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Joint context analysis
TANZANIA
Final Report
JCA-NGA group for Tanzania
Oct 2015
Dislaimer/neutrality
The text of the JCA is meant to reflect the exchanges among organisations about their point of view
from a technical and operational perspective.
Specific viewpoints, based on the information in this context analysis, are only binding whenever it’s
explicitly referred to as an organisation’s viewpoint; hence they are no shared points of view for all
participating organisations.
Moreover, the information that is cited cannot be considered as a political or ideological judgment of
the organisations.
Legal base
This Joint Context Analysis of Tanzania leans on the law on Belgian Development cooperation
(19/03/2013 altered by the law of 09/01/2014) art 2- 6°/7 and the Royal Decree of April 24th 2014,
art 14 § 1 & 2.
The Law on Development Cooperation art. 2-6°/7 states: "The context analysis aimed at civil society,
the decentralised administrations and public institutions and the conditions which enable their
strengthening, prepared by several ANGC based on their own context analyses and similar exercises
conducted in the country or the region"
This Joint Context Analysis aims at an analysis of the context in Tanzania and of the opportunities to
collaborate for the non-governmental actors (NGAs) from 2017 until 2026. This document should
primarily be seen as an opportunity to identify possible ways of cooperation, complementarity and
synergy. This document is not a presentation of specific programmes or projects but a projection
excerise for the mid- to long-term.
If this document will be approved, this JCA will become an important reference for:
• The programmes that will be submitted to DGD, in which each specific objective will need to
demonstrate how it takes into account at least one JCA;
• A report on the implementation of the, in this document identified, opportunities for
complementarity and synergy, to be submitted in 2019;
• The allocation of DGD funding related to synergy initiatives.
Together the participating NGAs submit this JCA for approval to the Belgian minister of Development
Cooperation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. General process and structure description ........................................................................... 4
1.2. Concrete process flow & people involved ............................................................................ 6
1.3. Sources used ......................................................................................................................... 7
2. PROJECTS & PROGRAMMES (of the past five years) .................................................................. 8
2.1. Thematic geographical overview .......................................................................................... 8
2.2. Actor-specific list of objectives/target groups/intervention models .................................... 9
3. CURRENT SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION ............................. 17
3.1. Political context ................................................................................................................... 17
3.2. Economic context ................................................................................................................ 18
3.3. Social cultural context ......................................................................................................... 23
3.4. Environmental context ........................................................................................................ 30
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ................................................. 31
4.1. Local civil society ................................................................................................................. 31
4.2. Public authorities ................................................................................................................ 33
4.3. Financial partners ................................................................................................................ 36
5. ANALYSIS OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & THE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES................................................. 38
5.1. Civil society .......................................................................................................................... 38
5.2. Public authorities ................................................................................................................ 40
6. RELEVANT ACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................... 42
6.1 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 42
6.2 Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................................ 44
6.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 45
6.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 48
6.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 49
6.6 Human rights, governance& justice .................................................................................... 50
7. LOCAL PARTNERS FOR BELGIAN NON-STATE ACTORS ............................................................. 52
7.1 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 52
7.2 Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................................ 52
7.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 52
7.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 53
7.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 53
7.6 Human rights, governance,.. ............................................................................................... 53
8 AREAS OF FUTURE INTERVENTION ........................................................................................... 54
8.1 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 54
8.2 Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................................ 56
8.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 57
8.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 59
8.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 61
8.6 Human rights, governance& justice .................................................................................... 62
9 RISK- AND OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... 66
9.1 agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 66
9.2 Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................................ 67
9.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 68
9.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 69
9.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 70
9.6 Human rights, governance& justice .................................................................................... 72
10 POTENTIAL FOR SYNERGIES & COMPLEMENTARY WORK ........................................................ 74
10.1 Current collaborations ........................................................................................................ 74
10.2 Mapping of geographical intervention areas and collaborations ....................................... 74
10.3 Potential themes & approaches for cooperation................................................................ 76
10.4 Ideas and commitments of how to cooperate (~‘how’) ..................................................... 77
1. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 81
2. Detailed programme description (annex to chapter 2) ...................................................... 85
3. List of participating NGAs and contact information ............................................................ 94
4. Executive Summary in Dutch: Gezamenlijke Context Analyse ............................................ 96
1
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACIST Arusha Community Initiatives Support Trust
Aids Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ANSAF Agricultural Non-State Actors’ Forum
ASF Avocats Sans Frontières
BA Business Association
BAKITA (National Kiswahili Council)
BASATA National Arts Council
BDS Business Development Services
BTC Belgian Development Agency (formally Belgian Technical Cooperation)
CAMARTEC Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology
CBE College of Business Education
CCBRT Comprehensive Community-Based Rehabilitation in Tanzania
CCM (Revolutionary Party)
CCROs Certificates of Communal Rights of Occupancy
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
CET Common External Tariff
CHADEMA (A Party for Democracy and Development)
CHESO Children Education Society
CHRAGG Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
COMESA Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa
COSOTA Copyright Society of Tanzania
CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child
CSI Civil Society Index
CSO Civil Society Organisation
DADEP District Agriculture Development Plans
DAICO District Agriculture Irrigation and Cooperative Officer
DC District Commissioner
DEO District Educational Officers
DEZA Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
DFPA Department of Fine and Performing Arts of University of Dar es Salaam
DGD Belgian Directorate General for Development Cooperation
DREAM Drug Resource Enhancement against AIDS and Malnutrition
DSNEO District Special Needs Educational Officer
EAC East African Community
EAGC East African Grain Council
EALS East Africa Law Society
EC Echos Communication
EMA Environmental Management Act
ESDP Education Sector Development Programme
FA(s) Farmers Association(s)
Faida MaLi Faida Market Link
FBO Faith-Based Organisation
FDC Folk Development College
FF Family Farmer
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
FIDE Friends in Development
GA Grassroot Association
2
GDP Real Gross Domestic Product
GFS Gallapo Farmers SACCOs
GOT Government Of Tanzania
GVC Global Value Chains
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
ICPD Cairo Declaration on Population and Development
IDA International Development Association
IDP Iles de Paix
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPIS International Peace Information Service (IPIS Research)
KCMC Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre
KICORA Kigoma Community College by Radio
LCDO Longido Community Development Organisation
LD Louvain Coopération au Développement
LFTW Light For The World
LGAs Local Government Authorities
LHRC Legal and Human Rights Centre
MANET (Environment) Network – Tanzania
MDG Millennium Declaration and Development Goal
MdM BE Médecins du Monde Belgique
MKUKUTA (National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy)
MMH Miel Maya Honing
MNS Mlimani Ngarash SACCOs
MUCCOBS Moshi University College of Cooperatives and Business
MUVI (Rural Entrepreneurship Development Programme)
MVIWAMO (Network of Farmers’ Groups in Monduli district)
MVIWATA (Network of Farmers’ Groups in Tanzania)
MWEDO Maasai Women Development Organisation
NACP National Aids Control Programme
NEMEC National Environment Management Council
NFRA National Food Reserve Agency
NHRC National Human Rights Commission
NM-AIST Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology
NPRS National Poverty Reduction Strategies
OEA Oikos East Africa
ONGEA Oil, Natural Gases & Environmental Alliance
PACJA Pan African Climate Justice Alliance
PMCD Participatory Media for Community Development
PMO RALG Prime minister's Office Regional Administration & Local Government
PWC Pastoral Women’s Council
RA Regional Administration
REO Regional Education Officers
SACCOs Savings and Credit Cooperatives
SADAC Southern Africa Development Community
SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania
SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SIDO Small Industries Development Organisation
SME Small to Medium Enterprise
3
SSE Smale-Scale Entrepreneur
SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture
SYN4LED Synergy for Local Economic Development
SOS CV SOS Children’s Villages
TACAIDS Tanzanian Commission for Aids
TAHA Tanzanian Horticulture Association
TANAPA Tanzania National Parks Authority
TANLET Tanzania Legal Education Trust
TANTRADE Tanzania Trade Development Authority
TANU Tanganyika African National Union
TaSUBa Art and Culture Institution - Bagamoyo
TAWLA Tanzania Women Lawyers’ Association
TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards
TCCIA Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture
TEMDO Tanzania Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organisation
TEOSA Tanzania Edible Oils Associations
TIC Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC)
TIRDO Tanzania Industrial Research Development Organisation
TMF Tanzania Media Fund
TNRF Tanzania Natural Resource Forum
TNRI Tanzania Northern Rangeland initiative
TOSCI Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute
TPSF Tanzania Private Sector Foundation
TRA Tanzania Revenue Authorities,
TSB Tanzania Society for the Blind
TVETDP Technical and Vocational Education Development Programme
TWCC Tanzania Women Chamber of Commerce
TzTc Tanzania Theatre Centre
UCLGA United Cities and Local Governments of Africa
UCRT Ujamaa Community Resource Trust
UDSM University of Dar es Salaam
UN United Nations
UN-SC United Nations Security Council
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USD Untied States Dollars
VDB VIA Don Bosco
VECO Vredeseilanden
VETA Vocational Education and Training Authority
VICOBA Village Community Bank
VLIR-UOS Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad - Universitaire Ontwikkelingssamenwerking
VSF-B Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Belgium
VTC Vocational Training Centre
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene promotion
WEDAC Women Empowerment Development Agency Company
WLAC Women’s Legal Aid Centre
WMA Wildlife Management Area
ZIFF Zanzibar International Film Festival
4
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL PROCESS AND STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION
1.1.1. START OF THE JOINT CONTEXT ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA
Belgian non-governmental actors (NGAs) meet in Tanzania on a regular base with the aim being to
exchange information, share common concerns and consult with the Embassy of Belgium and the
Resident Representative of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC) on issues and themes related to
international development cooperation. At the beginning of February ’15, the NGA’s were informed
by their head quarters that a Joint Context Analysis for Tanzania had to be elaborated. Trias was
indicated as the lead agency for this exercise in Tanzania and 20 NGAs (see annex 3 list of all NGAs)
were interested in participating.
During the start-up meeting in Brussels on March 30th, the NGAs agreed on the template to be used,
the methodology, the way forward and identified 6 thematic areas and indicated a sub-lead agency
for each of the themes:
1. Education : Via Don Bosco
2. Health : Red Cross
3. Human Rights, Justice and Governance: Avocats Sans Frontières (ASF)
4. Entrepreneurship: Trias
5. Agriculture, incl. agro-forestry and Livestock: Trias
6. Environment: Trias
1.1.2. GATHERING INFORMATION
In the first phase of data collection, Trias elaborated formats in order to facilitate the data collection
and each NGA provided information related to their own activities and the activity sector. Trias also
collected global data and documents related to the political, social and economic situation of the
country, context analyses elaborated by other international donors and by Tanzanian civil society
organisations (CSOs).
By April 20th, 2 consultants from a local consultancy agency (Match Makers Association) were
recruited and started the elaboration of a first draft, gathering and consolidating primary inputs in
order to identify information lacking, elaborate research questions, locate relevant documents and
contact resource persons together with Trias.
1.1.3. CONSULTATIONS OF PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS
Several meetings took place in Brussels and in Arusha aiming to inform participating NGAs and gather
remarks and information, but mostly to identify areas & models of future interventions (Chapter 8)
and opportunities for synergies (Chapter 10)
• March 30th ’15: start of the exercise, methodology, time frame and division of tasks.
• June 2nd ’15: meeting in Tanzania with Belgian Embassy, BTC, representatives of NGA’s and
partners.
- Presentation of the main findings of the Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and
Agriculture (TCCIA)
- Overview of focus of Belgian bilateral cooperation and EU road map for CSOs
- Thematic mapping of collaboration
- Presentation & group work on the possibilities for synergies
• July 8th ’15: NGA meeting in Brussels identifying areas & models of future interventions
(Chapter 8) and opportunities for synergies (Chapter 10)
5
• August 27th ’15: Stakeholders meeting in Arusha where relevant actors from the local civil
society active in the themes discussed their points of view on the areas & models of future
interventions (Ch8) and opportunities for synergies (Ch10).
Several versions of the report were elaborated and the NGAs, their local representatives and their
partners had the opportunity to provide information, clarify their points of view and formulate
suggestions.
Partners and relevant stakeholders have participated in the meetings, delivered additional
information and were involved in the writing of the report at every stage of the process.
1.1.4. ELABORATION OF FINAL DRAFT
On July 22th, NGAs were invited to comment on the draft with the explicit request to consult their
partners in order to deliver final comments and suggestions.
The following people and institutions were actively involved, through meetings or written feedback,
in the elaboration of this document. This list doesn’t include international and local staff of NGAs:
Adolf R. Olomi TCCIA - Arusha
Damian James Sulumo MVIWATA - Arusha
Deo Baribwegure KICORA
Domina Maro KCMC Hospital
Henri van der Land MMA –LTD
Hildagard Okoth AgriProFocus
Jimmy Ebong MMA –LTD
Juma Bruno Ngomu EAGC Tanzania
Kartarina Mungure AgriProFocus
Linus Munishi NM-AIST
Luc Junior Content BFFS
Machemba DC TCCIA HQ Dar es Salaam
Mary R. Birdi Arusha African Film Festival
Mathias Lardinois BTC/Maisha Mora
Prof. Aurelia Kamuzora Mzumbe University
Revocatus Machunda NM-AIST
Celestine Kongor Via Don Bosco (VDB) Planning and Development Office
(PDO) Dar Es Salaam
John Msuha VDB PDO Dar Es Salaam
Rosemary Terry Njoki VDB PDO Dar Es Salaam
Oswald Manyerere VDB Job Placement Office (JPO) Dar Es Salaam
Edward Loure UCRT
1.1.5 Final list of NGA participants
A final list of the 19 NGA participants giving the name of the NGA, the name of contact person, e-mail
and physical address as well as information on whether the organisation is currently active and
physically present in Tanzania, or not, is given in Annex 3.
6
1.2. CONCRETE PROCESS FLOW & PEOPLE INVOLVED
Table 1: Concrete process flow JCA Tanzania
PHASE Period1 Activity
I. PREPARATION 1-11/2 Draft roadmap, internal task division, report template &
approaches
II. NGA
IDENTIFICATION
10-13/2 Checking & providing contact details & desired roles
III. INFO
COLLECTION_1
9-18/2 Preparing for efficient information collection (developing formats
+ own completion within Trias)
19/2-9/3 All NGAs provide information about past programmes/projects,
current partnerships, intentions & available info to LEADS
IV.
CONSOLIDATION_1
11-16/3 Consolidation of information
20-29/3 Validation by NGAs having provided information > feedback to
LEAD
V. DEFINING
ACTION PLAN
16-18/3 Summarise state of affairs & to do list + draft/suggestion task
division
18/3 Send state of affairs: communication with consolidated info from
mapping phase, to do list & suggestion for action plan / task
division to active NGAs
26-30/3 Agree upon what, who, when, how
a) Written feedback (20-29/3)
b) Meeting in with all NGAs, in Belgium (30/3)
7-10/4 Trias to draft and send meeting minutes with ppt used in meeting,
final report template, template for local partners to be consulted,
list of (sub-)themes, task division (with sub-leads & follower NGAs)
and info collection format no. 2 (for chapters 5, 8 & 9) to all
VI. INFO
COLLECTION_2
10/4-
18/4
ALL NGAs to provide inputs for the stakeholder analysis (chapters
5 & 6) & risk/opportunity assessment (9)
VII.
CONSOLIDATION_2
20-24/4 Trias to draft chapters 2-9 (general parts + Trias sub-themes) and
send draft as example to sub-lead NGAs (+ some methodological
guidelines)
25/4-8/5 Thematic sub-leads draft their parts: chapters: 5.x, 6.x, 8.x, 9.x (for
their themes) & send them to Trias before 8/5. Trias consolidates
all parts on 8/5 and sends it to all NGAs (8/5, afternoon).
9-15/5 All NGAs to give feedback on drafts Trias to Trias & thematic
subleads to thematic subleads. NGAs can, if they need to, also
consult local partners in this phase
16-21/5 Trias and sub-leads to integrate feedback in their drafts
> sub-leads send drafts with integrated feedback to Trias (for Trias
to integrate everything on 22/5)
VIII.
IDENTIFICATION
25-28/5 Trias to identify/highlight cooperation potential – based on info
collected in previous phases - and send ideas/draft overview to
actors involved (on 28/5)
1 Deadlines JCA process from the federation
7
PHASE Period1 Activity
COOPERATION
POTENTIAL
2/6 1 day synergy meeting in-country (NGAs + small selection of local
partners and/or stakeholders)
IX. DRAFT REPORT 3-16/6 Integrate outputs of phase 8 in report - thereby drafting the final
version
X. CONSULTATION
NGAs and
PARTNERS
8/07 1 day synergy meeting in Belgium, reflecting upon draft (and thus:
validating / enriching outputs from in-country synergy meeting)
22/07-
16/08
Second round of completion by NGAs & a selection of local
partners
XI.CONSULTATION
STAKEHOLDERS
27/08 1 day stakeholder consultation meeting in-country
(NGAs+stakeholders) to give feedback on the document
XII. FINALISATION 27-1/9 Including feedback/inputs from consultation phase
8/9 –
15/9
JCA document for final review to NGAs and Trias to integrate
feedback
8/9 –
18/9
JCA document on OneDrive for final review by federation and Trias
to integrate feedback
21-25/9 Spelling and consistency check
25/9 –
04/10
Document online in validation platform, NGAs to read and give a
YES or a NO
1.3. SOURCES USED
This sub-chapter aims to give an overview of the major sources that have been used for gathering
contextual information on Tanzania for the drafting of this JCA. Throughout the document (in
footnotes) or at the end (in annexes) references are made to the sources used.
First of all, it is important to mention that NGAs and their local partners have given their input based
on information available through their own programme and project documents as well as their own
context analyses, and the tactical and strategic plans of Belgian and Tanzanian NGAs.
Reference has been made to BTC and the Belgian Embassy by taking in account their Indicative
Development Cooperation Programme of Belgium with Tanzania, but also information retrieved from
meetings held with them.
Finally, key documents from the Tanzanian government’s websites and other bilateral and
multilateral donors have been consulted. Amongst others, the CSO-EU Roadmap has been an
important source as well as United Nations (UN) sources from different agencies (UN Commission on
Human Rights, UN Commission on the Status of Women, UN Commission on the Rights of the Child,
UNICEF, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO), United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)) and sources from other multilateral organizations as the
International Labor Organisation (ILO), World Bank, African Development Bank (AfDC), International
Monetary Fund (IMF), African Union or conferences held recently like the climate change conference
in Dar Es Salaam, May 7th-May 8th.
8
2. PROJECTS & PROGRAMMES (OF THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
2.1. THEMATIC GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW
THEME SUB-THEME NGAs
AGRICULTURE 311 Agriculture – general VSF-B, IDP, Trias,
VECO
31120 Agricultural development Trias
31130 Agricultural land resources Trias, VECO, VSF-
B, VLIR-UOS
31140 Agricultural water resources VECO, VLIR-UOS
31161 Food crop production Trias, VECO,
31162 Industrial crops/export crops VECO
31163 Livestock VSF-B, IDP, Trias
31193 Agricultural and financial services VSF-B,
31194 Agricultural co-operative VSF-B,
31195 Livestock/veterinary services VSF-B,
32162 Forest industries MMH
ENTREPRE-
NEURSHIP
240 Banking and financial services Trias
250 Business and other services Trias, IPIS
25010 Business support services and institutions VLIR-UOS
EDUCATION 110 Education – general Fracarita,
Africalia, VDB
111 Education, level unspecified Fracarita, IPIS
11110 Education policy and administrative
management
VDB
11120 Education facilities and training LFTW, VDB
11130 Teacher training LFTW, VDB
11220 Primary education LFTW
11230 Basic life skills for youth and adults LFTW, VDB
11240 Early childhood education LFTW
11320 Secondary education Fracarita, LFTW
11330 Vocational training Fracarita, LFTW,
VDB
114 Post-secondary education Fracarita
11430 Advanced technical and managerial training VLIR-UOS
HEALTH 120 Health VLIR-UOS, LFTW
12181 Medical education/training LFTW
12191 Medical services Viva Africa, LFTW,
Fracarita Belgium
12220 Basic Health care LFTW
12230 Basic Health Infrastructure LFTW
12250 Infectious Disease Control Viva Africa, LFTW
12261 Health Education Viva Africa
12281 Health personnel development Viva Africa
ENVIRONMENT 410 General environmental protection VLIR-UOS, Trias
41010 Environmental policy and administrative
management
VLIR-UOS, Trias,
IPIS
9
THEME SUB-THEME NGAs
HUMAN
RIGHTS,
GOVERNANCE &
JUSTICE
150 Government and civil society – general Trias, Echos
Communication,
IPIS
151 Government and civil society, general IPIS, Echos
Communication
(in the future)
15150 Democratic participation and civil society Trias, Echos
Communication
(in the future)
15130 Legal and judicial development ASF
15160 Human rights IPIS, ASF
160 Other social infrastructure and services Africalia
16010 Social/ welfare services Africalia, Fracarita
16061 Culture and recreation Africalia
52010 Food aid/Food security programmes VLIR-UOS
Zone Region NGAs
NATIONAL COVERAGE National Coverage IPIS, VLIR-UOS
CENTRAL Dodoma VDB, LFTW
COASTAL Dar es Salaam VDB, LFTW
Coast region LFTW, VECO
Morogoro LFTW
LAKE Mara region Viva Africa
NORTHERN Arusha region Trias, VSF, IDP, Viva
Africa, VECO, ASF,
LFTW
Manyara region Trias, VSF, IDP, VECO
Kilimanjaro region Trias, LFTW, VECO,
LFTW
Tanga region VLIR-UOS, LFTW
SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS Mbeya region VECO
Iringa region Trias, Viva Africa,
VDB
WESTERN Kigoma region Fracarita
Tabora Fracarita
ZANZIBAR Zanzibar Africalia
2.2. ACTOR-SPECIFIC LIST OF OBJECTIVES/TARGET GROUPS/INTERVENTION MODELS
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
Fracarita
Belgium
/ Improved mental health care
and orthopedagogic care in
Tanzania
2014-2016 Lake & lake
central
UNHCR,
Tanzanian
Ministry of
Ahadi – Preparation of
repatriation of Congolese
refugees
1997-2015 Kigoma region
10
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
Home Affairs
and World
Vision
Educational Resource Centre
(that belongs to Ahadi)
2004-2015 Kigoma region
Maendeleo Youth Centre 1997-2015 Kigoma region
Newman High School 1997-2015 Kihinga (Kigoma
region)
Ahadi Newman Institute of Social
Work
1998-2015 Kigoma region
Emmaüs Deaf
Centre in Gent –
Belgium
Rumonge Deaf Cooperative 1998-2015 Kigoma region
Sanganigwa B Children’s Home 1994-2015 Kigoma region
Bangwe Sheltered Home 2005-2015 Kigoma region
Fracarita
Tanzania, AHD,
Enforsa,
Rumonge Deaf
Cooperative,
Saint Cornelius
Mental Health
Center Kasaka,
Saint Dymphna
Psychiatric
Centre
Marumba
SYN4LED (Synergy for Local
Economic Development)
2014-2016 Kigoma region
LFTW / Integration of blind and visually
impaired children in Tanzania
2010-2017
CCBRT, KCMC No Specific Title; main
objective: Effective prevention
of blindness, restore sight, &
improved and sustainable
holistic eye care
2009-2016 Dar Es Salaam-
East-Coast
regions,
Kilimanjaro
region
TSB Inclusive education for children
with visual impairment.
Objective: Inclusive education
and socio-economic
2009-2016 Dar es Salaam,
Morogoro –
Dodoma
11
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
rehabilitation of people with
visual impairments
ASF EALS Support and protection for
lawyers and other human
rights defenders in the regions
of the African Great Lakes and
Eastern Africa. Main objective2:
Contribute to the protection of
human rights in the regions of
the African Great Lakes and
Eastern Africa
2011-2015 Arusha
IPIS A project to pilot learning and
capacity enhancement;
whereby IPIS can work at an
enhanced level with partners in
the global South
2014–2016 All over Tanzania
Trias Incomet,
MUCOBA
Support for the initiatives of
rural communities to improve
food security in Mufindi district
2009-2015 Mafinga district,
Malingali
division
PWC; LCDO;
TNRF; UCRT
Supporting food security and
livelihood security through
improved livestock and tourism
in pastoralist communities of
northern Tanzania.
2009-2015 Longido district,
Arusha region
MVIWAMO,
Faida MaLi,
WEDAC,
MVIWATA, FIDE,
ACIST, MNS, GFS
Local economic development
programme (DGD)
2011-2015 Arusha and
Manyara region
in northern
Tanzania.
MVIWATA
Arusha,
MVIWATA
Manyara, TCCIA
Arusha, TCCIA
Manyara,
Emboreet Dairy
Cooperative
Building assets: Empowerment
of family farmers (FF) and
small-scale entrepreneurs (SSE)
in Arusha and Manyara region
2014-2016 Arusha and
Manyara region
in northern
Tanzania.
MVIWATA Farmers’ Voice (EC). Objective:
To contribute to the
empowerment of smallholders’
participation in food security-
2013-2015 Monduli,
Simanjiro and
Hai districts,
2This project was implemented in Uganda but involved EALS, hence in a way, Tanzania also benefitted.
12
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
related policy processes in
Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
northern
Tanzania
MVIWATA,
UCRT, Honey
Guide
Foundation
Sustainable use of natural
resources and improved
livelihood programme for 5
villages located among the
Manyara-Longido-Lake Natron
livestock and wildlife migratory
route
2014-2016 Monduli sistrict,
northern
Tanzania
LCDO Improved food and income
security through a better use of
natural resources and drought
cycle management in Longido
district, Tanzania
2012-2013 Longido district,
northern
Tanzania
Africalia ZIFF + other
partners in
Kenya, Uganda,
Burkina Faso,
DRC and
Zimbabwe
Cinétoile. Objectives: Capacity
building and public awareness
towards African cinema and
the social development themes
they tackle within the
programme geographical
areas.
2008-2011 Zanzibar + other
African countries
VECO District councils,
TAHA, LOMIA
Development of smallholders
agricultural value chains for
poverty reducing, feeding the
nation
2014-2016 Moshi Rural,
Arusha and
Meru districts in
northern
Tanzania
The district
council, MUVI,
farmer
cooperatives,
VICOBA,
MVIWATA and
ANSAF
Agriculture/land management
project, with the objective:
Sustainable agricultural market
chains in cassava, preferably at
local and regional level, in
which organised FFs, male and
female, are successfully
influencing the trade
relationships and improving
their net income
2008-2013 Mkuranga
district, Coast
region
District council,
SUA, Water user
committees
Improved good governance
and sustainable use of natural
resources in Simanjiro-district,
Tanzania
2012-2013 Simanjiro
district,
northern
Tanzania
13
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
District councils
and Farmer
Associations
(FAs)
Land management and
sustainable water consumption
in Lower Moshi and Simanjiro
districts, Tanzania
2015-2016 Simanjiro and
Moshi districts,
northern
Tanzania
Dstrict councils,
TAHA, and
farmer groups
Social and economic
empowerment programme,
Simanjiro and Same districts,
Tanzania
2007-2011 Simanjiro and
Same districts,
northern
Tanzania
District councils,
TEOSA and FAs
Sustainable food security
programme, Chunya district
2010-2014 Chunya district,
southern
Highlands
VIVA Africa Sant’Egidio
ACAP (African
Census Analysis
Project)Tanzania
and Ministry of
Health
Drug Resource Enhancement
against AIDS and Malnutrition
(DREAM) in 3 districts of
Tanzania
2011-2015 Aarumeru, Iringa
Urban, Tarime
districts in
Norehtn and
Lake zones
respectively
Sant’Egidio
ACAP Tanzania
and Ministry of
Health
Improvement of retention in
care of Aids patients in 3
regions of Tanzania
2011-2015 Aarumeru, Iringa
Urban, Tarime
districts in
Norehtn, Lake
zones
Sant’Egidio
ACAP Tanzania
and Ministry of
Health
Improvement of access to care
treatment for people living
with Aids in 3 regions of
Tanzania
2011-2015 Aarumeru, Iringa
Urban, Tarime
districts in
Norehtn, Lake
zones
VLIR-UOS Mzumbe
University
Institutional University
Cooperation with Mzumbe
University (MU-T) (Pre-partner
programme and Phase I)
2012 - 2019 Morogoro
14
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
NM-AIST Institutional University
Cooperation with Nelson
Mandela African Institute of
Science and Technology (NM-
AIST) (Pre-partner programme
and Phase I)
2012 - 2019 Arusha
SUA Landscape-ecological
clarification of bubonic plague
distribution and outbreaks in
the West-Usambara
Mountains, Tanzania
2008 - 2014 Tanga
SUA Wildlife population ecology
and human-wildlife
interactions in and around
Saadani National Park
2008 - 2014 Pwani
SUA Spatial and temporal
prevalence of rodent-borne
zoonotic diseases affecting
public health in the Rift Valley
in Tanzania
2008 - 2013 Arusha
SUA Groundwater characterisation
of a coastal aquifer in Dar-es-
Salaam, Tanzania: Mapping
groundwater quality zones and
developing groundwater
management strategies
2009 - 2013 Dar es Salaam
University of
Dar es Salaam
Dissemination of the
sustainable wastewater
technology of constructed
wetlands in Tanzania
2011 - 2013 Dar es Salaam
Mzumbe
University
Close the Gap 2012 MU-T 2012 - 2014 Morogoro
NM-AIST Close the Gap 2012 NM-AIST 2012 - 2014 Arusha
Sebastian
Kolowa
University
College
Enhancing local natural
resource awareness and
developing tools for
participatory landuse and
landscape design in Lushoto
District, Tanzania
2012 - 2014 Tanga
15
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
Mzumbe
University
Virtualisation of information
and communication
technologies at Mzumbe
University
2014 - 2015 Morogoro
NM-AIST Strengthening of NM-AIST ICT
and library infrastructure
2014 - 2015 Arusha
Tanzannia Food
and Drugs
Authority
Developing effective strategies
for minimizing exposure of
fumonisins and aflatoxins in
maize based complementary
foods in Tanzania
2011 - 2015 Dar es Salaam
SUA Enhancing indigenous
knowledge on conservation
agriculture for poverty
alleviation and sustainable
livelihood in the Usambara
Mountains, Lushoto, Tanzania
2010 - 2014 Tanga
Dodoma
University
Increasing teaching and
research capacities on
geological processes, resources
and hazard management in the
northern Tanzania Volcanic
Zone (NTVZ)
2013 - 2015 Dodoma
Ardhi University Co-creating strategic eco-
tourism projects to promote
sustainable waterfront
development in Dar es Salaam
and Kigoma
2014 - 2016 Dar es Salaam /
Kigoma
Ardhi University Developing Effective Strategies
to Engage Private Sector and
Civil Society in Reduced
Emission from Forest
Degradation and Deforestation
interventions after Pilot
Projects Phase in Tanzania
2014 - 2016 Dar es Salaam
University of
Dar es Salaam
Improving the governance of
technology transfer from
South-South cooperation for
private sector development in
Tanzania
2014 - 2016 Dar es Salaam
16
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved
State University
of Zanzibar
International inTEnsive
Southern training proGRAmme
and network Development for
marine and lacustrine scientists
(InteGRADE)
2014 - 2016 Zanzibar
National
Institute for
Medical
Research
Joining efforts to detect and
control Plasmodium falciparum
resistance in East and Central
Africa
2014 - 2016 Arusha
Open University
of Tanzania
Tracing the status and impacts
of terrestrial contamination in
the coastal environments of
Tanzania
2014 - 2016 Coastal
SUA Improving livelihood through
control of viral diseases
affecting short cycle stocks.
2015 - 2019 Morogoro
Open University
of Tanzania
Enhancing equal opportunities
through participation of
families and schools in basic
skill formation.
2015 - 2019 Dar es Salaam
NM-AIST NSS 2013 UL - UWC - NM-AIST 2014 - 2015 Arusha
Mzumbe
University
NSS 2013 MU-T - UWC 2014 - 2016 Mzumbe
17
3. CURRENT SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL
SITUATION
3.1. POLITICAL CONTEXT
The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) led Tanzania to independence from colonial rule in
1961. The country was became a union between the mainland territory, Tanganyika, and the island of
Zanzibar in 1964, although the latter still maintains a semi-autonomous government and legislature.
Tanzania continues to maintain a peaceful existence in a turbulent post-independence period in the
region. Formed in 1977, following a merger of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and the
Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) has dominated the political landscape since its
inception.
In 1961, multi-party politics were abolished. In 1992, the country returned to multi-party democracy
as part of wide-ranging political and economic reforms. Since the return to political pluralism, the
number of parties participating in the political space has grown from 11 to 19, although only six of
these have been able to achieve representation in Parliament where they are considerably vocal on
issues such as transparency and accountability. While the opposing political parties have not been
successful in dislodging CCM from power, they have continued to encroach on its support base as seen
in the 2010 elections and recent by-elections. The most prominent opposition party, Chama cha
Demokrasia Na Maendeleo (CHADEMA), made significant strides in the 2010 elections, winning 44
seats in Parliament, up from five seats in the 2005 election.
In 2012, Tanzania embarked on a process to review and rewrite the country’s Constitution (from 1977).
The draft constitution was debated in Parliament in 2014 and a referendum on it was expected to take
place by April 2015. The country’s next general election will be on October 25th, this year (2015).
Although the new constitution was expected to be in place before the next general election, the
constitutional review process have gone slower than was expected and a new constitution may not be
in place by October 2015. The dominant issues during the constitutional reforms have included: the
structure of the union between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, the presidential powers, natural
resources management and political reforms such as the independence of the electoral commission,
greater representation for women and a provision for independent candidates to run for election.
Corruption is pervasive throughout Tanzanian society and is a serious problem across all sectors of
the economy. The corruption perception index measures the percieved levels of public sector
corruption in 175 countries. According to this index, in 2014, Tanzania scores 31 and ranks 119th out
of 175 countries.3
Table 1: Comparing Corruption in E.Africa
Country Scores Rank
Tanzania 31 119
Kenya 25 145
Uganda 26 142
Rwanda 49 55
Source: http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/infographic/compare
3 Transparency International (2014) Corruption Perceptions Index. Retrieved from
http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014
18
The most affected sectors are government procurement, land administration, taxation and customs.
Corruption is criminalised under the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act (PCCA), which
covers attempted corruption, extortion, passive and active bribery, money laundering and bribery of
a foreign official. A range of legislation covers other corruption offences, but anti-corruption laws are
applied inconsistently and are poorly enforced. Gift giving and the use of facilitation payments for
the purpose of inducing corrupt behavior are illegal under the PCCA. Petty corruption in dealings
with traffic, customs and immigration officers increases transaction costs for businesses, therefore
detering investment, and also reduces citizens’ trust and faith in the government and leadership.
According to a Civil Society Index (CSI) report4 Tanzania, civil society growth and development in the
country performed fairly well, but not strongly. Tanzania performed dismally in the sub-dimension of
breadth of civil society participation. Also, in the sub-dimension Level of Organisation, Tanzania ranked
low, i.e. self-regulation and participation in umbrella bodies.
In 1999, the Tanzanian President Benjamin Mkapa and his other counterparts from the partner states
signed the treaty creating the East African Community (EAC). This treaty set an end to a long struggle
for cooperation on the regional level. The political federation is the ultimate goal of EAC integration as
provided for under Article 5(2) of the Treaty and the EAC Development Strategy 2006-20105
interventions towards laying the foundation for the EAC Political Federation. At a special summit held
in Nairobi on August 27-29th 2004, the heads of state expressed concern at the slow pace of integration.
They resolved to examine ways of expediting the process so that the ultimate goal of a Political
Federation is achieved through a fast track mechanism.
The EAC is a regional intergovernmental organisation of the Republics of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, the
United Republic of Tanzania, and the Republic of Uganda, with its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania.
The 2011-2016 development stratregy of the EAC centres on deepening and accelerating integration.
The broad outline of this strategy encompasses priority projects and programmes to be implemented
by 2015/16. These centre on the consolidation of the customs union, common market, the
establishment of a monetary union and laying the foundations for the political federation plus the
promotion of solid and economic infrastructure (including energy) that would support and spur
economic growth in the partner states.
3.2. ECONOMIC CONTEXT
Tanzania is one of the world's poorest economies in terms of per capita income. According to 2014 CIA
factbook figures it ranks 204th out of 220 countries with a GDP of 1,900 USD.6 According to World Bank
figures from 2013, it ranks 154th out of 185 countries with a GDP of 2,443 USD.7
However, on the other hand Tanzania has achieved high growth rates, mainly based on gold production
and tourism. GDP growth 2009-14 was an impressive 6-7% per year. Tanzania has largely completed
its transition to a market economy, though the government retains a presence in sectors such as
telecommunications, banking, energy, and mining. The economy depends on agriculture, which
accounts for more than one quarter of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs about 80% of the
4 Civil Society Index (CSI) Project, (2011) Tanzania Country Report. 5 EAC (2007) Treaty Establishing the East African Community. Retrieved from
http://www.eac.int/treaty/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=163 6 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014) Country comparison GDP per capita (PPP). Retrieved from
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html 7 World Bank (2013) GDP per capita PPP (current international $). Retrieved from
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+
wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc
19
workforce. The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate
Tanzania's aging infrastructure, including rail and port that provide important trade links for inland
countries. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private sector growth and investment, and
the government has increased spending on agriculture to 7% of its budget. The financial sector in
Tanzania has expanded in recent years and foreign-owned banks account for about 48% of the banking
industry's total assets. Competition among foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant
improvements in the efficiency and quality of financial services, though interest rates are still relatively
high, reflecting high fraud risk.8 The service sector contributes by an annual average of 48% of GDP
(mainly influenced by tourism and the financial sector) compared to agriculture (26.6%), and industry
& construction (25.2%).9 Tourism is growing in importance and ranks as the second highest foreign
exchange earner after agriculture. Mineral production (gold, diamonds, tanzanite) has grown
significantly in the last decade.10 Tax revenue constitutes 12% of GDP11. This is considered low, which
partly explains the low levels of investments in provision of services such as education, health and
infrastructure.
According to the livestock sector development strategy (2010), the livestock industry contribution to
the agricultural GDP is about 13%, and contributed 3.8 % of the national GDP in 2010 compared to
4.0% in 2009. This is mainly due to low growth rates, high mortality rates, low reproductive rates and
poor quality of the final products from the industry. Modest improvement of these production
coefficients coupled with adding value through processing could significantly increase output and
income from the livestock industry. Tanzania has the third largest livestock population on the African
continent comprising 25 million cattle, 98% of which are indigenous breeds, complemented by 16.7
million goats, 8 million sheep, 2.4 million pigs, and 36 million chickens. More than 50% of Tanzanian
households are engaged in livestock production. Tanzania has outstanding natural resources for
livestock development including resilient livestock breeds, extensive rangelands and diverse natural
vegetation. Of 88.6 million hectares of land resources in the country, 60 million hectares are deemed
suitable for grazing. Despite these resources, the livestock sector is performing well below its potential.
The livestock activities contribute 7.4% to the country’s GDP. The annualised growth rate of the sector
is low at 2.2%. The growth for the large part reflects increase in livestock numbers rather than
productivity gains. The sector is severely constrained by low livestock reproductive rates, high
mortality and high disease prevalence.
In the medium term, growth will be supported by the ongoing investments in infrastructure. Also,
these medium-term growth projections are backed by continued investments in the recently
discovered natural gas reserves in Mtwara region and the expansion in public investments (including
the ongoing construction of USD 1.2 billion gas pipeline from Mtwara to Dar es Salaam), as well as the
related investments aimed at stabilising power generation in the country. The economy is projected
to grow by around 7% in 2015, driven by transport, communications, manufacturing and agriculture
and supported by public investment in infrastructure. The government is expected to maintain fiscal
consolidation aimed at expenditure and debt management, as well as a tight monetary policy to anchor
inflation.
8 CIA (2015) The World Factbook: Tanzania. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/geos/tz.html 9 CIA (2014)GDP composition by sector of origin. Retrieved frm https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/fields/2012.html#tz 10 Tanzania Invest (2014) Tanzania Economy Profile. Retrieved from
http://www.tanzaniainvest.com/economy/profiles/tanzania-economy 11 http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx consulted 20/5/2015
20
Table 2: Tanzania Macro Economic Indicators
2012 2013(e) 2014(p) 2015(p)
Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth 6.9 7 7.2 7
Consumer Price Index inflation 16 7.9 5.8 4.9
Budget balance % GDP -4.6 -5.8 -5.2 -4.9
Current account balance % GDP -14.2 -13.7 -15 -14.8
Source: African Economic Outlook, estimates (e) and projections (p) based on authors’ calculations.
Tanzania has continued to strengthen its fiscal position by embarking on fiscal consolidation measures
throughout 2012/13. Its financial system remains stable and sound, underscoring several years of
successful financial sector reforms. External debt grew to USD 13 billion in November 2013, an increase
of about 23% over the USD 10.6 billion recorded during the same period in the previous year. However,
despite such an increase in external borrowing, Tanzania’s external debt remains sustainable. Export
performance remained strong, largely driven by gold and services receipts, which account for a
combined share of about 44% of total exports. Low gold price is likely to affect future export
performance.
The Tanzania five-year development plan (2011-2015/16) presents an overview of socio-economic
performance and highlights the status of supporting infrastructures, human capital development and
good governance, which are necessary for economic growth and development.
Tanzania has a rich endowment of water, particularly water for energy production. Less water is used
to produce electricity, compared to water that runs into the seas unutilised. Water resources are not
fully utilised due to a lack of means and strategies to tap them. Conflicts over land between farmers
and pastoralists have been on the increase throughout the country. Deliberate efforts are neded to
enhance the management and restoration of the water sources in order to sustain the desired
pattern of growth and development. Land space is of significant importance for any development to
take place. Thus, issues of access and rights to use land for development purposes are critical to
address. Most land areas with potential require major infrastructural investment if investments in
such land are to become commercially viable and competitive. Although the Government owns all
land, the largest portion is under customary law and controlled by villagers. In 2010, land which was
surveyed and titled or designated for particular uses, was estimated to be about 10% of Tanzania’s
total land surface.
Tanzania has the lowest road density in the East Africa region (only 103m/km2), and only 7.4m/km2
are paved roads. Available statistics reveal that only 28% of the rural population is living within 2km
of an all-weather road. Trunk roads have approximately a total length of 12,786km. Of this, only
40.4% is paved. Over the past decade, the performance of the railways has declined substantially due
to inadequate investment in maintenance and rehabilitation. Tanzania has, since time immemorial,
stood the test of time as a crucial national and international trade gateway, with the country’s ports
playing a pivotal role. In total, the combined traffic handled at the three major seaports increased at
an average rate of 8% per annum over the 2003-2009 period. Air transport plays an important role in
the economy, particularly for the tourism sector and horticulture. However, the basic airport
infrastructure and facilities (e.g. runways, aprons, taxiways, buildings and fire tenders) for most of
the airports in Tanzania are generally in poor condition. Despite the crucial importance of energy for
the economy, the electricity supply in the country is not yet consistent with the strong determination
to achieve this outlined in the national energy policy. Intermittent power supply, low voltage,
frequent rationing, and outages are among the constraints on the production of goods and services
in the country. The main source of energy in Tanzania is biomass (wood and charcoal), which
accounts for about 85.5% of total energy consumption. More than 80% of energy derived from
21
biomass is consumed in rural areas.
Tanzania’s participation in global value chains remains low, mainly on account of its economic
structure. Industry accounts for about 25% of GDP, and the most important industrial sub-sectors are
manufacturing, whose share in GDP is around 10%, and construction, with a share of about 7.3% in
GDP. Tanzania continues to enjoy strong export growth and diversification from traditional markets
and products, but it remains significantly reliant on primary commodity exports. Tanzania has
continued to promote regional integration through tariff reduction.
In 2012/13, the Common External Tariff (CET) on electricity was reduced from 10% to 0%. This was
intended to reduce the cost of importing electricity into East African Community (EAC) member
states. The volume of trade between Tanzania and EAC partners has more than doubled, from USD
520 million in 2008 to about USD 1.2 billion in 2012.12
It is also worth noting that the regional integration is tending towards the merger of COMESA, SADAC
and EAC. In essence the integretion of these three blocks should provide opportunities for increaed
trade among the respective blocks.13
According to the citizen,14 although Tanzania’s exports to SADC increased, Tanzania still has a trade
deficit with its SADC partners. South Africa has bigger shares and gain from trading within SADC.
However, Tanzania has surpluses when trading with EAC, indicating that the future of Tanzania’s
trading within EAC is brighter that when trading within SADC. The challenge to attaining the full
common market status within EAC has been harmonising the laws that foster common markets.
Whereas gold remains the main item that Tanzania exports to South Africa, Tanzanian handicrafts
have found good market in South Africa. This is a promising development for entrepreneurship
interventions.
The main development challenge is that Tanzania’s growth is not sufficiently broad-based and poverty
levels still remain high. Despite high growth averaging 7% over the past decade, the recent household
budget survey results indicate that 28.2% of Tanzaniansare poor and still live below the poverty line of
USD 1.5 per day, and poverty remains more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. The income
gap continues to widen. The table below compares Gini coefficients of countries in the region.
Table 3: Gini coefficients for East African Countries
Countries 2011 2012
Tanzania - 37.8
Kenya - -
Uganda - 44.6
Rwanda 50.8 -
Source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI
Although there was no data for Kenya, incomes in Tanzania are better distributed than in Uganda or
Rwanda.
12 East African Community (2015) Statistics Portal: Publications/Reports. Retrieved from
http://www.eac.int/statistics/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=153 13 East African Community (2015) COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Framework: State of Play. Retrieved from
http://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&id=474&Itemid=68 14 The Citizen Reporter (2013 November 27) Trade Talk: Does Dar play nicely with SADC, EAC mates? The
Citizen. Retrieved from http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/How-Tanzania-ranks-as-member-in-both-Sadc--
EAC/-/1840360/2090084/-/1k54cpz/-/index.html
22
A 2012 World Bank report states that growth has been increasingly concentrated and it is generated
through a limited number of capital-intensive activities. In addition, growth has become increasingly
dependent on government spending rather than on private investment and job creation. And despite
the economy's growth, poverty remains prevalent and stagnant. According to the report, Tanzania
must leverage its remarkable macroeconomic stability to achieve more inclusive growth. This can be
achieved by integrating rural households, constituting approximately two thirds of the total population
and 80 percent of the poor, into the country's growth processes.
The same report claims that three factors can contribute to more inclusive growth.
1) Agricultural commercialisation,
2) Diversification toward high-value products and off-farm activities,
3) Migration toward urban centres.15
In the National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (MKUKUTA II), the government commits itself
to promoting private sector participation including small and medium enterprises (SMEs)16. A number
of measures, including prioritisation of agro-processing and promotion of SMEs, are expected to
ensure competitiveness of products from the manufacturing sector in the domestic & regional markets
(p46 of MKUKUTA II). In MKUKUTA II, one operational target states: “Growth of manufacturing sector
in real terms increased from 8.0% [of GDP] in 2009 to 15% by 2015; contribution of SMEs [to GDP]
increased from 33% to 40% in 2015.”17
Among the core priorities that Tanzania identified in its five-year NDP (2011/2012-2015/2016) are:
infrastructure, agriculture, industry, human capital development, social services and tourism, trade
and financial services. Based on the situational analyses and on research analyses conducted through
several informative studies, the plan prioritises removing the following crucial constraints on
Tanzania’s accelerated economic growth and development: lack of a reliable and adequate supply of
electricity; poor quality of infrastructure, especially transport network, and in particular rural feeder
roads, railways and sea ports; inadequate supply of skilled labour; limited access to secure land rights;
implications of climate change amidst scarce irrigation facilities; limited domestic value addition of
primary products; and lack of access to finance, especially for SMEs and in the agriculture sector.18
There is an SME Development Policy from 2003. However, this is now somewhat outdated (see Honest
Ngowi, p 24, The Citizen of 14th, 21st and 28th March 2015). The changes in context, the SME sector,
monetary values mentioned and further policy context are not considered [in the SME development
policy].
Tanzanian labour and employment policies are critical both for formal SSEs and informal ones, since
they may potentially be sanctioned. Policies at national and local levels which are important for SSEs
have made progress, but their policy environment is still rather disabling. An essentially foreign and
imported regulatory and administrative framework is not well adapted to the capacities,
15 World Bank (2012) Tanzania Economic Update Spreading the Wings: From Growth to Shared Prosperity.
Africa Region Report, Issue 2 October 2012. 16 Olomi, Donath (2007) Unleashing entrepreneurial potentials of the poor in Tanzania: Prospects, challenges
and way forward. Mimeo, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Retrieved from
http://web.undp.org/legalempowerment/reports/National%20Consultation%20Reports/Country%20Files/24_T
anzania/24_6_Entrepreneurship.pdf 17 At the same time the overall target for this goal is: “GDP growth accelerated from 6.0% in 2009 to 8–10% per
annum by 2015 especially in areas where the poor have strong links.” 18 United Republic of Tanzania (2012) The Tanzania Five-Year Development Plan 2011/12-2015/16: Unleashing
Tanzania’s Latent Growth Potentials. Retrieved from
http://www.mipango.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3&Itemid=45
23
characteristics and needs of indigenous SSEs; also, “there are weaknesses in the enforcement of laws
and regulations in terms of administrative bureaucracy, laxity and corruption”19. Particularly the
licensing and tax regimes are unduly burdensome and are impossible to comply with for SSEs. The
result is a huge informal sector.
Though issues of poor access to credit, infrastructure, as well as poor taxation practices have been
addressed in policies, their implementation is still not at a level where these bottlenecks have been
eased substantially. Tanzania’s Cooperative Development Policy, 1997 and 2002 regulates cooperative
lending to SMEs. However, “the regulation for micro-enterprise lenders is insufficient – that is, a lack
of meaningful oversight over cooperative lending structures may be leading to a system wrought with
poor or even abusive habits.”
3.3. SOCIAL CULTURAL CONTEXT
The last official census recording the population of Tanzania occurred in 2012 and showed there were
44.93 million people living in the country. Of this total population, 1.3 million reside on the islands of
Zanzibar. This equates to a population density of 123 people per square mile. The population is now
estimated at over 51 million, as Tanzania has one of the highest birth rates in the world and more than
44% of the population is under the age of 15. The total fertility rate is 5.01 children born per woman,
which is the 18th highest of any country. About 80% of the population lives in rural areas. Dar es
Salaam, the economic capital, is Africa’s fastest growing city. The region’s total population, currently
4,364,541, is expected to expand by more than 85% through 2025 and could reach 21.4 million people
by 2052.20 Tanzania has a very low median age with more than 44.8% of the population under 15 years
of age, 52% between 15 and 64, and just 3.1% over the age of 64. The country also has an incredibly
diverse population with more than 120 ethnic groups, differing in customary practices and lifestyles,
which sometimes pose a threat to peace and stability. For instance, pastoral communities (e.g. Masai
and Sukuma tribes) can get into disagreements with communities whose livelihoods depend on crop
production.
Tanzania’s human capital development has not been adequate to meet the growing development
challenges and to enable the search for solutions to the development problems the country faces.
Although the country is still ranked low in human development, HDI have been improving over the
years, from 0.353 in 1990 to 0.488 in 2014. Tanzania’s Human Development Index ranked 159 in
2014.21 In 2013, the country had a HDI index of 0.476, life expectancy of 58.9 years, mean years of
schooling of 5.1 and expected years of schooling was 9.1 (UNDP, 2013). Other development
indicators are summarised in the table below.
19 Olomi, Donath (2007) Unleashing entrepreneurial potentials of the poor in Tanzania: Prospects, challenges
and way forward. Mimeo, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Page 8. Retrieved from
http://web.undp.org/legalempowerment/reports/National%20Consultation%20Reports/Country%20Files/24_T
anzania/24_6_Entrepreneurship.pdf 20 African Development Bank (2014) Tracing Africa’s Progress in Figures. Retrieved from
http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Tracking_Africa%E2%80%99s_Progress
_in_Figures.pdf 21 UNDP (2013) Human Development Reports: Human Development Index. Retrieved from
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi-table
24
Table 422,23: Summary of key socio-economic indicators
Description Indicator
GNI coefficient per capita (Atlas method) − 860 US$ (2013)
Income share held by lowest 20% − 7 (2012)
School enrollment, primary (%gross) − 90 (2013)
School enrollment, secondary (%gross) − 33 (2013 and decreased compared to 2012)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary
education (%)
− 101 (2013)
% of population with access to improved water
source
− 53 (2012)
% of population with access to improved
sanitation facilities
− 12 (2012)
Internet users (per 100 people) − 4 (2013)
Gross enrollment ratio for tertiary (% of
population of tertiary school age)
− 4 (2013)
Expenditure on education (% of GDP) − 6,18 (2013)
Pupil-teacher ratio : − 46 (2013)
The main determinant of the quality of human capital is its education and skill level. A study led by
POPC found that the overall skill level picture of Tanzania is rather bleak, with only 3% of the Tanzanian
working population being classified as high-skilled, while the majority of the working population (84%)
is low-skilled. This calls for an enhanced public and private investment in training infrastructure to
facilitate the development of efficient, qualified and dynamic human capital that responds adequately
to domestic and global labour and market demands. Increased investment in higher educational
facilities and vocational education facilities will be undertaken during the next five years to supply this
much needed skill base to fuel future economic growth. Operational objectives for education and skills
development are: create a conducive environment for teaching and learning; train an adequate
number of teachers and instructors; increase enrolment and retention at every education level and
develop the skills necessary to implement the interventions in the priority sectors. One of the
indicators is for example; to have 635,000 VETA-qualified workers by 2015.24 Clearly, the intentions of
the government are positive but budgetary constraints limit the achievement of results.
The importance of Higher Education and specifically the link between support to higher education &
development has been illustrated before. The Global Innovation Index 2014 for example shows a
positive correlation between a country’s development stage and the percentage of the population that
has completed higher education. A World Bank study from 2007 also shows that investments in higher
education positively contribute to economic growth. A positive link between research capacity and
development has also been recognised. New knowledge through research is a crucial factor in being
able to find solutions to local and global challenges25.
22 http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx 23 UNDP (n.d.) Tanzania (United Republic of): Human Development Indicators and Reports. Retrieved from
http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/TZA 24 United Republic of Tanzania (2012) The Tanzania Five-Year Development Plan 2011/12-2015/16: Unleashing
Tanzania’s Latent Growth Potentials. Retrieved from
http://www.mipango.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3&Itemid=45 25 Brodén , V.G.(2012). Aiding research capacity for development: tensions and dilemmas. International Journal
of Contemporary Sociology, (49), 1. Brodén , V.G. (2015) Aiding Science. An analysis of Swedish research aid
policy 1973 – 2008-. Development Dissertation Brief. Expertgruppen för Biståndsanalys (EBA) World Bank.
(2007). The Road Not Traveled Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa. MENA Development
Report, Washington, D.C., World Bank.
25
Although primary school attendance stands at 80%, secondary school attendance is very low at 25%.26
While the global gender gap for education has shrunk over the past decade, girls are still the first to
suffer from the shortage of secondary school places in sub-Saharan Africa.27 The gender gap seems to
widen with increasing levels of education: while there are 70 girls for every 100 boys who complete
primary school in Tanzania, that ratio drops to 48 girls for every 100 boys for lower secondary, and just
37 girls for every 100 boys for upper secondary. Furthermore child labour remains prevalent, sectors
widely affected are agriculture, pastoralism and especially the mining sector (artisanal mining) which
has a bad reputation in terms of child labour with children working up to 18 hours with little or no
pay.28
The challenges to the education sector include the following: low enrolment into science, engineering
and technological subjects relative to other disciplines; inadequate use of ICT and other modern
technology in training institutions; changing structure of labour markets and changes in technology in
all sectors; inadequate skills, competence, creativity, and competitiveness in the labour markets;
inadequate learning and teaching facilities at all levels of education; inadequate number of teachers
and instructors in training institutions and inadequate number of technical colleges in the country.
There are also a number of opportunities including; existence of specialised institutions and schools
for science and technology, and the possibility of forging new PPP arrangements in order to establish
and manage those learning institutions and operationalisation of the East Africa Common Market
which provides free movement of labour, particularly skilled labour.
The overall unemployment rate is estimated at about 14.9% and is more pronounced amongst the
youth; 60% of the unemployed are aged between 15 and 35 years old. In addition, there is significant
underemployment in both farm and non-farm activities. Also, seasonal unemployment is a
characteristic of the rural areas, with slacks during the dry season, and labour shortages during the
planting and weeding season. Macro-economic interventions stipulated in the national development
plan to counter youth unemployment include: empower youth for sustainable and decent self-
employment, mainstream youth employment across all potential fast-growing and employment-
creating sectors and promote meaningful youth involvement and participation to enhance good
governance and values acceptance.
According to the Tanzanian five-year development plan (2011/12-2015/16), progress in health has
been made, as measured through the evolution of life expectancy. Life expectancy has increased from
an average of 51 years in 2002 to 54 years in 2008 and to 59 years in 2010, mainly due to declines in
adult and child mortality. The three main causes of death among adults are malaria, HIV/AIDS and
tuberculosis, and the main causes among children below five years are malaria, pneumonia and
anaemia. While child mortality in Tanzania continues to decline rapidly, neonatal mortality is declining
at slower pace and is becoming more prominent, with now almost one-third of child deaths occurring
in the first month of life.29 The national maternal mortality decline is slow and well-off MDG5 pace.
Also the maternal mortality ratio for births within institutions is not declining. Deliveries in health
26 UNICEF (n.d.) Country Statistics: Tanzania. Retrieved from http://data.unicef.org/countries/tza 27 World Economic Forum (2013) The Global Gender Gap report. Retrieved from
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf 28 SOS-kinderdorf international Status of Children in Tanzania (2008) Child rights based analysis of children
without parental care or at risk of loosing parental care, p. 3,10,12,13,25,26,27 29 Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, United Republic of Tanzania, Ifakara Health Institute, National Institute
for Medical Research and WHO (2013) Midterm Analytical Review Of Performance Of The Health Sector
Strategic Plan III. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/country_monitoring_evaluation/TZ_AnalyticalReport_2013.pdf
26
facilities and deliveries with a skilled birth attendant are increasing gradually but considerably slower
than in neighbouring countries.
HIV and AIDS continue to be a national challenge The national prevalence amongst the sexually
active population (between 15 and 49 years of age) was 5.1% in 2013.30 Although Tanzania has
continued to record progress in health outcomes, challenges still remain. These are: insufficient
mechanisms and methods for care and rehabilitative treatment services at all levels; insufficient
resources to facilitate the construction and rehabilitation of health facilities at all levels; inadequate
housing and low incentives for public health workers; inadequate health personnel (medical doctors,
nurses and paramedical graduates, laboratory technicians) According to the HRHIS, there are 5.4
people per 10,000 doctors and nurses/midwives in Tanzania mainland and 7.2 per 10,000 if Assistant
Medical Officers (AMOs) and clinical officers are also included; inadequate health tools and
equipment at all levels; inadequate pharmaceuticals and drugs for curative and preventive measures;
inadequate health information systems to facilitate efficient health planning and programmes;
inadequate resources/finances to improve the health systems and services; and inadequate disease
prevention and control. While the total health expenditure has doubled since 2003, to 13% of total
expenditure, the dependency on foreign donors is still very high.
According to national statistics 5.4 million (13%) people have some kind of disability.31 Surveys show
that 7.8% of the population above the age of six has an active disability. About 13% of Tanzanian
households have at least one member who is disabled. Of all disabilities, visual impairment is most
prevalent with nearly 850,000 people having difficulties seeing.32 In general, prevalence of disabilities
is higher in rural areas and increases with age. Only 4 out of 10 children with a disability between 7
and 13 are enrolled in primary education. For children above 15 years, only 5% are attending school
and 1% higher education. There are 16 special schools in Tanzania and 159 special units integrated in
normal schools.
The 1977 Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (Articles 12 and 13) guarantees equality
between men and women and supports their full participation in social, economic and political life.
Gender equality and women’s empowerment also forms a major component of the National Poverty
Reduction Strategies (MKUKUTA II on the mainland and MKUZA II in Zanzibar) under the goals on
governance, education and health.
In addition to national strategies, Tanzania has ratified the following international commitments to
women’s rights: (i) United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW) (1979); (ii) Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952); (iii) Beijing
Declaration and the Beijing Platform for Action (1995) on women’s economic and political
empowerment, education and training; (iv) Cairo Declaration on Population and Development - ICPD
(1994); (v), Millennium Declaration and Development Goals (MDGs), including MDG 3 on gender
equality and women’s empowerment; (vi) Universal Declaration on Democracy (1997); (vii) United
Nations Security Council (UN-SC) Resolution 1325 (2000) and Resolution 1820 (2006) on gender
equality, protection and participation of women in conflict resolutions, peacemaking and state-
30 Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC), National Bureau of Statistics
(NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF International (2013), Tanzania HIV/AIDS and
Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12: Key Finding. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: TACAIDS, ZAC, NBS, OCGS, and ICF
International. 31 Tanzania Federation of Disabled Peoples Organisations (2015) Disability Movement in Tanzania Status.
Retrieved from http://shivyawata.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Disability-Movement-In-Tanzania-and-
Status.pdf 32 National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012) Basic Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile – Key Findings.
Retrieved from http://nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/census2012/Basic_Demographic_and_Socio-
Economic_Profile_PopularVersion-KeyFindings_2012_PHC_EnglishVersion.pdf
27
building. Despite these commitments, challenges for gender equality remain in Tanzania. The country
ranks 125th out of 155 countries on the Gender-related Development Index for 2009. According to
the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Report from 2013, Tanzania ranked 66th in 2010 and 2013.
The position of Tanzania only improved to 46th in 2012. Uganda, Burundi, Malawi and Mozambique
improved to higher ranks as is portrayed in the table below.
Table 5: Comparison of gender gap using global gender gap index
Country 2010 rank 2011 rank 2012 rank 2013 rank
Tanzania 66 59 46 66
Uganda 33 29 28 46
Burundi - 24 24 22
Malawi 68 65 36 39
Mozambique 22 26 23 26
Source: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf
The 2013 Gender Empowerment Measure puts Tanzania at 66th place out of the 134 countries
measured. And while Tanzania is on track to reach the MDG target on gender, high dropout rates for
girls, and gender parity in secondary and tertiary education remain a concern. In addition, maternal
mortality remains high and the burden of HIV is still heavy, with higher infection rates in women than
men. Women also face challenges in economic empowerment and access to decision-making at all
levels and there are many laws and customary practices that remain discriminatory against women.
Women continue to be more likely than men to be poor and illiterate, to be subject to gender-based
violence and usually have less access than men to medical care, property ownership, credit, training
and employment.
Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, in this case it subscribes to the United Nations Charter
signed on 26 June 1945 and came into force on 24 October 1945. Tanzania also adopted the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. The Tanzania government has gone as far as recognising
the principles of UDHR in the United Republic of Tanzania’s constitution. Article 9: f of the 1977
Constitution provides that the State and its organs are obliged to direct policies and programmes to
ensure, among other things, that the respect of a human being is protected and preserved in
accordance with the principles of the UDHR. The UDHR was followed by two international human
rights covenants; namely: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The covenants were
adopted in 1966 and came into force in 1976, the year Tanzania ratified both documents. Civil and
political rights guaranteed by the Constitution include: the right to life, freedom from torture,
equality before the law, freedom of worship, assembly, association and the right to take part in the
government.
Notwithstanding the bill of rights and the ratification of the international human rights instruments,
there are various challenges in the area of political and human rights. The 2013 human rights report
shows that there was no protection of most of the rights. The right to life is affected by laws as well
as by practice. The Tanzanian Penal Code of under section 197 imposes the death penalty for capital
offences; murder and treason. Although in practice Tanzania has not carried out the punishment for
over 18 years, still it is retained in the law and there are people who have been found guilty and
sentenced to death (THRR, 2014).
The right to life is also curtailed by other means and the appropriate and necessary measures to
protect citizens have not always been taken. People have lost their lives through extrajudicial killings,
mob violence, killings related to witchcraft beliefs, violence against women and by road accidents. In
2012, the police force reported that approximately 1,234 people died from mob killings, and 630
28
people were killed due to witchcraft beliefs. Most of these are old women. There is a trend of killing
people with albinism which left 71 dead. Reports show road accidents are the second biggest threat
to life in Tanzania after malaria. Since 2012, an average of 4,000 people have lost their lives due to
road accidents (THRR, 2014).
The right to own property is an economic right, which is not enjoyed by many Tanzanians. The
Constitution provides for the right in a very broad manner, which does not make it easy for an
individual to claim that right. There have been practices of aggressive evictions in the name of paving
way for investments. In 2012, for example, 50 families were forcefully evicted from their homes to
give way to protected areas in Misungwi, Bugata and Mwabulungu villages. The situation was the
same in Madale where about 350 houses were demolished. This demolition occurred while there was
a case pending in court. There are groups of people who can be termed vulnerable due to various
factors such as inequalities existing to opportunities. The group identified as vulnerable includes
women, children, people with disabilities, the aged and indigenous groups. Women’s rights are
affected by the same customs and traditions, which discriminate against them in matters of
inheritance, property ownership as well as gender-based violence. Children are victims of rape,
sexual assault, child labour and general exploitation. People with disabilities suffer due to lack of
universal access in public buildings, lack of education, employment and health services (THRR, 2014).
In terms of children’s rights, Tanzania is bound by the provisions of the African Charter on the Rights
and Welfare of the Child and has ratified the Covnention on the Rights of the Child, Convention 182
on the Elimination of all Forms of Worst Child Labour. However, challenges remain. For example, SOS
Villages states that less than 1 out of 10 vulnerable children is receiving any kind of support.
According to UNICEF, malnutrition and stunting of children is slowly declining but is still very high at
34.8%.33 The number of children that are orphaned reaches in some regions (e.g. Iringa) up to 20%,
with high averages of around 10% in the whole country. Legally, a child is defined as under the age of
12 years old, while a young person is between 12 and 16 years. This means that a child of 12 years
old can be criminally responbsible for an offence. Another important issue is that of forced or early
marriage. According to the Marriage Act, No 5 of 1971, the age requirement for marriage is 18 years
for a male and 15 years for a female child. A girl of 15 years is not required to give her consent to
marry. Although little empirical data exists on the sexual abuse of children, it is widely perceived that
it may be increasing as a result of AIDS sufferers’ attempts to ‘cleanse’ themselves and because of
the breakdown of traditional childcare systems. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS, 2010)
One report mentions that 3 in 10 young women have experienced physical violence, while 16% have
experienced sexual violence.
Next to women and children, youth in general constitutes a vulnerable group in society. 65% of the
population is made up of young people under 24 years old. Youth have less access to resources and
are more likely to be unemployed. It is estimated that every year 700,000 fresh graduates from
various levels of education hit the job market while the current job market can absorb only 200,000
of these graduates.34 Promoting employment is a national priority. However, given the limitations of
the formal sector to absorb the increasing number of labour market entrants, great emphasis is put
on enterprise development, including cooperatives. However, the informal sector possesses the
danger of a lack of good working conditions and social security. The ILO stresses the importance of
decent work and has the following three priorities:
− Extend social protection for all
− Promote the creation of productive employment
33 UNICEF (n.d.) Country Statistics: Tanzania. Retrieved from http://data.unicef.org/countries/tza 34 Jitegemee Vijana Tanzania Foundation
29
− Improved compliance with labour standards and rights at work35
Tanzania has, for a long time, understood the crucial role of culture in national development, unity and
prosperity. Government departments and CSOs alike seem inspired by this common vision. Tanzania
is one of the most diverse countries in Africa as is reflected in the fact that there are more than 158
local languages spoken in the country. Swahili is the national language that is widely spoken and is
commonly used in administration and in business. Despite the tremendous cultural and linguistic
diversity among Tanzanians, ethnic groups are united by the use of a common language - Swahiliand a
sense of national identity. Although English is one of the official languages, the government has
recently adopted Kiswahili as a language of instruction in schools.
The Cultural Policy of Tanzania (Sera Ya Utamaduni)36, inaugurated by the Ministry of Education and
Culture in September 1997, attests to the importance of culture to the government and society. The
culture policy emphasises the educational and tourist values of old heritage and uses culture to serve
social development. Radio and television are required to devote airspace to Tanzanian productions
and music.
Culture brings with it traditions in the form of beliefs, and structures the ways in which people act.
Having acknowledged the role of culture in the life of its citizens, the government of Tanzania
established a number of organisations to oversee culture including promoting and maintaining through
training, organising festivals and exchange programmes. Some examples of such government
organisations include: (i) National Swahili Council (Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa - BAKITA), an
organisation under the Ministry of Information, Youth, Culture and Sports, established to promote the
development and usage of the Swahili language throughout the United Republic of Tanzania; (ii)Taasisi
ya Sanaa na Utamaduni Bagamoyo (TaSUBa), a government training institution under the Ministry of
Information, Youth, Culture and Sports, which offers training in dance, drama, music, fine arts and
stage technology; (iii) the National Arts Council (BASATA), established to streamline promotion of the
arts through a single council and to include theatre arts in the promotion of culture.
The functions of the Council include: to revive and promote the development and production of artistic
works; carrying out research on the development, production and marketing of artistic
works; providing advisory services and technical assistance for the development of artistic
enterprises; planning and co-ordinating artistic activities. Others are to advise the government on all
matters relating to the development and production of artistic works; providing and promoting
training programmes and facilities; undertaking the production, importation, exportation and sale of
artistic works and preparing regulations for registration of people and organisations involved in the
arts. The National Arts Council has many partners that work closely with the council, among them are
government and non-government organisations and other stakeholders involved in the arts and
culture. The partners include The Department of Fine and Performing Arts of University of Dar es
Salaam (DFPA); Taasisi ya Sanaa na Utamaduni Bagamoyo (TaSUBa), The Dar es Salaam Museum and
House of Culture, The Copyright Society of Tanzania (COSOTA) and Tanzania Theatre Centre (TzTC).
Besides the richness of its natural resources such as wildlife and water bodies such as the ocean, lakes
& rivers and minerals, Tanzania is well endowed with abundant significant cultural and natural
heritage, which include archaeological, palaeontogical and historical resources ranging from the
Pliocene period about four million years ago to the present time. Tanzania, like other countries in the
world, is legally protecting its cultural heritage and has established cultural heritage legislation.
35 ILO (2013) Tanzania Decent Work Country Programme 2013-2016. Retrieved from
http://www.ilo.org/addisababa/information-resources/publications/WCMS_248019/lang--en/index.htm 36 Ministry of Education and Culture (1997) Cultural Policy. Retrieved from
http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/culturalpolicy.pdf
30
3.4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
Preservation of the rich ecological base of Tanzania and mitigating and adapting to the impact of
climate change are of prime importance in ensuring sustainable growth. Tanzania is already
experiencing a gradual increase in extreme weather conditions with higher frequencies and more
prolonged periods of flooding and drought as a consequence of climate change. The costs from
draught are expected to be as high as 2% of GDP by 2030, and owing to rising sea level a loss of 274
km² of land is forecast.37
A majority of Tanzanians live off the land; what grows from its soil, and the species that roam it.
Tanzania has a wide variety of natural resources, such as gold, diamond, iron, coal, nickel, tanzanite,
uranium, oil and natural gas. But the extraction of these resources put the environment under
pressure. Today, a host of problems are hindering environmentally sustainable development in the
country, whether on land or at sea. Key environmental problems in Tanzania include: illegal and
unsustainable deforestation; overgrazing and unsustainable range management; pollution; and illegal
and unsustainable wildlife and natural resource exploitation (Mniwasa and Shauri, 2001).38 Tanzanian
rangelands are under the dual pressure of over-exploitation and land conversion. The expansion of
human and livestock populations, coupled with high rates of land conversion and degradation, has
resulted in heightened community tensions and conflict in several areas. Only 2% (1.28 million ha) of
the land deemed suitable for grazing is currently protected within village land use plans. The key
challenge for Tanzania is therefore ensuring that economic development does not compromise the
environment and the sustainability of resources. Production and consumption patterns are
increasingly becoming unsustainable and much of the forests and other terrestrial and marine habitats
have been decimated due to population pressure and unplanned development.
Reliance on charcoal as the major source of energy for most households and a lack of alternatives are
the major cause of deforestation and degradation of the environment. Although there are policies
and laws prohibiting deforestation, these policies will not be effective to prevent deforestation
without the availability of alternative sources of energy. Also, overgrazing by most pastoral
communities causes soil erosion and degradation.
The UN is assisting in the mainstreaming of environment and climate change adaptation to include it
in national development strategies and plans. Emphasis is on key sector ministries, departments,
agencies and local government authorities. Support is also going to improving the enforcement of
environment laws; protecting critical ecosystems for biodiversity conservation; disaster risk
management; conservation agriculture and sustainable management of natural resources. The focus
is on capacity building, the development of effective policies and strengthening the institutional
framework for environment and climate change governance.
The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) came into being in 1983 when the
Government of Tanzania enacted the National Environment Management Act No. 19 of 1983. NEMC
was established with a broad mandate in response to the national need for such an institution to
oversee environmental management issues and also implement the resolutions of the Stockholm
conference (1972), which called upon all nations to establish and strengthen national environmental
councils to advise governments and the international community on environmental issues. The
object and purpose of NEMC is to carry out enforcement, ensure compliance, review and monitor
environmental impact assessment.
37 United Republic of Tanzania President’s Office Planning Commission (2012) Tanzania Five-Year Development
Plan 2011/12-2015/16: Unleashing Tanzania’s Latent Growth Potentials. Retrived from
http://www.mipango.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3&Itemid=45 38http://www.leat.or.tz/publications/decentralization/index.php
31
The enactment of Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 (EMA, 2004) by Parliament in
October 2004 repealed the National Environmental Management Act No.19 of 1983 and re-
established NEMC. EMA 2004 provides for a legal and institutional framework for the sustainable
management of the environment, the prevention and control of pollution, waste management,
environmental quality standards, public participation, and environmental compliance and
enforcement. Furthermore, it gives NEMC mandates to undertake enforcement, compliance, review
and monitoring of environmental impacts assessments, as well as research, facilitate public
participation in environmental decision-making, raise environmental awareness and collect and
disseminate environmental information.
Environment will be treated in the next chapter as a separate, even though it will also be taken up in
a transversal way.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
4.1. LOCAL CIVIL SOCIETY
Civil society is commonly seen as a “third sector”, which is distinct from government and
business. Civil society refers essentially to “intermediary institutions” such as professional
associations, religious groups, and labour unions; citizen advocacy organisations that give a voice
to various sector of society and enrich public participation in democracies.
In this document, sub-categories of CSOs include grass roots/community-based organisations,
NGOs (local and international), other non-profit organisations (e.g. member-based organisations
and associations), providers of health care and business associations as well as knowledge
institutions. This document categorise the CSOs as: grass roots or community-based
organisations, local and international NGOs, member-based organisations and associations,
business asociations, religious groups and knowledge institutions.
Since the 1980s and early 1990s, a wide range of social and political reforms were introduced. The
main reason for these reforms is to ultimately change the centralist system of governance in order to
allow greater participation of civil society in governance through their collective power.
The reforms collectively laid the ground for a rise of CSO and increased activities. Currently, there are
opportunities which collectively act as a driver for civil society to play a big role in helping the
government to alleviate poverty in the country. A number of reform policies are now in place to
encourage them. The CSO have continued to uphold and advocate for the principles of accountability
and responsibility, introduced by the public sector reforms. As per the National Strategy for Growth
and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA), CSOs are key actors in poverty reduction. Their roles and
responsibilities include: building local capacity and evaluation at national and community level;
mobilising and enhancing community participation; and mobilising community resources for poverty
reduction.
The current drive for partnerships in development served to improve the environment within which
CSOs operate. The establishment of partnerships between CSOs and government agencies,
multilateral organisations and private companies is becoming one of the most effective ways to
achieve sustainable development. CSOs also help improve development effectiveness and stimulate
transparency and sound government by holding governments and policy makers publicly accountable
for their policies and actions. While CSOs do have reasonable political power and influence in
thematic and geographical areas where they work, CSOs are still regulated by the state and hence
they have reasonable limits of power and influence. The civil society cannot act beyond the
mandates for which they are registered.
32
Grass roots associations’ (GAs) roles and impact include: fostering social support and mutual
assistance, stimulation and self-expression, happiness and health, sociopolitical activation, and other
economic outcomes. GAs often create positive change, enable continuing citizen participation in
democracy and a viable "civil society," provide varied services to non-members, help maintain
societal cohesion, and can help in disaster mitigation and management. GAs also help support the
economic system and stimulate programme volunteering and philanthropic giving. Cumulatively, GAs
have a very substantial effect on society and on the lives of its citizens. Examples of GAs, which the
NGA’s worked with, include; Foundation Help, Children Education Society (CHESO), Hakimandini ,
Tanzania Human Rights Defenders Coalition, Mazingira Network – Tanzania (MANET), Oil, Natural
Gases & Environmental Alliance (ONGEA) and Participatory Media for Community Development
(PMCD).
In Tanzanian, NGO coordination is done under the Ministry of Community Development, Gender and
Children. The National NGO Coordination body categorises NGOs under 13 sub-groups, which vary
from agriculture to social services. The National NGO board was formed under Non-Governmental
Organisations Act Number 24 of 2002. This act provides for, among other things, administration and
coordination of NGOs, procedure for registration of NGOs and accountability and self-regulation of
NGOs. NGOs can be local or international. Some examples of NGOs that the ANGCs have worked with
include; Legal and Human Rights Center (LHRC), Ujamaa Community Resource Trust (UCRT),
Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation in Tanzania (CCBRT), Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre (KCMC), Longido Community Development Organization (LCDO) and Oikos East Africa (OEA).
Member-based organisations (MBOs) include cooperatives and mutual societies. An MBO is an
organisation that has a grass roots basis of individual and/or group members and is governed in a
democratic way by these members. The members either pay a membership fee to the organisation
to receive services or to be represented in policy development, or have shares in a cooperative or
credit institution. In Tanzania MBOs are present at different levels; some network MBOs (e.g.
MVIWATA, TCCIA) are represented at national, regional, district and local (ward and village) level.
Other MBOs are only present at local level (e.g. cooperatives, SACCOs etc). Ideally MBOs are well
placed to represent the interest of their members and can have an impact on policy making.
Due to past government interference in cooperatives, cooperatives are not popular in Tanzania and
are therefore very weak. There are a number of MBOs, e.g. Tanzania Horticulture Association (TAHA)
and Network of Farmers’ Groups in Tanzania (MVIWATA), which are working well and are benefiting
members.
Activities of religious groups or faith-based organisations (FBOs) in Tanzania date back to the times of
missionary activity. FBOs in Tanzania are identified according to two broad categories:
religious organisations that establish offices and programmes primarily concerned with social
development issues (such as NGOs) and religious bodies that are technically registered as NGOs but
the primary interest of which is the promotion of a particular faith and religious teaching. All in all,
FBOs exemplify a relatively stable organisational structure, usually operating from a national apex
down to communities at local level. Their autonomy is guaranteed to some extend by the freedom of
worship that Tanzania enjoys, albeit within certain government designed parameters. Religious
organisations play an important role in the provision of education. An example of a religious group
with which the ANGCs work is the Salesians of Don Bosco providing education.39
39 Civicus (2011) Civil Society Index (CSI) Project, Tanzania Country Report 2011. Retrieved from
http://civicus.org/downloads/CSI/Tanzania.pdf
33
A business association (BA) or sector association is an organisation founded and funded by
businesses that operate in a specific industry. BAs in Tanzania include, but are not limited to:
Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF), Tanzania Women Chamber of Commerce (TWCC),
Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture (TCCIA) and business associations for
microfinance entities in Tanzania. BAs can be useful partners in improving the business environment
by: representing the obstacles that members face, disseminating information and channeling
feedback and initiating industry standards. Sufficient examples exist of effective partnerships of BAs
with the relevant authorities, which demonstrate the role of BAs as vital in strengthening the private
sector. It is argued that the more effective their advocacy work, the more effectively also they can
work with authorities to improve the enabling environment for businesses.
The EU country roadmap for civil society points out some weaknesses of civil society in Tanzania.
Although at a national level there are quite some strong organisations (such as policy forum, TANGO,
Haki Elimu, Hakikazi Catalyst, etc ... ), at a local level civil society remains quite weak and needs
strengthening. Some of the main weaknesses mentioned are a lack of local accountability, lack of
skills, lack of research capacity, policy analysis skills and problems concerning governance and
leadership.
In terms of advocacy, the NGO Act restricts CSOs to advocacy directly related to poverty reduction.
They can only serve the "public interest" defined as "providing for and improving the standard of
living or eradication of poverty of a given group of people or the public at large". Although this law is
not enforced strictly, it does give the government the power to intervene when they consider certain
advocacy activities inappropriate or ‘political’.40
The EU roadmap identified 3 main priorities regarding CSOs:
− Enhance efforts to promote a conducive environment for CSOs in Tanzania
− Promote a meaningful and structured participation of CSOs in domestic policies, in EU/BE
programming cycle and in international processes
− Increase local CSOs’ capacity to perform their roles as independent development actors
more effectively.
4.2. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Tanzania is made up of two formerly independent countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which united
in 1964 to form a new nation of Tanzania. The two halves of the country have evolved somewhat
differently and have different systems of local government. Nonetheless, public authorities include:
the central government, regional governments, local governments, independent government
departments and agencies, and knowledge institutions (most often public universities).
The central government consists of 17 ministries. The president, in consultation with the prime
minister appoints all ministers. Prospective ministers must be members of parliament. The president,
in consultation with the prime minister, is also responsible for the appointment of the deputy
ministers, and can appoint any number of deputy ministers required to assist the ministers. The
highest-ranking civil service employee in each ministry is entitled permanent secretary.
Besides the central government, Tanzania consists of 26 regions and 127 districts. A regional
commissioner heads the regional secretariat and below the regional commissioner is the regional
administrative secretary, a technical person heading about 9 departments (for example,
administration and human resources, finance and accounts, internal audit, procurement
40 The United Republic of Tanzania (2014) EU country roadmap for engagement with civil society, 2014-2017,
p.16,17,18,19, 29-30
34
management unit, planning and coordination, social sector, economic and productive sector,
infrastructure, and LGAs management services section). The District Commissioners also report to
the regional administrative secretary. The Regional Administration Act, Number 19 of 1997 makes
provision for restructuring Regional Administration (RA) for purposes of ‘strengthening and
promoting the local government system’. District councils and local governments are elected. The
district is headed by a District Commissioner (DC) and below the DC is the district administrative
secretary. Divisional officers report to the district administrative secretary. Some independent
government departments and agencies, such as Tanzania Revenue Authorities, Tanzania Bureau of
Standards (TBS) etc. are often attached to specific ministries. Although education is a mandate of the
mother ministry, government universities are run independently. Some training centres (e.g. colleges
and training institutes) belong to ministries responsible for the type of trainings these universities
provide.
Overall, Tanzania has undertaken various public sector reforms since independence in 1961.
According to the government, the aim of these reforms was to enhance a shift from the state-
centred management approach to market economy and to reorganise the government by changing
its past practice of directly involving itself in the management of the economy to that of regulating
the economy, supervising the market, managing the social affairs and providing efficient public
services. The reforms also aimed to create a new public administrative system and structures
featuring standard legalised behaviour, coordinated operations, fairness, transparency, honesty and
high efficiency for improved public social service delivery, management and hence promote
sustainable economic growth. These reforms kept on changing the agenda, based on the
circumstance at hand and the goal to be achieved with those reforms. In general, public sector
reforms aiming at improving service delivery have had many positive results, albeit with some
challenges.
A number of policies relevant to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) exist, for example
the SME policy of 2002 and the Trade policy of 2003, the sustainable industries development policy,
agricultural marketing policy and the Enterprise Wide Risk Management Policy. In addition, there are
a number of parastatals and government programmes to support SMEs also in the livestock sector,
for example Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO), Tanzania Industrial Research
Development Organisation (TIRDO), Tanzania Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organisation
(TEMDO), Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology (CAMARTEC) and the Tanzania
Investment Centre (TIC). These also include: Tanzania Trade Development Authority (TANTRADE),
College of Business Education (CBE) and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS). SIDO has run the MUVI
programme for a number of years; it is still to be seen whether there will be a follow up project
addressing processing issues in the livestock products processing sector. It also has a number of
strategies; especially relevant is the integrated industrial development strategy.
At the national level, the Ministry of Industry and Trade is responsible for trade and business
development issues. Its role is to create a conducive business environment. This level is responsible
for all issues with regard to policy. At the regional level, the regional trade officer is responsible for
breaking down national policies to fit to the regional level. He/she is also responsible for the
communication between ministry and district. Everything that should reach district level emanating
from the national level goes through this person, and the other way around.
At district level, the district trade officer is responsible. Normally, he has a supporting team of 1 to 2
people. These supporting staff are also trade officers. We will work most closely together with the
district level. The national and regional level will be important for integrating any appropriate
learning into new policy suggestions, but not so much at implementation level.
Business development falls squarely in the responsibilities of the district, the main person in charge
35
in this regard is the district trade officer. He/she links with other district officers as necessary, for
example with the DALDO (District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer) when there are
issues relating to linking producers with markets or other issues of agricultural development and
trade, or with the livestock officer when there are issues of business environment or business with
regard to livestock. Some of the roles of the district trade officer can be described as follows:
• Supports the business, trade and commerce activities in the district, in line with the national
laws and policies
• Promotes business growth, e.g. to facilitate market linkages
• Support, e.g. in search for raw materials for privately-owned factories working in the district
• Links businesses with financial institutions issuing affordable loans
• Guides businesses that are required to be insured with regard to insurance
• Issues business licenses
• Ensures that the national laws and policies are implemented.
For agriculture, the most relevant ministries are the Ministry of Agriculture, Marketing and
Cooperatives and the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development. Food Security falls under the
Prime Minister’s Office. Agriculture is one of the most decentralised themes of the government.
NGOs can also act as an auxiliary organ to the government. This is the case for the Tanzania Red Cross
Society, for example, as it plays a specific voluntary humanitarian role, both during
disasters/emergencies and in peacetime.
The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training includes the directorate of Higher Education. The
Higher Education handbook, dated April 2010, lists the names of 32 public and private universities, but
by October 2011, this number grew to 40, being:
- 12 Public Universities (of which 9 are full fledged universities and 3 are university colleges):
Sokoine University of Agriculture, University of Dar es Salaam, Muhimbili (MUHAS); Ardhi
University, Mzumbe University, Dodoma University, Open University of Tanzania, Nelson
Mandele African Institute for Science and Technology (NM-AIST), State University of
Zanzibar (SUZA), Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business studies
(MUCCoBS), Dar es Salaam College of Education (DUCE) and Mkwawa University college of
education (MUCE)
- 28 Private universities (of which 15 are full fledged and 13 are university colleges).
University colleges do not have a full fledged administrative structure. Universities are increasing in
numbers, not only because universities are newly constructed, but also because departments or
colleges break away from existing universities, to continue as universities on their own.
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) is a parastatal organization under the
Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology and responsible for the National Research and
Development Policy. It is entrusted with the responsibility of coordinating and promoting science and
technology development activities in Tanzania. It is the principal advisor to the government on science
and technology. One of COSTECH’s strategies is the Multi Helix approach, in which public and private
sectors, academia; NGO’s CBO’s and FBO’s collaborate to make research more relevant and applied.
The Tanzanian government and the Wolrd Bank allocate funds to research and development and those
funds are managed by COSTECH.
At national level, the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) is responsible for
providing education in Tanzania. Its mission is to develop and implement education policies which
provide an equal opportunity to quality education for all Tanzanians and ensure development of a
36
productive, high-quality human resource base through education and training.41 Its vision is to create
a literate society with well-grounded ethical values and adequate social, scientific and technical
knowledge and skills for the betterment of the nation. Within the Ministry, the Technical and
Vocational Education Training Division is responsible for providing quality technical and vocational
education and training.
At national and zonal level (several regions together), the Vocational Education and Training
Authority (VETA) was established in 1994 under the Vocational Education and Training Act No.1. It is
an autonomous government agency charged with the overall responsibility for coordinating,
regulating, financing, providing, and promoting vocational education and training. VETA is also
responsible for assessment (examinations) and awarding of certificates. Moreover, VETA carries out
other activities like labour market surveys, curriculum development with the aim to effect technical
education in the country, and ensuring that training remains relevant to meet both market and
employers’ demands. In the zonal offices, there is a VETA regional director, a Vocational Training
Centre (VTC) coordinator and a labour market officer.
The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Mission is committed to facilitating the provision of basic
health services that are high-quality, equitable, accessible, affordable, sustainable and gender-
sensitive. Their vision is to have a healthy society with improved social well-being that will contribute
effectively to individual and national development.
Tanzania Prime Minister's Office Regional Administration & Local Government (PMO RALG) is
responsible for the functioning of the local governments. The main function of PMO-RALG is to
enable Local Government Authorities (LGAs) to provide quality services to the people within their
jurisdiction (including health and Educational facilities).
4.3. FINANCIAL PARTNERS
General budget support remains the government’s preferred and most predictable aid modality URT
(2013). There are three aid modalities in Tanzania: (i) general budget support as the most preferred
mode since it is consistent with the government’s legal framework and processes (ii) basket funds
and (iii) direct project funds.
In 2004, the Development Partners Group (DPG) was established to work with the Government of
Tanzania and other domestic stakeholders to strengthen development partnerships and the
effectiveness of development cooperation. DPG comprises a number of development agencies
providing assistance to Tanzania which includes 17 bilateral cooperation agencies (Belgium, Finland,
Ireland, Korea, Spain, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, USA, Denmark, Germany,
Japan, Norway, Switzerland), and 5 multilateral agencies (World Bank, UN, European Commission,
AfDB and IMF).
Development partners who are currently engaged in budget support are Canada, Denmark, Finland,
Germany, Ireland, Japan, Sweden, UK, AfDB, European Union, and World Bank. The group is currently
41 Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (2015) Website of the Ministry of Education and Vocational
Training. Retrieved from www.moe.go.tz
37
chaired by the Embassy of Finland.42 The largest aid contributors to Tanzania are the World Bank,
USA, UK and EU.43
The approach to aid management in Tanzania is guided by the Joint Assistance Strategy (JAST) and
takes into account the international principles of aid effectiveness. The main focus of JAST is to
promote national ownership and government leadership in development cooperation through joint
actions that seek to enhance the impact of development effectiveness.44
According to this United Republic of Tanzania article45, the general budget support funds 40% of the
Tanzanian budget and the budget support payments have remained relatively stable for the past four
years. Between 2005/06 and 2011/12, 14 development partners collectively provided almost US$5
billion in budget support to Tanzania. The primary contribution of budget support has been in the
form of increased funding.46
For the financial year 2014/15, development partners have made commitments to pay USD 559
million (approximately TZS 904 billion) in budget support.47
42 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Budget Support in Tanzania webpage. Retrieved from
http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/index.php?id=34 43 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Aid Management Platform Reports webpage. Retrieved from
http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/aid-effectiveness/aid-management-platform.html 44 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Strengthening Aid Effectiveness in Tanzania webpage. Retrieved
from http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/dpg-tanzania.html 45 Policy Forum and KEPA Tanzania (2012) General Budget Support: Are donors abandoning Tanzania?
Retrieved from http://www.policyforum-tz.org/sites/default/files/DonorMoneyinthebudget.pdf 46 ITAD (2013) Evaluation of budget support in Tanzania. Retrieved from
http://www.itad.com/projects/evaluation-of-budget-support-in-tanzania-2/#sthash.GBdmq2eK.dpuf 47 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Budget Support Donors Commit USD 559 million for FY 2014/15
webpage. Retrieved from http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/sector-groups/other-
groups/httpwwwtzdpgortzbudgetsupport/events.html
38
5. ANALYSIS OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & THE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
5.1. CIVIL SOCIETY
Within the theme of agriculture and entrepreneurship, it is observable that whereas local NGOs tend
to posses good knowledge of specific fields in development, the intervention approaches of local
NGOs are sometimes lacking. The boards are often not strong and may get overruled by technical
staff. Local NGOs are not often present in isolated areas. On the other hand, international NGOs are
often well connected and therefore present opportunities to leverage project/programme financing
from a number of sources. In addition, there are opportunities for collaboration and creation of
synergies on best practices to foster more effective development. Member-based organisations truly
represent the members’ interests but the board can be incompetent. In general it is noted that MBOs
and NGOs working around agriculture are more experienced and have better knowledge about their
theme than organisations working in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is, in many cases, just
treated as a cross-cutting topic and not as a main intervention.
Within the theme of education, local NGOs have good knowledge and experience in specific fields in
development. However, the skills of staff of local NGOs are often limited or lacking. International
NGOs are often more exposed to trends in international development. Public and private universities
do have specialised and qualified staff but lack experience in working together through platforms.
Religious groups are often part of a strong international network but have outdated infrastructure
and equipments. Also, there are many cultural operators, working in a wide range of disciplines but
cultural operators often lack finances and capacity/skills and sometines lack structural approaches to
issues.
When it comes to higher education, developing countries like Tanzania are often trapped in a vicious
circle, where economic development fails to provide sufficient incentives for their young to pursue
higher education, and without enough skilled people, these economies will not be able to move up to
a higher development level. Developing nations have a better chance of catching up with more
advanced economies when they have:
- A stock of labour with the necessary skills (through performant higher education)
- The ability to develop new technologies themselves or to adopt and use foreign technology
extension of research for development relevance (e.g. linking research to public policy)
Higher education institutes are considered as drivers of change in this matter. They can be
strengthened through different approaches:
- Individual capacity building: individuals (academics, members of civil society, government,
private sector) strengthened through scholarships: short term, master, PhD, etc.). This type of
capacity building has a direct impact on the individual, and contributes to diverse development
challenges. The capacity is strengthened through the higher education sector, but can impact
any sector (e.g. biodiversity, economy, aquaculture, health, etc.)
- Theme-based departmental capacity building: Departments of higher education institutions
strengthened through a range of activities: research training and development, coaching,
peer-to-peer learning, technical support, curricula development, equipment, etc. This
strengthens the research and/or teaching capacity and contributes to diverse development
challenges of the partner country. This impact can occur in sectors like Environment, Health,
Food Security and Entrepreneurship.
39
- Institutional capacity building: Higher education institutions strengthened as part of a long
term partnership in diverse areas through activities such as advisory services, research
projects, curricula development, peer-to-peer learning, equipment, coaching, etc. This results
in a profound improvement of education and/or research capacity (and extension of research)
and will significantly contribute to development challenges of the partner country. This impact
can occur in sectors like Environment, Health, Food Security and Entrepreneurship.
- Multi-actor capacity building: Different higher education institutions (in one or more
countries) strengthened through one initiative: e.g. support to ICT systems in a range of
institutions (crosscutting) to improve research and education capacities; supporting a network
or platform of higher education institutions to stimulate exchange and innovation; etc. This
multi-actor capacity development contributes to diverse development challenges and can thus
impact multiple sectors like Environment, Health, Food Security and Entrepreneurship.
In health, Tanzania Red Cross Society has a network of nationwide volunteers and strong
mobilisation mechanisms. However, volunteers have limited technical capacity and there are also
limited internal control mechanisms. Local CBOs, health community groups, village development
communities and water user groups have strong ownership which generates sustainability. However,
they often have low technical capacities and occasionally, commitment. While eyecare services are
being provided at all levels of health care delivery systems, the reviews found that eyecare in the
country is inadequate, due to limited infrastructure, scarcity of skills and ineffective coordination of
eyecare services.
Within the theme of environment, international NGOs are very present in the northern zone and in
many cases they have acces to a wide donor community, strong communication skills and good
scientific analysis of the context. However, these international NGOs tend to focus more on wildlife
and conservation and less on economic development around conservation areas. Within the themes
of human rights, governance and justice, local NGOs provide a good and solid foundation for the
promotion of human rights as they sometimes enhance access to justice. However, the local NGOs
often lack funding and their skills are inadequate. Professional associations are active in the human
rights sector through provision of legal aid. However, there is very little coordination of the work of
professional associations and that of NGOs and there is very little promotion of pro bono services.
In the field of human rights, governance and justice, local NGOs provide a good and solid foundation
for the promotion of human rights; They contribute to access to justice through basic legal aid
services (though not in all sectors nor regions). However, they lack funding and training. Also their
advocacy efforts are very limited by contextual barriers. Local NGOs need capacity building for
evidence-based advocacy. Local NGOs need their capacities built in order to deal with the
government’s restrictions on freedom of the press and association; limited freedom of peaceful
assembly and expression and the authoritarian character of the government. Whereas professional
association are active in the human rights sector, through solid legal aid coordination for instance;
professional associations do very little coordination and collaboration with local NGOs; suffer funding
issues and hence undertake very weak promotion of their pro bono services. However, professional
associations are open to partnership for strengthening their capacities. International NGOs offer
essential support to CSOs but have very limited presence in the country and have limited access to
international funding compared to the needs. Association of local authorities of Tanzania has a long
tradition of giving regular advice to and lobbying the parliament in order to have the constitution
applied and also to make decentralisation more effective. However, the range of services they
provide to their members is still limited and supplementary services would strengthen the federation
and cohesion of its members. Projects run by the local association can benefit from national
40
diffusion. Spreading the lessons and modalities of similar projects can be guaranteed if projects have
in-built mechanisms for scaling out or replication.
5.2. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Within the theme of agriculture, local governments have the regulatory and decicion-making power
and are getting allocated more budget through the decentralised approach. However, local
governments are still underfunded and are not always efficient. Staff from the regional governments
tend to have better technical knowledge and have big roles in monitoring progress. However,
regional governments tend to have little ability to intervene if things are not progressing well in the
districts.
On the theme of entrepreneurship, the national government has a number of policies relevant to
MSMEs. Examples of existing policies include: the SME policy of 2002 and the Trade policy of 2003,
the sustainable industries development policy, Agricultural marketing policy and the Enterprise Wide
Risk Management Policy. However, most policies remain at a higher-level and have not filtered
through to lower levels. Linking such national level policies with national chamber of commerce is
relevant as the national chambers are best suited for change or adaptation of national trade-related
policies. The local level governments have trade officers who are responsible for follow up. Also,
there are 1 to 2 staff members coordinating issues related to cooperatives and BDS in the district,
and the district level is more accessible than national level, which can make it possible to create
positive change at a decentralised level. However, local governments are not adequately funded and
lack comprehensive business strategies. Use of round tables can help to develop district business
development strategies. Linkages of trade officers with chambers of commerce and identification
and development of potential clusters in the district are interventions envisaged to enhance
entrepreneurship at local levels.
Some interesting parastatals are promoting entrepreneurship and business development, namely:
Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO), Tanzania Industrial Research Development
Organisation (TIRDO). Tanzania Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organisation (TEMDO),
Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology (CAMARTEC) and the Tanzania
Investment Centre (TIC) do exists. Furthermore, Tanzania Trade Development Authority (TANTRADE),
College of Business Education (CBE), Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) are also promoting
entrepreneurship and business development. However, many parastatals have limited contact with
the business community. Also, level of integration of parastatals with knowledge institutes is quite
low, which hampers innovation. Low levels of trust exist between entrepreneurs and the parastatals.
Lastly, some parastatals are underfunded. A good intervention approach is to strengthen linkages
between knowledge institutes and entrepreneur MBOs. Potential leverage between government
funding and other sources of funding should be explored.
In education, the national government recognises that investment in education in general, including
higher education as well as vocational and technical education is vital if the country is to improve its
economic and social status. However, too many ministries, departments and agencies are involved in
vocational and technical education, making facilitation of vocational training a highly bureaucratic
process. Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA) and Folk Development Colleges (FDCs)
are run thrugh a decentralised structure, whereby regional boards are established to coordinate
vocational training in the regions. However, learning programmes and exams are not adapted to the
needs of the most vulnerable young people and VETA and FDCs have low capacities to meet the ever-
increasing demand for vocational education and training. Some organisations express worry about a
policy proposal to have secondary education in Swahili instead of English. The fear is that this policy
could alienate Tanzania further from one of the world’s most important business language.
41
On the topic of health, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is the source for policies, strategies and
procedures in the WASH sector. The ministry has limited capacity and resources to provide data and
information, technical expertise and hardware support. There is also inadequate management of
water resources. Specialised and regional/district hospitals, dispensaries and training institutions
provide inadequate eyecare services at all levels of health care delivery services.
Within the theme of environment, the national government is actively participating in climate change
conferences and there does exist an environmental legal framework, which provides for the
participation in making policies for climate change. However, there is limited low-level research and
data collection to justify the case for advocacy in climate change. The parastatal organisations (e.g.
Tanzania National Parks Authority - TANAPA) have a strong and guaranteed source of income from
park fees and have clear interests in protecting the environment. However, parastatals do not always
involve surrounding communities in conservation efforts. Furthermore, the lack of an enforcement
mechanism at decentralised level leads to high levels of poaching (a recent study in Science48
identified Tanzania as the single most important source of elephant tusk exports from Africa),
deforestation (for agriculture or charcoal), depletion of marine resources and destruction of coral
reefs by dynamite fishing.
Within the themes of human rights and governance, the Ministry of Constitutionnal Affairs and
Justice is actively involved in coordination with CSOs. However, the ministry is only coordinating with
CSOs at higher levels and has very little access to grass roots movements and CSOs. Actions are
limited by higher political guidelines and not open to changes in some areas of human rights. The
independence of the judiciary is questionable and the judiciary also lacks leverage over the political
appointment of the executive. Current review of the constitution might bring positive solutions. The
police do not have adequate mechanisms to ensure accountability and need a shift in policing
philosophy. Rampant corruption within the private and public sector are opportunities to review and
lobby government for a change in how the police works. The local authorities/governments have
actual power and high control over the police. Local authorities have elected legitimacy to ensure
policy coherence of local development. Also have access to sources of finances that are dedicated to
local development. There is no tradition of how synergies between local authorities and civil
society/private sector are to be conceived and how they could contribute to local development.
Some local authorities are aware of the usefullness of mobilising available resources.
48 Unknown author (n.d.) Genetic Assignment Of Large Seizures Of Elephant Ivory Reveals Africa’s Major
Poaching Hotspots. Science. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/06/18/science.aaa2457.full?sid=f01f5997-4e47-40d9-bfa0-
a5191a122fcc
42
6. RELEVANT ACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT
6.1 AGRICULTURE
6.1.1 CIVIL SOCIETY
Sub-Types Themes/goals Target groups
Local NGOs
Local NGOs working with
pastoralist communities (e.g.
UCRT, LCDO, Oikos East Africa).
− Empowerment of marginalised
people, land use planning
− Water supply, awareness-raising,
protection of natural resources,
social development
− Pastoralist
communities
− Maasai men and
women
− Rural communities
Local NGOs working in rural
finance (e.g. Aga Khan
Foundation, IDYDC, Yosefo
− Promoting access to financial
services
− Rural communities
Local NGOs working with
agricultural communities − Good agricultural practises,
cooperative structures
− Smallholder farmers
International NGOs
International NGOs working in
the livestock sub-sector (e.g.
Heifer International, Trias, IDP,
VSF, Oxfam etc)
− Fight against hunger and poverty
− Empowerment of marginalised
people, land use planning
− Strengthening of member-based
pastoralist groups and civil society
− Pastoralist
communities
− Communities facing
hunger and poverty
across the world
International NGOs working on
improved agricultural
productivity (e.g. One Acre
fund, VECO, etc)
− Fight against hunger and poverty
− Empowerment of marginalised
people
− Agricultural
communities facing
hunger and poverty
International NGOs
implementing value chain
projects (e.g. VECO,
Technoserve, Care
International)
− Empowerment of interest groups − Interest groups and
general public
− Specific target groups
(e.g. pastoralist
farmers)
6.1.2 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
Universities
Public universities49 (e.g.
Moshi University of
Cooperatives, Nelson
Mandela Institute of Science
and Technology, SUA,
Mzumbe University
− Strengthening
smallholder farmer
organisations
− Public policy research in
agrifood chains
− Farmers
− Government, students,
researchers
− General public
49 Higher education institutes can also be important development actors in other sectors. Through Education,
Research and Extension, higher education institutes can have an impact on different sectors (e.g. through
research in soil management (agriculture) ; education in occupational therapy (health))
43
National government/Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Cooperatives
Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Livestock and
Fisheries, Ministry
responsible for water issues,
Ministry of Natural
Resources, Health, Gender
and Social Welfare etc
Parastatals (MUCCOBs,
NFRA, TOSCI, crop boards,
etc)
− Strengthening
smallholder farmer
organisations, extension
services, promoting
sustainable food
production etc
− Facilitating cooperative
structures and value
chains, crop buying &
marketing
− Strengthening
smallholder farmer
organisations, extension
services, Promoting
sustainable food
production etc
− Farmers and the general public
− Farmers (smallholder and
commercial) and the general
public c
Local governments
District local governments
(e.g. Moshi Rural District
Council, Meru District
Councils, etc)
Regional governments
− Strengthening
smallholder farmer
organisations, extension
services, etc
− Coordination of
agricultural
(development activities
under the oversight of
the districts within the
region)
− Provide technical
support to districts
− Smallholder farmers & private
companies
− District governments and
departments
6.1.3 PRIVATE SECTOR
Sub-sector Potential role in development processes
Agrifood sector
Private companies in the
agrifood sector (e.g. Serengeti
Fresh, Tanzania Ltd etc)
− Providing market for agrifood products
Agricultural inputs
Private companies selling inputs
(e.g. YARA. Syngenta, Kibo
Trading Company, etc)
− Providing agricultural inputs/services
Financial institutions
Banks and funds − Providing loans to VICOBAa and SACCOa, who are farmer
organisations
44
6.1.4 INTERNATIONAL/OTHER DONORS
Sub-types Current & expected focus (areas for support)
Donors
IDH, Entrepreneurs for Entrepreneurs − Providing donations to support strengthening
smallholder farmer organisations
Bilateral development agencies (e.g.
Canadian International Development
Agency (CIDA), International
Development Association (IDA),
Swedish International Development
Association (SIDA), Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (DEZA,
GIZ), etc
− Agricultural projects, amongst others
EU − Agricultural projects, infrastructure, amongst others
World Bank − Policies, irrigation and other infrastructure projects
VLIR-UOS consortium of Belgian
Universities
− Cooperating with, among others Sokoine University
of Agriculture and Nelson Mandela African Institute
for Science and Technology
USAID − Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania –
SAGCOT (a large PPP project involving e.g. also
UNILEVER, DFID, World Bank, Gatsby Trust, Yara,
amongst others)
6.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
6.2.1 CIVIL SOCIETY
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
International NGOs
International NGOs promoting
entrepreneurship, trade and
access to markets (e.g. Farm
Concern, Trias, VECO etc)
− Entrepreneurship, trade and access
to markets
− Specific target groups
(e.g. pastoralists,
farmers, specific
business communities)
International NGOs promoting
community development and
welfare (e.g. World Vision)
− Community development and cross
curring issues (e.g, gender,
HIV/AIDS, Water and Sanitation
e.t.c)
− Specific target groups
(e.g. pastoralists,
farmers, specific
business communities)
International NGOs working in
rural finance (e.g. CRS, BRAC,
VECO etc)
− Access to finance − Specific target groups
(e.g. pastoralists,
farmers, specific
business communities)
International NGOs promoting
advocacy and business groups
e.g SNV
− Policy reforms − MBOs such as oil seed
actors association
45
Member-Based Organisations
MBOs promoting capacity
development and access to
BDS (e.g. TCCIA)
− Organisational development/
business development services/
microfinance/cluster
development/lobbying and
advocacy
− Small-scale
entrepreneurs
member of the
chambers (about 1,800
now)
MBOs working in agriculture
sector (e.g. MVIWATA TAHA,
EAGC/TGC)
− Organisational development/
agricultural value chains/
microfinance
− Farmers in groups who
are paying members
(about 15,000 now)
MBOs working with
pastoralists (e.g. PWC.
MWEDO etc)
− Organisational development/
livestock value chains/
microfinance/business
development/land use planning
− Pastoralists around
12,000
MBOs for advocacy (e.g. TAHA
(Tanzanian Horticulture
Association), TPSF, Tanzania
Rice Council, EAGC/TGC)
− Improving the institutional context
for farmers (and their
organisations)
− Primary farmers
groups agri-business
and the business
communities
Grass roots CBOs
Grass roots CBOs promoting
agriculture (e.g. MVIKIHO
Farmers Association, Kibo
Horticulture Farmers
Association, Kahe Cooperative
Society, etc)
− Providing services to individual
(smallholder) farmers
− Farmers
6.3 EDUCATION
6.3.1 CIVIL SOCIETY
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
Local NGOs
Social/welfare services, mostly
in combination with education
(e.g. Centre for children with a
mental disability Tabora, AHD,
Enforsa, Fracarita Tanzania)
− Care for marginalised groups
− Special education
− Making education accessible for
different groups
− Improving life quality
− Improving local economy through
education
− Refugees
− Street children
− Marginalised children
− Children with
disabilities
− Orphans
− Economically inactive
youth
46
Associations targeting people
with visual impairments (e.g.
Tanzania Society for the Blind,
Tanzania Albino Society,
Tanzania League of the Blind,
etc)
− Inclusive education and socio-
economic rehabilitation of people
with visual impairments
− Children and
youngsters with visual
impairment
− Regional and district
educational officers
− Primary schools
− Vocational Training
Centres
− Educational staff
− Community
International NGOs
International NGOs working in
TVET sub-sector or promoting
vocational training (e.g. VIA
Don Bosco)
− Supporting TVET sub-
sector/vocational training
− TVET sub-sector
International NGOs promoting
higher education and research
(e.g. VLIR-UOS)
− Promoting higher education and
research
− Universities
− Higher education
institutions
− Research institutions
International NGOs promoting
inclusive education (e.g. LFTW,
Fracarita
Belgium/International)
− Promoting inclusive education
Universities
Private universities (e.g.
Sebastian Kolowa University
College, St. Augustine
University of Tanzania)
− Direct: Higher education, research
and extension
− Direct: students and
researchers
− Indirect: population
Religious groups that provide education
Planning and Development
Office (PDO) of the Salesians of
Don Bosco
− Providing support and guidance to
the Vocational Training Centres and
the Job Placement Office (JPO) (see
below)
− The Vocational
Training Centres and
the JPO of the
Salesians of Don Bosco
Vocational Training Centres
(VTCs) of the Salesians of Don
Bosco (e.g. Don Bosco
Oysterbay VTC, Don Bosco
Dodoma Technical Training
Institute, Don Bosco Iringa
Technical School)
− Providing technical and vocational
training/education
− Disadvantaged youth
between 15 and 28
years old
Job Placement Office (JPO) of
the Salesians of Don Bosco
− Providing support to students
during their transition to the labour
market
− Providing systematic and
professional services to the VTCs
and their job placement officers
− The VTCs and their
students
CSOs
Cultural organisations &
networks/training institute, art
schools
− Cultural organisations &
networks/training institute, art
schools
− Cultural organisations
& networks/training
institute, art schools
47
Artists − Artists − Artists
6.3.2 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
Universities
Public universities and
national research institutes
(e.g. Sokoine University of
Agriculture, Mzumbe
University, NM-AIST)
− Direct: higher education,
research and extension
− Indirect: environment,
health, food security,
entrepeneurship and
business development
− Direct: students and
researchers
− Indirect: population
National government
Ministry of Education and
Vocational Training, Tanzania
Ministry of Information,
Culture and Sports
Prime Minister's Office,
Regional Administration &
Local Government
(PMORALG)
− Coordinating, regulating
and financing education
and vocational training
− Responsible for defining
and managing cultural
policy
− Direct: cultural
operators/networks,
independant artists, etc.
COSTECH − coordinating and
promoting science and
technology development
activities in Tanzania
− Tanzanian universities and
research institutes
Local Governments
Vocational Education and
Training Authority (VETA)
District Special Needs
Educational Officer (DSNEO),
District Educationals Officers
(DEO), Regional Eduction
Officers (REO)
− Coordinating, regulating,
financing, promoting
and providing vocational
education and training in
Tanzania
− TVET subsector
6.3.3 PRIVATE SECTOR
Sub-types Potential role in development processes
Companies
Private companies in all kinds of
sectors (tourism, construction,
clothing, industries, cultural and
creative industries, etc.)
− Providing employment for graduated students
− Providing internships for students of Vocational Training
Centres
− Providing useful information for adapting learning
programmes to the needs of the labour market
− Providing funds to support technical and vocational
education and training
48
6.3.4 INTERNATIONAL/OTHER DONORS
Sub-types Current & expected focus (areas for support)
Donors
All kinds of donors − Providing funds to support technical and vocational education and
training
− Providing funds to support higher education and research
− Providing funds to support inclusive education
6.4 HEALTH
6.4.1 CIVIL SOCIETY
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
NGOs working in health sector
NGOs (e.g. Sant’Egidio ACAP) - Prevention, treatment, care and
control of health problems/diseases
(e.g. the HIV/Aids infection)
- People with health
problems (e.g. people
living with AIDS)
Associations targeting people
with visual impairments (e.g.
Tanzania Society for the Blind
(TSB))
- Inclusive education and socio-
economic rehabilitation of people
with (visual) impairments
- Children and youngsters
with (visual) impairment
Religious congregations (e.g.
Holy Ghost Fathers, Sisters of
Charity, Brothers of Charity)
- Health care
- Maternity
- Special education
- Regional groups
- Women & children
- Persons with a disability
Health Centres
Mental Health centres: e.g.
Saint Cornelius Mental Health
Center Kasaka, Saint Dymphna
Psychiatric Centre Marumba
- Mental health care, rehabilitation of
patients
- People suffering from
mental health problems
Referral gospitals, Regional
and district hospitals (e.g.
Comprehensive Community-
Based Rehabilitation in
Tanzania (CCBRT), Kilimanjaro
Christian Medical Centre
(KCMC))
- Community-based rehabilitation;
effective prevention of blindness,
restore sight and improved and
sustainable holistic eyecare
- Children and adults with
visual impairment;
medical staff and
medical students;
community workers
6.4.2 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
Public universities
Public universities & national
research institutes
- Direct: Higher education,
research and extension
- Indirect: Environment;
health; food security;
entrepreneurship and
business development
- Direct: students, researchers
- Indirect: population
Health Official Bodies
49
- Ministry of Health of
Tanzania
- National Aids Control
Programme (NACP)
- Tanzanian Commission for
Aids (TACAIDS)
- Region & District Medical
Officers
- National Prevention of
Blindness Commitee
- National Primary Health
Service Development
Stragegy
- Health Sector Strategic
Plans
- Collaboration with the
Aids structures created in
the framework of the
National Plan against
HIV/AIDS
- Prevention of blindness
- Tanzanian citizens and health
facilities
- People living with AIDS
- People with visual impairments
6.4.3 PRIVATE SECTOR
Sub-types Potential roles in development processes
Private Universities
- Directly provide higher education, research and extension –
- Indirectly facilitate research into environment; health; food
security; entrepreneurship and business development
6.4.4 INTERNATIONAL/OTHER DONORS
Sub-types Current and expected focus (areas of support)
International NGOs
Elisabeth Glaser Foundation - Prevention and treatment of women and children living with
HIV/AIDS
- Women & children living with AIDS
6.5 ENVIRONMENT
6.5.1 CIVIL SOCIETY
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
Local NGOs and Networks
Networks around climate change
(Forum CC, PACJA (Pan African
Climate Justice Alliance); Young
Lawyers association (hosting
African Youth Conference on
Energy and Climate Change))
− Joined action for adaptation for
climate change
− Government, civil
society
Networks around (agro) forestry
(Tanzania Forest Conservation
Network, Carbon Tanzania)
− Reforestation and conservation
of forests, carbon credits,
REDDDs
− NGOs
− Local communities
Network of natural resource
focused NGOs and land use
planning (e.g. TNRF -Tanzania
Natural Resource Forum, TALA)
− Information, lobbying and
advocacy around land use
planning and natural resource
mangement
− Civil society and
government
Local NGOs working around land
use planning, conservation, natural
resource management (UCRT,
PWC, Maliasili initiatives)
− Land use planning and natural
resource management
− Communities/villages
50
Local NGOs working around
conservation and wildlife
protection, including eco-tourism
(Honey guide, OEA, ...)
− Anti-poaching, supporting eco-
tourism initiatives, preventing
human wildlife conflict
− Local communities
International NGOs and networks
Northern Tanzania Rangeland
Initiative
− A group of 8 local and
international organisations that
focuses on conservation,
wildlife and sustainable land
use management in northern
Tanzania.
− Pastoralist
communities
− Local government
− Wildlife
International NGOs and funds
focusing on wildlife and
conservation (Dorobo Fund for
Tanzania, Tanzania People &
Wildlife, Wildlife Conservation
Society, The Nature Conservancy
(TNC)
− Funding of community-based
conservation initiatives
− Research around wildlife
− Communities
− Wildlife
6.5.2 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
Public universities
Public universities & national
research institutes
- Direct: Higher education,
research and extension
- Indirect: Environment;
health; food security;
entrepreneurship and
business development
- Direct: students, researchers
- Indirect: population
6.6 HUMAN RIGHTS, GOVERNANCE& JUSTICE
6.6.1 CIVIL SOCIETY
Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups
Local NGOs
Right promotion/advocacy
organisations (LHRC)
− All − State authorities;
legislator
Legal Aid Providers (LHRC,
Tanzania Women Lawyers’ Association (TAWLA), Womens’ Legal Aid Center (WLAC), (NOLA))
− Legal aid; justice; − Ministry of Justice
(MoJ)
Women & children’s rights
organisations (e.g. WLAC)
− Vulnerabilities; discrimination;
education; health;
Human rights defenders
protection organisations
(Tanzania Human Rights
Defenders Coalition)
− Alert international opinion;
implementation of national
protection framework; realisation
of public freedoms
− Legislative powers;
local authorities;
international
stakeholders
51
Bar associations (Tanganyika
Law Society, Zanzibar Law
Society)
− Protection of their members;
independence; fair trial / justice;
good governance
− Legislative power
Union − Protection of their members;
labour rights
Media; Media organisations
(Tanzania Union of Journalists) − Protection of their members;
freedom of the press
Refugee organisations
National Human Rights
Commission (quango) − Human Rights and Good
Governance
Business & human rights
organisations − Land; extractive industries / sector
Association of Local
Authorities of Tanzania − Service provision to their members,
lobby in favor of effective
decentralization
International NGO
Bar Association (Canadian Bar
Association) − Legal issues; legal aid
Refugee organisations (Asylum
Access) − Full realisation of international
standards
Human rights organisations
(Human Resource
Development Institute (HRDI))
− Full realisation of international
standards
Justice organisations (PRI, OSI,
Equitas) − Fair trial; criminal procedures;
rights of the defense; access to
justice through legal aid
6.6.2 INTERNATIONAL/OTHER DONORS
Sub-types Current & expected focus (areas for support)
Donors
Institutional donors (EU
Delegation, DANIDA,
CIDA)
Criminal justice sector, protection of HRDs, legal aid, ...
Legal Service Facility Basket fund for legal aid
Private foundations
(OSIEA)
52
7. LOCAL PARTNERS FOR BELGIAN NON-STATE ACTORS
7.1 AGRICULTURE
Actor type Current partners of... Potential future partners of…
1. Civil society
Local NGOs Trias, VSF-B, IDP Trias, VSF-B, BOS+
International NGOs VSF-B Trias, VSF-B, BOS+
Member-based organisations Trias, VECO, VECO, IDP,VSF-B, BOS+
Grass roots CBOs VECO, Trias BOS+
Universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD
2. Public authorities
Research institutes VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD
National/central government VECO IDP, VSF, Trias
Local government VECO Trias, IDP, VSF-B, BOS+, Echos
communication
3. Private sector VECO, Trias Trias, IDP, VSF-B, BOS+
4. International/other donors
7.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Actor type Current partners of... Potential future partners of…
1. Civil society
Local NGOs Trias, VECO, IPIS Trias, VECO, IPIS, BOS+
International NGOs Trias, VECO, BOS+
Member-based organisations Trias, VECO Trias, VECO, BOS+
Universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD
2. Public authorities
National/central government VECO Trias, VECO, VLIR-UOS
Local government VECO, Trias VECO, Trias, BOS+, Echos
communication
Quango IPIS IPIS
3. Private sector VECO, Trias VECO, Trias, IPIS, BOS+
4. International/other donors
7.3 EDUCATION
Actor type Current partners of... Potential future partners of…
1. Civil society
Local NGOs Fracarita Belgium,
LFTW
Fracarita Belgium, LFTW
International NGOs
Universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, LFTW, ARES-CCD
Teacher training institutes LFTW
Other research institutes VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, Africalia, ARES-CCD
Religious groups VIA Don Bosco VIA Don Bosco
Cultural operators/networks Africalia
Independent artists Africalia
2. Public authorities
53
National government
Local government VIA Don Bosco, VIA Don Bosco, LFTW, Echos
communication
3. Private sector VIA Don Bosco VIA Don Bosco
4. International/other donors
7.4 HEALTH
Actor type Current partners of... Potential future partners of…
1. Civil society
NGOs working in health sector Viva Africa, LFTW Viva Africa, Red Cross, LFTW,
MdM BE
Health centres LFTW, Fracarita
Belgium
LFTW, Fracarita Belgium, Red
Cross, MdM BE
Public universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD
2. Public authorities
research institutions VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS
Health official bodies Viva Africa Viva Africa, Red Cross, MdM
BE
Health services (regional or district
hospitals)
LFTW
3. Private sector
Private universities/research
institutions
VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS
4. International/other donors Viva Africa Viva Africa, MdM BE
7.5 ENVIRONMENT
Actor type Current partners of... Potential future partners of…
1. Civil society
Local NGOs e.g. UCRT Trias, VSF-B Trias, VLIR-UOS, IDP, VSF-B,
BOS+
International NGOs e.g. Echo,
Maliasili, Nature Conservancy etc
Trias, VLIR-UOS, IDP, VSF-B,
BOS+
Public universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD
2. Public authorities
research institutions VLIR-UOS Trias, IDP, VSF-B, VLIR-UOS,
ARES-CCD
Local government Trias, BOS+
3. Private sector BOS+
4. International/other donors
7.6 HUMAN RIGHTS, GOVERNANCE,..
Actor type Current partners of... Potential future partners of…
1. Civil society
Local NGOs (Bar Association; Human
Rights Defenders Protection
Organisations)
Avocats Sans
Frontières
International NGOs
54
Farmer organisations
2. Public authorities
Association of Local Authorities of
Tanzania
Echos Communication
Quango IPIS IPIS
3. Private sector
4. International/other donors
8 AREAS OF FUTURE INTERVENTION
8.1 AGRICULTURE
8.1.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~BROAD THEMES)
NGA Future areas of intervention
VSF –B - Livestock production, sales and product consumption (value chain
development)
- Natural resource management
Trias - Family farming (including pastoralism)
- Strengthening of MBOs
- Small-scale entrepreneurship
- Cross cutting: sexual and reproductive health and rights (includes family
planning and HIV/AIDS)
VECO - Agricultural value chains
- Strengthening of FOs
- Entrepreneurship
IDP - Economic development in rural zones
- Agriculture
- Social economy
- Water supply
LD - Agriculture including animal husbandry and entrepreneurship
Fracarita - Agriculture (general)
BOS+ - Sustainable farming practices (agro-ecology, agro-forestry, …) in order to
achieve sustainable natural resources management
Echos
Communication
- Facilitate synergies between economic agricultural development and local
development strategies; promote farmers’ involvement in local policy
design
VLIR-UOS - Food security
ALL - Cross cutting: environment & climate change, gender and youth
Livestock and pastoralism emerged as a common area of intervention for Trias, VSF-B and VECO. Value
chain development emerged as an area of intervention mainly for VECO. Lastly, entrepreneurship is
emerging as a common area of intervention for Trias, VECO and LD. Trias, VSF-B, BOS+, VLIR-UOS and
IDP are interested in tackling cross-cutting issues, mainly environment, climate change, gender, youth
and HIV/Aids.
8.1.2 MODELS OF INTERVENTION (~GOALS & APPROACHES)
Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of agriculture in the future has varying modes of
intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches of the
55
various partners. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential
interventions they put forward to achieve these goals.
Common, long term goal: A dynamic agricultural sector with inclusion of smallholders where strong
stakeholders are providing quality produce in a sustainable manner - both for own consumption and
for (domestic, in-country and export) markets - thereby contributing to the food security and
livelihoods/well-being of their families; and to the economic, social and environmental development
of their communities.
Mid-term goals and related interventions:
Sub-goals Potential interventions (from the NGAs involved)
Tanzanian farmers and other actors in
the agricultural value chain work in an
improved business environment (more
equitable and inclusive policies and
regulatory frameworks, improved
extension services)
- Strengthen farmer organisations (FOs) for them to
effectively and inclusively represent their members
in the political arena
- Build bridges between MBOs and other societal
actors for joint lobbying
Farmers and livestock keepers have
equitable access to land
- Consultation, dialogue, planning and advocacy
- Strengthening stakeholders at community, district
and national levels on natural resource
management
- Conflict prevention related to natural resource
management
Farmers have sufficient access to inputs
(seeds, livestock resources,…)
- Facilitating value chain development, market
linkages and quality management systems
- Building bridges between chain actors for them
engage with each other and establish linkages
Improved access to (sales) markets
Farmers have sufficient access to finance - Support to SACCOs and VICOBAs, farmer-owned
saving and credit cooperatives + building bridges
between farmers/farmer organisations to formal
financial institutions
Farmers and entrepreneurs can rely upon
quality services offered by professional
and inclusive local organisations
- Strengthening local organisations (for farmers&
entrepreneurs)
Sustainable use of production & livestock
resources
More diversified farmer income for
better livelihoods and improved food
security
- Support local organisations in (non-)agricultural
income generating activities
Environment & climate change (cf. theme
environment)
- Promoting sustainability in agricultural production
and the value chain
- Disaster risk management and reduction
- Conflict prevention related to natural resource
management
Sexual and reproductive health and
rights (includes family planning and
HIV/AIDS)
- Provide training and sensitisation to MBO staff and
their members.
Improved animal health for more
sustainable patterns of livestock
production and livestock products
consumption
- (Private) community animal health services
- Improved productivity & breeding techniques
56
Sustainable pastoralism and (non-)
agriculture in dry lands and around
ecological hot spots/tourist areas
- Strengthening of pastoralists/local agricultural
organisations :e.g. sustainable eco-tourism …
Promotion of the “One Health” approach
that links animal health, human health,
and ecosystem health
- Promote cross sectorial collaboration between actors
in the field of human, animal and environmental
development
8.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
8.2.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~THEMES)
NGA Future areas of intervention
Trias - Business environment
- Youth entrepreneurship
- Business associations
- Trade within the East African common market
- Cluster development and business research
- Strengthening of MBOs in entrepreneurship
VECO - Value chains
- Business environment
- Farmers’ business organisations
LD - Entrepreneurship (small enterprise and agricultural and non-agricultural
income-generating activities)
- SMEs
- Informal/semi-formal financial intermediaries
IPS - Governance of business
- Impacts of business activity, especially in the extractive sectors
VLIR-UOS - Entrepreneurship and business development
BOS+ - Value chains of timber and non-timber forest products
- Strengthening of MBOs in entrepreneurship
Echos
Communication
- Facilitate synergies between economic development and local development
strategies; promote entrepreneurs’ involvement in local policy design
8.2.2 MODELS OF INTERVENTION (~GOALS & APPROACHES)
Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of entrepreneurship in the future has varying
modes of intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches
of the various partners. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential
interventions they put forward to achieve these goals.
Common, long term goal: Improve the quality of life for individuals, families and communities and
sustain a healthy economy and environment
Mid-term goals and related interventions:
Sub-goals Potential interventions
Improved business environment - Strengthen business organisations for them to
effectively and inclusively represent their members in
the political arena
57
- Build bridges between these organisations and other
societal actors for joint lobbying
- Research on entrepreneurship and business
development
- Urban and rural city planning
Enhanced access to finance - Support for saving and credit cooperatives + building
bridges between business organisations and formal
financial institutions
Entrepreneurs can rely upon quality
services offered by professional and
inclusive MBOs
- Strengthen business organisations for them to be able to
provide quality services with specific focus on youth to all
SMEs desiring such support (including their capacity to
cooperate with other actors to do so)
Strengthening of MBOs within
entrepreneurship
- Strengthening the proactive participation of women and
youth in their MBOs
- Strengthening MBOs in improved service delivery to their
members
- Strengthening MBOs and their networks in lobby and
advocacy
- Linking MBOs with other MBOs; organisations in Uganda
and internationally (eg. South-South and North-South
exchanges)
8.3 EDUCATION
8.3.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~THEMES)
NGA Future areas of intervention
VIA Don
Bosco
- Quality of the education/learning process in the Vocational Training Centers
(VTCs)
- Management of VTCs
- Transition of students from school to the world of work
VLIR-UOS Strengthening individuals, departments and institutions in the higher education
system, enabling them to become drivers of change, which is expected to have an
impact in the following (priority) sectors in Tanzania:
- Environment
- Health
- Food security
- Entrepreneurship
- Business development
Africalia - Production, dissemination and distribution capacity of cultural goods and
services
Fracarita
Belgium
- (Special) education
- Reintegration of marginalised groups
Light for the
World
- Primary education
- Inclusive education
- Inclusive vocational training centres for children with a visual impairment
- Supporting youth with a visual impairment through secondary education
- Socio-economic rehabilitation of people with visual impairments
LD - Primary education
- Inclusive education
- Inclusive vocational training centres for children with a visual impairment
58
- Supporting youth with a visual impairment through secondary education
- Socio-economic rehabilitation of people with visual impairments
Inclusive education emerged as a common area of intervention for Fracarita Belgium and Light for
the World. Education for economically and/or socially disadvantaged groups emerged as a common
area of intervention for VIA Don Bosco, Fracarita Belgium and Light for the World. Vocational training
emerged as a common area of intervention for VIA Don Bosco, Light For The World and Africalia.
8.3.2 MODELS OF INTERVENTION (~GOALS & APPROACHES)
Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of education in the future has varying modes of
intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches of the
various partners. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential
interventions they put forward to achieve these goals.
Common, long term goal: Improved primary, secondary, higher, and technical, vocational education
and participation in culture to contribute to national development challenges and to better socio-
economic integration
Mid-term goals and related interventions
Sub-goals Potential interventions (from the NGAs
involved)
Improved management of education (financial
management, HRM, target group policy,
knowledge management)
− Capacity building of the actors involved
Improved quality of education − Support for teacher training programmes
− Adapting learning programmes to the needs
of the labour market
− Improving infrastructure, didactic materials
and equipment in line with new content
Students are better prepared to enter the
labour market
− Build the capacity of the partners to offer
relevant services to students and to develop
strategic partnerships with the labour market
A more competitive higher education sector
in Tanzania, through cross-cultural linkages
− Awarding scholarships and supporting
partnerships between universities and
university colleges in Belgium and Tanzania Produce better/more research (+ outreach)
focused on pro-poor innovative development
solutions
Cultural organisations are strengthened,
improved access to cultural goods and
services and improved cultural policies,
adapted to the needs of sector
− Organise artistic, technical and managerial
training for cultural organisations and artists.
− Distribution of cultural productions and
services in urban and rural settings
− Strengthen advocacy capacity of local partners
Inclusive and special-needs education for
disabled people
− Advocacy to implement inclusive education
programmes
− Training of teachers
− Supporting schools in realising inclusive
education
− Capacity building of organisations delivering
services to visually impaired and disabled
people
59
8.4 HEALTH
8.4.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~THEMES)
NGA Future areas of intervention
LD - Chronic diseases (eg: diabetes)
- Mental diseases
- Access to health services
Viva Africa - HIV/AIDS (prevention of transmission of HIV/AIDS from mothers to children)
Fracarita
Belgium
- Mental health
- Disability care
MdM BE - Harm reduction amongst vulnerable people
- Sexual and reproductive healthcare
LFTW - Eyecare (prevention of blindness, restoration of sight and holistic eyecare)
- Awareness and detection systems for persons with visual impairments
- Organisation of eyecare in national health systems
Red Cross - Access to safe water, sanitation facilities and hygiene behaviour
- Competences in first aid
- Blood donor recruitment
Trias - Family planning and reproductive health
- HIV/AIDS prevention
VSF-B - “One Health” (infectious zoonotic diseases, handling of animal products)
Echos
Comunication
- Facilitate synergies between health policies and local development
strategies; promote patients’ involvement in policy design
8.4.2 MODELS OF INTERVENTION (~GOALS & APPROACHES)
The partners intending to undertake interventions within the theme of health have advanced a number
of models. In a situation where access to health services is limited, and emergency services scarce, the
possible interventions range from training people in first aid and the sensitisation of communities to
the construction of water facilities. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the
potential interventions they put forward to achieve these goals.
Common, long-term goal: Improve and save lives and strengthen the resilience of the most vulnerable
communities by improving prevention schemes, access to, quality and effectiveness of healthcare in
Tanzania; and by increasing access to safe water.
Mid-term goals and related interventions:
Sub-goals Potential interventions (from the NGAs involved)
Improved quality and effectiveness of healthcare in Tanzania, with the following sub-goals:
Enhanced awareness and detection system
for persons with disabilities and visual
impairments
- Organising awareness-raising schemes
- Assisting national detection schemes
- Improving referral systems
- Sensitisation of communities
Improved access to quality health services - Small-scale insurance for farmers and non-formal
sector
- Financial support for eyecare, mental health &
disability services
- Decentralising of eyecare, mental health &
disability services
60
- Training of medical staff
- Advocacy with government
Improved quality & sustainability of holistic
health services
- Training of (para-) medical and non-medical staff
- Management support, assisting strategic planning
- Institutional development
- Lobby with specialised partners to take up a role in
capacity building with lower level services
Improved competences in first aid - Training lay people in first aid through a
decentralised training structure and with
evidence-based localised materials
- Broadening the existing first aid offer towards
specific target groups
- Equipping and assisting the community volunteers
to handle emergencies
- Professionalising commercial first aid
- Advocacy on the importance of first aid
Increased availability of blood - Blood donor recruitment through a decentralised
training structure (for volunteers) with evidence-
based localised materials
Increased access to safe water and sanitation and improved basic hygiene, with the following sub-
goals
Improved sanitation facilities (coverage,
quality &use)
- Hardware interventions in schools and in public
places
- Sensitisation of people using the facilities
Improved access to safe water - Hardware interventions (water gravity flow
system, boreholes, spring protection, …)
- Sensitisation of people using the facilities
Improved hygiene behaviour - Software interventions in the field of water and
sanitation, waste management
- Sensitisation of communities (especially mothers)
through community volunteers/village health
teams and community systems for referral,
hygiene promotion
Setting up partnerships
Capacity building of partners - Exchange of expertise with partners
- Support of organisational development
Identifying innovative responses to global
& local health challenges
- Facilitate partnerships between universities &
university colleges inBelgium & Tanzania
Improved awareness at local community level related to HIV/AIDS
Family planning and reproductive health - Empowering women to be able to plan their
families together with their husbands in order to be
able to raise healthier and better educated children
HIV/AIDS prevention - Lower occurrence of STDs. A healthier and more
productive population
61
8.5 ENVIRONMENT
The presence of well-established NGOs with a good knowledge base concerning environmental issues
provides an opportunity to explore new forms of collaboration between these organisations and
organisations with a more general development oriented approach
8.5.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~BROAD THEMES)
NGA Future areas of intervention
Trias - Sustainable land-use management
- Sustainable use of water resources in and around irrigation areas
- Sustainable use of pesticides, integrated pest management
- Protection of wildlife corridors for pastoralist and agricultural communities
- Beekeeping and protection of communal forests and water catchment areas
VECO - Sustainable land use through support in planning and management
- Sustainable use of water resources and around irrigation
- IPM/ICM, Sustainable use of crop protection products including pesticides
and fungicides among others
- Environmental based certifications eg rainforest, organic etc
LD - Forestry development
VLIR-UOS - Natural resource management
- Eco-tourism
- Energy
- Soil systems
IDP - Environment
- Climate change
VSF-B - Community-based natural resource management, with focus on rangeland
management
- Support pastoralist groups to secure legal rights to their land and natural
ressources
- Reduce vulnerability of livestock holders and increase capacities to deal with
(react/adapt to) environmental change
BOS+ - Integrated and participatory land use planning
- Mitigate and adapt to climate change
- Protection of strategic ecosystems and their ecosystem services (water,
biodiversity, carbon, erosion buffering, …)
- Sustainable management and use of forest resources
- Forestation, reforestation and forest restoration
- Sustainable agriculture systems in buffer zones of fragile forest/nature areas
(agroforestry, agro-ecology)
At the moment no Belgian NGA is active in the sustainable use of fishing resources (with exeption of
smaller projects from VLIR-UOS), while in the stakeholder workshop with the local partners,
overfishing and distruction of reefs by dynamite fishing were identified as important problems.
8.5.2 MODELS OF INTERVENTION (~GOALS & APPROACHES)
Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of environment in the future has varying modes
of intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches of the
various partners. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential
interventions they put forward to achieve these goals.
62
Common, long term goal: Sustainable and climate-smart use of land, water and forest resources by
communities.
Mid-term goals and related interventions:
Sub-goals Potential interventions
Promoting sustainable use of
the physical environment of
communities
− Awareness raising and capacity building of MBOs related to
sustainable agricultural/entrepreneurial practices
− Protection of wildlife corridors for pastoralist and agricultural
communities
− Building local capacities (e.g. maliasili initiatives), networks
and partnerships with Carbon Tanzania, East African Wildlife
Society, Lion Guardians, Nature Conservancy
− Getting to know social enterprises with environmental
objectives (such as BioCarbon Partners) and leveraging
interventions to social enterprises such as that of (BioCarbon
Partners)50
− Active inclusion and capacity building of young farmers and
SSEs in the tourism industry (to make them see the economic
benefits of eco/environmental tourism and to train them to
implement it)
− Capacity building of MBOs/producer associations (of forest
products) related to forest protection and sustainable use of
forest practices (Value chain) (BOS+)
Expanding the forest area
(BOS+)
Rangeland improvement (VSF-
B)
− Forestation of suitable areas
− Reforestation/restoration of degraded lands (VSF-B, BOS+)
Advocacy about good
ecosystem governance (BOS+)
− Strengthen MBOs/producer associations (of forest products)
in institutional (leadership, …) and advocacy issues
− Land use planning
Climate change mitigation and
adaptation (BOS+)
− Awareness building about the role of forests/other
ecosystems in climate change
− Sustainable forest management, (re-) forestation and forest
restoration
− Sustainable rangeland management, (re-) forestation and
rangeland restoration
− Sustainable agriculture practices (agroforestry, silvicultural
systems)
8.6 HUMAN RIGHTS, GOVERNANCE& JUSTICE
8.6.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~THEMES)
NGA Future areas of intervention
LD - Emergency response
- Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation
50 BCP is a start-up social enterprise that works to develop forest carbon projects based on the principles of
REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) in order to generate social benefits
and incentives for conservation in high-biodiversity landscapes
63
Echos
Communications
- Local authorities and civil society: promote synergies and transparency
Trias - Governance and civil society
- Inclusivity (gender)
IPIS - Governance and civil society
- Democratic participation and civil society
- Private sector
ASF - Government and civil society, general
- Legal and judicial development
- Democratic participation and civil society
- Human rights
- Conflict prevention and resolution, peace and security
- Security system management and reform
- Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution
- Women’s equality organisations and institutions
Africalia - Other social infrastructure and services
- Social welfare services
FRACARITA - Social welfare services
VLIR-UOS - food security programs
IDP - Inclusivity (gender)
8.6.2 MODELS OF INTERVENTION (~GOALS & APPROACHES)
Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential interventions they put
forward to achieve these goals.
Common, long term goal: Contribute to the realisation of the Tanzanian communities’ human rights
to support sustainable development
Mid-term goals and related interventions:
Sub-goals Potential interventions (from the NGAs involved)
In-boosting local development, locally
elected officials acquire the reflex to set up
constructive dialogues and implement
synergies with civil society
- To train neutral local coaches to master processes
facilitating identification of potential and managing
stakeholders more efficiently.
- To mobilise and accompany local authorities in
changing their behaviors towards more inclusion of
civil society’s ideas and implementation forces.
- To invite civil society representatives to engage
better and more with local authorities.
Tanzanian communities are aware of their
rights (civil, political, social, economic, and
cultural) and legally empowered to defend
their interests and contribute to the
development of their region
- Community mobilisation and sensitisation on
basic human rights
- Legal empowerment of communities
Victims of massive/systemic human rights
violations (for example, land grabbing,
extractive sector, etc.) have access to
reparations to support the development of
their region/territory
- Development and implementation of strategic
litigations/public interest litigation cases
- Mediation and negociation
- Advocacy for reparation guidelines which are in
line with international standards
64
Private sector actors (with a focus on the
natural resources sector) respect the
fundamental rights of the communities
affected by their activities and their right to
sustainable development
- Legal empowerment
- Training, capacity reinforcement of:
communities, the private and public sectors
- Alternative dispute resolution
- Legal aid
- Litigation
- Advocacy
The civil society’s public freedoms are fully
respected and protected by state
institutions; human rights defenders’
(HRDs) space for action is protected so that
they can defend their communities
- Report and analysis on current practices in
Tanzania on: freedom of expression, reunion,
peaceful assembly, association, etc.
- Litigation/legal aid
- Policy advocacy at national/regional level
- Direct and legal protection of HRDs
Pre-trial detainees have access to legal aid;
the illegal detention rate is reduced to zero
- Legal aid in detention centres;
- Legal awareness on the detention legal
framework to: detainees, prison officers,
members of the judiciary, politics, etc.
- Actions to move towards the systematic use of
judicial review of detention: training, capacity
reinforcement, advocacy,
The capacities of Tanzanian CSOs are
reinforced in the following sectors: human
rights; legal aid/access to justice
mechanisms; legal empowerment; human
rights litigation; victims/HRD protection
- Strategic partnership
- Implementation of capacity reinforcement
project
- Mid-to-long term support/coaching
- Development of technical and practical
trainings cycles
Tanzanian lawyers/paralegals/legal aid
providers offers quality services which
contribute to increasing access to justice
for the most vulnerable populations and to
them realising their rights
- Partnership with lawyers / paralegal
associations or organisations; such as bar
associations
- Long term support to key legal aid providers
- Implementation of access to justice
mechanisms: set up of mobile court or clinics,
set up of permanent legal services for
advice/counsel (première ligne), use of
alternative dispute resolution, legal
representation , etc.
National legal aid structure and policy is
fully funded and implemented, for both
civil and criminal legal aid
- Studies on the state of legal aid in Tanzania;
eventual focus on the urgent need for action in
the criminal sector
- Set up of a legal aid forum, as a NGA-MoJ
concertation forum
- Coordinated follow up of the policy
Tanzanian policies and legislations are in
line with the state’s international
obligations in the human rights sector and
their implementation is effective
- Legal empowerment of communities
- Capacity reinforcement of local actors on the
HR framework
- Advocacy both at sub-national and national
level
- Strategic litigation
Tanzanian judiciary guarantees the right to
a fair trial to Tanzanian populations/rights
holders
- Trial observation
- Litigation/legal aid
- Capacity building of the justice sector actors
65
Implementation of a legal protection
framework for disabled people; recognition
of their fundamental rights (education and
labour, development, health care)
66
9 RISK- AND OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT
9.1 AGRICULTURE
Risks Opportunities
The risk that the MBOs do not have
sufficient and quality human resources
Increased land use conflicts between
farmers and pastoralists can create a
security situation that is not conducive
to the programme
The farmer organisations have pastoralist members as
well as farmers and are well placed to mediate in
eventual conflicts.
Access to finance can create
indebtness
Proper assessments of clients, development of adjusted
products and creating ownership (through
shareholding) of financial institutions can help to limit
danger of indebtness. Also important to first install a
saving culture (e.g. through VICOBAs) before
introducing credit products.
Low uptake of modern/innovative
modern agricultural techniques
Still a lot of low-hanging fruit related to improvement
of agricultural production systems. Availability of new
pedagogical training systems using digital media and
network theory can help improvement of training
effectiveness and general uptake of new techniques.
Still low investment & productivity in
agriculture
General awareness of the need to invest more in
agriculture. Civil society has set clear target to invest at
least 10% of national budget in agriculture
Youth are not always very eager to
take up agriculture
Youth can be motivated by a more business-like
approach to agriculture. Relatively good prices for
agricultural products have increased appeal of the
sector
Community conflicts National policies on agriculture, livestock, land, water,
gender, environment
Lack of participation and willingness of
the district authorities
Presence of different NGOs with different expertise for
holistic actions
Uncontrolled disease outbreak Huge untapped rivers and water bodies that can be
used for irrigation as well as damming of water during
storms
Occasionally, farmers are unable to
sell their produce. This arises from
bumper harvests in some years.
Liberalisation and free market economy has led to
availability/acess of the most modern technology in the
market
Export bans and restrictions due to
failure to meet market standard
Potential for processing would also increase off-farm
employment value
Cheap imports, import dumping and
uncoordinated lifting of import taxes
(especially rice)
Expanding regional markets due to increased
cooperation among countries; high demand for
Tanzanian agricultural produce especially in EAC
Low coherence of
policies/enforcement of legislation
Strong farmers and actors’ lobbies can check the
government’s application of laws on tarriffs and taxes
67
9.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Risks Opportunities
Business environment is negatively
influenced by external forces such as
changed tax rules, access to electricity,
etc.
- Lobby & advocate towards the government to
improve the business environment
- Make use of business opportunities emanating
from change in policies (e.g. ban on importation of
second-hand clothes). Linking up with other
stakeholders to influence negative factors
Government export ban (for example
on livestock and grain) limits market
opportunities
- The EAC and South African Development
Community (SADC) offers a lot of business
possibilities that are yet to be tapped
- Better sensitisation of the possibilities can create
new markets
Low level of MBOs or business
supporting institutions can impact the
quality of services delivered to the
business community
- Chambers of commerce are available but weak,
investing in them can have a good impact on the
business environment and the service delivery to
the target group
Non-saving culture among targeted
beneficiaries and a lack of good
governance at the level of SACCOs
- Creating a saving culture can give communities a
good base for investment in enterprises.
Youth are interested in doing business
but have a reputation of being bad
debtors. The fact that they have little
assets makes it difficult to provide them
with loans.
- Create innovative approaches to youth business
development (business competition, peer to peer
support); social collateral-based loan products;
cash flow and contract-based financing. Use digital
monitoring and payment tools (e.g. M-Pesa)
Bad record-keeping due to illiteracy of
the target group
- Select literate group leaders and train them in
financial literacy
* Coaching of leaders to keep records, "on the job
training"
* Feedback sessions with group (orally)
No information or transparency about
tax regimes makes it difficult to do
business in a formal way
- Lobby for special tax regimes for businesses in
‘transition’ period, so that businesses can
formalise
Negative concept about business
people and entrepreneurship
- Raising awareness via public campaigns on radio
and television with business heroes
Business development sector is not yet
well developed and is not focusing on
small-scale enterprises
- Assistance in the creation of a BDS sector
especially among young graduates from business
schools.
Sale of large areas of land to investors
by the government, reducing
indigenous communities’ access and
potentially creating conflicts
Value chain opportunities (cooperative organisation for
collective marketing, outgrower schemes, contract
farming, linkage to international value chains
Unclear land rights for most traditional
occupants of land
Infrastructure unable to keep up with
demand and development (e.g. rural
roads, electricity)
68
Negative concept of foreign (direct)
investments
- Foreign investments can create jobs and have the
potential to integrate Tanzanian SSEs into (global)
supply chains.
9.3 EDUCATION
Risks Opportunities
Courses developed by VETA frequently do
not meet employers’ requirements.
Speed of ‘Competence Based Education
and Training’ reform.
- TVET is high on the agenda for the government.
It has been given a prominent role in the macro-
level policies and strategies.
Best technicians not interested in
teaching because jobs in the private
sector pay better
- VTC teachers are able to retrain at VETA
Increasing pressure on Vocational
Training Centres to strictly apply official
acceptance conditions (Form IV) (in other
words disadvantaged people risk losing
out)
- Young population, i.e. potentially high number of
“candidates” for technical and vocational
education
Employees facing increasingly demanding
requirements + rapidly changing
demands on the labour market
- Sufficient demand for successfully trained
technical employees
Rotation of management staff in VTCs
causes discontinuity in local VTC
management and “cyclic” loss of
management capacity
- Exisitence of clear international perspectives and
global agenda on TVET development including
the ILO and UNESCO Recommendations 2001,
Africa Union TVET Strategy 2007, Strategy for
Revitalisation of TVET in SADC Countries
Costs associated with supporting
measures for ideal beneficiaries in VTCs
are unsustainable
- Existence of Skills Development Levy for
supporting skills development
Quality TVET is an expensive undertaking.
Competing priorities (with other sectors
of the economy and other education sub-
sectors) result in low and/or irregular
inflow of financial resources to TVET.
- Increasing willingness of employers/industry to
be involved in TVET affairs which can significantly
assist quality and relevance of TVET provision
Poor/wrong perception of TVET and
particularly of VET (it is just for those who
are performing poorly) may negatively
affect growth of learner enrolment
- Existence of arrangements such as Export
Processing Zones/Economic Promotion Zones for
attracting foreign direct investments and hence
new employment opportunities
Too many new universities, leading to a
shortage in senior staff and a decrease in
the quality
- Enactment of Public Private Partnerships
legislation which can enhance the participation
of the private sector in TVET provision or
involvement in the expansion of TVET
infrastructure and hence improve access
Higher education student unrest due to
limited access to loans and bureaucratic
procedures
- Government intention to establish the Tanzania
Qualifications Framework which will promote
articulation and hence improve perceptions of
TVET
Higher education staff unrest due to
shortage in senior staff
- Increased production and/or emergence of new
economic ventures in some sectors, which will
69
increase employment opportunities and the
need for skills development
The overall development in Tanzania
where the middle class lives comfortably,
but where the poor face more difficulties
to survive, which could lead to unrest in
the country
- Tanzania has promising universities and
motivated staff
Lack of alignment between higher
education policies and research policies
- Opportunity to align to the national policies of
higher education and research and the
agricultural policies to achieve relevance and
quality
Few institutional mechanisms that
stimulate collective action and implement
research results and guard the relevance
of research
- Working together with other donors and
stakeholders in the areas of natural resource
management and health
Lack of monitoring and evaluation
capacity to ensure quality of higher
education and research
- The engagement of universities with private
sector, public sector and NGOs to ensure
relevance (and possible funding)
Non implementation of policies on
inclusion of disabled people
- Interested public authorities on district and
regional level in developing care for disabled
children
9.4 HEALTH
Risks Opportunities
Donor fatigue to (continue to) invest
in WASH interventions (after the MDG
focus on WASH)
- Availability of information and lessons learnt from
the MDG (7c) agenda in Tanzania (beyond-MDG
2015 agenda?) for the WASH sector
Increased weather extremes (for
instance droughts during the dry
season from June to October) through
climate change
- The strong (positive) impact on health: provision of
safe water and sanitation can reduce diarrheal
diseases by 90% and reduce infant deaths51
Projections indicate that by 2025
Tanzania will experience water stress
due to population growth and the
resulting increase in consumption
- Availability of tools, expertise and evidence through
the Global Water and Sanitation Initiative (2005-
2015)52,53
Cultural or psychological barriers to
give first aid in case of an emergency
and taboo with regard to mental
health diseases
- The World Bank estimates that the return on
investments in water and sanitation is 2% of the
gross national product (GNP) of a country. For some
countries this return on investment can reach up to
7% of the GNP
Restricted financial autonomy - Hygiene promotion is the most cost efficient
intervention for high-burden diseases in low and
51 WHO (2010) GLAAS: UN-water global assessment of sanitation and drinking water, WHO. 52 IFRC (2005) Global Water and Sanitation Initiative, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies, Geneva, p. 31. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/Health/water-and-
sanitation/gwsi-brochure-en.pdf 53 IFRC (2012) Midterm Summary GWSI, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,
Geneva, p. 4. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/97228/1217000-GWSI%20MidtermSummary-EN-
LR.pdf
70
middle-income countries54 with a cost of only 5USD
per avoided DALY.55
The organisation of the National
Eyecare Strategic Plan is complex and
includes several public institutions as
well as non-government stakeholders,
at central, regional and district levels.
- Thousand of (Red Cross) volunteers are committed
to help to improve the health situation in their local
communities with special attention to vulnerable
groups
Lack of attention to eyecare services - Training lay people to react to medical emergencies
is a cheap and efficient way to reduce the burden of
diseases in sub-Sahara Africa56
Lack of commitments to achieve
mission of comprehensive eyecare
services
- Availability of the volunteers and them being part
of the local communities gives them the
opportunity to react fast in case of an emergency
(within the ‘golden hour’). Evidence shows that
there is a higher change to survive if first aid is
applied in a correct way within the golden hour57
- Interested public authorities on district and regional
level
- National eyecare strategic plan issued by the
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
Health risks related to natural
resource extraction
- Labour and land rights.
- Eye conditions are among the top ten diseases in
Tanzania (Health Statistics Abstract 2008);
According to the WHO, the leading causes of
blindness in the country are cataract 50%, corneal
blindness 20% and glaucoma 10%. Other causes
such as uncorrected refractive errors, retinal and
optic nerve diseases, diabetes retinopathy,
maculopathies, genetic anomalies and albinism
account for the remaining 20%.
- Achieve mission to assist with the provision of
comprehensive eyecare services, which are of an
acceptable standard, accessible, affordable and
sustainable
9.5 ENVIRONMENT
54 Laxminarayan R. et al. (2006) Advancement of global health: key messages from the disease control priorities
project, The Lancet, 367, pp. 1193-208. 55 DALYs for a disease or health condition are calculated as the sum of the Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to
premature mortality in the population and the Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) for people living with the
health condition or its consequences. Definition from WHO online:
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en 56 Jamison D.T, Breman J.G., Measham A.R., Alleyne G., Claeson M., Evans D.B., Jha P., Mills A. and Musgrove P.
(eds) (2006) Disease control priorities in developing countries, World Bank, Washington DC, second edition, p.
1440. 57 ‘Indisputable findings show that pre-hospital deaths from injury are not inevitable and that at least some can
be prevented by simple first aid measures’, in:
Hussain L.M. & Redmond A.D. (1994) Are pre-hospital deaths from accidental injury preventable, British
Medical Journal, 23, 308 (6936) pp. 1077-80.
71
Risks Opportunities
Environmental risks (overuse of water,
pollution by pesticides, chemical fertilisers
etc). In addition, to this, extreme weather
conditions (drought, storm etc) leading to loss
of production
- Sensitisation work about correct use of
chemicals, fertilisers. Water saving
innovative technology. Conservation
farming, tree planting use of solar pumps,
protection of water sources through
beekeeping, etc.
Environmental risk related to natural resource
extraction.
- Solid legislation, strong enforcement and
monitoring mechanisms.
Expansion of agriculture in pastoralist areas,
arid and semi-arid areas
- Training in land use planning, promotion
and improvement of pastoralist
production systems, sustainable use of
land, prevention of conflicts between
farmers and pastoralists. To facilitate
development of communal certificate of
customary right of occupancy (CCROs) for
livestock grazing areas.
Overgrazing: Overgrazing can lead to:
� Increased competition between
wildlife and pastoralists
� Increased conflict between farmers
and pastoralist
� Soil degradation
- Organising environmental impact
assessments.
- Land use management is the key to
prevent overgrazing. Respect for dry and
wet season grazing zones is of mutual
benefit for wildlife as well for pastoralists.
- Improved livestock monitoring systems
will help villagers to assess whether
sustainable levels of livestock are
exceeded.
- Developing a commercial approach to
livestock keeping can help to offset some
of the pressure on the land.
- Improve livestock mobility and cross-
village land use plans for disease control,
overgrazing control and adapation of good
traditional rangeland management
systems.
Negative effect of irrigation on downstream
water users (farmers, electricity projects,
wildlife, etc)
Negative effect of irrigation such as salinity
due to poor irrigation infrastructure and water
management
- Improvement of irrigation infrastructure
would lead to more efficient use of water
ressources
- Improve water use management skills and
infrastructure (new technologies e.g. drip)
Unsustainable fishing practices (over-fishing,
using poison, dynamite fishing)
- Organising communities to monitor
unsustainable exploitation of lake and
maritime ressources.
72
9.6 HUMAN RIGHTS, GOVERNANCE& JUSTICE
Risks Opportunities
Uncertainity over human rights,
governance and justice issues, brought
about by the upcoming 2015 elections
- Opportunity to strengthen the practices and
political process
Rampant corruption and abuse of power
among local and national authorities,
police forces, prison sector actors
- Awareness raising on the role of corruption as
an obstacle to development
Government restrictions on public
freedoms (expression, association, press,
peaceful assembly) due to the
authoritarian character of the
government; attacks on HRDs and
journalists
- Advocacy and strategic litigation (both at
national and EAC levels)
Frequent incidents of mob
violence/private justice
- Awareness raising/public campaigning at
community level
Important development in the natural
resources extractive sector, leading to
gross violations of human rights
- Legal empowerment of communities; support
for mediation/negotiation involving community
leaders; litigation if/when needed
Limited independence of the judiciary - Current review of the constitution; support for
the CSOs participation in the review process;
possible recourse to the East Africa Court of
Justice
Police abuses, including high rate of extra
judicial killing
- Capacity reinforcement
Limited resources devoted to health
services (one of the lowest
doctor/patient ratio in the world)
- Advocacy at national and international level
Increased shortage in water
Water and sanitation crisis; which also
affect the agricultural sector
Land disputes/evictions - Legal empowerment of communities;
Discrimination and marginalisation of
women (domestic violence, sexual
violence/harrassment, Female Genital
Mutilation (FGM))
- Awareness raising; law
Child abuse
Urban refugee phenonmenon, which
appears after the official closing of the
camps in the past years
Prison overcrowding, high rates of illegal
detention (mostly at pre-trial stage) ,
leading to a series of human rights
abuses
- Institutional support to the prison sector actors
The changing and unstable nature of
local government legislation is a
considerable constraint on the
establishment of an enabling
environment for city and local
government action and initiative
- Already existing locally organised spaces for
dialogue and consultation
- Strengthen the existing pilot initiatives like
“opportunities and obstacles for development
planning framework”. Under this system a plan
73
is made with a bottom-up approach to
development.
Tanzania shall face rapid urbanisation in
the coming years
- Recognition by United Cities and Local
Governments of Africa (UCLGA) that Tanzania is
a good candidate to introduce new synergy
approach between local governments and civil
society
74
10 POTENTIAL FOR SYNERGIES & COMPLEMENTARY WORK
10.1 CURRENT COLLABORATIONS
Although this chapter is concerned with future opportunities of synergy and complementarity, how
to cooperate in the future is rooted in ongoing collaborations, structured via information sharing,
logistics sharing, advocacy and lobbying and project collaboration. Current geographic areas of
current collaborations are presented in section 2. Figure 1 below presents a mapping of current
collaborations expressed in these 4 areas (i.e. information and logistics sharing, advocacy/lobbying
and joint project collaboration). The mapping mainly focused on collaborations between Belgian
organisations, international NGOs and bilateral partners. The mapping deliberately left out the
respective local partners of the NGAs.
Figure 1: Current collaborations between NGAs, international NGAs, bi- and multilateral cooperation
The section that follows presents details of geographical areas as well as the themes and approaches
of collaborations in the future.
10.2 MAPPING OF GEOGRAPHICAL INTERVENTION AREAS AND COLLABORATIONS
The map below presents geographical areas where Belgian NGAs potentially foresee working in the
future. It should be noted that the map presents geographic areas where NGAs have ongoing
projects. In the case of research institutions (e.g. VLIR-UOS and IPIS) the map presents where their
local partner institutions and programmes are based.
75
Figure 2: Geographical areas where NGAs potentially foresee working
Analysis of this map and comparison with the table representing where NGAs actually work (see
chapter 2) highlights following elements:
- Even if geographic concentration is the case for some regions, it needs to be highlighted that
NGAs have their own reasoning for why they intervene in a specific area, it is very NGA and
context specific;
- Geographical concentration of NGAs exists in northern regions around Arusha where there is
clearly a strong component on water, agriculture and pastoralism. BTC aren’t present in
these regions in the framework of their current Development Cooperation Programme.
Given the fact that BTC priority intervention sectors are water & sanitation and sustainable
agriculture for Tanzania, and BTC is aiming for more synergy with NGAs on sustainable
agriculture, it might be interesting for them to consider to open up to this region in their next
Development Cooperation Programme;
- The northern zone with its many national parks makes the area interesting in terms of
natural resource management, a past core theme for the Belgian government (now
transversal theme);
- Several NGAs expressed interest in expanding to the Kigoma region in the future when
comparing with current geographical distribution. BTC already has a strong presence in
Kigoma region and will likely keep it and intensify it in the future;
- During the local actors stakeholder meeting it was observed that notwithstanding the big
potential of the large water bodies of the great lakes (related to fisheries and trade with
neighbouring countries) very few NGAs are active in this field. Becoming more active in these
areas was recommended;
76
- Also during the stakeholders’ consultation meeting, the stakeholders noted that only LFTW
and BOS+ are intending to work in south eastern Tanzania (Mtwara and Lindi Regions), yet
for a long time, these two regions have been marginalised. Consequently, poverty levels are
comparatively higher in these two regions;
- The stakeholders’ consultation meeting also noted that, in the mapping of NGAs, a Belgian
NGO called EX-CHANGE has been left out of the mapping. This NGO is active in the northern
zone, facilitating exchanges of expatriates to support various development initiatives.
10.3 POTENTIAL THEMES & APPROACHES FOR COOPERATION
10.3.1 TRANSVERSAL THEMES, COMMON INTERVENTION MODELS& TOPICS FOR EXCHANGE
The following areas were identified as relevant transversal (sub-) themes for NGAs to be involved in:
• Gender
• HIV/Aids
• Children’s rights
• Environment and climate change
• Acces to programmes/projects for disabled people
• Culture and technology
• Reproductive health and family planning
The group will focus on the following priorities in terms of communication:
• Participation and representation in interesting forums, conferences and other multi-
stakeholder meetings;
• Upcoming calls from donors related to/including transversal themes;
• Programme evaluation findings;
• Socio-political contextual issues;
• Internal policies & strategies;
• Internal capacity building (financial management, M&E, reporting, project management).
10.3.2 (CROSS-)THEMATIC SUB-THEMES, AREAS AND APPROACHES
The following table highlights those areas that were identified as potential areas for some of the
NGAs involved in this exercise to cooperate on. The last column highlights those international/local
institutions or organisations with whom cooperation is also considered on this topic.
NGA(-group)s
interested in
cooperating with
each other
Other relevant
organisations
(SUB-) THEMES/GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
Economic governance of natural resources VLIR-UOS, Trias,
VECO, IPIS, VSF-B,
BOS+
AgriCord, Oikos, UCRT,
IIED, TNRF
Food security VSF-B, TRIAS, VLIR-
UOS
AgriCord, Oikos
Decent Work NGA’s interested to
cooperate with each
other
Other relevant
organisations: Coalition
Decent Work
Pastoralism, livestock and poultry VSF-B, TRIAS, IDP,
VECO
AgriCord, Oikos, HEIFER
International, SNV
77
One Health: livestock value chains VSF-B, TRIAS, VLIR-
UOS
HEIFER International
Gender for target groups in Arusha & Manyara Trias to collaborate
with IDP and ASF
Oikos, ACE Africa
Livestock groups and cooperatives Trias, VSF AgriCord, Oikos, SNV
Water management and irrigation VSF-B, Trias, VECO,
IDP, BOS+, VLIR,
VLIR-UOS
Oikos
Value chain systems VSF-B, Trias, VECO,
BOS+, VLIR
Farm Africa
Entrepreneurship & youth Trias, VDB SOS CV
Land-use planning VSF-B, Trias, VECO,
BOS+;
AgriCord, Oikos
Agroforestry BOS+, Trias, VECO,
VSF
AgriCord, Oikos
Practical research on multipurpose trees (agro-
forestry and forestry)
BOS+, Trias, VLIR-
UOS
Access to finance VSF-B, Trias, VECO,
BOS+
Agricord, FERT, BRAC ,
Pride, NMB Bank, CARE
international
Soil management VECO, TRIAS, BOS+,
VLIR-UOS
Social inclusion VSF-B, Trias, VECO,
IDP, BOS+, Fracarita,
LFTW
Environment friendly, climate-smart agriculture VSF-B, Trias, VECO,
IDP, BOS+, VLIR-UOS
AgriCord, Oikos, Global
Service Corpse
Special needs education and inclusive education
(primary schools, vocational training, …)
LFTW, Fracarita,
VDB, Africalia
Awareness raising on health, exchange of
qualified staff, sharing of health facilities and
health services
LFTW, other health
NGOs
Special needs education and inclusive educaton
(primary schools, vocational training, …)
LFTW, Fracarita, VDB
APPROACHES
Self-assessment tool to plan for, and monitor
organisational capacity strengthening
Trias, VDB AgriCord, Oikos
The stakeholders’ consultation meeting also noted that the fishing sector is left out, yet this sector is
very relevant for the livelihood of people, especially from lake zone and Kigoma areas. Also,
communication within project context, especially using radios and smartphone applications is
pointed out to be one key area where partners can consider collaborating, particularly for partners
implementing programmes in agriculture, water and natural resource management.
10.4 IDEAS AND COMMITMENTS OF HOW TO COOPERATE (~‘HOW’)
In the table below, we summarise the main ideas and suggestions for areas and approaches for better
cooperation in the short- and mid-term future. In the 1st column, we briefly describe the concrete
suggestions that were made by the consulted NGAs and stakeholders related to different types of
cooperation. In the 2nd column, we give an indication of who committed themselves to contribute to
this suggestion.
78
In the 3rd column, we indicate the ‘level’ of commitment, with the following scale: 1= already realized,
or being realized; 2 = concrete commitment to implement this intention during the coming years; 3 =
this idea will be explored in the future to see whether and how this can be concretised
The NGA-group identified the following approaches for exchange and cooperation:
10.4.2 INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Exchange of information is considered as a key element in the creation of synergies and improving
the cooperation amongst NGAs and other stakeholders (e.g. Belgian Embassy, BTC, other INGOs and
donors).
Ideas and suggestions Who? Level
Set up and maintain an information exchange ‘platform’with the focal
contact points of the NGAs involved
>E-mail: creation of different mail groups following the needs formulated by
the NGAs
>NGA-specific web platform
>Optimise the relevance and use of existing platforms and databases
� Viungo & NGO open book
All NGAs
2
3
2
Organise a yearly meeting among Belgian NGAs and some key stakeholders
(Agenda: cfr topics defined above – can alter, depending on the needs at
that moment) in Tanzania and/or in Brussels.
All NGAs 2
Organise a yearly meeting among Belgian NGAs and some key stakeholders
active in agriculture (Agenda: topics depending on the needs at that
moment) in Tanzania
TRIAS, VECO,
VSF, IDP, VLIR-
UOS, BOS+
2
Regular meetings within the NGA Platform (initiated by Embassy and BTC)
on several themes of common interest
All NGAs 1
Joint efforts between/for NGA staff and local partners
= inviting (partners of) other NGAs when organising/facilitating workshops,
multi-stakeholder meeting, conferences, field visits, on-the-job-trainings etc
All 2
Coordinate and represent Belgian NGAs to higher level agricultural sector
coordination meetings (~preparatory meetings and exchanges among
NGAs). Example: VECO presents to the Tanzanian horticultural association
and rice sector higher level meetings;
TRIAS, VECO,
VSF
2
Exchange of information with Educaid58 EDU NGAs 2
10.4.2 PROJECT OR PROGRAMME-BASED COLLABORATION
NGAs committed to the development or further improvement of the aforementioned ideas and
suggestions in order to improve the efficiency of each programme in particular, and the efficiency of
the programmatic support in Tanzania as a whole.
Ideas and suggestions Who? Level
58 Educaid.be is a Belgian platform on education and development cooperation which intends to strengthen,
defend and support the educational sector with Belgian development cooperation
79
While elaborating new programmes and projects, identify opportunities for
common activities (e.g. on transversal issues), for geographical
concentration/complementarity etc
All 2
Exploit synergy-potential from the on-going BFFS programme IDP, VSF,
TRIAS
1
Collaborate to develop potential future projects& programmes from the
synergy-line
All 2
Mutual cooperation between BTC, Embassy & NGAs when preparing the
IDCP or other initiatives
ALL +
embassy,
BTC
2
Prepare for common fundraising/joint project and programme development
when relevant and efficient (within themes, and/or for integration of
transversal elements in a ‘thematic’ programme)
All 3
Look into the possibilities to organise joint evaluations about specific (eg
transversal) themes
All 3
Exploit potential of collaboration with the coalition decent work to
integrate decent work in future programs
VIA Don
Bosco
3
Research on topics relevant for NGAs IPIS, VLIR-
UOS
research
institutions
with other
NGAs
3
Strengthen and cooperate for common lobby and advocacy related to
agriculture - through NGA networks (Topics: pastoralists, conflicts between
pastoralists and households growing crops as well as advocacy concerning
economic utilisation of conservation areas, climate smart agriculture, land
grabbing, gender and youth linked with agriculture, ...)
VSF, VECO,
BOS+, ASF,
Trias
3
10.4.3 LOGISTICS
Logistic cooperation can be useful in order to facilitate the management of one or more NGAs.
Ideas and suggestions Who? Level
Share offices, cars and other ‘equipment’ (in case of geographical
proximity)
All 3
Logistical support in Arusha & Manyara for research activities VSF-B, IDP and
Trias support
to VLIR-UOS &
IPIS
3
Support with planning logistics and sharing facilities in Arusha &
Manyara for research activities in the fields of business and civil society
governance or pastoralism
Trias support
to VLIR-UOS &
IPIS
3
Share local service delivery people/organisations * (ex. Sharing of health
facilities between NGOs working in the health sector)
All 3
Share network: finding people to work with (local actors, consultants,
experts, …)*
All 2
Human resources: share expertise for organising workshops etc * All 3
* Using the e-mail group when an NGA is looking for somebody
80
10.4.4 INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS
International networks are strongly developed in Tanzania, involving Tanzania’s CSOs as well as
International NGOs. This table highlights existing and/or future networks where Belgian NGAs are/or
will be involved
Networks Who Level
AgriCord (in Tanzania with Fert, Agriterra, We effect) Trias 1
North South South projects where several universities from the South
participate in the same project (f.e. UGent with Mzumbe University and
the UWC from South Africa on zone-it communication app)
VLIR-UOS 1
81
ANNEXES
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85
2. DETAILED PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION (ANNEX TO CHAPTER 2)
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
Fracarita
Belgium
/ Improved mental health
care and orthopedagogic
care in Tanzania
2014-2016 Lake & lake
central
DGD 339.130 euro
UNHCR, The
Tanzanian
Ministry of
Home Affairs
and World
Vision
Ahadi – Preparation of
repatriation of Congolese
refugees
1997-2015 Kigoma
region
Educational Resource
Centre (that belongs to
Ahadi)
2004-2015 Kigoma
region
Maendeleo Youth Centre 1997-2015 Kigoma
region
Newman High School 1997-2015 Kihinga
(Kigoma
region)
Ahadi Newman Institute of
Social Work
1998-2015 Kigoma
region
Emmaüs
Deaf Centre
in Gent –
Belgium
Rumonge Deaf
Cooperative
1998-2015 Kigoma
region
Private 15.000 euro
Sanganigwa B Children’s
Home
1994-2015 Kigoma
region
Bangwe Sheltered Home 2005-2015 Kigoma
region
Fracarita
Tanzania,
AHD,
Enforsa,
Rumonge
Deaf
Cooperative,
Saint
Cornelius
Mental
Health
Center
Kasaka
Saint
Dymphna
Psychiatric
SYN4LED (Synergy for
Local Economic
Development)
2014-2016 Kigoma
region
DGD 499.675 euro
86
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
Centre
Marumba
LFTW / Integration of blind and
visually impaired children
in Tanzania
2010-2017
CCBRT,
KCMC
No Specific Title; Main
objective was -Effective
prevention of blindness,
restore sight and
improved and sustainable
holistic eye care
2009-2016 Dar Es
Salaam-East-
Coast
regions,
Kilimanjaro
region
TSB Inclusive education for
children with visual
impairment. Objective
was: Inclusive Education
and Socio-Economic
Rehabilitation of people
with visual impairments
2009-2016 Dar es
Salaam,
Morogoro –
Dodoma
ASF EALS Support and protection
for lawyers and other
human rights defenders in
the regions of the African
Great Lakes and Eastern
Africa. Main objective
was59: Contribute to the
protection of human
rights in the regions of the
African Great Lakes and
Eastern Africa
2011-2015 Arusha
IPIS A project to pilot learning
and capacity
enhancement; whereby
IPIS can work at an
enhanced level with
partners in the global
South.
2014-2016 All over
Tanzania
Trias Incomet,
MUCOBA
Support for the initiatives
of rural communities to
improve food security in
Mufindi District
2009-2015 Mafinga
district,
Malingali
division
BFFS
PWC; LCDO;
TNRF; UCRT
Supporting Food Security
and Livelihood security
through improved
2009-2015 Longido
district,
BFFS
59This project was implemented in Uganda but involved EALS, hence in a way, Tanzania also benefitted.
87
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
livestock and tourism in
pastoralist communities
of Northern Tanzania.
Arusha
region
MVIWAMO,
Faida MaLi,
WEDAC,
MVIWATA,
FIDE, ACIST,
MNS, GFS
Local Economic
Development Programme
(DGD)
2011-2015 Arusha and
Manyara
region in
northern
Tanzania.
DGD 1.053.903 €
MVIWATA
Arusha,
MVIWATA
Manyara,
TCCIA
Arusha,
TCCIA
Manyara,
Emboreet
Dairy
Cooperative
Building assets:
Empowerment of Family
Farmers and Small Scale
Entrepreneurs in Arusha
and Manyara region
2014-2016 Arusha and
Manyara
region in
northern
Tanzania.
DGD 3.075.848 €
MVIWATA Farmers Voice (EC).
Objective: To contribute
to the empowerment of
smallholders’
participation in food
security related policy
processes in Kenya,
Tanzania and Uganda
2013-2015 Monduli,
Simanjiro
and Hai
districts,
northern
Tanzania
EU
MVIWATA,
UCRT, Honey
Guide
Foundation
Sustainable use of natural
resources and improved
livelihood programme for
5 villages located among
the Manyara-Longido-
Lake Natron livestock and
wildlife migratory route.
2014-2016 Monduli
district,
northern
Tanzania
Synergy 376.000 €
LCDO Improved food and
income security through a
better use of natural
resources and drought
cycle management in
Longido district, Tanzania
2012-2013 Longido
district,
northern
Tanzania
Africalia ZIFF + other
partners in
Kenya,
Uganda,
Cinétoile. Objectives
were: Capacity building
and public
awarenesstowards African
2008-2011 Zanzibar +
other
African
countries
EU 595.000 €
88
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
Burkina Faso,
DRC and
Zimbabwe
cinema and the social
development themes they
tackle within the program
geographical areas.
VECO District
Councils,
TAHA,
LOMIA
Development small
holders chains for poverty
reducing, feeding the
nation
2014-2016 Moshi Rural,
Arusha and
Meru
districts in
northern
Tanzania
The district
council,
MUVI,
farmer
cooperatives,
VICOBA,
MVIWATA
and ANSAF
Agriculture / Land
Management project,
with the objective:
Sustainable agricultural
market chains in cassava,
preferably at local and
regional level, in which
organised family farmers,
male and female, are
successfully influencing
the trade relationships
and improve their net
income
2008-2013 Mkuranga
district,
Coast region
The District
Council, SUA,
Water User
Committees
Improved good
governance and
sustainable use of natural
resources in Simanjiro-
district Tanzania
2012-2013 Simanjiro
district,
northern
Tanzania
District
Councils and
Farmer
Associations
Land Management and
sustainable water
consumption in Lower
Moshi and Simanjiro
Districts, Tanzania
2015-2016 Simanjiro
and Moshi
districts,
northern
Tanzania
Dstrict
Councils,
TAHA, and
Farmer
Groups
Social and Economic
Empowerment
Programme, Simanjiro
and Same Districts,
Tanzania
2007-2011 Simanjiro
and Same
districts,
northern
Tanzania
District
Councils,
TEOSA and
Fas
Sustainable Food Security
Programme, Chunya
District
2010-2014 Chunya
district,
southern
Highlands
VIVA Africa Sant’Egidio
ACAP
Tanzania and
Drug Resource
Enhancement against
AIDS and Malnutrition
2011-2015 Aarumeru,
Iringa
Urban,
89
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
Ministry of
Health
(DREAM) in 3 districts of
Tanzania
Tarime
districts in
northern,
Lake zones
respectively
Sant’Egidio
ACAP
Tanzania and
Ministry of
Health
Improvement of retention
in care of Aids patients in
3 regions of Tanzania
2011-2015 Aarumeru,
Iringa
Urban,
Tarime
districts in
northern,
Lake Zones
Sant’Egidio
ACAP
Tanzania and
Ministry of
Health
Improvement of access to
care treatment for people
living with Aids in 3
regions of Tanzania
2011-2015 Aarumeru,
Iringa
Urban,
Tarime
districts in
northern,
Lake zones
VSF UCRT,
HEIFER
International
Maisha Bora Food
Security Program, with
the objective: Households
have their livestock
Livelihoods secured and
can benefit more from
livestock products
2015-2019 Longido and
Simanjiro
districts in
northern
Tanzania
IDP Maisha Bora Food
Security Program, with
the objective
2015-2019 Longido and
Simanjiro
districts in
northern
Tanzania
VIA Don
Bosco
Salesians of
Don Bosco: 1
Planning and
Development
Office + 1 Job
Placement
Office + 3
Vocational
Training
Centers
Improvement of socio-
professional integration
by providing
disadvantaged youngsters
with vocational training
2014-2016 Coastal,
central and
southern
Highlands
DGD 1.283.586,63
EUR
Salesians of
Don Bosco: 1
Planning and
Development
Education services and
integral formation in the
skills development sub-
sector
2011-2013 Coastal,
central and
southern
Highlands
DGD 1.392.600,00
EUR (for
Tanzania +
Kenya)
90
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
Office (in
Nairobi) + 3
Vocational
Training
Centers
Salesians of
Don Bosco: 1
Planning and
Development
Office (in
Nairobi) + 3
Vocational
Training
Centers
Consolidation of technical
and vocational education
within the Salesian
network in East Africa
2008-2010 Coastal,
central and
southern
Highlands
DGD 324.151,41
EUR
VLIR-UOS Mzumbe
University
Institutional University
Cooperation with
Mzumbe University (MU-
T) (Pre-partner
programme and Phase I)
2012 -
2019
Morogoro DGD 1620000
NM-AIST Institutional University
Cooperation with Nelson
Mandela African Institute
of Science and Technology
(NM-AIST) (Pre-partner
programme and Phase I)
2012 -
2019
Arusha DGD 1600000
SUA Landscape-ecological
clarification of bubonic
plague distribution and
outbreaks in the West-
Usambara Mountains,
Tanzania
2008 -
2014
Tanga DGD 307360,05
SUA Wildlife population
ecology and human-
wildlife interactions in and
around Saadani National
Park
2008 -
2014
Pwani DGD 309789,78
SUA Spatial and temporal
prevalence of rodent-
borne zoonotic diseases
affecting public health in
the Rift Valley in Tanzania
2008 -
2013
Arusha DGD 99795
SUA Groundwater
characterisation of a
coastal aquifer in Dar-es-
Salaam, Tanzania:
2009 -
2013
Dar es
Salaam
DGD 99101,1
91
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
Mapping groundwater
quality zones and
developing groundwater
management strategies
University of
Dar es
Salaam
Dissemination of the
sustainable wastewater
technology of constructed
wetlands in Tanzania
2011 -
2013
Dar es
Salaam
DGD 62010
Mzumbe
University
Close the Gap 2012 MU-T 2012 -
2014
Morogoro DGD 32932
NM-AIST Close the Gap 2012 NM-
AIST
2012 -
2014
Arusha DGD 20236
Sebastian
Kolowa
University
College
Enhancing local natural
resource awareness and
developing tools for
participatory landuse and
landscape design in
Lushoto District, Tanzania
2012 -
2014
Tanga DGD 63157
Mzumbe
University
Virtualisation of
information and
communication
technologies at Mzumbe
University
2014 -
2015
Morogoro DGD 193650
NM-AIST Strengthening of NM-AIST
ICT and library
infrastructure
2014 -
2015
Arusha DGD 161150
Tanzannia
Food and
Drugs
Authority
Developing effective
strategies for minimizing
exposure of fumonisins
and aflatoxins in maize
based complementary
foods in Tanzania
2011 -
2015
Dar es
Salaam
DGD 300000
SUA Enhancing indigenous
knowledge on
conservation agriculture
for poverty alleviation and
sustainable livelihood in
the Usambara Mountains,
Lushoto, Tanzania
2010 -
2014
Tanga DGD 99726,9
Dodoma
University
Increasing teaching and
research capacities on
geological processes,
resources and hazard
management in the
2013 -
2015
Dodoma DGD 74795
92
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
northern Tanzania
Volcanic Zone (NTVZ)
Ardhi
University
Co-creating strategic eco-
tourism projects to
promote sustainable
waterfront development
in Dar es Salaam and
Kigoma
2014 -
2016
Dar es
Salaam /
Kigoma
DGD 74920
Ardhi
University
Developing Effective
Strategies to Engage
Private Sector and Civil
Society in Reduced
Emission from Forest
Degradation and
Deforestation
interventions after Pilot
Projects Phase in Tanzania
2014 -
2016
Dar es
Salaam
DGD 56574
University of
Dar es
Salaam
Improving the governance
of technology transfer
from South-South
cooperation for private
sector development in
Tanzania
2014 -
2016
Dar es
Salaam
DGD 31141
State
University of
Zanzibar
International inTEnsive
Southern training
proGRAmme and network
Development for marine
and lacustrine scientists
(InteGRADE)
2014 -
2016
Zanzibar DGD 74922
National
Institute for
Medical
Research
Joining efforts to detect
and control Plasmodium
falciparum resistance in
East and Central Africa
2014 -
2016
Arusha DGD 74976
Open
University of
Tanzania
Tracing the status and
impacts of terrestrial
contamination in the
coastal environments of
Tanzania
2014 -
2016
Coastal DGD 74763
SUA Improving livelihood
through control of viral
diseases affecting short
cycle stocks.
2015 -
2019
Morogoro DGD 290676
Open
University of
Tanzania
Enhancing equal
opportunities through
participation of families
2015 -
2019
Dar es
Salaam
DGD 166193
93
ACTOR(S)
Programme focus (title) Time
frame Zone(s)
Donor
DGD,
partnership,
synergy, other
bilateral, local
multilateral..
Budget
Coordination Others
involved
and schools in basic skill
formation.
NM-AIST NSS 2013 UL - UWC - NM-
AIST
2014 -
2015
Arusha DGD 78540
Mzumbe
University
NSS 2013 MU-T - UWC 2014 -
2016
Mzumbe DGD 74800
94
3. LIST OF PARTICIPATING NGAS AND CONTACT INFORMATION
Leden/mem
bres Contact name e-mail Physical address
Currently
active in
Tanzania
Physical
ly
present
in
Tanzani
a
Trias Sven Ten Napel [email protected] Wetstraat 89, 1040
Brussel Yes Yes
Iles de Paix
(IDP)
Sebastien
Mercado [email protected]
Rue du Marché 37,
4500 Huy Yes No
Vredeseilan
den (VECO) Joris Aertsens [email protected]
Blijde Inkomststraat
50, 3000 Leuven Yes Yes
Vétérinaires
sans
Frontières
(VSF)
Peter Vanderjagt [email protected]
venue Paul
Deschanel 36-38,
1030 Schaerbeek
Bruxelles
Yes Yes
VIA Don
Bosco (VDB) Bram Reekmans [email protected]
Leopold II-laan 195,
1080 Brussel Yes No
VLIR – UOS Wannes
Verbeeck [email protected]
Bolwerksquare 1a,
1050 Brussel Yes No
Viva
Africa/Sant'
Egidio
Francois Delooz [email protected]
Rijke klarenstraat 26
B -1000 Brussel yes No
Avocats
Sans
Frontières
(ASF)
Catherine
Lalonde [email protected]
Naamsestraat 72,
1000 Bruxellles No Yes
BOS+
tropen Hilke Evenpoel [email protected]
Geraardsbergsesteen
weg 267, 9090
Gontrode
No No
Fracarita
Belgium
Joost van
Heesvelde [email protected] ;
Jozef Guislainstraat
43, 9000 Gent Yes Yes
IPIS Fiona Southward [email protected] Italiëlei 98/A, 2000
Antwerpen Yes No
Light for
The World
(LFTW)
Koen Lein [email protected]; Karreveldlaan 12
1080 Brussel Yes Yes
Miel Maya
Honing asbl
(MMH)
Elsa Demoulain [email protected]
rue Ste-Walburge,
207
4000 Liège - Belgique
No No
Louvain
Coopération
au
Développe
ment (LD)
Léonidas
MBANZAMIHIGO [email protected]
Avenue du Grand
Cortil 15/A, 1348 No No
RODE KRUIS
Vlaanderen
Internationa
al
Toon Wets [email protected]
Rode Kruis-
Vlaanderen |
Motstraat 40 | 2800
Mechelen
No No
Africalia Bjorn Maes [email protected] Rue du Congrès 13,
1000 Bruxelles No No
95
Medecin du
monde
Justine
Forthomme
Assistant.Missions1@medecinsdumonde.
be
Kruidtuinstraat 75,
1210 Sint-Joost-ten-
Node
No No
Echos
communicat
ion
Miguel Declerck [email protected]
rg
Rue Coleau 28, 1410
Waterloo No No
SOS Village
d'enfants
Marie
Wuestenberghs
Marie.wuestenberghs@sos-
kinderdorpen.be
Rue Gachard 88
1050 Bruxelles No No
* ITG participated initially but withdrew from the participants list in July. All information directly
related to ITG has been taken out of the document.
96
4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN DUTCH: GEZAMENLIJKE CONTEXT ANALYSE
Inleiding
De Belgische Niet Gouvernementele Actoren (NGA’s) die actief zijn Tanzania of belangstelling hebben om in de
toekomst activiteiten te ontplooien in dat land, werden uitgenodigd om samen een contextanalyse te maken.
Deze oefening had tot resultaat dat 20 Belgische NGA’s gezamenlijke doelstellingen geformuleerd hebben die
richting geven aan hun toekomstige interventies op 6 domeinen: Gezondheid, Onderwijs, Mensenrechten &
Governance, Ondernemerschap, Landbouw & Veeteelt en Milieu.
Trias nam de leiding van de oefening en voor elk van de werkterreinen werd een “sub lead” aangeduid: Via Don
Bosco voor Onderwijs, Rode Kruis voor Gezondheid, AsF voor Mensenrechten & Governance, Trias voor
Ondernemerschap, Landbouw & Veeteelt en voor Milieu. Trias werd bijgestaan door een lokale consultant
vanuit Arusha.
Zowel NGA’s die reeds activiteiten ontwikkelen, als NGA’s met toekomstplannen in Tanzania namen actief deel
aan een proces van uitwisseling van informatie, reflectie, consultatie van partners en stakeholders in de civiele
maatschappij. De Ambassade van België en BTC zijn ook betrokken geweest tijdens inhoudelijke ateliers. Een
speciaal atelier werd georganiseerd voor de lokale partnerorganisaties en andere Tanzaniaanse stakeholders.
Hun input werd in dit document opgenomen.
Tijdens het proces werd grote aandacht besteed aan de toekomstige interventies van de NGA’s, hun
coherentie, complementariteit en synergie. Het tijdsbestek was te kort om te komen tot een gezamenlijk
strategisch kader, maar de oefening biedt een goede aanzet om de onderlinge samenwerking te versterken en
een betere synergie te ontwikkelen met de programma’s van andere actoren, o.m. met andere actoren van de
Tanzaniaanse civiele maatschappij, andere donoren en de Belgische bilaterale samenwerking.
Tanzania
Tanzania is gelegen in Oost-Afrika en is actief lid van de Oost-Afrikaanse Unie. De Tanganyika African National
Union (TANU) heeft Tanzania in 1961 geleid tot onafhankelijk land. In 1964 is het land gekomen tot een unie
van Tanganyika (vaste land) en Zanzibar, hoewel Zanzibar vandaag nog steeds een semiautonome legislatuur
en overheid kent.
Tanzania toch gekend om zijn stabiliteit en vrede in de regio is gekenmerkt door één van de armste
economieën van de wereld in termen van capita per inkomen. Volgens cijfers van de Wereldbank gepubliceerd
in 2013 rankt dit land achteraan op de 154ste plaats van de 185 landen met een GDP van 2,443 USD. Aan de
andere kant heeft dit land een GDP groei gekend van 2009 tot 2014 van gemiddeld 6-7% per jaar. Tanzania is
ondertussen overgegaan tot een markteconomie hoewel de overheid nog sterk aanwezig blijft in bepaalde
sectoren zoals de telecommunicatie, banking, energie en mijnbouw. De economie blijft wel sterk afhankelijk
van de landbouw die voor meer dan 25% van de GDP instaat en meer dan 80% van de actieve bevolking
betrekt.
Een van de grote ontwikkelingsuitdagingen is dat de economische groei niet iedereen bereikt en dat er nog
steeds erg veel mensen onder de armoedegrens leven, het land kent een HDI van 159 (2014). De laatste census
telde 44.93 miljoen inwoners waarvan er 1.3 miljoen in Zanzibar leven. De bevolkingsdichtheid van 123
inwoners per km² blijft nog relatief lag maar staat enorm onder druk van de fertiliteisratio met gemiddeld 5.01
geboortes per vrouw. Hiermee staat Tanzania op nummer 18 op wereldschaal.
Het land kent een enorme diversiteit van meer dan 120 etnische groepen met elks hun eigen gewoontes en
gebruiken die soms leiden tot conflicten, met name bijvoorbeeld regelmatige landsconflicten tussen de meer
nomadische groepen als Maasai en Sukuma en de sedentaire gemeenschappen.
Tanzania kent enorme natuurlijke rijkdommen, deze biodiversiteit wordt bedreigd door ondeskundig beheer en
door de zeer snelle toename van de bevolking die de druk op het milieu verhogen. Onregelmatige regenval en
97
de lange periodes van droogte als gevolg van de klimaatsverandering hebben een negatieve invloed op de
economische ontwikkeling van landbouwers en veehouders vooral in het aride noorden.
De Tanzaniaanse overheid slaagt er om diverse redenen niet in om haar dienstverlening aan de bevolking goed
uit te bouwen. De Civiele Maatschappij is actief op vele domeinen en kan sterke resultaten voorleggen, niet
enkel hierboven besproken sectoren maar ook in sectoren als gezondheid, onderwijs en rechten van vrouwen
en kinderen.
Doelstellingen van NGA’s in Tanzania
Onderwijs
NGA’s zullen zich richten op de versterking van instellingen zowel voor lager-, middelbaar-, hoger onderwijs als
technische & beroepsscholen en culturele instellingen zodat zij een bijdrage kunnen leveren aan de
ontwikkeling van het land.
Instellingen zullen versterkt worden in diverse managementcapaciteiten als HR maar ook financial
management. In het hoger onderwijs staat capacity building centraal door de samenwerking en uitwisseling
met Vlaamse Universiteiten en door het toekennen van beurzen. In het technisch en beroepsonderwijs zullen
NGO’s aandacht besteden aan lerarenopleiding, kwaliteitsvol onderwijs gebaseerd op kennis en bekwaamheid.
Aandacht zal besteed worden aan de aansluiting van het technisch en beroepsonderwijs bij de noden van de
arbeidsmarkt en het bedrijfsleven. Er zal ook aandacht gaan naar het toegankelijker maken van
onderwijsinstellingen voor gehandicapten en meer specifiek slechtzienden.
De steun aan culturele instellingen zal gericht zijn op institutionele versterking, management opleiding,
advocacy, gender en decentralisatie van de instellingen.
Gezondheid
In algemeen hebben NGA’s uitgedrukt zich te willen inzetten voor het redden van levens en het versterken van
de weerbaarheid van de meest kwetsbare gemeenschappen door niet enkel de verbetering van preventie maar
ook verbetering van de toegang tot-, de kwaliteit en de effectiviteit van de gezondheidszorg in Tanzania. Meer
specifiek zijn het verbeteren van verzorging van slechtzienden, verhoogde bloeddonatie en verbeterde
capaciteiten in eerste hulp beoogde doelstellingen op middellange termijn. Bovendien beogen sommige NGA’s
het vergroten van de toegang tot drinkbaar water en sanitatie, maar ook Family planning, reproductive health
en HIV bestrijding.
Mensenrechten, Gerecht & Governance
Belgische NGA’s gaan ervan uit dat de mainstreaming van dit thema veronderstelt dat alle actoren bereid en
bekwaam zijn om het respect voor mensen rechten, inclusief de rechten van minderheden, vrouwen,
gehandicapten, LGTB’s, kinderen, ouderen, enz te verbeteren. Dankzij de steun van NGA’s aan de lokale civiele
maatschappij zullen zij samen met de lokale gemeenschappen betere toegang tot informatie voorzien en zich
versterken in het beter opkomen voor hun rechten.
Ondernemerschap
De belangrijkste doelstelling in deze sector is de verbetering van de levensomstandigheden door de promotie
van ondernemerschap buiten de landbouw. Dit zal gebeuren door verbetering van toegang tot financiering,
door de versterking van ledenorganisaties die het ondernemerschap ondersteunen, verbetering van het
algemene ondernemingsklimaat en het ondersteunen naar diversificatie van businessactiviteiten.
Landbouw
De lange termijn doestelling van NGA’s actief in de landbouw beoogt het bereiken van een dynamische
agrarische sector in Tanzania, waar zowel familiale boeren als andere meer marktgerichte stakeholders erin
slagen een duurzame sector uit te bouwen die in hun eigen voedsel zekerheid voorziet als ook competitief is
voor export markten. De steun aan boerenorganisaties en hun belangenverdedigers hebben een belangrijke
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plaats in de programma’s van NGA’s om ook de economische, sociale en milieuomstandigheden te verbeteren
van de lokale gemeenschappen.
Milieu
NGA’s zullen dit thema integreren in al hun activiteiten met als doel een duurzaam gebruik van land, water en
bosgebieden door gemeenschappen te bewerkstelligen. Belangrijk daarbij is dat er ook gekeken zal worden
hoe dit gedaan kan worden rekening houdend met de impact van de klimaatverandering. Waar mogelijk zullen
de activiteiten gelinkt worden aan de duurzame bescherming van de vele waardevolle natuurgebieden die
Tanzania rijk is.
Samenwerking, complementariteit en synergie
De reflectie tussen NGA’s en met de vertegenwoordigers van de Ambassade en BTC concentreerde zich eerst
op de transversale en horizontale thema’s die zich op dit moment aanbieden. Uit de analyse van de
toekomstige interventies blijkt dat in vele gevallen de aanpak van NGA’s invloed hebben op meerdere
sectoren: vb waterbeheer op gezondheid, onderwijs op ondernemerschap en landbouw, milieubeheer op
mensenrechten, enz. NGA’s zullen in de toekomst meer aandacht besteden aan de horizontale aanpak, meer
uitwisseling van ervaring en kennis inbouwen in hun acties en op die manier een grotere coherentie kunnen
bereiken.
Enkele transversale thema’s werden geïdentificeerd:
- Gender
- HIV/Aids
- Kinderrechten
- Toegang tot programma’s en projecten voor gehandicapten
- Milieu en climate change
- Cultuur en technologie
- Reproductive health en family planning
De mainstreaming van deze thema’s wordt een opdracht in de toekomstige programma’s en NGA’s zullen
elkaar daarbij ondersteunen door uitwisseling van informatie en vorming.
NGA’s in Tanzania ontmoetten elkaar eerder al zowel tijdens het overleg georganiseerd door de Belgische
Ambassade als op eigen initiatief. Deze uitwisseling zal geïntensifieerd worden op de volgende gebieden:
- Er is voorlopig afgesproken één fysieke jaarlijkse meeting te voorzien op eigen initiatief voor alle
NGA’s met daarnaast één jaarlijkse meeting voor de NGA’s actief in de landbouw om thema’s van
gemeenschappelijke interesse en synergie te bespreken
- NGA’s willen meer uitwisseling n.a.v. specifieke events (bezoeken, conferenties, …), onder landbouw
NGA’s zal er gekeken worden hoe deelname, coördinatie en representatie aan high-level landbouw
sector meetings verdeeld kan worden
- Een actievere participatie binnen het Tanzaniaanse NGO-Forum zal impact en samenwerking met de
civiele maatschappij verbeteren
- Meer samenwerking op het gebied van Project- en programma ontwikkeling: NGO’s zullen sessies
organiseren tijdens de voorbereidende fases van programma-opmaak, zowel voor hun eigen
programma’s als voor het Indicatief Samenwerkingsprogramma van de Belgische bilaterale
samenwerking. Zij zullen opportuniteiten voor synergie-projecten onderzoeken en initiëren
- Fondsenwerving bij andere donoren
Op dit moment zijn het BFFS programma en het synergy project al twee concrete voorbeelden van lopende
synergie tussen Belgische NGA’s. NGA’s willen meer leren uit deze lopende ervaringen en ook bekijken hoe
meer synergie ontwikkeld kan worden tussen de bilaterale als met de internationale actoren. Bij deze laatsten
zal er ook aandacht gaan naar de rol die internationale netwerken van Belgische NGA’s kunnen spelen.
Belgische NGA’s zijn een relatief kleine speler in Tanzania, maar deze engagementen die opgemaakt zijn binnen
deze Gezamenlijke Contextanalyse bieden perspectief voor een kwalitatief hoogstaande samenwerking die
deze organisaties bovendien zal onderscheiden als betrouwbare en standvastige partners voor de Tanzaniaanse
civiele maatschappij.