measuring harmonic distortion
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Results THD (setup) • When measuring the THD of the amplifier all the components are used
• The total harmonic distortion of the setup is 0,05% • This is determined with a frequency of 1000 Hz
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component THDleft (%) THDright (%)software 0,008 0,008mixing table 0,013 0,014RIAA aplifier 0,034 0,046
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Results THD (calculation of the software)
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• Two measurements -Both 1000 Hz and an amplitude of -12 dB -Same track, but different channels Left Right -Arta: 0,73% -Arta: 0,57% -formula: 0,73% -formula: 0,57%
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Results THD
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• four measurements - Frequency is 1000 Hz - Amplitude is -12 dB • The harmonic distortion of the setup is smaller than de smallest harmonic distortion of the records
Record THDleft (%) THDright (%) THDaverage
1 0,86 1,09 0,982 2,61 2,40 2,513 0,72 0,58 0,654 2,56 2,13 2,35
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Results intermodulation distortion (IMD) Two measurements -Bothe 500 Hz an 10000 Hz -record 1: 5% -record 2: 10% • No IMD of the measuring method yet
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Signal to Noise Ratio Right
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-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
010 100 1000 10000
Soun
d le
vel (
dB)
Frequency (Hz)
1V signal: -19,3 dB Energetic noise: -43,6 dB SNR,dB: 24,3 dB SNR: 269
Silent Groove
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Signal to Noise Ratio Left
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-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
010 100 1000 10000
Soun
d le
vel (
dB)
Frequency (Hz)
1V signal: -19 dB Energetic noise: -45 dB SNR,dB: 26,2 dB SNR: 415
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Crosstalk of the setup • RIAA-amplifier gives the biggest crosstalk • Left: 63 dB (0,00005%) • Right: 59 dB (0,0001%) • Must be at least 10 dB higher than crosstalk of the record.
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Crosstalk input on left channel
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-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
010 100 1000 10000
Sign
al le
vel [
dB]
f [Hz]
Left signal in - Left measured Left signal in - Right measured
• 10 kHz peak • Crosstalk: 15,04 dB • Crosstalk: 31,89 • Percentage leak/signal: 3,14%
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Crosstalk input on right channel
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• Crosstalk: 15,04 dB • Crosstalk: 81,31 • Percentage leak/signal: 1,23%
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
010 100 1000 10000
Sign
al le
vel [
dB]
f [Hz]
Right signal in - Right measured Right signal in - Left measured
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Conclusion and recommendations
51
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Conclusion • With the setup used in the measurements it has been possible to determine
the parameters THD, IMD, SNR and Crosstalk. • This setup has been measured for an frequency of 1000 Hz and an amplitude
of -12 dB for harmonic distortion • Because the project is still in progress the IMD and SNR of the measuring
method is not determined yet. • The Crosstalk for a frequency of 1000 Hz of this setup has been measured for
an amplitude of 63 dB for the left side and 59 dB for the right side.
52
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Recommendations • The results of THD are just numbers. To get a real insight we should take a
good look at the graphs • Only measurement with 1000 Hz and an amplitude of -12 dB when
determining the THD of the setup • The IMD and SNR caused by the measuring method has not been determined
yet.
53
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J.W. Bloem; M. Burgmans; T. Hermans; J. van Soerland LP cartridge aligning and channel separation
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Introduction - Problem: - The angle between the head shell and the record is not always 90 degrees. - Goal: - Researching the effect of the deviation of the angle on the quality of sound. - Approach: - To simulate the deviation of a cutter, the angle of the Stylus is adjusted.
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Theory
56
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Grooves • Bottom angle has to be 90 degrees. • Channels independent of each other. • Scanning is approached with an spherical stylus.
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Quality of sound • Intermodulation distortion (IMD) • Total harmonic distortion (THD) • Total harmonic distortion with noise (THD+N) • Signal-noise ratio (SNR) • Crosstalk of two channels (crosstalk)
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Crosstalk - Most likely arises from mechanical compartments of the record player
- channel separation = 10 log 𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑝𝑑𝑑𝑘
- Ratio of separation between two channels. - By an input signal of arround 1000 Hz, the channel separation should be between 20-30 dB.
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Simulation
60
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Simulation
-0,015
-0,01
-0,005
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15∆A[V]
𝜃[°] 0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
kana
alsc
heid
ing
φ[º]
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Setup
62
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Setup 1 • Behringer soundcard • grammophone with RIAA-amplifier and Azimuth option
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Setup 2 • Short circuited soundcard • Playing with Audacity
• Spectrum Analyser
• Recording with ARTA • Averaging FFT points 32000 • Kaiser 7
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Results
65
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Results - THD -THD+N
Angle [⁰] Angle [⁰]
THD[
%]
THD+
N[%
]
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Results - SNR - IMD
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
SNR
[dB]
Hoek [º]
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
IMD
(%)
Hoek (°) Angle [⁰] Angle [⁰]
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Results - Crosstalk
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Cros
stal
k (d
B)
Hoek[º]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Cros
stal
k (d
B)
Hoek[º] Angle [⁰] Angle [⁰]
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Discussion, Conclusion & Recommendations
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Discussion • Possible improvements to setup. • Insufficient checks on consistency of setup. • Vibrations from outside of the setup. • Unknown quality of the record used. • 10 kHz signal instead of 1 kHz. • Manual calculation of the IMD value contains a large margin of error.
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Conclusion • THD varies between 0,36% and 0,68% • THD+N varies between 10,86% and 14,57% • SNR varies between 45dB and 51dB • Crosstalk varies between 0,9dB and 11,3dB Practical results related to crosstalk do not correlate with the simulation.
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Recommendations • Make use of new test records. • Make use of a 1000 Hz signal. • Make use of a longer track to be able to use more FFT points. • Make all measurements consecutively in a sound proof room. • Allow ARTA to determine crosstalk. • Determine whether the angle of the stylus changes during the measurement.
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Jade Heino, Mariska Scheele, Vera Schroën & Cynthia Verbruggen Optical inspection: searching for defects on stamper
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Optical inspection • Introduction; • Theoretical background; • Measuring methods and results;
• Observing the stamper under a microscope; • Reflection of a laser on the stamper;
• Discussion; • Conclusion; • Recommendations.
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Introduction
“Creating a measuring method to optically detect defects in a stamper.”
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Theoretical Background
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Observing the stamper under a microscope
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Method of measuring
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Results - Brightfield
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Results - Darkfield
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Results – Light bulb
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Results – Blue-filter
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Reflection of a laser on the stamper
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Method of Measuring
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Results
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Ceiling Wall
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Discussion, Conclusion & Recommendation
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Discussion Observation under a microscope;
• Curved stamper -> influence on image; • Light bulb / white light; • Brightfield > Darkfield; • Blue-filter for dust-detection.
The laser-reflection method;
• Self-made scratch is detectable, a defect is not.
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Conclusion
“Detecting defect optically with a microscope is the most promising”
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Recommendation Observation with a microscope:
• There is almost no distinction between dust/fingerprints/defects, make sure the stamper is clean;
• Turn-table mechanism
Reflection of a laser: • A pattern is visible, but not accurate enough; • Fourier transformation Third-year students.
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Thank you for listening