johns hopkins university engineering innovation 2012 m. scott part 1
TRANSCRIPT
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Part 1
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
How much H2O, in liters, in oceans?
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Enrico Fermi, Physicist• One of the most notable
physicists of the 20th century.• Leading contributions in the
Manhattan Project.• Ingenious ways of approximating
and avoiding long tedious calculations
• Back-of-envelope problems
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Fermi Problems
• Open ended problem solving.• Thought process is more important than calculating
exact answer.• Steps in solving Fermi problems– Determine what factors are important in solving
problem– Estimate these factors– Use dimensional reasoning to calculate a solution
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Fermi Problems
• What do Fermi Problems have to do with engineering– Engineers have to solve open ended problems that
might not have a single right solution– Engineers have to estimate a solution to a
complicated problem– Engineers have to think creatively
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
How much H2O, in liters, in oceans?
In groups of 3…
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Parameters
• Width of United States: 3,000 miles = 4,800 km• Diameter of Earth: 8,000 miles = 12,800 km• Earth Surface Coverage: 71%• Average Depth of Ocean: 12,500 feet = 2.4 mls = 3.84 km• 1 ft3 = 7.5 gallons• 1 gal = 3.8 liters
Answer: 1.35 x 1021 Liters
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Ice breaker
• Knowledge about each other• Getting comfortable
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Design Challenge
• Objective: – Move a water bottle from one point to another 12”
away• Other criteria:
– Arm must extend at least 18” to bottle without support– Only given supplies/tools may be used
18”
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
3
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Part 2
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
What is STEM?
Scientists investigate the natural world
Engineers create the designed world using scientific knowledge
Technologies are the products and processes created by engineers
Society is impacted in various ways
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
What is Mathematics?STEM
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
What is Technology?STEM
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
What is Science?STEM
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
What is Engineering?STEM
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Science vs. Engineering
Science:1. Systematically obtaining knowledge by observation and
experience2. Use the Scientific Method3. Empirical / Objective
Engineering:4. Application of math and science by which matter and
energy are made useful to people5. Use the Engineering Design Process (Designing and
implementing solutions that fulfill an objective, need, or desire)6. Subjective solutions based on objective knowledge
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Dr. Oct – scientist or engineer?NASA – scientists or engineers?
STEM:Science, Technology, Engineering, Math
What is Engineering?
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Fields of Science
Natural Science:1. When we refer to “science,” we mean “natural science”2. Science = Natural science, social science, formal science,
applied science.Physical Science:
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_science
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Designing a Car – which field of engineering comes to mind?
What’s actually involved:– chemistry– thermodynamics– heat transfer– fluid dynamics– electronic controls– dynamics & vibrations– materials science– mechanical design– Etc.
Fields of Engineering
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Fields of Engineering
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_engineering
Major Fields:1. Aerospace2. Bioengineering 3. Chemical4. Civil5. Computer Engineering6. Computer Science7. Electrical8. Electronic 9. Material10. Mechanical11. Nuclear12. Process
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
engineering is.……ethics, safety & public service
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
engineering is.……ethics, safety & public service
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
engineering is.……sustainability
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
How does engineering affect your life?
What engineered products do you use daily?
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
The Pendulum Example
• Let’s “prove” whether the equation is accurate.• What would affect period T?• The equation:• How shall we experiment?
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Reports
Objective:Understand and be able to meet lab report requirements and expectations
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Data Collection
• Write all original data on data sheets• Do not color over or erase info on data sheets – put a
line through it• Copying data from lab partner is fine, but analyses
should be your own
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Reports – Formatting • PRINT IT AND CLIP/STAPLE IT• 1.5 spacing• Times New Roman (12 pt) • Make it all look good – easier to read, understand, trust• Tables, graphs, diagrams, etc.– Captions– Center on page– Refer to them in text, otherwise why have them?– Self-explanatory; reader should understand them without
explanation– Every table column and graph axis should be labeled with Quantity,
Symbol, and Units. Exception: titles of graphs• Make no judgments regarding the data until the Discussion section
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Appendices
ABSTRACT
What you Did
What you’re looking for
Lab Report – Overview
What’s the Significance
What you Observed
Introduction Procedure Results Discussion
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Overview
• What is in your lab report (abstract)• What you were looking to find out (introduction)• What you did (procedure)• What you observed (results)• What your results mean (conclusion)• Giving credit where it’s due
(acknowledgements and references)• Additional information for reference (appendices)
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Contents
Title1. Abstract (Hickam) ……………………............. 12. Introduction (Kilby) …………………….......... 13. Procedure (Hickam) …………………............ 24. Results (Kilby) …………………………………….. 45. Discussion/Conclusion (Hickam) …………. 56. Acknowledgments ……………………………… 67. References ………………………………............. 68. Appendices (Kilby) ……………………………… 7
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Introduction
1. Purpose– What’s your hypothesis? – What are you intending to find out?– What questions will be answered?
2. Background/Theory– Why will your experiment answer your questions?– How will the data you collect, analyze, and interpret
tell you something substantive?
Introduction Procedure Results Discussion
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Good Example – Introduction
• “A pendulum is slowed on its upswing and accelerated on its downswing by gravity. In an ideal, frictionless [vacuum] environment, a pendulum would never cease to swing.”
Good Example – Introduction
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Good Example – Introduction
• “A pendulum is slowed on its upswing and accelerated on its downswing by gravity. In an ideal, frictionless [vacuum] environment, a pendulum would never cease to swing.”
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Procedure 1. Equipment and Materials– List all equipment and materials used in lab, including
instrument #’s, model and serial numbers (if known)– Diagram of experimental setup (label variables if possible)– Notes on setting up the equipment
2. Experimental Procedure– Paragraph summary of procedure taken– Include info relevant to your lab (e.g. if you used 0.811 m
instead of 0.80 m, say 0.811 m)– Any additional procedure required to answer lab questions
Introduction Procedure Results Discussion
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
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Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Results The results section should summarize the data from the
experiments without discussing their implications. Do not duplicate data provided in one format (e.g. table) by including in another format (e.g. graph)
1. Data– Original (raw) data only is displayed in this section– Introduce all tables/graphs prior to displaying them (this does
not mean you need to analyze them prior to displaying them)– If tables are large, provide only a sample in report and refer to
full table in appendix– Graphs are a much better communication than tables
2. Data Analysis3. Uncertainty and Error
Introduction Procedure Results Discussion
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Results 2. Data Analysis– Sample of each calculation performed on data– Graphs of calculations (e.g. log-log plots)
3. Uncertainty and Error– No conclusions can be drawn without uncertainty/error– Informs you of data trustworthiness, repeatability, bias,
external effects– Give calculations and estimation reasons for uncertainty for
all measurements– Error (% error is best) should be calculated when
true/accepted value is known– Must show error from measurements propagated through
calculations and graphs
Introduction Procedure Results Discussion
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Key:Passive vs. Active – Be Consistent1 Sig Fig for Uncertainty Period uncertainty should be the sameExplain how you got uncert.Quantify!
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Discussion/Conclusion
The meat of the lab report:1. Give a brief recap of your question and hypothesis.2. Was your hypothesis correct?3. What happened and why?4. Were there any difficulties with the experiment? Is
there any reason to disbelieve your results?5. How could you improve the experiment?6. Do these results suggest any follow-up experiments?7. Answer all lab questions.
Be Specific and Quantitative – back it up with numbers, or else you probably shouldn’t say it
Introduction Procedure Results Discussion
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Good Example – Disc./Concl.
• See example 2:• http://homepage.smc.edu/gallogly_ethan/sample_la
b_reports.htm
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Abstract
Lab Report – Abstract • Completed after the four main sections• One-paragraph (100-200 words)• Summarizes:– Purpose– Procedure– Significant results
Introduction Procedure Results Discussion
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Good Example – Abstract
• 65 words, and it just about says it all• Missing specific relationship between period and length,
mass, and amplitude
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Lab Report – Other Stuff• Acknowledgments
– Only required when using someone else’s data– Acknowledged in body of report and here as well
• References– Cite using Council of Science Editors (CSE)– http://www.sourceaid.com/
• Appendices– Table of Contents– Includes relevant data not pertinent to comprehension of lab
report; reader should not be referred to appendix in order to understand the conclusions you draw or the graphs you make
– Each appendix begins with a description of its contents
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Indent these notes
Good Example – Appendix
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Good Lab Report Examples
1. 2nd Example on page: http://homepage.smc.edu/gallogly_ethan/sample_lab_reports.htm
2. Great example, including error/uncertainty under analysis section
http://www.physics.unc.edu/labs/sample_report.php
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Sample Grading Scale
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Group Work
• What are some effective group strategies?• Be responsible for all of it• Planning is important!• Be clear up front about who’s doing what• Get work done on time• Schedule proofreading time• Be honest with each other and your instructor• Get work in on time
Johns Hopkins University Engineering Innovation 2012 M. Scott
Success in EI• What do you think?• Have fun, and be serious• Be confident
– This is nerd boot camp, and you wouldn’t be here if you couldn’t handle it
• Ask lots of questions of instructors, each other, the internet, etc.– You are not alone in your difficulties
• Be a good group member• Stay focused – work when it’s time to work, play when it’s time
to play• Plan plan plan plan, then work your plan