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John Hawkins Born 1532 Learned sailing skills working with his father and later fighting the French 30 began first slave trading expedition

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John Hawkins. Born 1532 Learned sailing skills working with his father and later fighting the French 30 began first slave trading expedition. Through friendships and family ties Hawkins able to secure backers from the centre of power Treasurer of the Navy – Benjamin Gonson - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: John Hawkins

John Hawkins• Born 1532 • Learned sailing

skills working with his father and later fighting the French

• 30 began first slave trading expedition

Page 2: John Hawkins

• Through friendships and family ties Hawkins able to secure backers from the centre of power– Treasurer of the Navy – Benjamin

Gonson– Traders such as William Garrad

• First journey conceived as purely commercial

• Allowed Elizabeth I to claim that it contravened no treaty – still freedom on the High Seas

Page 3: John Hawkins

• Next problem navigation• Hawkins proficient in techniques

of 16th C Navigation• But without

– maps – longitude calculations – familiarity of the region

• voyage was potentially disastrous

• Here Hawkins experience paid off

Page 4: John Hawkins

• Over the years developed a partnership with a trader on the Canaries

• Juan Martinez–A Spanish Pilot form Cadiz

• Knowledge and expertise of both sides of the Spanish Atlantic–profit overcoming loyalty

• Hawkins was also meticulous

Page 5: John Hawkins

• Journey was long and unhealthy• Offered higher wages than

anyone else• He also held out an additional

carrot–Possibility to supplement pay through pillage and private trade

• Also not be afraid to use the stick –Crew new that discipline would be firm

Page 6: John Hawkins

• They also knew that Hawkins would look after them he loaded prodigious supplies– Adequate water– Beer– Biscuit– Fresh beef & salt beef– Fresh and salted fish – Salt, butter, cheese

• Also live pets, that later could be used as food

Page 7: John Hawkins

• Alongside food Hawkins provided other necessities– Broad cloth and cotton for trade– items to replace broken and lost

items and repair the ship• As well as

– carpenters – cooks – barber-surgeon

• And a company of musicians

Page 8: John Hawkins

• Three ships– Salomon, Jonas And Swallow

• Spent four moths in Africa• Guinea was a huge area of 2000

miles– Guinea “the land of the black men” in

Berber• Initially attempted to gain cargo by

capturing slaves– With the help of competing nations

• However, this was to change

Page 9: John Hawkins

• Hawkins soon worked out how to gain profit more easily– British ships better armed and more

maneuverable than Spanish and Portuguese ships

• Easier to coast along the coast and find other Europeans

• Hawkins began attacking ships as they were leaving port

Page 10: John Hawkins

• As one recorder noted Hawkins• “stayed some good time, and got into his possessions, partly by the sword and partly by other means, to the number of 300 Negroes at the least, besides other merchandise, which the country yields”

• Gained so much smallest ship–the Swallow

• sent back to England with goods–Francis Drake on board

Page 11: John Hawkins

• April 1563 Hawkins left Africa and headed across the Atlantic

• Only half slaves survived the journey– In poor condition

• Despite this Hawkins initially had no trouble selling his cargo

• Merchandise was untaxed and therefore cheap

Page 12: John Hawkins

• Eventually local authorities began to take notice

• Lorenzo Bernáldez –young officer dispatched to confront Hawkins

• Facing a much better armed vessel, Bernáldez quickly granted Hawkins a license –Something he had no authority to do

Page 13: John Hawkins

• Hawkins quickly off loaded his goods– Profit was huge

• Ships were so loaded with – Pearls, gold, silver, hides, ginger and other

goods • had too much to sail• Rented two Spanish ships • loaded them up and sent them

back to Spain – with instruction to report to an English

merchant there

Page 14: John Hawkins

• Ships confiscated by the Spanish – Hawkins lost the profit

• confiscated because of letters from the Caribbean

• One ended with the statement that• “Tomorrow all this land could

be come part of England if steps are not taken”

• This is the only indication of the value of the trip

• Confiscated goods had value of £2000– $701,372 in today’s money

Page 15: John Hawkins

• Upon return to England welcomed as a hero

• Despite the loss of the Spanish ships he brought huge profits – for his backers and the men who

had sailed with him• Also granted an audience with the

Queen• With new support and fame easily

able to gain support for a second voyage

Page 16: John Hawkins

• Hawkins not only problem for the Spanish

• Confiscated ships and news of his trip alarmed the Spanish

• Both – piracy of the coast of Africa– trading and undercutting of Spanish

authority in the Caribbean • Fellow former Channel pirate,

Thomas Stucley was also causing problems

Page 17: John Hawkins

• Stucly had been working together with French pirate Ribault– Who had founded the failed

French settlement in Florida

• In Caribbean with fleet of six ships and over three hundred men

• Less well known about because his acts were more provocative

Page 18: John Hawkins

• Stucly wrought havoc all over the Caribbean attacking merchants and colonist equally

• Elizabeth I had no choice but to issue a warrant for his arrest

• She also disowned Stucly– However, she hesitated for a long time

before issuing the order • Acts of adventurers were proving

very useful to Elizabeth's plans for the rebuilding of England

Page 19: John Hawkins

• Actions of Hawkins and Spanish reaction to it

• Symptomatic of the worsening relationship of Catholic Spain and Protestant England

• The situation came to a head on February 25, 1570 with the publication , by Pope Pius V, of

• Regnana in Excelsis

Page 20: John Hawkins

• We declare the said Elizabeth heretic and fautress of heretics, and her servants to have fallen under the sentence of anathema, and to be cut of from the unity of the Body of Christ, and her, Elizabeth, to be deprived of her pretended right to the said realm and of all and every dominion, dignity and privilege…

Page 21: John Hawkins

• In effect an act of Religious Imperialism

• By the time the document had been nailed to the door of Lambeth Palace–Archbishop of Cantebury’s residence in London

• It had become an open invitation to assassinate Queen Elizabeth

Page 22: John Hawkins

• Declaration of War in the eyes of Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs

• The age of hostile commerce– As seen with

Hawkins• Was over

– now it was time for War

• Enter Francis Drake

• But First……

Page 23: John Hawkins

• In response to the Papal Bull

•Drake went to war–To Protect his Queen–To Enrich Himself–Spread the Glory of the English

•Decided to hit directly at source of Spanish power

•$$Wealth of the Americas

Page 24: John Hawkins

• Question:– How had the Spanish brought that

wealth home without trouble for so long?

• Answer – people had attacked at the wrong

place• Rather than attacking the

Flota• Attack the Treasure house at

Nombre de Díos and the treasure Train

Page 25: John Hawkins

• Feb 1571 Drake returned to the Caribbean– knowledge of how to get there as sailed with

Hawkins• But no intimate knowledge of the

region• Through capture and interrogation of

Spanish vessels and their crew• And importantly the help of

Cimaroons• Gained the missing knowledge

Page 26: John Hawkins

• Drake spent three month on the River Charges and surrounding region attacking shipping – Gained increasing knowledge from each

attack• 3 expeditions sent out to capture

him – cost of 4000 pesos (approx. $470,000)

• Drake’s private/public war netted £66,000 ($23.22 Million)

Page 27: John Hawkins

•Drake returned to England•May 24, 1572 he left again for the treasure house of Spain

•With explicit blessing of Elisabeth

•Beginning of Privateers –state sponsored piracy

Page 28: John Hawkins

• Returning to the location from his previous journey, –Which had been found by the Spanish

• Drake constructed a base to began his new attacks

• After meeting up with a fellow privateer –Raunce

• Drake advanced on Nombre de Díos

Page 29: John Hawkins

Nombre de Díos 1909

Page 30: John Hawkins

•Drake took 73 men aboard three small boats –made his way to the “Treasure house of the World”

•Between 2-3am clouds parted revealing a full moon

•Drake ordered the attack

Page 31: John Hawkins

• Advantage of surprise Drakes attack was successful –To a degree

• Drake hurt • they collected some silver • failed to get into the treasure

house–(which they would later find was empty)

• Alcalde of Nombre de Díos counted his losses

Page 32: John Hawkins

• Sent an envoy to drake

• Drake Advised the governor to

• hold open his eyes, before he departed, if God lent him life and leave, he meant to reap some of their harvest, which they get out of the earth

Page 33: John Hawkins

• While recovering from wounds became friendly with Diego –former slave

• Hatched plan to hit treasure train before it got to Nombre de Díos

• Spent time attacking in the region waiting for the next train

• Lost some men to Spanish attack– Including his Brother

Page 34: John Hawkins

•Moral beginning to drop–Running out of supplies

•Recovered somewhat when they captured a 90 ton Spanish supply vessel

•Shortly after Drake and remaining men –With 30 cimaroones

•headed out again in to the forest

Page 35: John Hawkins

• Leader of Cimaroons, Pedro, asked Drake to climb a tree

• Puzzled but OK• Sees both sides of the Panama

Isthmus– both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

• Spanish get news that Drake is on move– Separate the wealth

• Drake stuck made off with limited goods

Page 36: John Hawkins

• March 31, 1573 headed back out• This time successful

• Adding $23 Million to their haul• Of which $2.13 million belonged

personally to Philip

Page 37: John Hawkins

•Returning to ships headed back to England

•Returning in Plymouth Harbor on Aug 9, 1574

•Drake had now made two successful and profitable journeys

• “Singeing the King of Spain’s Beard”

Page 38: John Hawkins

•Upon Drakes return to England following his second voyage

•Was praised by many•But his deeds had been privately motivated

• In order to prove his loyalty without question he was sent to help in the “pacification” of Ireland

Page 39: John Hawkins

• Having worked in Ireland for several years– Or he may have been in prison– Or he may have met and married wife

• Drake returned to England for his next venture– Conceived while at the top of a tree in

America• Perfectly timed• Several factors came together to

make his next voyage not only possible but probable

Page 40: John Hawkins

•Second cousin and man who had first taken him to America

• John Hawkins•On November 18, 1577•Was appointed as “treasurer for marine courses”

•Basically head of Navy and naval affairs

Page 41: John Hawkins

• In addition Martin Frobisher and his promoter Michael Lok

•pushing the (false) news that during trip to North America

• Frobisher had discovered Gold•Spain’s wealth may now be countered by gold for England?

• International exploration was booming

Page 42: John Hawkins

• In addition British trade into the region known as the Barbary coast had grown from 1572

• Elizabeth was promoting the trade and encouraging voyages to the region

• And in 1576 an important and influential book was to be published by Dr. John Dee

Page 43: John Hawkins

• Within book was a shorter piece called• “A Petty Royal Navy”• Dee laid out a 13 point plan for a

standing navy to act as Britain’s defense– also first to refer to the British Empire

• Planned for a fleet of 75 ships• Claiming that pirates of good

character would be happy to join this fleet

• It would also provide work for vagrants

• Dee went on to write that

Page 44: John Hawkins

• “This Petty Navy Royal is thought to be the only Master Key wherewith to open all the locals that keep or hinder this incomparable British Empire from enjoying . . . such a yearly revenue of Treasure . . . with so great ease”

• All things seaborne were in favor at this time

• A third voyage for, the already successful, Drake was assured

Page 45: John Hawkins

• All things seaborne were in favor at this time

• A third voyage for, the already successful, Drake was assured

Page 46: John Hawkins

• Drake permitted audience with the Queen

• She permitted him the use of a ship and supplied a cash investment– That is she invested personal not

government funds• Also agreed to his terms that

included that•“the Queen’s Majesty may be made privy to the truth of the voyage, and yet the color [cover] to be given out to Alexandria”

Page 47: John Hawkins

•True intent of Drake’s voyage

•Attack the Spanish in what was known as the “Spanish Sea”–Pacific

• July 1577, Elizabeth decided that Drake would be allowed to go to Alexandria

Page 48: John Hawkins

• Drake set sail with five ships–Pelican–Elizabeth–Marigold–Swan–Christopher

• Leaving Plymouth he headed south for Africa

Page 49: John Hawkins

• Captured Portuguese ship– Santa Maria – renamed the Mary

• Took navigator, Nuño de Silva to aid his voyage

• Worked his way down coast of Africa – instead of heading east he headed west

• Course was clear and crew now knew for certain what they may have only suspected before

• They were not heading for Alexandria• On April 5, 1578 they reached Brazil

Page 50: John Hawkins

• En route he renamed the Pelican the Golden Hind

• In honor of his main benefactor Sir Christopher Hatton–His Coat of Arms was topped by the image of a Golden Hind

Page 51: John Hawkins

•With aide of Portuguese maps worked his way south and headed for the

•Strait of Magellan

Page 52: John Hawkins

• First European ship to pass through captained by Magellen

• Magellan, had died during a battle in the Philippines

• But ship returned to Europe• The journey through the straits

is notoriously rough and dangerous

• It did not disappoint on this occasion

Page 53: John Hawkins

Pen Gwiins – White Shirt

Page 54: John Hawkins

• As he headed down the coast to the Straits

• Two boats abandoned– Swan and Christopher

• Caught in storms for two months at entrance to Straits– Marigold went down with all on board

• Elizabeth got caught up in storms and headed back to England

Page 55: John Hawkins

• Golden Hind limped on alone• After entering the Pacific • Drake landed and made necessary

repairs• A short time later came across a

native canoe – “persuaded” its occupant to become his new

Navigator• Using small boats

– brought with him for the purpose • attacked and plundered cities and

ships along the coast

Page 56: John Hawkins

• However the big prize was the

• Señora de la Concepcion

• Commonly know as

• CacaFuego• A Peruvian

treasure ship• Capture told by

captain

Page 57: John Hawkins

• When they heard this, a whistle sounded in the English ship and a trumpet responded. At once, they discharged what seemed to be about sixty arquebuses, and then many arrows which struck the side of my ship. Shortly, a heavy gun was fired with chainballs which carried away the mizzen-mast into the sea with the sail and the yard. Another heavy gun was fired, someone saying that I should strike. At this point, the launch came alongside on the portside with a matter of some forty arquebusiers, who climbed up the channels to which the shrouds are fas tened and came aboard my ship. The English ship lay alongside on the starboard and thus they made me strike sail.

Page 58: John Hawkins

• the English ship crossed the stern of my ship, and shortly came along side, abreast of the tack. I hailed her, but the Corsair did not answer. On asking what ship it was, the answer came that it was a ship from Chile, and believing this, I went to the side, the English ship having al ready run foul of me [taken the wind from his sails]. Some one said "Englishmen—strike sail," and another said "Strike sail, Senor San Juan de Anton! If not, see that we will send you to the bottom." I said, "What old tub is that to order me to strike sail? Come on board and do so yourself."

Page 59: John Hawkins

• The haul was huge

• It took three full days to transfer goods

• “Our ship shall no more be called the Cacafuego but the Cacaplata”

• Drake continued up the coast

Page 60: John Hawkins

• On July 23, 1759 Drake struck out West• Why?• No one knows for sure as his orders

were kept secret• Was this his initial plan or did he head

that way to avoid the Spanish who were now hunting him

• Either way he and crew spent 68 days out of sight of land before hitting Micronesia on Sept 30, 1579

Page 61: John Hawkins

• September 26, 1580• The Golden Hind, weather worn but

loaded, limped into Plymouth• On the way in a few local fishermen

heard a voice from the ship• “Is Elizabeth still Queen”• An odd question they thought but they

answered in the affirmative• These few men were the welcome

party for one of the world’s greatest adventures

Page 62: John Hawkins

• Unsure of his welcome• Would his actions be treason or

patriotism?• But Drake need not have worried • The money he brought back

smoothed any doubts• Elizabeth Knighted Drake on Board

the Golden Hind, calling him• “the master pirate of the known

world”• The money also dispersed quickly• No full accounting was taken but

nobody complained

Page 63: John Hawkins

•Drake received at least £10,000 ($3.43 Mill)

•The Queen’s personal take exceeded more than a full years expenditure for the whole country

•This was Piracy on a grand scale

Page 64: John Hawkins

And now back to Tortuga

Page 65: John Hawkins

• When we left Tortuga the buccaneers had just moved in

• Over the next few years the island swapped hands frequently

• Finally in 1640 a group of French Calvinist's arrived on the island

• They had arrived from St Kitts, and were led by an engineer

Page 66: John Hawkins

• Led by the engineer the group built a strong hold

• Cutting steps into a cliff face until to steep for steps they then affixed an iron ladder

• On the top of the cliff they built a strong fort and armed it with cannon

• When a Spanish fleet returned, the cannon opened fire

• Sank several ships and forced the Spanish to retreat

• The settlement would prosper for almost a century

Page 67: John Hawkins

• The fort became a depot for trade

• Meat, hides, tobacco, sugar, brandy and rum, gunpowder and guns, cloth for sails

• All of which could be purchased or bartered by anyone

• Plundered goods were welcome

Page 68: John Hawkins

• The strength of the fort attracted not only the buccaneers trade

• But also the buccaneers themselves• It became a base for many • The society formed was unusual • Egalitarian• Two men would form a compact and

work together until death• At death all good would pass to the

second who would have support the wife of the dead partner

Page 69: John Hawkins

• Once the agreement was made –one partner headed out to sea to plunder

–second remained on the island to hunt and provide for the group

• Gradually the community grew attracting more members

• Both buccaneers, farmers and merchants

• And gradually became more powerful

Page 70: John Hawkins

• Francois Lolonois• Indentured servant• Reputation for

courage and cruelty• “expect no quarter

give no quarter”• Recruited 500 men

and planed to raid the Spanish settlement of Maracaibo

• Fleet able to take Maracaibo and Gibraltar

Page 71: John Hawkins

• Next plan was for attack on settlements on Lake Nicaragua– sacked the town, little money was

taken• This is where Lolonois reputation for

violence was secured• When one of the captives showed

defiance• Lolonois cut open his chest, ripped

out his heart• Taking a bite he held the blooded

heart in front of a second captive

Page 72: John Hawkins

• After failed attack buccaneers split up

• Lolonois left with a number in one ship– Ran aground

• Took lots to see who would go for help in a small row boat– Lolonois was one to leave

• Local natives captured Lolonois, they knew of his violent reputation

• He was roasted and eaten

Page 73: John Hawkins

• Over the years Spanish wore down Buccaneers

• Additionally religious and national disputes weaken the cohesiveness of the group

• 1655 the British took control of Jamaica

• Fearful of a Spanish counter attack

• The British welcome the Buccaneers for the protection they offered

Page 74: John Hawkins

Well known Port Royal Buccaneers• Rock Brasilliano

– unpredictable, feared when drunk, Governor of Jamaica moved to avoid him

• Bartholomew the Portuguese– unlucky in keeping treasure but,

good at escape• Red Leg Greaves• Scottish,

– grew up a slave, known to be humane to captives

• And now a little visit to Port Royal……

Page 75: John Hawkins

•And now over to Christopher Wood Graduate Student studying Pirates

Page 76: John Hawkins

Henry MorganMore popularly known as……..

Page 77: John Hawkins

Meanwhile….Back in England…• The English Civil

War, 1641–1649 (1651)

• The Commonwealth, under Cromwell, from 1649 to 1660

• The Restoration, Charles II, in 1660

• The Glorious Revolution, in 1688– Henry Morgan’s

Death

Page 78: John Hawkins

Pirates of the Caribbean• After the capture of Jamaica by the English,

Port Royal became the centre for a new stage of Piracy

• No longer would the Spanish have to face sporadic attacks by individuals

• Now it had to face organized large scale government sponsored attacks

• And the big man, the big name, in this phase of Privateers was Henry Morgan

Page 79: John Hawkins

Henry Morgan• Born in Wales in 1635

– Grew up in a country torn by war and strife

• 1654 sailed with British expeditionary force to capture Hispaniola– Failed

• Took Jamaica instead • After cashing out of service stayed

on as buccaneer• 1662 purchased own ship

Page 80: John Hawkins

• Came under the tutelage of Commodore Sir Christopher Myngs

• Joined him in attack on Santiago Cuba

• However- Attempting to secure peace with Spain

• 1663 King Charles II recalled warships from region

Page 81: John Hawkins

• Governor Modyford of Jamaica• Fearful of attack began issuing

letters of marque– For a fee and a percentage

• With Myngs recalled, Captain Edward Mansfield became de facto Naval leader

• 1664- Morgan bought a commission and headed out with four other captains

• Raided numerous cities and town along the coast of the mainland

Page 82: John Hawkins

HispaniolaJamaicaVillahermosaGran GranadaPortobelloMaracaiboPanama

Page 83: John Hawkins

• Due to his capabilities Morgan became leader of the expedition

• After several successful attacks he led the group to Gran Granada

• Persuading local Indian guides he headed into Nicaragua

• Only to come out on a city much larger than expected

• With a bold move Morgan attacked in broad daylight

• Taken by surprise the city quickly fell– He then proceeded to torture people to learn

the whereabouts of their personal wealth

Page 84: John Hawkins

• Morgan returned to Jamaica in 1665 a hero

• Upon return Morgan discovered his Uncle Edward Morgan had become Lieutenant Governor– He married Edward Morgan’s daughter– Purchased the first of several

plantations• Captain Mansfield died in 1668 at the

hands of the Spanish• Morgan was elected• Leader of the Brethren

– At 30 he had wealth, property and power

Page 85: John Hawkins

Attack on Portobello-1668

• After his successful attack at Gran Granada

• Morgan planed his next mission• Initial idea Havana• To big and to well defended• Second choice Portobello

Page 86: John Hawkins

Portobello

Page 87: John Hawkins

• ALSO Well defended- – BUT mainly by badly

trained garrison troops• 460 buccaneers• Attacked using

captives as human shields– Nuns and Priests,

carrying ladders• Allowed his men to sack

the city but not burn it• Threatened Spanish that

he would destroy it– Eventually received large

ransom

Page 88: John Hawkins

Maracaibo

Next Attack: Maracaibo

Page 89: John Hawkins

• People had fled Maracaibo –They didn’t want to be “eaten alive”–Morgan attacked Gibraltar instead

• Spanish turned up and defended the narrow straits out

•Overwhelming forces•Demanded surrender

• Morgan’s Crews: “We’ll meet you in battle”

• Spies reported to Spanish: –Captured ship was being made into

flagship–A small sloop was to be used as a fire

ship

Page 90: John Hawkins

• Morgan and his crew headed into battle

• The flagship leading the way• But Morgan had tricked them

• Flag ship was a fake – it was the fire ship• Defeated Spanish fleet, but Fort still

held– Split the treasure between ships, ready to

flee– Prepared for a secret attack of the fort by

land• Ferried men to shore in canoes, leaving ships

unmanned• But the Spanish saw this, turned their cannon

inland• But Morgan had tricked the Spanish

again– Men simply laid down in canoes

• Fully manned ship sailed away

Page 91: John Hawkins

Morgan at Maracaibo