john a. powell · " 5.4% is white ! latino median household income: $26,038 " white...
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john a. powell
Executive Director, Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity
Williams Chair in Civil Rights & Civil Liberties,
Moritz College of Law
Forum on Collaborative Solutions to Inclusive and Sustainable Community Economic Development January 29, 2010 ! Yakima, WA
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! Setting the Context: " Understanding how people are situated within
opportunity structures
! A new community development model " Institutions matter, but so do people… " “Communities of Opportunity” " Expanding our scope to the region
! Strengthening Engagement and Empowerment
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! Opportunity includes access to:
" Healthcare
" Education
" Employment
" Services
" Healthy food
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WASHINGTON ! Homeownership
" Hispanics 42% " African Americans 37% " Asians 56% " Native Americans 51%
! Economic " Hispanic buying power ranks high: 3.5% of state total " In 50 top markets for Hispanic buying power, Seattle
area ranked 29th, Yakima area ranked 43rd ! Workforce
" Hispanic workers account for 82% of agricultural workforce
" Undocumented Mexicans account for estimated 70% of seasonal agricultural labor force
Source: Amy Loftis, “Role of Hispanic Families and Businesses in the Economy of Washington State.” University of Washington Figures for 2000.
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WASHINGTON, contd. ! Education
" For 1998-2000, 16-24 yr old Hispanics who were HS drop outs was approx. 28%
! Digital Divide " In ‘98, Hispanic households half as likely to own
computer as white households, and 2.5 times less likely to have access to internet at any location (home, school, work)
Source: Amy Loftis, “Role of Hispanic Families and Businesses in the Economy of Washington State.” University of Washington.
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! Yakima School District: approx. 75% of students eligible for free and reduced lunch
! Almost 50% of population (25 yrs and older) with less than a 9th grade education is Latino " 5.4% is White
! Latino median household income: $26,038 " White median household income: $48,062
! Latino unemployment rate: 20% " White unemployment rate: 6.2%
! 8.8% of Latino households don’t own a car " 7.1% of white households don’t own a car
Source: Census 2000, SF3. http://fairplan.u31.infinology.net/ESL/ESL_charts/Washington/Yakima%20County,%20Washington_SF3_Language.pdf
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TRIBAL COMMUNITY
! In 1997, American Indian population 2.2% of total population in Eastern region (1.6% of total state share of population)
! Yakama Reservation " Tribal enrollment 9,600. Approx. 16,300 people
live on or near reservation " Unemployment BIA estimates 2003: 57%
" 28% of employed living below poverty
Source: Yakima County Coordinated Public Transit--Human ServicesTransportation Plan, 2007.
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One community has no insurance and no hospital
down the street
Another community has no insurance but a hospital down
the street
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! Yakima County approx. 36% Latino " Almost 30% of Spanish households are “linguistically
isolated”
! Rural population has limited access to services inc. medical services
! Other Barriers: Language, cultural differences, and staffing resources
! So, no hospital down the street, language barriers, and living in overcrowded, substandard housing " Major health concerns: Lead poisoning,
respiratory illnesses, and pesticide exposure…
Source: Census 2000, SF3. http://fairplan.u31.infinology.net/ESL/ESL_charts/Washington/Yakima%20County,%20Washington_SF3_Language.pdf
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! A series of mutually reinforcing federal policies across multiple domains have contributed to the disparities we see today.
" School Desegregation
" Suburbanization/ Homeownership
" Urban Renewal
" Public Housing
" Transportation
Disparities in how federal government invested in people and in places….
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11 Source: Barbara Reskin. http://faculty.uwashington.edu/reskin/
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Ongoing Racial Inequalities
Outcomes: Racial Disparities
Racial inequalities in current levels of well-being
Capacity for individual and community improvement is undermined
Current Manifestations: Social and Institutional Dynamics
Processes that maintain racial hierarchies
Racialized public policies and institutional practices
Context: The Dominant Consensus on Race White privilege National values Contemporary culture
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…Some people ride the “Up” escalator to reach
opportunity
…Others have to run up the “Down” escalator to get there
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" People are impacted by the relationships between institutions and systems
" But people also impact these relationships and can change the structure of the system
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! We need to think about how to connect people physically, economically, and socially.
! We need a new model of community
development…
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! It may not be an issue of connecting these structures so much as an issue of creating these structures first…
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– Everyone should have fair access to the critical opportunity structures needed to succeed in life
– Affirmatively connecting people to opportunity creates positive, transformative change in communities
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– A systems response • Where are your key
leverage points? • What are the critical
intervention points? – Equity focused
• Creating a community for all
– Emphasis on strategic collaboration • Across multiple domains
– Opening pathways to opportunity through engagement • People , places, linkages
For more information, see our report “Pathways to Opportunity: Partnership and Collaboration for Revitalizing the Rosemont-Walbrook Neighborhood” available at www.kirwaninstitute.org
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! Do opportunity structures in your community exist?
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! Are they responsive to community needs?
or
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! How to make opportunity structures and institutions responsive to our needs? How to create accountability?
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! Organizational capacity- building: " Leadership and professional development " Strategic planning " Coordinated service delivery
! Community capacity- building: " Engagement and empowerment
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! The less resourced a community is, the more critical organizing becomes
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! Not just “outreach”. That is, anchor institutions cannot simply make their offer and “sell” the community hoping they will buy it.
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! Expand the geography " Empowerment at a level
Source: Manuel Pastor et. al. This Could Be the Start of Something Big. Cornell University Press. 2009. Page 47.
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“Equitable regionalism affirms the need for every community to have a voice in the resource development and future of the region. It builds and sustains region-wide, collaborative institutions with inclusive representation and a common goal: improving the health of the whole and expanding opportunity for all people and communities across the region. Equitable regionalism requires comprehensive and strategic investment in people and neighborhoods.”
27 “Regionalism: Growing Together to Expand Opportunity for All.” 2007. Summary report, pp. 1-2.
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! Regional model is relevant for rural communities too, not just metropolitan areas like Seattle
! Linking Regional Equity values with clients “day- to- day” experiences: " Focus on specific issues of opportunity or
inequality that have regional dimensions " Educate clients: develop “regional
consciousness”
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! “think tanks” ! Community development organizations ! Community organizers and advocates
! Each of these has a special role in lifting up engagement and empowerment to encourage equity and growth at a regional scale " “think tanks” # Policy focus " CDCs and CEDs# Projects focus " Community organizers # Power in the
community focus Source: Manuel Pastor et. al. “Sustainable Advocacy for Fair Credit and Fair Banking.” Prepared for the Kirwan Institute December 2009.
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Continue to develop regional coalitions among:
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CDCs
Local Governments
Philanthropic Institutions
Anchor Institutions
Business Community
Community Advocacy
groups
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! Advantages of smaller community: " Real opportunity to create strong leadership
infrastructure " Fewer stakeholders may make the coalition-
building process simpler to navigate in the beginning, and identification of key stakeholders easier
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! New metropolitan strategies focusing on housing, economic development, and workforce development
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! Different communities are situated uniquely with regards to institutional opportunity structures and social infrastructure
! Building empowerment requires structuring social engagement to focus outwardly on the external community AND the region
! Developing diverse, innovative partnerships provides the space within which to engage in a broader advocacy agenda that is “multi-issue”, “multi-place”, and “multi-race”
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