john strand 1/18/2002 1 optical networking cs 294-3 2/5/2002 john strand the views expressed in this...

John Strand1/18/2002

1

Optical NetworkingCS 294-32/5/2002

John Strand

The Views Expressed In This Talk Are The Author’s. They Do Not Necessarily Represent The Views Of AT&T Or Any Other Corporation Or Individual.

AT&T Optical Networks Research [email protected]

U. of California - Berkeley - EECS [email protected]


2

SONET Rates

STS-1 OC-1 51.840

STS-3 OC-3 155.520

STS-12 OC-12 622.080

STS-48 OC-48 2,488.320

STS-192 OC-192 9,953.280

STS-768 OC-768 39,813.120

Level OpticalDesignation

Bit Rate(Mb/s)

STS = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALOC = OPTICAL CARRIER (“..result of a direct optical converions of the STS after synchronous scrambling” - ANSI)

EC (Not Shown) = ELECTRICAL CARRIER


3

CPECentralOffice

Switch

"POTS"

PBX

Private Line (PL)

Basic Service Types

POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service

PSTN• ~ 100 Intercity Switches*

* ATT Network

Transport Network• Shared By Many Services• ~10x As Many Offices*


4

Entering The Transport Network

MUX M

UX

POTS

POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service"VG: Voice GradePL: Private Line

1 MUX24

OOOO

OO

64 kb/s 1.5 Mb/s 45 - 622 Mb/s

2.5 - 10Gb/s

WDM

BackboneFiber

Network

10 Gb WAN Ethernet• SONET Framed - 9.953 Gb/s• Asynchronous

*

1.5 Mb/s PL

45 - 2500 Mb/s PL[1Gb Ethernet]

2500 - 10,000 Mb/s PL, 10 Gb WAN Ethernet

&VG PL


5

Pure Glass Core

Glass Cladding

Inner Polymer Coating

Outer Polymer Coating

8.3 micron*

125 micron

250 micron

Single Fiber

Lightpack Cable Design

Protection Layers

Protects “core”Serves as a “Light guide”

* Single Mode Fiber; Multi-Mode Has A 50 Micron Core

Typical Loss: 0.2 – 0.25 dB/km Plus Connector Loss

Fiber Structure


6

Transport Layer

Service Routing

Service Layer(e.g., POTS or PL)


7

40 - 120 km(80 km typically)

Up to 10,000 km(600 km in 2001 basic commercial products)

OA OA

1

2

3

N

WDMMux

R

R

R

R

WDMDeMux

Frequency-registeredtransmitters

Receivers

WDM: Wavelength Division MultiplexOA: Optical Amplifier

All-Optical AmplificationOf Multi-Wavelength Signal!!!

Optical Amplifier/WDM Revolution


8

320

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

20

80

1280

5120

Gb/s

Single Fiber Capacity

Source: K. Coffman & A. Odlyzko, “Internet Growth: Is There A Moore’s Law For Data Traffic?” (research.att.com/~amo)

Capacity = (Bits / *Bandwidth

(Bandwidth/

Moore'sLaw


9

Transport Layer Model

Circuit/Packet Switching

Digital Transmission(SONET)

Optical Layer

Media Layer

DS3 or STS-N(<= 622 Mb/S)

STS-48 or 192(2.5 - 10 Gb/Sec)

Multi-Wavelength

(<= 400 Gb/s)

PL

PL

PL

Characteristic Technologies

RouterVoice Switch

Digital Cross-Connect (DCS)Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM)

Fiber

Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)

Single "wavelengths"

Multi-wavelength bundles


10

Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect

Optical transport system(1.55 m)

Optical transport system(1.55 m)

Standardcross-office optics

(1.3 m)

FibersIn

FibersOut

-Mux

Add ports Drop ports

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Transparency= node-bypass

Wavelength PathCrossconnect

(Optical orElectronicInterior)


11

Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect(Electrical Fabric)

®

1-Bay Capacity: 640 Gb/s


12

An 8 x 8 Switch

Chip size: 1 cm x 1 cmChip size: 1 cm x 1 cm

Source: L-Y. Lin


13

Outline

• Transport - Traditional TDM Networks

• Optical Networking

• Optical Networking & IP

Concentrate On Intercity Networks• Time Constraint• Metro, Access Optical Networks More Complex, Less Mature


14

Voice & OtherTDM-Based Services


Data Services(Mostly IP-Based)


Optical LayerOptical Layer

Media LayerMedia Layer

DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)

DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)

STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)

Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)

IP Transport

Transport For IP -Defining Functionality Of These Interfaces

Digital TransmissionLayer


Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers


IP For Transport -Introducing IP FunctionalityInto The Optical Layer


15

Non-IPServices

IP Router

IPServices

Non-IPServices

OXC

OLXC Office Architecture

“Big Fat Router” Office Architecture

IP For TransportReplacing The OLXC With A Router


16

Ports & Assumed Costs OLXC $x Per OC48 IP Router $y Per OC48

Through (

Terminating (1 –

IP Router

OLXC

OLXC Office Architecture

IP Router

“Big Fat Router” Office Architecture

IP For TransportComparing The Architectures

• OLXC Architecture Less Expensive If: OLXC Cost x

• Typical Values:• = 0.8• x/y << 0.2

Router Cost <y


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• Label Switched Path's (LSP's) Are LOGICAL, NOT PHYSICAL • Need Not Occupy Bandwidth

•Specific LSP’s Change At Each MPLS Node: z End-to-end connection defined at set-up

Physical Transmission System• SONET (STS-N)• OCh• Etc.

LSPX

LSPY

LSP s

LSP t

LSP u

LSP a

LSP s

LSP t

MPLS Transport Hierarchy

IPMPLS

X s


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MPLS Tunneling

LSP 7

LSP 11

LSP 42

LSP 3

LSP 88

POP 3PUSH

77

SWAP 7=>11PUSH 42

1142

SWAP 42 => 88

1188

POP 88SWAP 11=>3

3

• "Virtual" Muxing - No Utilization Penalty• This Is A Key Driver For Replacing TDM


19

TDM Multiplexing

DS1

DS3

STS-48

DS3

DS3STS-48

Tunneling Using MPLS LSP's Is Analogous To TDM Multiplexing


20

From MPLS To GMPLS

LSP 7

LSP 11

LSP 42

LSP 3

LSP 88

POP 3PUSH

77

SWAP 7=>11PUSH 42

1142

SWAP 42 => 88

1188

POP 88SWAP 11=>3

3

Implicit Label(1)

Implicit Label(2)

STS-192 (1) STS-192 (2)

GMPLS: Generalized MPLS


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1. Select source, destination, and service

Label Request MessageLabel Mapping Message

2. OSPF determines optimal route3. RSVP-TE/CR-LDP establishes circuit

Source: Sycamore OFC2000

GMPLS In An OXC Network

Vision:• Provisioning Time: Weeks To Milliseconds• Greatly Simplify Process

ISSUE: Standards Lagging Need - Proprietary Control Planes Are Being Deployed Rapidly


22

GMPLS VisionMany Technologies - One Network

FS: Fiber SwitchedLS: Lambda Switched

PS: Packet Switched

FA: Forwarding Adjacency


23

GMPLS Overlay Network Model

• Overlay Network– Optical Network (OXC) computes the path– Network Level Abstraction For IP Control Plane

RouterRouter RouterRouter

ConnectionRequests, etc.

UNI

OpticalNetwork


24

GMPLS Peer Network Model

• Peer Network– Router computes the path

(Routers have enough information about the characteristics of the optical devices/network)

– Link-level abstraction For IP Layer Control Plane

RouterRouter RouterRouter

Topology &Capacity Information

NetworkSignalling

OpticalNetwork


25

Canarie OBGP Vision

Dark Fiber

Customer OwnedDark Fiber

School

University X

Multi Home Router

Dark Fiber Mapped to

Dim Wavelength

ISP A

ISP B

ISP ControlledOptical Switch

Aggregating Router

ISP ControlledOptical Switch

Customer ControlledOptical Switch

University Y

IGP

IGP

IGP

IGP

BGP

OiBGP

OBGP OBGP

OBGP

BGP neighbors

B. St. Arnaud


26

Optical Interworking Forum Services Concept

• Bandwidth On Demand - Connection Request Over UNI Specifying QoS Desired - Overlay Model• OVPN - Dedicated Subnet Configured By Customer - Peer Model

Customers buy managed service at the edge

Optical VLAN

Customer

ISP

AS 1

AS 2

AS 3

AS 1AS 4

BGP Peering is done at the

edge


27

Examples of network views• View from domain A via a distance-vector or path-vector protocol

Domain 1ReachableAddress list






28

Examples of Network views• View from any domain of the rest of the network via a link state protocol






Protection 1:N, N=3Available BW = …SRLG = …

Protection 1+1Available BW = …SRLG = …

Protection 1:N, N=10Available BW = …SRLG = …

Protection 1:N, N=7Available BW = …SRLG = …Protection 1+1

Available BW = …SRLG = …




29

Initial OIF NNI Target

User controlDomain

Control DomainA

Control DomainCUNI UNI

NNI

NNI Control Domain

B

firewall

firewall

L2/L3

L2/L3

LoadBalancer

LoadBalancer

User controlDomain

firewall

firewall

L2/L3

L2/L3

LoadBalancer

LoadBalancer

Single carrier’s network

User controlDomain

firewall

firewall

L2/L3

L2/L3

LoadBalancer

LoadBalancer

NNI

Why Single Carrier Multi-Domain First?• Standards Lag Deployment - Vendor Proprietary Control Planes• Rapid & Unpredictable Technological Change Makes It Unlikely That Standards Will Keep Up• Uncertain Business Model

Initial Multi-Carrier NNI Likely To Be LEC/IXC (JLS Opinion)


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1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported

2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor

3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely

4. Significant Operational Autonomy• Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust• Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources

5. Routing• Carrier-Specific• NMS May Be Involved• High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration

6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information Across Domains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available

Metro/Core Characteristics

KY J

Metro Metro

Metro

oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements

A

X


31

1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported

2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor


4. Significant Operational Autonomy• Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust• Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources

5. Routing• Carrier-Specific• NMS May Be Involved• High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration

6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information Across Domains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available

Metro/Core Characteristics

KY J

Metro Y Metro

Metro


A


32

ZA J K L

N P Q

S T U

M RB Y

Routing Costs: A(nodes) + B(distance)

Large A Small B

Small A Large B


2. Information & Policy Trust Not Likely To Be An Issue

3. Vendor-Specific Technologies & Constraints Not Captured In Standards Are Likely (E.g., All-Optical, Tunable Lasers, Adaptive Wavebands)

Multi-Vendors In Backbone - Characteristics


A Z

N P Q

S T U

M RB Y Opaque

Network(Vendor A)

ExpressDomain of

Transparency(Vendor B)

J K L

N P Q

S T U

M R

LJ K


33





Optical LayerOptical Layer

Media LayerMedia Layer

DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)

DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)

STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)


IP Transport

Transport For IP -Defining Functionality Of These Interfaces





IP For Transport -Introducing IP FunctionalityInto The Optical Layer


34

Entering The Transport Network

1

24

OOOO

OO

1 o

o

o

o

28

POTS&

VG PL

1.5 Mb/s PL

64 kb/s 1.5 Mb/s

45 - 622 Mb/s PL

45 - 622 Mb/s

1 - 10 Gb/s PL

POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service"VG: Voice GradePL: Private Line

2.5 - 10Gb/s

BackboneFiber

Network

BWGrowthRates


35

US Domestic Backbone (Mid-’99)268,794 OC-12 Miles


36





Optical Layer• Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM)

•"Optical Cross-Connects"

Optical Layer• Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM)

•"Optical Cross-Connects"

Media Layer•Fiber

•Conduit

Media Layer•Fiber

•Conduit

DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)

DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -OC-12 (622 Mb/Sec)

OC-48c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -OC-192c (10 Gb/Sec)


Transport Layering

Digital Transmission Layer• ADM's•Rings

Digital Transmission Layer• ADM's•Rings


Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers XXX

XFunctionality& Value Added


37

• Price - $/OC48/month

• Availability• How Quickly• Where

• Displacement Of Internal ISP Costs• Interfaces• Cost Of Reliability• Buffer Capacity

• Peak Loads• Traffic Shifts• Traffic Growth

• Network Management

• Differentiators• Availability• QoS

•Rapid Provisioning

• Optical Network Interworking•Heterogeneous Technologies• Metro/Core• Other Backbone Providers

•Flexible Bandwidth• Asymmetric Circuits• Concatenated Links• Virtual Concatenation • Inverse Multiplexing

•Additional Customer Restoration Options• Re-Provisioning• Customer Control• Speed Options

• Sub-OC48 Functionality

• Layer 1 Interface Enhancements

Customer Drivers Possible Solution Elements

Transport For IP


38

OpticalLayer

OpticalLayer

ServicesLayers

ServicesLayers

DigitalTransmission

Layer

DCSLayers

DCSLayers

Restoration RefresherKey Trade-OffRestoration Granularity Unit Capacity Cost

Connection

STS-1 => STS-12

STS-48+

l or Fiber

• Services Layer (IP) Can Restore Exactly The Right Connections• Optical Layer More Economical If Large Bundles Of Connections Need To Be Restored


39

ISP Peering Relationships

Peer Peer (Frequently) No $$

CustomerProvider EXPENSIVE


40

A Z

R

C X

B Y

Toll Switching Hierarchy Internet ISP Hierarchy

Local ISP

Regional ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Transport For IPReducing The BGP Hop Count

Hi-UsageTrunks Optical

Direct Connects

Typical Transit Cost (Telia): $1K - 10K / Mbps /Year


41

References• T. E. Stern & K. Bala, Multiwavelength Optical Networks, Addison-Wesley, 1999• J. L. Strand, “Optical Network Architecture Evolution”, chapter in I. Kaminow and T. Li (eds.), Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV, Academic Press, to appear March 2002• R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.• R. H. Cardwell, O. J. Wasem, H. Kobrinski, “WDM Architectures and Economics in Metropolitan Areas", Optical Networks, vol. 1 no.3, pp. 41-50 • O. Gerstel and R. Ramaswami, "Optical Layer Survivability: A Services Perspective", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 38 no. 3, March 2000, pp. 104-113.• R. D. Doverspike, S. Phillips, and Jeffery R. Westbrook, "Future Transport Network Architectures", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 37 no. 8, August 1999, pp. 96-101.• R. Doverspike and J. Yates, "Challenges for MPLS in Optical Network Restoration", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 39 no. 2, Feb. 2001, pp. 89-96. • M. W. Maeda, "Management and Control of Transparent Optical Networks", IEEE J. on Selected Areas In Communications, vol. 16, no. 7, Sept. 1998, pp. 1008-1023. • J. L. Strand, J.; A. L. Chiu, , R. Tkach,. “Issues For Routing In The Optical Layer”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2/2001, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 81 –87 • John Strand, Robert Doverspike, Guangzhi Li, “Importance of Wavelength Conversion In An Optical Network” , Optical Networks Magazine, vol. 2 No. 3 (May/June 2001), pp. 33-44•R. W. Tkach, E. L. Goldstein, J. A. Nagel, J. L. Strand, “Fundamental limits of optical transparency”, OFC '98, pp. 161 -162 •A. L. Chiu, J. L. St,rand, “Joint IP/Optical Layer Restoration After A Router Failure”, OFC 2001, vol. 1, pp. MN5_1 -MN5_2.


42

Some Relevant U.S. Web Sites

“Tier 1” Inter City Service Providers• AT&T http://www.att.com• MCI Worldcom http://www.wcom.com• Sprint http://www.sprint.com

New Entrants• Qwest http://www.qwest.com• Level3 http://www.Level3.com• Frontier http://www.frontiercorp.com• Williams http://www.williams.com

Major Equipment Providers• Lucent http://www.lucent.com• Alcatel http://www.alcatel.com• Nortel http://www.nortel.com• Cisco http://www.cisco.com• NEC http://www.nec.com

New Equipment Vendors• Ciena & Lightera http://www.ciena.com• Cisco & Monterey http://www.montereynets.com• Avici http://www.avici.com• Juniper http://www.juniper.net• Sycamore http://www.sycamore.com

Government Sites:• FCC http://www.fcc.gov• NTIA http://www.ntia.doc.gov

Standards Organizations• ITU http://www.itu.int• T1 http://www.t1.org• OIF http://www.oiforum.com• IETF http://www.ietf.org• ATM Forum http://www.atmforum.com

New Business Models• Band-X http://www.band-x.com•Arbinet http://www.arbinet.com

john strand 1/18/2002 1 optical networking cs 294-3 2/5/2002 john strand the views expressed in this...

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