jofkf/ / ljsf; nepal-china trade : opportunities for...

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Introduction

Nepal and China are close neighbors situated on the two sides of Himalayas and have a longhistory of friendly ties. Historical records show that the friendly exchanges of emissaries betweenNepal and China dates back to mid 7th Century when various scholars, monks and state dignitariesstarted visiting each other’s country. Fa-Shien, a Chinese monk in the Jin Dynasty and HuenTsang, another Chinese eminent monk in the Tang Dynasty came to Lumbini, the birth place ofLord Budhha, on pilgrimage. Songstan Gompo, King of the Tubo Kingdom in the Tang Dynastymarried the Nepalese princess Bhrikuti, during the 7th century A.D (the period of Lichhavi KingAnshuverma). The Nepalese artisan Arniko built a Buddhist Pagoda in Lhasa and also builtMiao Ying Temple in Beijing under his supervision in the 13th Century.

The exchange of visits of Buddhist scholars, monks, artisans, state dignitaries, traders and peopleof various walks of life at various times shows that the relations between two countries spreadmulti-dimensions in socio-economic and political sphere, including trade and investment. Theborder trade based on barter of goods between Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region of Chinahas been taking place since early periods. Nepalese major exports to Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR) included food grains, lentils, vegetables and handicrafts while the imports were raw wool,woolen carpets, medicinal herbs and salts. Meanwhile, during the ancient and medieval period ofhistory, Nepal also served as the transit point in conducting trade and facilitating emissariesbetween India and TAR China. The trading route between Nepal and TAR China consisted ofeighteen major passes across the mighty Himalayas. Such prominent passes are located at variousdistricts from east to west. The mode of transportation has mainly been through draft animals andhead loads as the terrain of high mountains lacked in road and other transport infrastructures.

Despite of long economic and trade relationship between Nepal and China, the volume of tradecould not develop in comparison to the faster development of international trade in recent decadesand Nepal is facing a huge imbalance in its trade with China.. The trade figures of the fiscal year2008-09 shows that China occupies only 3 percent share in Nepal’s export, while it constitutes12 percent share in Nepal’s total imports. Moreover, Nepal’s trade imbalance with China hasincreased persistently and thus a quest for complementarities in trade and economy has been acommon concern. The immense potentialities for increasing Nepalese export trade to Chinaneed to be explored and realized. China has attained a double digit economic growth in recentyears bringing a faster pace of development thereby improving the life and living of the Chinese@ Secretary, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, GON.

@ Purushottam Ojha

Nepal-China Trade :Opportunities for Growth

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people at large. As a close neighbor, Nepal could benefit from spills-over of China’s fast growingeconomy. But, this will require developing common framework and proper strategy to facilitatetrade, investment and economic integration between the two countries.

In the above context, this paper will shed light on Nepal-China economic and trade relations,initiatives taken by the two sides (governments) to enhance economic relations and prospects forenhancing economic integration on the basis of mutuality of benefits on both sides.

A Brief Overview of Nepal-China Trade

The overland trade between Nepal and TAR China is taking place since long time in the historywhich cannot be traced back to any particular year. The traditional barter trade is still practicedby the highland people living in the bordering areas. However, with the fast growth of transportnetwork particularly in the Tibetan side, development of communication network and bankingservices on both sides of the border, changes are taking place in the practices of doing trade.Payment of the trade through banking channels, door-to-door insurance of traded goods andcreation of transporters liability are taking shape and replacing the old system of overland trade.

However, the efforts done to diversify and increase bilateral trade are not adequate. Two issuesare important in terms of Nepal-China trade. The first is the insignificant share of China in overallexport of Nepal. The share of China in the total export of Nepal was merely 4.3 percent (NRs.2.35 billion in absolute terms) in 2003-04 and China do not appear even among the top tenexporting countries of Nepal. The share of export to China decreased to 3.1 percent (NRs. 2.2billion) in 2008-09, but China appears on the fifth rank among the top export destinations fromNepal. This shows that China’s rank has gone up in the list of export destination not due toincrease of Nepalese export rather due to overall decrease of the Nepalese export elsewhere inthe world. Nepal's export performance over the past five years has declined due to variousexternal and internal factors and the export to China also showed a declining trend. The secondissue is the growing share of imports from China which will be unsustainable for Nepal in thelonger term. The figure shows that the total imports from China stood NRs. 9.3 billion (6.7percent of total imports) in 2003-04 and subsequently increased to NRs. 34.5 billion (11.9percent of total imports) in 2008-09 thus further increasing the trade deficit for Nepal. Thefollowing Table and figure illustrates Nepal’s trade with China in the past six years.

Note: Figures also include Tibet Autonomous Region

Source: Trade and Export Promotion Centre.

F.Y. Exports Imports Trade Deficit 2003/04 2348.2 9299.9 6951.8

2004/05 1888.5 12859.2 10970.7 2005/06 892.6 12083.5 11190.9

2006/07 378.0 16678.6 16300.6 2007/08 736.4 22255.8 21519.4

2008/09 1847.9 32852.9 31005.0

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Source: Trade and Export Promotion Centre.

The table and figure above shows that Nepal’s export to China was almost stagnant during thelast six years, it was even declined during the fiscal years 2004/05 to 2006/07. On the otherhand import from China is increasing continuously during the period. As a result Nepal’s tradedeficit rises from NRs. 6951.8 million in fiscal year 2003/04 to NRs. 31005 million in fiscalyear 2008/09

The export basket of Nepal dominates the primary and agricultural products like wheat flour,groats, uncooked pasta, vegetable fats, incense sticks, hides and skins and some manufacturedarticles like handicraft, woolen carpets, and textile and garments seats of motor vehicles, amongothers. While Nepal imports electronic goods, computer and parts, vehicle and machinery,readymade garments, onion and garlic, and a wide variety of household utensils and utility itemsfrom China. Nepal’s export to mainland China and Hong Kong are insignificant and most of theexports are confined to Tibet Autonomous Region.

Chinese Investment in Nepal

In the contemporary world, every single country seeks to maximize Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) with a view to boost the economy not only at the national level but also at the sub-national levels. Nepal pursued the open and liberal economic and trade policy since early 90swhere a number of policy measures were adopted such as liberalization of various sectors forforeign investment, concomitance opening of other sectors of economy like, tourism, trade,banking and financial sector and transport and communication, among others. Despite of these,Nepal ranks low among the South Asian countries in terms of foreign investment and a numberof reasons mainly related to; internal conflict, political unrest and transition, power shortage,lack of transport infrastructures attribute to the low level of investment in the country.

China is the third largest source of FDI in Nepal. The Department of Industry data shows thatthere are altogether 310 Chinese investment projects in Nepal with a total investment of 75million US$ that provides employment for around 20,000 Nepalese people. Given the numberof projects, it seems that most of the projects are of small size with the average investment of0.24 million US$.

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Figure (1): Nepal’s Trade with China


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Source: Department of Industry, Government of Nepal

The Chinese investment is mostly focused in hotel and restaurant, electronics, radio paging services,readymade garments, pashmina, nursing home, hydropower and civil construction, among others.



The figure above shows that the tourism industry attracts most of the Chinese FDI in Nepal,though the number of industries registered in manufacturing sector is highest.

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Figure 1: Chinese Industries in Nepal

Figure 2: Sector-wise Distribution of Chinese Industries in Nepal

Figure 3: Sector-wise Distribution of Chinese FDI in Nepal

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Nepal attaches great importance and accords high priority to foreign direct investment andtechnology transfer as an important strategy for resources mobilization. The priority sectorsfor foreign investment are: hydropower, tourism, agriculture and non-timber based high valueproducts, development of education and health related facilities, financial services, informationtechnology and biotechnology related industries.Selection of industry and investment wouldbe of value for channeling the Chinese investment for achieving complementarities in trade.

Initiatives and Instruments of Enhancing Bilateral Trade

The last trade and payment agreement was signed between Nepal and China in November1981. This agreement is based on most favored nation's principles and identified number ofarticles for exchange between the two countries. The agreement also designated three pointsnamely, Kodari-Nyalam, Rasuwa-Keyrong, and Yari-Purang for frontier trade. Two moretrading points of Kimathanka-Riwu and Nechung-Lizi were added later through the Letterof Exchange in December 2003. Besides, the agreement further provides facilities for bartertrade for the inhabitants within 30 Kilometers on both sides of the borders.

The second agreement between Nepal and China was done in July 2002 for regulating thetrade and related matters between Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region of China whichallows the inhabitants of the bordering districts to cross the border on the basis of exit-entrypasses for the purpose of border trade in small volumes, pilgrimage visit, visiting relatives orfriends provided that such visitors are not allowed to travel beyond the bordering districts onboth sides. The two sides also agreed to make the full use of Lhasa-Kathmandu highway ona reciprocal basis for trade, movement of passenger traffic and tourism on the basis ofagreed procedures. Further, it has made a provision of; allowing the importation of livestockand plant products on the basis of quarantine certificate issued by the exporting country;encouraging trade based on letter of credit and banking channels; regular consultations betweenthe officials of the border districts, with a view to exchange information and regulate trade.

Another important instrument agreed between Nepal and China is the road transportationagreement for promoting bilateral trade and economic cooperation. This agreement wassigned in May 1994 by the Assistant Minister for Ministry of Works and Transport ofGovernment of Nepal and Vice Minister for the Ministry of Communication China and includesseveral provisions for allowing the bilateral road transportation for tourist, goods and mailservices. The agreement provides for; issuance of permit for vehicles, requirement of nationalor international driving license by the drivers, payment of the transportation charges on freelyconvertible currency, need of third party liability insurances for the vehicles and observanceof traffic laws and regulation of each others country. The Protocol to the treaty has designatedthe competent authority for issuing permits and licenses on both sides and defined the regular andnon-regular traffic and the need of compliance with the customs regulation for commercial goods.

The fourth agreement for facilitation of bilateral trade is on Cooperation for Industrial ProductsInspection between General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantineof the People's Republic of China and Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology (NBSM)of Government of Nepal. This agreement basically deals with establishing liaison channel for


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industrial product inspection and management, exchanging information on rules, regulation andinspection standards, making inter-comparison of government designated laboratories, exchanginginspection technology, extending technical cooperation and training for technicians, extending thelevel of cooperation to achieve Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) and setting up channelsfor mutual notifications and finding solutions of the quality problems of industrial products. Thisagreement has the duration of two years with the provision of automatic renewal until the contractingparties give six months advance notice to terminate the agreement.

A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed last year in September 2009 for theestablishment of Nepal-China's Tibet Trade Facilitation Committee (NTTFC) that is intended tofacilitate bilateral trade with Tibet Autonomous Region of China through taking measures onsimplification of procedures and documentation in customs, quarantine and transportation, andrecommend to the respective governments on the matters of common interest for promotion andfacilitation of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. This body is supposed to meet alternatelyin Kathmandu and Lhasa every year.

Government of Nepal and People's Republic of China signed a memorandum on 14 May 2010in Kathmandu for giving effect to the Zero tariff to 4721 products from Nepal into the Chinesemarkets. This is the unilateral and general concessions provided by the Government of PR Chinato all LDCs around the world as part of their commitment to facilitate the market access to leastdeveloped countries under the auspices of World Trade Organization (WTO).

Besides, Nepal and People's Republic of China have formed a Joint Economic and TradeCommittee (JEC) at the level of Finance Minister/Secretary that looks after the whole areas ofbilateral economic cooperation including trade. The meeting of JEC is alternately held in Kathmanduand Beijing and the committee provides a general framework for promoting collaboration andcooperation on trade, investment, transport, tourism, agriculture and other areas of economiccooperation. The last meeting of JEC was held in Kathmandu in July 2007.

Issues on Bilateral Trade Promotion

Government of China has announced duty free tariff preferences to 4721 products line at sixdigits customs classification for all least developed countries and Nepal has acceded to thisprovision by signing a Letter of Exchange on 14 May 2010. This agreement facilitates dutypreferences effectively to 360 products (full coverage for 265 products and partial coverage for95 products at six digit level). Nepal requested in the past for providing duty free access to its497 export potential products in customs six digit classification. It is obvious that a new avenueis opened with the signing of Letter of Exchange this year for expanding access of Nepaleseproducts in Chinese market. However, this would require developing a new range of productsthat could benefit from duty preferences or zero duty in Chinese market and also creating afavorable investment climate in the country for attracting investors in the productive sector. Similarly,effort will require concluding bilateral agreement with China for providing tariff concessions toNepal specific products.

Addressing the issues of non-tariff barriers is another area in promoting bilateral trade. TheMemorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Cooperation for Industrial Product Inspection

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provides framework for increasing collaboration on Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) throughexchanging information on technical standards, inspection and test methodology, receiving Chineseassistance for technical trainings and paving way for mutual recognition agreement of the qualityinfrastructures on both sides. Similar, arrangement is expected on food quality assurances andquarantine requirement. The importance of sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) measures is equallyimportant for Nepal as most of the products exported to Tibet-China are the agricultural andnon-timber forest products.

Increasing transport connectivity is very much significant in a bid to promote Nepal-China trade.Till now there is only one road corridor that links Kathmandu with Lhasa via Tatopani. Theportion of the highway that lies in the Nepalese territory is not in a very good shape and needsrenovation and augmentation. The border crossing facilities at Tatopani is inadequate to cater thegrowing traffic. A new land port is being developed at Larcha, Sindhupalchowk District withChinese assistance, around seven Kilometers away from Tatopani border and is expected tocompletion in another two years. It is hoped that the traffic will be eased once this facility comesto operation.

Second road corridor connecting Kathmandu with Kyorong through Trishuli-Syabrubesi-andRasuwagarhi is being opened very soon with the construction of 18 kilometer missing links betweenSyabrubesi and Rasuwagarhi. This will be another milestone in promotion of Nepal-China overlandtrade as it will increase competition in transport services between two different corridors andNepalese traders will be greatly relieved from the syndicated cost of transportation at Tatopani-Kathmandu corridor. A bridge over the river running along the Nepal-China border at Rasuwagarhiis in the process of construction that will ultimately facilitate the movement of bilateral traffic.

Lhasa, Tibet was connected with the Chinese railway system in 2006. The railway line isbeing extended to Xigatse, the second largest city in Tibet, situated 300 kilometer furthersouth west from Lhasa. This will bring the Tibetan transport network closer to Nepal thereby,facilitating the movement of goods and passenger traffic across the border. Thus, there isneed of opening more road corridors with construction of North-South highways in Nepalthat will connect the various parts of country with China-Tibet and thus help in achievingbetter economic integration.

The development of transport related infrastructures like Inland Clearance Depots (ICDs),Container Freight Stations, and Export Processing Zones (EPZ) makes an important aspect infacilitation of trade. The construction of ICD at Larcha, Tatopani is underway and similar facilityis planned at Rasuwagarhi. The development of EPZ at Panchkhal in Kabhrepalanchowk districtand Ratamate in Nuwakot is under process that will help enhance trade through the Land CustomsStation of Tatopani and Rasuwagarhi respectively

The construction of all weather roads in Tibet along the line of Himalayan range has addedopportunity for transportation of goods from Nepal to Nepal via TAR of China. In the past someconsignments of medicines, school textbooks, and foodstuffs were transported in the mountaindistricts of Nepal like Mustang, Humla, Mugu and Dolpa via Tibet on an ad-hoc basis. There isneed of constituting a permanent mechanism for transiting Nepalese cargo within Nepal throughthe territory of Tibet, China.


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The agreement on bilateral road transportation signed in May 1994 has largely remained non-operative for a long period. The objective of the agreement is to enhance the economic linkagesthrough operation of bilateral passenger and goods traffic between Kathmandu and Lhasa on aregular basis. There is need of effective implementation of this agreement by enabling the operationof motor vehicles which among others, requires orientation to drivers and crew members ondriving rules, traffic signaling, road safety standards, accident and restoration mechanism,familiarization with related acts, rules and regulations. Besides, simplification of visa proceduresfor businesspeople and traders is equally important in order to facilitate the movement of passengervehicles across the border.

The overland trade between Nepal and TAR of China is constrained due to week regulation andfacilitation measures. Hence, the genuine traders are facing difficulties in trade operation. Thetrade process could be rationalized by identifying the organized sectors involved in trade ofspecific commodities, easing the hassles due to local taxes en route on transport vehicles,harmonizing the customs regulation and procedures, quarantine and quality standards.

The last (Tenth) JEC meeting between Nepal and China was held in Kathmandu in July 2007after nine years interval. The JEC has remained in a dormant stage for a long time in the past. TheJEC need to meet in a regular basis in order to sort out the issues on trade, transport andinvestment and enhance the bilateral economic cooperation. The mechanism of Nepal-ChinaTibet Trade Facilitation Committee, constituted in 2009 may be made more active and effectivein complementing the task of JEC.

Opportunities for Enhancing Economic Cooperation

As member of World Trade Organization, PR China is a key player in the international tradingsystem as it has been able to expand market access in the big markets around the world. However,Nepal, as a least developed country has to strive for sustaining its export base in the wake ofcompetition increased in the destination markets. The challenges faced by Nepal are enormousin terms of increasing productive capacity and production, identification of export potentials,domestic value addition and employment generation, and linking trade with poverty reductionprogram. Support from the neighboring countries and development partners are very importantto overcome these challenges and benefit from openness of trade.

The growing trade volume between India and China could be an opportunity for Nepal if it couldserve as a transit economy between the two countries. This proposal was raised couple of yearsback but still need to work out suitable modality among the partnering countries for using Nepalas the transit corridor. The primary need for Nepal would be to develop adequate transportinfrastructures and linking the North-South border.

Nepal provides an ample opportunity for making investment in sectors such as hydropower,tourism, agriculture, non-timber forest based high value products, development of education andhealth related facilities, financial services, information technology and bio-technology relatedservices. The Government of Nepal has bought out new Industrial Policy-2010 which providesvarious tax and non-tax incentives to the investors. Similarly, the revision on the Foreign InvestmentPolicy is being worked out in order to give more comfort and incentives to the foreign investment

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in Nepal. The formation of a high level Board of Investment is under active consideration of theGovernment of Nepal. This Board is supposed to function as a "One-window" shop for meetingthe requirements of the projects. Government priority for development of transport andcommunication infrastructures, Special Economic Zones and availability of cheap labor, (but ofcourse with less productivity), comparatively low level of corporate taxes, simplified visa regimesand increased market access opportunities under the bilateral regional and multilateral tradingsystems are some of the attractions to the potential investors in Nepal

Tourism is another potential sector where Nepal and China can work together for harnessingbenefits mutually. The Tibet Autonomous Region of China and Nepal can promote the packagetour for western visitors in Nepal and Tibet. Nepal aspire for more Chinese tourist as there isgreater potentiality of increasing arrival of Chinese visitors due to fast rise in the income level ofChinese people.

Promotion of bilateral trade and economic linkages has largely depends upon the collaborationbetween the private sector entities and business organizations. A bi-national chamber by thename of Nepal-China Chamber of Commerce was established in Nepal a few years back.However, there is need of promoting business to business contact, and participation in the tradeand investment forum by the representatives of trade and industry. This process is expedited inrecent years as Nepal has started participating in South Asian Commodity Fair in Kunming,Western China Trade and Economy Fair in Chengdu in a regular basis. The bi-annual trade fairbeing organized in Tibet and Nepal alternately has proven to be a good opportunity to bring thebusiness person of both countries together and promote trade and investment relations. Thisinitiatives need to be consolidated for promoting mutual benefits.

Nepal is now in the political transition and poised for writing a new constitution after the politicalmovement of 2006. The decade long conflict in the country from 1996 to 2006 has eroded theinvestment climate and it has taken a toll in the country's economic performances. Settlement ofthe political problems and bringing back the peace and stability has been a prime concern forNepal in order to realign the country in the path of economic progress. This is an arduous taskthat our political masters are supposed to achieve for a prosperous and peaceful Nepal.

Ministry of Commerce and Supplies.

Government of Nepal (2009). Trade Policy-2009. GON, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies.

Government of Nepal (2010). Industrial Policy-2010. GON, Ministry of Industry.

Countries, Sept 21-22, 2004, Lhasa, Tibet.

(http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=28700&cat_id=7)

Sarup Kamala (2005). The Nepal-China Economic Relationship

relationship :)

www

References:


10@Joint Secretary, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies.

SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services(SATIS) –What it is and How it is?

@Surya Prasad SilwalWhat is SATIS ?SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS) was signed in Thimpu during the SAARCsummit in April 2010 with the aim to integrate the region by opening the avenue of trade in services.Since the early 1990s, when the economic cooperation was brought to the agenda of the SAARC,various attempts have been made to intensify regional economic cooperation efforts. With theimplementation of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) in 2006, SAARC countries began tolook toward the deeper economic integration within the region. Recognizing the importance oftrade in services, the thirteenth SAARC Summit held in Dhaka on 12-13 November 2005, theHeads of States or Governments recognized the potential of Trade In Services which haveexpanded rapidly at the informal level. They called for a study to see how services could beintegrated into SAFTA process.At the fifteenth SAARC Summit (Colombo, 2-3 August 2008) the Heads of State or Governmentexpressed satisfaction at the conclusion of the study on Trade in Services by RIS and welcomedthe decision of SAFTA Ministerial Council to commence negotiation on the Framework Agreementon Trade in Services. Accordingly meetings of the expert group on SAARC Framework Agreementon Trade in Services were held and with mutual consent of all the member states the FrameworkAgreement was finalized by the Expert Group and was finally signed by all the member states inThimpu during the meeting of Heads of States or Governements of the region in 2010.Need for SATISIntra–regional trade in SAARC was expected to rise significantly as an effect of implementationof SATIS under SAFTA. It was being argued that the full potential of SAFTA cannot be realizeduntil its scope is expanded to cover trade in services because the economies of SAARC membersare dominated by service sector. With the SAFTA becoming operational a natural hypothesiswas that the efficacy of SAFTA process can be considerably enhanced by bringing the servicessector into the folds of SAFTA agreement. The growing importance of the service sector in theregion coupled with policy reforms pertaining to this sector, make this sector an ideal candidatefor SAARC regional economic integration efforts. This is supported by the fact that alreadytrade in services in the region has been on an upswing, though still below their potentials.The service sector has emerged as the major contributor of income and growth in south Asiancountries. In almost all the south Asian countries, service sector contribution to growth has beenhigher. This sector accounts for in an average of 50 percent of region’s GDP. This fact showsthat the service sector is emerging as the most dynamic sector in the South Asian economies andis likely to further increase its share in near future.Overall ObjectivesThe objective of SATIS is to promote trade in services among the contracting states in a mutuallybeneficial and equitable manner by establishing a framework for liberalizing and promoting Trade inServices within the region in accordance with the Article V of General Agreement on Trade in Services.

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Major Provisions of Agreementa. National treatment for all member statesb. Most Favored Nation Treatment unconditionally to all member states,c. Market access to all member states through all modes of supplyd. Progressive Liberalization of services sectore. Adoption of Safeguard measures based on principle of non-discriminationf. Non application of restriction on international transfer and paymentsPrinciples for the Negotiations under SATIS.1. To provide real and effective market access to all contracting states in an equitable manner.2. Negotiation for schedule of specific commitments shall take place keeping in view the national

policy objectives, the level of development and the size of economies of contracting statesboth overall and in individual sectors.

3. In view of the priority accorded to services by all contracting states, the agreement shallprogressively cover liberalization of trade in services with broad based and deeper coverage ofmajority of services/sub-sectors with a view to fulfilling the objective of Article V of GATS.

4. A positive list approach shall be followed. Negotiation for specific commitments for progressiveliberalization would be based on “request and offer” approach.

5. Initial offers of the WTO member states shall be in addition to their existing levels of multilateralcommitments with substantial sectoral and modal improvement over those commitments.

Services Trade in Region:Telecom is a major service sector, and many SAARC countries have liberalized this sectorautonomously. Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal permit 100 % FDI in this sector. In Sri Lanka,100 percent equity participation by the foreign companies is allowed in a range of sectors likeBanking, Insurance Telecommunication and Tourism. Nepal has opened almost all the sectors inservices with some restriction. Banking is another service sector which provides opportunitiesfor greater South Asian integration. Banks are in operation in the South Asian countries either inthe form of 100 percent FDI or in the form of joint venture. Thus with the implementation of theSAFTA services agreement, there is considerable opportunities for increasing intra-regional tradein services. As the member states are engaged in liberalizing their more and more services sectorand inviting foreign investors for more investment, implementation of SATIS will provide a goodplatform for all the members for investment within the region. Total volume and value of tradewithin SAFTA would be increased significantly, as trade in services under SAFTA has opened allthe opportunity for members.ConclusionWith the inclusion of trade in services under SAFTA the scope of SAFTA has become wider.Trade in goods between SAARC countries was low because of the complementarities in trade ingoods. Trade in services offers better scope for finding full trade complementarities among theSouth Asian countries. As South Asian countries are more competitive in different categories ofservices and this sector also contributes in an average of half of the GDP’s of SAARC countries,finalization of framework agreement on trade in services will provide considerable opportunitiesfor increasing intra regional trade. It will also push for further economic and social integrationwithin the region since each country has its own areas of expertise and efficiency in specificservices trade.ReferencesSouth Asia Framework Agreement on Trade in Services.Study Report on SAFAS by RITES.


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Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 :Ground for Trade-led Development

Background‘Trade is an engine of growth’ and ‘growthpromotes development’ – these are empiricallytested facts and widely accepted doctrines.Trade promotion, thus, gets high priority ineconomic policy making in most countries of theworld, including Nepal. Upon realizing thesignificance of trade in national development, theGovernment of Nepal adopted exportdiversification and import substitution strategiessince mid sixties. Accordingly, various policymeasures were introduced to diversify theNepales economy and trade. Besides, Nepalinitiated economic reform program in mid 1980s.To diversify and expand its trading relations withother countries, it also joined the World TradeOrganization (WTO) and signed variousregional and bi-lateral trade agreements. As aresult, at present, Nepal is among South Asia'smost open and trade-dependent economies(MOICS, 2004, p.X).

In generic term, reform process in trade, especially joining of regional and multilateral tradingsystem, is subjected to be critical. Nepal's reform process and accession to WTO also broughtabout a mixed outcome ( Ojha et.al, 2010). During the last 40 years, annual growth of both exportsand imports remained more or less positive. In the fiscal year 1956/57, the export and import ofNepal was only 95.5 and 169.9 million rupees respectively. During the current fiscal year(2009/10), it is estimated that the import of goods and services at constant prices was NepaliRupees (NRs) 245.04 billion and exports worth NRs 69.35 billion. In general, the growth ofimports has remained higher than that of exports; as a result Nepal’s trade deficit has continuouslyincreasing. For example, trade deficit during first eight months of Fiscal Year (FY) 2009/10 hasincreased by 61.5 percent as compared to 30.1 percent during the corresponding period of theprevious FY (MoF, 2010, p136.). The rapid increase in imports has resulted in the alarming levelof trade deficit. In the current FY, earning from export of goods and services is estimated tocover only 30.7 percent of import of goods and services at constant prices. Trade deficit wasrecorded NRs 175.69 billion in the current fiscal year (ibid). Moreover, export promotion anddiversification has been very low and Nepal's trade dependence, in terms of both products andcountries, is still very high. India still occupies around two third shares in Nepal's total export and

– Chandra Ghimire – Shiv Raj Bhatt

@ Shiv Raj Bhatt

Mr. Ghimire holds thecapacity of Joint Secretaryin Ministry of Commerceand Supplies, Governmentof Nepal and leadsPlanning & InternationalTrade CooperationDivision. He Frequentlywrites on trade andgovernance issues. @ Chandra Ghimire

Mr. Bhatt is the EIFNational ProgrammeManager, Ministry ofCommerce and Supplies,Government of Nepal.

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three countries; i.e. USA, Germany and UK; occupy two third shares in Nepal’s overseas exports.Similarly, a few primary commodities still occupy large shares in Nepal’s export basket.

Continuingly rising trade deficit has been one of the frequently debated issues among Nepal's policyand decision makers. Likewise, export diversification, promotion and import substitution are thepolicy prescriptions provided by many of them so as to narrow down trade deficit. Diversificationof export portfolio, therefore, has been considered as a primary goal of national developmentstrategies and trade policies in Nepal.

Despite weaknesses related to infrastructure and productivity, various studies show Nepal as apotentially competitive country across a range of labour intensive manufacturing and agriculturalgoods and services sectors (MOICS, 2004 and MoCS, 2010). However, the overall situation ofNepal’s trade sector largely remained unsatisfactory, despite Nepal’s comparative and competitiveadvantages in various sectors and government’s continuous efforts to diversify country’s exportbasket. This situation necessitated to initiate an integrated approach based on three basic components,e.g., identification of products with comparative advantage; formulation and implementation of sectordevelopment strategies and, development of a negotiation strategy in bi-lateral and multilateralforums to harness the benefits of Nepal’s export potential.

Against this background, Government of Nepal (GoN) recently launched Nepal Trade IntegrationStrategy (NTIS) 2010. The NTIS charts a possible course for the development of the country’sexport sector over the next five years together with possible capacity development actions andselected short-to-medium term priorities that are supportive of "inclusive growth." It is the productof long standing efforts undertaken by the Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, with supports fromthe United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Government of Finland, the UnitedKingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), the International Finance Corporation(IFC), and the International Trade Center (ITC). Various line ministries, business organization andother stakeholders were also actively participated in its preparation. However, the success of NTISwill be largely determined by its effective implementation, which will need active involvement of allthe stakeholders. This paper analyses major provisions of NTIS and present implementation roadmapto achieve the desired outcome of NTIS 2010 - ‘the trade-led inclusive growth’.

Salient Feature of NTIS 2010The NTIS 2010 is a follow-up to the earlier Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study, 2004(NTCS) which, in a like manner, sought to identify priority actions for export promotion in theshort, medium and long-period. The NTCS was prepared at a time when domestic andinternational conditions were quite different. Then Nepal was not yet a member of the WorldTrade Organization (WTO) and, the mid-and late-decade turned out to be a period of profoundpolitical transformation1 of the country. Moreover, the global financial crisis also broughtsignificant changes at global level, which also affected reform process in many countries andmultilateral negotiations under WTO’s Doha Round negotiations. In such upcoming contexts,at both global and national levels, the GoN should have noticed urgency to revise its tradepolicy and export promotion strategy. Accordingly, the government introduced new TradePolicy 2009 and in following days launched the NTIS.1The process of Nepal’s federal restructuring is ongoing. It is anticipated to have profound changes ineconomic decision making and resource allocation in the days to come.


14

The NTIS is a critical building block in the GoN’s effort to strengthen its ability to coordinate andmanage Trade-Related Technical Assistances (TRTAs) and Aid for Trade (AfT) by implementingthe mechanisms of the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF). The GoN is now in the processto closely align the objectives and actions as identified in the NTIS and in the Nepal’s recentlyintroduced Three Year Development Plan (2011-2013). In order to make the NTIS a single andshared strategy to steer the efforts of the government, the private sector, development partners,and other stakeholders to develop an "inclusive" trade sector; the Council of Ministers alreadyendorsed the NTIS.

In view of diagnosing Nepal’s export potential, the NTIS first identifies the challenges being facedby the country’s export business. The four major challenges of Nepalese export business, as identifiedby the study are: (i) Ensuring proper market access, which will require from Nepalese negotiatorsto address issues related to Non-Tariff-Barriers (NTBs) and related regulatory and businessenvironment issues that may affect Nepalese exports in importing markets. The importance of tariffnegotiations will continue to decline as tariffs shrink for goods and are not relevant for fast growingservice exports; (ii) Building domestic support institutions that can create a more friendlybusiness environment and help Nepalese exporters address the challenges of NTBs; (iii) Takingsteps to strengthen the supply capacity of exporters especially in selected sector ,2 wherethey can build a competitive advantage, be it in terms of production costs, quality of products,and/or productivity; and (iv) Mobilizing Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) to assist indeveloping pertinent capacity.

Addressing aforementioned four challenges themselves became the four strategic objectives ofthe NTIS. The four strategic objectives of NTIS are:(i) Strengthen trade negotiations capacity: the NTIS identifies a list of 19 possible

priority export potential sectors and priority attractive markets for each of them. Thestudy categorically recommends as to what Nepalese trade negotiators need to ensurefor proper market access in order to promote them in the respective attractive markets.As suggested, bilateral market access negotiations and negotiations at regional groupingsare likely to play an important role. Strengthening of policy research capacity especially inrelation to trade negotiations, thus, may ensure space in international market forNepalese export items.

(ii) Strengthen the technical capacity of domestic Non-Tariff-Barrier (NTB) and otherbusiness supportive institutions: Building a competitive supply capacity of Nepaleseproducts has become increasingly dependent upon the ability of the country’s producers tomeet the NTB market entry requirements of importing countries. Such supply capacitybuilding will requires a supportive domestic support infrastructure in areas of technicalstandards, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, trade facilitation, investment environment,intellectual property rights, domestic service regulation and others. Therefore, the second strategicobjective of the NTIS focuses on capacity building of supportive institutions.

(iii) Strengthen the export capacity of "inclusive" export potential sectors: The NTISidentified 19 priority export sectors for Nepal, therefore Nepali policy-makers has to

2 The NTIS 2010 identifies 19 priority sectors, which includes 7 agro-based products, 5industrial and manufacturing products and 7 services sectors (see Annex 1).

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prioritize their attention on those sectors and ensure their success in their current or potentialattractive destination markets. The NTIS suggest for deepening the individual sector analysespresented therein and ensure those sectors benefit from proper sector-specific supportivemeasures. It is also suggested that the initial focus of government and private sector underobjectives first and second will also need to target at the areas of trade negotiations, trade-related policy reform and NTB related institution-building. They are imperatives to supportpriority export sectors.

(iv) Strengthen the capacity of government to coordinate and manage Trade-RelatedTechnical Assistance (TRTA) and to implement NTIS: Achieving the objectives of theNTIS will require domestic as well as external resources. The NTIS suggest that the MoCS,on behalf of the GoN, needs to put in place a set of 'implementation arrangements' that willassist in formulating implementation projects in support of the NTIS’ objectives, in securingTRTA resources, coordinating and managing those, and monitoring results. It is also indicatedthat the coordination and management of aid in the trade sector are quite complex as theyinvolve not simply coordinating and managing with and among DPs but also among variousline ministries and agencies directly or indirectly involved in trade development. Aidcoordination and management also requires a large amount of capacity-building in the newimplementation arrangements, therefore, this need should not be underestimated during theimplementation of the NTIS.

An action matrix along with the aforementioned four strategic objectives is presented in thestudy. And additional recommendations are prescribed for selected 19 priority export sectors.The suggested eight possible short-to-medium-term key actions are as follows:(i) Focus on 19 priority export sectors: Nepal should focus on its short-to-medium term

efforts to promote 19 export potential goods and services. Among those, agro-basedgoods and services exports potentially hold high socio-economic impact and high valueaddition; therefore, they should get high priority3.

(ii) Enhance negotiation capacity: The study suggest that the Nepalese trade negotiatorsshould take into deeper knowledge of the attractive destination markets identified for each ofthe 19 export potentials in the NTIS and ensure favorable market access for them in thosemarkets4. It is suggested to develop an appropriate agenda for negotiation, with supportiveanalytical work, as required. India, China, other SAARC countries, selected Gulf and Middle-East countries are recommended as priority countries going for bi-lateral negotiations.

(iii) Maintain Quality of Export Products: The NTIS suggest managing the quality of exportitems, particularly of agro-based products. In this regard, efforts to build a competitivesupply-capacity for exporting agro-food items should focus initially on setting up a numberof Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and QualityManagement System (QMS) in selected agricultural commodities. Such effort is to beaccompanied by Third Party Certification (TPC) programs to enhance the quality andquantity of such supplies and to lower the current burden for SPS certification. To bespecific, the NTIS proposes four sectors that could become initial targets with respect tosuch programs: tea, lentils, cardamom, and ginger. In addition, such efforts could be supported

3The priority exports sectors and their socio-economic impacts are presented in the Annex 1.4 The attractive markets for those 19 priority export sectors are presented in the Annex 2.


16

by the introduction of Geographical Indications (GIs) to be required for some of thosecommodities. It is also suggested to accelerate progress on formulating new Plant ProtectionAct, and on reviewing plus amending the existing Food Act, Pesticides Act as well asPesticides Rules.

(iv) Establish a Board of Investment: The study suggests that Nepal is missing out onopportunities to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), including FDI aimed at potentialexport sectors. Therefore, some alignments between targeted sectors for investmentcampaigns and potential export sectors promoted under NTIS should be made.

(v) Create Trade Support Network in the Periphery: Trade information and trade-supportservices trickles down rather very poorly to businesses in most of the targeted developmentregions and sectors. Therefore, the NTIS suggests that a Trade Support Network (TSN)should be organized and developed with strong focus on building the capacity of productassociations in the export potential sectors. It is also suggested to re-define the functions andmission of Trade and Export Promotion Center (TEPC) and restructure the center accordingly.

(vi) Focus on Priority Services Sectors: The NTIS identifies tourism, labour services, IT &BPO Services, Engineering services, Education and Health Services as Nepal’s priorityexport sectors. To further build up export potential in these sectors, the study suggestsfocusing on consolidating the gains from export of temporary labor services through holdingbilateral agreements with labor importing countries. Likewise, seizing opportunities to moveup the value chain by expanding supply capacity in the areas of priority services sectorsalso will pay tremendously. A set of recommendations are suggested in each individualprofile of those selected sectors. The study also suggests establishing a "service exportchampion" as there has been as of now a complete absence of an agency that coordinatesservice exports from the country.

(vii) Create Synergies between Nepal Business Forum (NBF) and the NTISImplementation: The study suggests using proposed Trade Sector Working Group underNBF as a mechanism for the Nepalese business sector and the GoN. This window issuggested to monitor the implementation of the NTIS and the effectiveness of its results.

(viii) Strengthen Coordination Mechanisms for Aid for Trade and Trade RelatedTechnical Assistance: GoN should ensure an effective and efficient mechanism formobilization and management of Official Development Assistance (ODA) resources. Inthis regard, two critical factors can be instrumental. First, such mechanism, among ODA,should focus on Aid for Trade (AfT) and Trade Related Technical Assistances (TRTAs).Second, GoN, business sector of the country, and DPs should recognize the NTIS as ashared strategy to be used as a broad platform for mobilization of resources with respectto implementation of the NTIS.

Challenge Ahead: In Implementation of the NTISThe challenge ahead for the GoN is to implement NTIS. As soon as formulation of a strategyaccomplished, the strategy is led further to implementation stage. Implementation stage tends tohost very complex processes, actors and agencies as multiple nature and layers of agencies arerequired to be involved in this stage. Powerful groups affected by a policy can condition the characterof implementation by supporting or opposing it (Howlett and Ramesh, 2003, p.189). Many empiricalstudies from developing world also suggest that formulation of a strategy in itself is initial and rathersimple step that, however, is followed by more complex steps when it goes for implementation.

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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Since trade performance is a complex summation of multi sectors, MoCS alone or any one singleinstitution can not be sufficient to meet a significant export surge (Ghimire, 2010, p.55). Therefore,support of all the stakeholders, including line ministries, Nepalese business community anddevelopment partners are a must. The seven challenges as the pre-condition of successful NTISimplementation can be outlined as: (i) trade should be a priority agenda in government policies anddevelopment plans; (ii) agency coordination (public-public, public-private and private-private) atall levels and of all types should be strengthened; (iii) strengthened institutional capacity for delivery;(iv) assurance of resource availability; (v) conducive business environment i.e. constitutional making,political stability, bandh, politics etc.; (vi) visionary leadership with strong commitment; and (vii)development partners' cooperation to Nepal's plea for greater AfT and TRTAs.

For effective implementation of the strategy, a phase-wise roadmap can be a fast-moving vehicle.In this context, a three phased roadmap is outlined as below:

Phase I: Strengthen Implementation Mechanism:The implementation of the NTIS will require a strong implementation mechanism5. In this regard, amechanism, consisting of a National Steering Committee, headed by the Chief Secretary of GoN,five Technical Working Groups headed by the Secretaries of respective ministries, EIF Focal Point- the Secretary of MoCS, a provision for donor facilitators, is arranged in this Nepalese provision.In addition, a National Implementation Unit (NIU) has been already established at MoCS. However,effective engagement of other key line ministries and private sector is a pre-condition to implementthe activities identified in the NTIS. Therefore, a mechanism and people working under this processshould be clearly identified and their roles and responsibilities (ToRs) should be well defined.Assessment of their capacities to perform such activities should be conducted on a regular basisand capacity building related training and other activities should go together accordingly.

The NIU and MoCS should also discuss with development partners to find one EIF DF andadditional lead DFs for each strategic objective of NTIS. As there are four strategic objectives,separate DPs for each of the strategic objectives could pay higher.

Phase II: Prepare Project Proposals and Mobilize ResourcesOnce implementation mechanisms at place, MoCS embarks on project proposals and liaise withpotential sources of funds, including government, in country DPs and EIF/Aid for Trade mechanismunder WTO. In this regard, continuous consultation with line ministries and local DPs is needed.The proposals, prepared on the basis of the NTIS should be discussed with the local DPs first andafterwards maximum resources would be mobilized from them. In the areas, where local DPs donot show their interest, EIF Executive Secretariat and GoN, mainly Ministry of Finance and NationalPlanning Commission should be requested for programmes and funds.

Phase III: Implementation of Trade SWApMany countries are using Sector-Wise Approach (SWAp) as a strategy for resource mobilization invarious sectors of the economy, including trade and development. Broadly, SWAp is defined as animplementation model, in which, all stakeholders supports a single sector policy and expenditure5 For mobilization of Aid for Trade, including implementation of EIF, the GoN hascreated an institutional mechanism – a mechanism, which is still evolving (see Annex 3).


18

programme, adopting common approaches across the sector, and progressing towards Governmentprocedures to disburse and account for all funds (Callebaut, 2010). Similarly, trade SWAp can befurther defined as a mechanism to coordinate and plan resources by putting top government, DPsand other stakeholders around a single trade strategy (e.g. NTIS 2010). In doing so, limited set ofshared objectives (e.g. the four strategic objectives of NTIS 2010) are shared in order to developtrade sector. The main advantages of trade SWAp include: (i) it gives more attention for overallpolicy coherence; (ii) it helps improve planning, coordination and monitoring mechanism; (iii) itstrengthens role of government in external resource mobilization; (iv) it pays more attention forcapacity building; (v) it ensures better coordination mechanism among the stakeholders; (vi) it helpsavoid duplication or replication of the same activities, producing no or little value addition at outcomelevel; (vii) it helps ensure stakeholders participation in the process in a transparent manner; and (viii)it helps control excessive aid fragmentation and divided ownership.

However, implementation of trade SWAp approach demands for buy-in from all the stakeholders,i.e. government, private sector and DPs, at first place, which may require a reasonable timeperiod. Therefore, it is necessary for the MoCS to expedite its consultation with the stakeholdersand convince them on the benefits of trade SWAp. Once a fair number of the developmentpartners agree to work in this initiative with the ministry, the government may need to create andoperationalize a 'basket fund' – in which money from different funding sources are contributed -and develop guidelines for managing 'basket fund'. Similarly, in order to disburse the basket fund,development of templates for proposals and criteria for project selection would be required.By and large, above discussed three phase-wise challenges are very potential, however, couplewith enormous opportunities for trade-led inclusive growth. GoN especially MoCS seems tohave stood in the borderline to face them in the days ahead.

ConclusionsIt is now widely accepted that trade could play an instrumental role in Nepal’s overall development.However, to construct trade as an instrument of national development, it should be one of the toppriorities of national development programs/plans. In this regard, Nepal’s recently introduced ThreeYear Plan prioritized trade sector and emphasized on trade-led growth of the economy. Realizing theneed of a strategic vision for trade sector’s development, the GoN brought in new trade policy 2009and recently introduced the NTIS. With the NTIS, there are immense opportunities for Nepal todevelop itself through trade. The priority sectors and recommended actions for those priority sectorsare clearly indicated in the strategy. Now it is the high time for the government to implement the NTISrecommendations to make Nepal’s trade sector an effective vehicle of growth and overall developmentof the country. In order to do so, a phase-wised implementation plan, as indicated above, should bedeveloped and must be implemented in association with all the stakeholders. The role of line ministriesand departments of GoN, DPs and private sector will remain crucial in implementation of the NTIS;therefore, MoCS should strengthen its coordination with them in tandem with institutional point ofview. Provided that the conditions are met, the NTIS is expected to open a number of new avenues.By them, the country could enhance business environment, thereby, much greater business volume.Similarly, a big push can be created for additional employment opportunities, narrowing down tradedeficits and promoting export-led inclusive growth. That ultimately would have huge impact on causingpoverty alleviation and availing peace dividend for people at large. With such advantage, the mostaspired peace building in the country can be sustained.

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Bhatt Shiv Raj (2007). "Nepal: Export Diversification Prospects and Challenges" , Udyog Banijya Jhalak-The Journal of Industry, Commerce and Supplies published by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce andSupplies, Government of Nepal, Vol. and No. 3, Issue 6, June 2007.

Callebaut S. (2010). Trade SWAp: The "Integrating" Framework (When can a SWAp do to increase mainstreamingand coordination). A presentation delivered to EIF Asian Regional Workshop, Kathmandu 20-23 June 2010.

Ghimire, Chandra (2010). "Mainstreaming of Trade: A Giant Leap". New Business Age (p.54-55), July 2010,Vol 9, No 10. Kathmandu.

Howlett Michael and M. Ramesh (2003). "Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems(second edition)". Oxford University Press.

MOF (various years). Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepal.

MoCS (2010). Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010: Executive Summary and Action Matrix, Ministry ofCommerce and Supplies, Government of Nepal.

MOICS (2004). Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study. Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies,Government of Nepal.

NPC (2007). Three Year Interim Plan (2007-2010), National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal.

Ojha Purushottam, Chandra K. Ghimire and Shiv Raj Bhatt (2010). "Nepal's WTO Compliance and ResultingEconomic Gains (A Critical Assessment)" a paper presented at Annual Conference of ManagementAssociation of Nepal (MAN), February 2010. http://www.man.org.np/moreresearch.php?flag=1&catagory=Article

TEPC (various issues). Nepal Overseas Trade Statistics, Trade and Export Promotion Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.

References :

Annex 1: Socio-Economic Impact of 19 Priority Sectors

# Sector Index 1: Export

performance

Index 2: World market

condit ions

Index 3: Domest ic

supply conditions

Overal l export

potential

Soc io-economic

impact

1 Large cardamom high low h igh high m e d i u m 2 Ginger medium low medium medium m e d i u m 3 Honey low medium medium medium m e d i u m 4 Lentils medium high h igh high m e d i u m

5 T e a high low medium medium high 6 Instant noodles high medium h igh high low 7 Medicinal herbs / oils low medium h igh medium high 8 Handmade paper low low h igh low high 9 Silver jewelry low high medium medium m e d i u m

10 Iron & steel products high high h igh h igh medium 11 Pashmina products medium medium h igh medium m e d i u m 12 Wool products medium high medium medium high 13 Tourism high high h igh high high 14 Labor services high high medium high high

15 IT & BPO services medium medium medium medium m e d i u m 16 Health services low medium low low low 17 Education services medium low low low low 18 Engineering services low medium medium medium low 19 Hydro -electricity low h igh medium m e d i u m m e d i u m

Source: Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010: Executive Summary and Action Matrix, page 11


20

Ann

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Mar

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estin

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r Pr

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ty S

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rs

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

21

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= N

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Sub

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-san

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SMEs

= S

mal

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SEZ/

EPZ

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www


22

@ Ratnakar Adhikari

I. IntroductionTrade negotiations are dominated by market access discussions, more so when trade negotiatorssuffer from mercantilist predilection.1 The focus on market access may be sound strategy for developedmarket economies, which have the ability to penetrate the market of their trading partners due to theirsupply capacity. They have both the exportable surplus as well as ability to supply the markets of theirpartner countries in a competitive manner. Even if they do not have such an ability, market takes careof this requirement.

However, excessive focus on market access has done little to help least developed countries(LDCs) such as Nepal to expand their trade (particularly export) volume. Consequently, theyare left with a situation whereby they obtain market access, but are unable to enhance theirexports. This is partly because market-based solution does not always work for them (Pandey2006). These countries are handicapped by several structural and supply side constraints includinglack of adequate infrastructure, human capital, technology, finance and trade facilitation measures,which prevent them from making use of market access opportunities.

Resource constraint is often cited as one of the fundamental problems facing these countries in theirquest for overcoming these barriers, although it must be admitted that these are the not only barriers.Therefore, various initiatives at the multilateral level are designed to help build the supply capacity ofthe LDCs, of which Aid for Trade (AFT) is one.

Against this backdrop, the objective of this article is to highlight the supply-side constraints facingNepal and critically analyze the role that AFT could play in helping the country overcome theseconstraints. Section II of this article discusses supply-side constraints facing Nepal, benchmarkingthem with other South Asian countries, where possible. Section III highlights the nature andcontours of AFT including some of the recent developments, while section IV analyzes thearguments made by the critiques of AFT initiative. Section V discusses Nepalese perspective.Section VI concludes the article with some possible way forward.II. Supply-side ConstraintsBeing an LDC, Nepal does not have the necessary capacity to competitively supply products ofa quality demanded in the fiercely competitive international market. While this has its roots in@ Mr. Adhikari is the General secretary of South Asia watch on Trade, Economics & Environment (SAWTEE) The author would like to thank Dr. Posh Raj Pandey, Puspa Sharma and Paras Kharel for their comments and suggestions on the article.1 They get a sense of achievement not only by obtaining market access in their partner countries, but also by closing market access to own country’s market. See a terse analysis of this phenom phenon made by Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman (1997).

Can Aid for Trade Help Nepal Overcomeits Supply-side Constraints?

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structural factors such as narrow range of products in which Nepal has a comparative advantage,the problem is further exacerbated by several governance-related problems. The continued politicalturmoil is the country means that the situation is not likely to improve in the immediate future(Adhikari 2010).

Supply-side constraints can be broadly divided into two categories, namely: a) production-relatedsupply-side constraints, such as lack of capacity to produce; and b) competitiveness-relatedsupply-side constraints, such as factors that hinder the ability of firms to "competitively" supplythe international market. A few studies conducted so far in the context of Nepal have focusedpredominantly on the second category of constraints, which are discussed below. This papermakes an attempt to look at the first type of supply-side constraints as well. The best possiblemeasure to gauge this constraint is to look at the data industrial and agricultural value additiongrowth data. Figure 1 provides data for industrial value added growth for Nepal for the periodbetween 2000 and 2008 and compares the same with two other South Asian countries, Bangladesh(LDC) and India (developing country). The figure shows that Nepal falls clearly behind both thecountries in terms of industrial value added growth, particularly since 2002 coinciding with thepeak period of the armed insurgency in the country. The peak growth of 8 percent achieved inthe beginning of the decade could never be attained in the later years. The average growth inindustrial value added during the nine-year period was 3.8 percent in the case of Nepal, whereasIndia and Bangladesh attained an average growth of 7.4 and 7.6 percent respectively.

Figure 1: Industrial value addition growth rate (%) for select South Asiancountries, 2000 – 2008

Source: Author’s calculation based on World Development Indicators online data of the World Bank.

However, the data for the agricultural value added growth, which is not shown here, looksrelatively better for Nepal compared to the industrial sector. While the average annual growth forthe corresponding period was 3.49 percent for Nepal, Bangladesh achieved an average growthrate of 3.62 percent. India, however, achieved an average annual growth of 2.78 percent in thecorresponding period, which is mainly owing to the negative growth in 7.2 percent in 2002. Thecrux of the matter is that Nepal is left with very little surplus for exports, both on industrial as well


24

as agricultural sector, in particular after accounting for population growth rate, which has beenhovering around 2.1 percent in the recent past.

While it can be argued that size of industrial exports such as carpet, readymade garments andpashmina is determined by the demand from importing countries, the production growth of variousother sectors determines the ability of the country to meet the local demand as well as generatesurplus for exports. If we have limited production, which is not even sufficient to meet the domesticdemand, what follows is that we will have limited surplus left for exports. This seems to be thecase with both industrial and agricultural production in Nepal.

As regards competitiveness related supply-side constraints studies conducted so far in the contextof Nepal highlight inadequate infrastructure for efficient production and transportation of goods,lack of human capital endowed with education and skills to process exportables, limited accessto credit due to conventional/conservative banking practices that rely more on collateral than onthe feasibility of business ventures, limited use of technology in the production processes whichimpedes the prospects of what is known as "moving up the value-chain ladder"; and virtualabsence of trade facilitation measures which causes delays in the shipment of goods as the majorbinding supply-side constraints (see, for example, SAWTEE and ActionAid Nepal 2007; Raihanet al 2007; Adhikari et al. 2008; Pandey 2008).

These features are also reflected in Nepal’s ranking on the Global Competitiveness Report (GCR)2009-2010 produced by the World Economic Forum (2009a), which bases its analysis on 12different components of competitiveness. While all the factors analyzed by the GCR are necessaryto measure the level of competitiveness of the economy, this article shall only focus on fourfactors that have been identified as the major binding constraints by earlier studies, namely:infrastructure, human capital (represented by health and primary education), access to finance(represented by ease of access to loan), and access and adaptability to technology (representedby technological readiness), based on the ranking and index prepared by the GlobalCompetitiveness Report 2009-2010 (Table 1).

Table 1: Select competitiveness ranking and indices, 2009-2010

Source: World Economic Forum (2009a)

Similarly, trade facilitation indicators presented in Table 2, which is reflected in the "Tradingacross Borders" segment of the Doing Business Report produced by the World Bank (2009)show that Nepal performs only better than Afghanistan and follows Bhutan with a close margin,but lags far behind other countries in the region on a number of counts. Of particular note is the

Infrastructure

Health and primary educationducation

Ease of access to loan

Technological readiness

Country/Economy Rank Index Rank Index Rank Index Rank Index N = 133 (1 to 7) N = 133 (1 to 7) N = 133 (1 to 7) N =

133 (1 to 7)

Switzerland (Overall, top) 5 6.35 21 6.10 32 3.7 3 6.01 Bangladesh 126 2.39 105 4.49 108 2.4 125 2.45 India 76 3.47 101 4.82 34 3.6 83 3.33 Nepal 131 2.03 106 4.45 84 2.7 132 2.21 Pakistan 89 3.06 113 3.95 53 3.2 104 2.87 Sri Lanka 64 3.88 47 5.69 51 3.2 85 3.28 Burundi (Overall, bottom) 125 2.41 121 3.74 126 2.1 129 2.31

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number of documents required for imports and exports, and the number of days taken for importsand exports. These are also reflected in the costs to import and export, which are much highercompared to the developing countries in the region. It is understandable that landlockedness hascontributed, at least in part, to the higher cost of exports. However, Bhutan too shares the samegeographic characteristics as Nepal, but incurs a much lower cost to export.

Table 2: Trade facilitation indicators of South Asian countries (2009)

Moreover, the Global Enabling Trade Report published by World Economic Forum (2009b),which is largely based on the data gathered for Global Competitiveness Report, ranks Nepalvery low in terms of the Enabling Trade Index (ranked 110 out 121 countries). On two majorpillars of the index (border administration and transport and communication infrastructure), whichare indicative of the magnitude of supply-side constraints faced by these countries, Nepal doesnot fare well either. While on the border administration pillar Nepal’s ranking is 113, on transportand communication infrastructure its ranking is 107.

Finally, the latest Logistics Performance Index (LPI)—a composite index of efficiency of clearanceprocess, quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure, ease of arranging competitivelypriced shipments, competence and quality of logistics services, ability to track and traceconsignments and timeliness of shipments in reaching destination within the scheduled or expecteddelivery time)—ranks Nepal one of the lowest, i.e., 147 out of the 155 countries ranked (Table3). Nepal’s ranking has not only slipped by 17 positions, but also, for the first time, has beensurpassed even by Afghanistan (World Bank 2010). While the difference with the ranking ofother South Asian countries in terms of timeliness is not huge, the margin is huge in the case ofinfrastructure, international shipments and logistics competence (Table 3).

Table 3: Nepal’s LPI vis-à-vis other South Asian countries (1 to 5 best), 2010

Source: Logistics Performance Indicators, World Bank (2010)

S o u t h A s i a n L D C s S o u t h A s i a n D C s Indicators

A F B D B T M V N P I N P K S L

Do ing bus iness - t rad ing across borders ( r ank ou t o f 183)

1 8 3

107

1 5 3

126

161

97

78

6 5

No . o f document s r equ i red fo r expor t s 1 2

6

8

8

9

8

9

8

No . o f days p rocess requ i red for expor t s

7 4

2 5

3 8

2 1

41

17

22

2 1

Cos t to expor t (US$ pe r con ta ine r ) 3 ,350 970 1 ,210 1 ,348 1 ,764 945 611 7 1 5 No . o f documen t s r equ i r ed fo r impor t s

1 1 8

1 1

9

10

9

8

6

No . o f days p rocess requ i red for impor t s

7 7

2 9

3 8

2 0

35

20

18

2 0

Cos t t o impor t (US$ pe r con ta ine r ) 3 ,000 1 ,375 2 ,140 1 ,348 1 ,8 2 5 960 680 7 4 5

S o u t h A s i a n L D C S S o u t h A s i a n D C s I n d i c a t o r s A F B D B T M V N P I N P K S L

O v e r a l l L P I 1 4 3 7 9 1 2 8 1 2 5 1 4 7 4 7 1 1 0 1 3 7

C u s t o m s 1 0 4 9 0 1 1 8 9 8 1 3 0 5 2 1 3 5 1 4 3

In f ras t ruc tu re 1 3 9 7 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 7 1 2 0 1 3 8

I n t ’ l s h i p m e n t s 1 4 1 6 1 1 2 0 1 2 5 1 4 3 4 6 6 6 1 1 7

L o g i s t i c s c o m p e t e n c e 1 4 1 9 6 1 2 7 1 1 7 1 4 3 4 0 1 2 0 1 4 2

T r a c k i n g & t r a c i n g 1 2 8 9 2 1 0 5 1 2 1 1 4 0 5 2 9 3 1 4 2

T i m e l i n ess 1 4 6 7 0 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 9 5 6 1 1 0 1 2 5


26

Initiatives Main objectives Integrated Framework for Trade Related Technical Assistance (IF) (1997)

To help LDCs mainstream trade in national development strategies and enhance their trade capacity

Doha Development Agenda Trade Related Technical Assistance (2001)

To help developing countries better frame their trade policies and participate in trade negotiations

Standards and Trade Development Facility (2002)

To help developing countries enhance their expertise and capacity to analyze and to implement international sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) standards, and to gain and maintain market access

Enhanced IF (2005) Same as IF, but with additional funding Aid for Trade (2005) To help developing countries, in particular

LDCs, address their supply-side constraints, build productive capacity and adjust to evolving nature of global trade liberalization

�The above discussions provide testimony to the fact that Nepal’s competitiveness has not onlybeen inadequate but has also been constantly deteriorating while other countries continue toimprove their performance and increase their foothold in the international market. This is attributedto the enormous supply-side constraints Nepal faces, which militate against Nepal’s quest forexport expansion.III. Aid for TradeAlthough AFT initiative was announced for the first time during the Hong Kong MinisterialConference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), this can be considered proverbial "oldwine in new bottle" for various reasons. First, as per the database maintained by the Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the AFT data are available since 1967(OECD/WTO 2009: 53). This is because the various categories of funding that are now classifiedas AFT were being provided by donors for at least past 43 years. Second, some otherinitiatives designed to "aid trade" or for that matter build trade capacity of developing countriesin general and LDCs in particular have been around for the past 13 years. Table 4 provides asnapshot of the evolution of these initiatives.

Table 4: Various versions of trade capacity building in chronological order

Source: Author’s compilation from WTO website

While earlier initiatives were also party designed to address the supply-side constraints faced bydeveloping countries in general and LDCs in particular, the issue did not figure predominantly inthese initiatives. A closer look at the way they were implemented reveal that, with the exceptionof Standards and Trade Development Facility, they were more focused on providing "software"nature of funding in the form of training, seminar, research and studies, which can help the recipientcountries overcome supply-side constraints only in an indirect manner, but not directly.

What is required for the developing countries and LDCs to overcome their supply-side constraintsare "hardware" such as investment in purchase of equipment and construction of infrastructure,which was clearly missing in most of the above trade-related capacity building initiatives. This ispartly due to the amount of resources available under these initiatives. For example, even themuch hyped IF initiative had a total funding envelop of approximately US$ 1.338 million percountry, divided into to two windows:

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• Window 1: for financing Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies (DTISs) (US$300,000 percountry) and strengthening in-country structures (US$38,000 per country).

• Window 2: for financing priority capacity building projects in the LDCs as identified in theDTIS Action Matrices (US$1 million per country) (WTO 2006a)

In order to address this problem, the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference also decided to takethe IF to a new level by scaling up funding for the initiative through what is now known asEnhanced Integrated Framework (EIF). The Task Force constituted to develop proposals forsuch an enhancement, including expanding the IF’s resources and scope, and making it moreeffective, has recommended that US$ 400 million is required for the effective implementation ofthe framework (WTO 2006a).

However, the question again remains more or less the same because even when the entire US$400 million is mobilized, amount dedicated per LDC remains very low compared to their need toovercome supply-side constraints. Therefore, this mechanism too, like its predecessor, may notmove beyond helping LDCs prepare their need assessment and mainstream trade into theirnational development strategies. Realizing the paucity of fund available under the EIF trust fund,the WTO suggests that for most activities identified through the EIF, resources for implementationhave to be mobilized from other sources, indicating that the LDCs need to tap into AFT resourcesto fund resource-intensive projects.2

AFT, among others, intends to directly address the issue of supply-side constraints. As stated inparagraph 57 of the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration, "....Aid for Trade should aim to helpdeveloping countries, particularly LDCs, to build the supply-side capacity and trade-relatedinfrastructure that they need to assist them to implement and benefit from WTO Agreementsand more broadly to expand their trade..." (WTO 2005) (emphasis added).

The Declaration also invited the Director-General of the WTO to create a task force to providerecommendation on the modalities for operationalizing AFT. As per the mandate provided by theMinisterial Conference, the Director-General constituted a Task Force, which submitted its reportto the General Council in July 2006. The Task Force Report, which was later adopted by theGeneral Council, recommended dividing AFT into the following six categories:1. Trade-related infrastructure (e.g., road, telecommunication, electricity).2. Building productive capacity (e.g., enhancing productivity of agriculture, industry, fishery

sectors).3. Trade development (e.g., investment promotion, trade promotion, business services).4. Trade-related adjustment (e.g., retraining of workers, compensation for retrenched

workers).5. Trade policy and regulations (e.g., training of officials and stakeholders, help in designing

policies and comply with trade rules).6. Other areas (e.g., other needs of the recipient countries that are not included above).3

Out of these categories, the first two are directly related to addressing supply-side constraintsfaced by developing countries in general and LDCs in particular. The Task Force alsorecommended that the two major guiding principles should be followed while disbursing and2 See WTO EIF page of the WTO website.3 See WTO (2006b) for further details.


28

monitoring the flow of AFT. First, the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness should be followedto measure the effectiveness of AFT. Paris Declaration, as is well known, was agreed in 2005,which defines a number of commitments on the part of donors and partner countries, and a set ofindicators to measure progress towards 2010. The Declaration rests on five common-sensetenets, that aid is more likely to promote development when:1. Developing countries exercise leadership over their development policies and plans (ownership).2. Donors base their support on countries’ development strategies and systems (alignment).3. Donors co-ordinate their activities and minimise the cost of delivering aid (harmonisation).4. Developing countries and donors orient their activities to achieve the desired results (managing

for results).5. Donors and developing countries are accountable to each other for progress in managing

aid better and in achieving development results (mutual accountability) (OECD 2007).

The second guiding principle was that the WTO should be responsible for monitoring the flowand effectiveness of aid for trade. This would mean that the donors would continue to provideresources to the developing countries on a bilateral basis, but the WTO would be responsible foroverseeing the implementation of the commitments made. In order to fulfil this mandate, WTOorganizes Global Review of AFT. Two such reviews have taken place in 2007 and 2009. Accordingto the latest review document, produced jointly by the OECD and the WTO, AFT has reachedUS$ 25.42 billion in 2007, which represents an increase of US$ 4.3 billion (21% percent) overthe baseline period (2002 – 2005), under the four major headings, namely: a) Economicinfrastructure, b) building productive capacity, c) trade policy and regulations, and c) trade relatedadjustment (OECD/WTO 2009). The Report claims that the above increase is in addition to theregular ODA, and it was not provided at the cost of the funding provided to social sectors (suchas health and education) (Ibid). The major focus of the AFT initiative has been on economicinfrastructure in which 54 percent of total commitments were made. This is followed by buildingproductive capacity, which attracted an average share of 43 percent between 2002 and 2007.If we combine these two categories, almost 94 percent of AFT commitments were made inhelping developing countries overcome their supply-side constraints (OECD/WTO 2009:57).

The Global Review Report also states that maintaining the same pace of funding would be achallenging task given the impact of global financial crisis on the donor countries. Assuming thatAFT funding is pegged to the Gross National Income (GNI) of the donor countries, which isnormally the case, a fall in their GNI will have a direct impact on the flow of AFT. Another facthighlighted in the report is that multilateral donors (such as the World Bank, and regionaldevelopment banks) delivered more than 60 percent of the total resources under the AFT.

The Report also highlights the fact that the flow of AFT has increased to low income countries,particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, although Asia is still the largest recipient of AFT, which is notsurprising given the size of the economies of Asia as well as the number of absolute poor living in theregion. While Asia received a total of US$ 10.7 billion in 2007, Africa was close second whichreceived AFT funding commitment of US$ 9.5 billion. However, the growing importance placed byaid donors on Africa is visible from the fact that the share of total AFT committed to Africa increasedfrom 30 percent in the baseline period to 38 percent in 2007. In the case of Asia, this share fell from50 percent to 42 percent during the corresponding period (OECD/WTO 2009:59). From SouthAsia, five countries figure amongst the top 20 countries receiving AFT – with India topping the list

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and Afghanistan , Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka in the 3rd, 9th, 13th and 18th positionsrespectively. Unfortunately, Nepal does not figure in the list of top 20 recipients of AFT (Table A1).

Another important facets reported in this publication, based on questionnaire based surveyconducted, is that partner countries are increasingly more engaged in AFT, with mainstreaming oftrade in national development plans and strategies taking place at the policy-level in a majority ofpartner countries (Ibid: 47). Finally, the report considers that South-South flow of AFT is increasingrapidly, which, unfortunately, could not be captured by the report, because the data presented inthe report were based on the reporting of donors belonging to the OECD Development AssistanceCommittee (DAC). Southern donors such as Brazil, China, and India seem to have emerged asthe major AFT donors providing support to other developing countries – both within the regionand outside. However, this is an under-researched area and no evidence of these flows is availablein the public domain, to the best of our knowledge.

IV. Critique of AFTAlthough the OCED/WTO publication discussed above claims that AFT has been effective, theinitiative has come under serious criticisms from the academics, developing country policy makersand practitioners, among others. One of the major criticisms is the extremely broad definition ofAFT, which encompasses everything ranging from trade related infrastructure to trade adjustment.The residual category "others" makes it even broader so as to allow donors to include severalcategories of ODA under AFT, and jack up the figure. For example, if a road construction takesplace through donors’ assistance, it could have several positive impacts on the socio-economiccondition of the partner country. It could potentially connect local market to the city centre. Atthe same time, it could help children attend school without losing much time commuting, sick andelderly to visit hospitals, and political parties to bring their cadres to cities to organizedemonstrations. Potential contribution of a newly constructed road to enhance international orregional trade cannot be denied, but would it be fair to include the entire assistance provided forroad construction under AFT? Similarly, establishment of a vocational training institute in a countrycould potentially help in raising the skills of a group of young participants, which could contributeto build productive capacity of the enterprises where they are eventually absorbed, but theircontribution to enhance trade may be limited by several factors. However, assistance of thisnature is also included under AFT.

Secondly, developing countries do not seem particularly pleased with the way AFT architecturehas been designed. They were hoping that some form of dedicated fund would be established atthe global level, to which all the donors would contribute their resources, and such fund would beallocated resources to the developing countries and LDCs based on their AFT needs. NobelLaureate Joseph Stiglitz together with his colleague Andrew Charlton (2006) had also floatedthis type of proposal, which was supported by the African Group, except that the latter did notwant a new institutional apparatus to be created for administering the fund. However, both theserecommendations were rejected and what has now happened is that AFT has to be directlynegotiated by the partner countries with the donors, who are also the providers of regular ODA.It has therefore become difficult for the partner countries to segregate the AFT and ODA whileapproaching the donors. Worse still, donors seem to be using AFT to achieve their other policyobjectives rather than helping developing countries and LDCs in their quest for achieving increased


30

volume of exports. Although these hidden agenda of donors are difficult to fully uncover, anindication of this tendency can be seen from the way the AFT resources are allocated to themajor recipients of AFT. For example, as can be seen from the Annex (Table A1), India andVietnam, which are the major emerging markets as well as FDI destinations for the developedcountries, together received more than US$ 3.6 billion worth of AFT in 2007, which represent14.3 percent of the total AFT provided to developing countries. Similarly, Afghanistan and Iraqtogether received more than US$ 2.5 billion in AFT, representing 9.7 percent of total AFT flow.The latter ones fall into the group of countries where donors could potentially leverage AFTfunding to achieve their foreign policy objectives (including but not limited to "war on terror"). Itis also worth noting that out of the top 20 countries receiving AFT, only seven (including Afghanistan)are LDCs, and others are developing countries. Some of these developing countries, notably,India and Vietnam are quite resourceful and they can take care of their needs through the generationof internal resources.

Thirdly, the nature of funding contradicts the intended purpose of AFT, a demand that AFTshould be "non-debt-creating" in nature. Not all the donors provide AFT in the form of grant,some of them provide AFT in the form of loan. Developing countries, over-burdened with debtmay be able to make effective use of such resources, adding debt burden to these countries in theform of AFT may not be desirable.

Fourthly, donors continue to focus on the provision of "software" which does not add to theproductivity of the economy and is not likely to contribute significantly to increase trade, particularlyexports, of the partner countries. Worse still, some of the donor conditions even for "hardware"projects include the requirement to hire consultants from their own countries. Since expatriatesalaries are, more often than not, much higher than locally recruited professionals, most of theproject resources go back to the donor countries, yet the entire funds allocated under the projectis counted as AFT provided to the partner country concerned.

Finally, there is a lack of coordination among donors on the provision of AFT funding. Someareas such as capacity building are over-funded and there is a huge concentration of donors inthese areas, whereas there is limited funding available to meet the genuine trade-related needs ofpartner countries. For example, in the case of Nepal, which needs to upgrade it customsinfrastructure – in line with Customs Modernization Work Plan prepared by Department ofCustoms, in order to reduce the cost of trading across borders, has not so far received any majorfunding in this area. The only funding received so far in this area is through UNCTAD to developand implement Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) project for customsautomation (ENTReC 2010).

V. Nepalese PerspectiveAlthough Nepal has been a beneficiary of various versions of trade related capacity buildinginitiatives, the country officially participated in the IF initiative in 2002-2003, when it startedthe preparation of DTIS called Nepal: Trade and Competitiveness Study under the Window

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1 of the IF. The study was led by the World Bank, and the report was prepared by a Team offoreign experts chosen by the Bank, with some participation of select Nepalese experts aswell. The study was intended to identify the trade related opportunities and challenges facedby Nepal as well as propose a policy action matrix for utilizing those opportunities as well asaddressing the challenges. The policy action matrix was supposed to serve as a guideline forthe country to seek funding from donors as to achieve these objectives. However, due to lackof ownership of the DTIS either by the donor or by the government, not much could berealized in terms of generating resources and implementing the programme envisaged by thestudy. The study became outdated by 2008, such that Nepal is currently in the process ofupdating the study, which is now called Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS). The Strategyis almost complete and is expected to be launched in June 2010 according to a MoCS source.4

Later, Nepal received funding through the Window 2 of the IF, the objective of which was tostrengthen the government’s capacity to implement its WTO commitments as well as its capacityto coordinate the design of trade priorities and negotiating objectives among stakeholders andpolicy makers (ENTReC 2010).

After the IF was upgraded to EIF, with a full-fledged secretariat in Geneva, Nepal preparedproposal for EIF Tier I funding. The proposal with a budget of US$ 1.5 million has recently beenapproved and the project will soon start operating. The major objective of this project is tostrengthen the capacity of various institutions such as Steering Committee, National ImplementationUnit and others, to implement the EIF.

Besides, Nepal has either received or is in the process of receiving what is now categorized asAFT from various bilateral donors such as UK Department for International Development (DFID),European Commission (EC) and German Technical Assistance (GTZ), as well as multilateraldonors such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, STDF, and UNDP, among others(ENTReC 2010).

However, to what extent these resources have contributed in better integrating Nepal intothe global economy in general and enhancing Nepal’s export in particular is a moot question.Although some of the projects under these initiatives have recently started and they will taketime to show results, even those that have been implemented since 2002-2003 does notseem to have contributed to the export expansion of the country. Nepal’s trade data from1991/92 to 2008/09, shows that it has suffered a severe setback on export front with theexport rising only by 25 percent between 2002/03 (the cut-off point from which exportstagnation began) and 2008/09, whereas import has increased by 109 percent during thecorresponding period, resulting in an increase in trade deficit by 164 percent (Figure 2).5

These exports figures are in local currency and exchange fluctuation has not been takeninto account. Neither have they been adjusted to factor in relative price changes over theyears.4 The Strategy was lanched on June 24, 2010, in Kathmandu -editors.5 These exports figures are in local currency and exchange fluctuation has not been taken into account. Neither have they been adjusted to factor in relative price changes over the years.


32

Figure 2: Nepal’s trade performance, 1991/92 to 2008/2009 (NPR million)

Source: Ministry of Finance (various issues)

It can be seen from the figure provided above that the year 2008/09 was a relatively better yearfor Nepalese exports during which exports increased by 13 percent and contributed to morethan half of the 25 percent increase seen since 2002/03. However, if we look at the figures forthe first nine months of the ongoing fiscal year, the export figures look even more disappointing.Between mid-July 2009 and mid-April 2010, Nepal’s merchandise export was only NPR 45.67billion, which is 10.4 percent lower than in the corresponding period last fiscal year (NRB 2010).

However, we need to exercise caution before ascribing our failure to increase our exports to theineffectiveness of trade related technical assistance programmes. This is because various nationalfactors such as political instability, frequent strikes, power shortage and inhospitable businessclimate as well as international factors such as phasing out of textiles and clothing quotas, growingprotectionism in the developed countries in the wake of global economic crisis, and unfavourablemarket access conditions in the largest market for the country (India) are equally to be blamedfor Nepal’s lackluster performance on the export front. At the same time, this does not mean thatwe should provide a clean chit to the trade related technical assistance programmes.

Admittedly, two major problems of most of the initiatives discussed above have been lack ofadequate resources and predictability of funding. AFT is meant to address these problems,particularly the former one, to a significant extent. However, other problems associated withdevelopment aid in general and trade related aid in particular may continue to bedevil AFT aswell. Table 5, which provides a comparison of AFT commitments made to Nepal during the baseperiod (2002-2005) and the most recent period (2007) for which data is available, shows thatcommitments to Nepal has increased by 56 percent, whereas AFT increased globally by only 21percent as discussed above. This does raise some hope, because Nepal, whether being an LDCor due to its ability to articulate it needs to the donors, was able to receive much higher fundingcommitment than the global average. Even if we look at the per capita commitment it has increasedby 45 percent during the corresponding period, which should also be considered quite impressive.

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However, the disbursement figure for 2007, which is only US$ 89.1 million (representing only 40percent of the commitment) is not encouraging at all. Low disbursement itself might not be amajor problem and it can not merely be attributed to donors’ failure. According to OCED/WTO(2009: 54), low level of disbursement could be due to several reasons, and all of which areapplicable in the context of Nepal. First, a change in government in a partner country often leadsto changes in priorities, and the aid funding needs to be reassigned to the priorities of the governmentof the day, which takes time and could cause less than optimal disbursement in a reported period.Second, which is related to donors’ procedure, the requirements for the release of donor fundshave proven burdensome in some cases. For example, some funds are provided on reimbursementbasis, which means that the partner country should spend the resources first and then ask thereimbursement of the expenses. Even when the resources are spent in a particular year, it doesnot get reflected in the disbursement until such time money is physically transferred to the partnercountry, which could take place in the next calendar year. Finally, the delay in disbursement couldalso be a result of the low level of absorption capacity of the partner countries, which is somethingwe need to admit in the case of Nepal as well.6 Therefore, both donors as well as partnercountries need to do their respective bit to increase the disbursement rate.

Table 5: Nepal – AFT Flows (US$ million, 2006 constant)

Breakdown data may not add up to total due to roundingSource: OCED/WTO (2009): 234

One of the surprising facts that came to the notice of the author, during his interaction with highlevel officials of the MoCS recently, is that even these officials are not aware of what has beenshown in Table 5 in the form of AFT commitment, or disbursement for that matter. The nodalministry responsible for designing and implementing AFT programme being unaware of the totalamount of AFT resources meant for improving trade capacity of the country is a serious issuerequiring further investigation. Some of the plausible reasons could be as follows.6 There are two opposing views in the case of South Asian LDCs, particularly Bangladesh and Nepal, inwhich the author is currently engaged in his doctoral research. Unfortunately, both views are of "blameshifting" variety. Those who fault donors are of the view that the highly bureaucratic disbursementprocess of the donors is responsible for the slow disbursement. They also contend that due to stringentprocurement guidelines adopted by their governments at the behest of the donors, project implementationgets delayed. If the disbursement is tied to the progress of the project, it is bound to be slow. Those whoblame the partner countries for delay argue that governments in these countries do not even spend theirown development budget on time, let alone the resources provided by the donors, which is manifested inthe historically low absorption capacity. See Adhikari (forthcoming) for further details.

Commitments Aid for Trade 2002-05 avg. 2007

Disbursements 2007

Trade policy and regulations 0.1 1.2 0.8 Economic Infrastructure 68.3 111.4 63.5 Building productive capacity Of which: Trade development marker

75.7 -

111.9 3.4

24.8 1.3

Trade-related adjustment - - - Total AFT* 144.1 224.5 89.1 AFT per capita (USD) 5.5 8.0 3.2


34

First, foreign aid is coordinated by the Ministry of Finance which might not have put in place arobust inter-ministerial coordination mechanism to make the other ministries (MoCS in this case)aware of the funding being committed/disbursed under such mechanisms (AFT in this case) inwhich the latter ministries have significant stake. Second, monitoring mechanism of the projectsintended to the funded through AFT, by involving the concerned ministry could be either non-existent or weak. Third, the AFT categories are so broad that donors might have reported evenregular ODA under the AFT (such as funds provided for road construction) in the CreditorsReporting System (CRS) of the OECD, which is the source used by the international institutionssuch as OECD or the WTO to generate AFT data. Whatever may be the underlying cause of theproblem, a fundamental rethinking is required on the part of both donors and partner countries tostrengthen the reporting system.

Focus on "output" rather than "outcome", one of the most pernicious traditions of the aid industryis reflected in the AFT as well. There is a relatively sound understanding amongst both donorsand partner countries that the ultimate objective of AFT is to contribute to economic developmentand poverty reduction in the partner countries, towards which trade could potentially play a role.This is indeed one of the reasons why most trade related assistance programmes emphasize theneed to mainstream trade into national development strategy. Cambodia, for example, has goneone step further by designing and implementing Trade Sector Wide Approach (SWAp), which isunderpinned by inclusive growth and poverty reduction perspectives.7

However, when donors as well as partner countries focus on "output" such as amount of funddisbursed, number of training provided, number of studies conducted, and number of missionsfielded, which are much easier to report rather than on "outcomes" such as change in value oftrade and growth indicators at the macro level (including poverty reduction), which are difficult toreport, the raison d’etre of AFT itself comes under the shadow of suspicion.

The AFT Review Meeting, which has taken place twice since the inception of the idea has remaineda mere ritualistic exercise rather than serving as a platform for initiating serious discussion anddebates on enhancing effectiveness of AFT. The third Review Meeting, which is going to take placein 2012, may not prove fundamentally different if the mindset of people and institutions involved inthe delivery and utilization of AFT remain unchanged. In order to raise the level of debate to a higherlevel, some form of independent mechanism for monitoring AFT needs to be devised.

VI. Conclusion and way forwardThe above analysis makes it abundantly clear that AFT, despite contributing to ramping upfunding for enhancing trade capacity and providing a predictable source of funding, is notlikely to prove radically different than the previous versions of the trade related technicalassistance programmes. If AFT continues to be delivered through the present modality withoutaddressing the concerns raised by its critics, this too may not contribute significantly toalleviate the supply-side constraints faced by LDCs in general and Nepal in particular.7 The benefits of Cambodian Trade SWAp lies not only on firmly grounding aid for trade on development

imperatives, but also in facilitating donor coordination and alignment, genuine stakeholderengagement and ex ante analysis of human development implications of trade reform. Although thereare some non-trivial challenges to realize true potentials of this initiative, it is hailed as a pathbreaking model. See ODI (2009) for further details.

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Changing the current pattern and or modality requires actions from all stakeholders at theinternational level. It may not be possible to radically revamp the entire system, but someincremental approach may produce significant payoff. Therefore, at a bare minimum, thefollowing actions need to be taken.

At the international levelFirst, in order to raise the level of debate on AFT to a higher level, what is urgently required is thecreation of an independent monitoring apparatus, outside the international bureaucracy, to: a)conduct research and prepare case studies to gauge the effectiveness of AFT in select countries,and disseminate their findings; b) develop methodologies to help partner countries assess theeffectiveness of AFT themselves; and c) create a platform for an informed dialogue betweendonors and partner countries so as to propose innovative ideas for enhancing the effectiveness ofAFT. Failure of AFT to deliver, will not only undermine the credibility of the international aidsystem, but will also cause significant damage to the reputation of the WTO, which initiated theidea with much fanfare, but does not have any major role to play in shaping its course.

Second, a stand-alone facility for the pooling of resources delivery of AFT should be put inplace. There are lessons to learn from similar facilities being created for environmentalsustainability (such as Global Environment Facility) and health (such as Global Fund) whilecreating such a facility. It may not be necessary to create a separate institution to administerthe fund; some existing institution could be tasked to manage the resources.

Third, AFT needs to be scaled up further and targeted to the specific needs of the LDCs inparticular. Developing countries with adequate resource endowments can finance their AFTneeds themselves and countries participating on "war of terror" campaign deserve much lessfunding than, say landlocked LDCs, which face significant barriers to international transportation.

Fourth, improvement in donor coordination is necessary, which can be done through the sharingof information on their funding priorities, funding envelop available and their willingness tocollaborate on joint-funding initiatives.

Fifth, AFT funding, which are primarily meant to address supply-side constraints of the partnercountries should continue to focus on providing "hardware" facilities rather than "software" ones.It goes without saying that the "technical assistance" component (including the practice ofparachuting consultants from donor countries/organizations) should be put to an end.

At the domestic levelFirst, given that trade mainstreaming in the national development strategy is a necessary conditionfor recognizing the role played by trade in achieving overall national development objectives, it isnecessary to continue such a process with added emphasis.

Second, partner countries should ensure increased coordination between government agencies,department and local governments as well as with other stakeholders (e.g., private sector andcivil society) on how aid priority should be defined, and once received, how it should obtained,utilized, recorded and monitored. If this process is institutionalized, it will not only enhance theownership of the various stakeholders on the programmes targeted for AFT funding, but alsoproduce better results due to effective coordination.


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Both the above mentioned issues can be addressed, to a significant extent, by introducing TradeSWAp by replicating the Cambodian model, with some fine-tuning, where required, to suit theground realities in Nepal.

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SAWTEE and ActionAid Nepal. Trade and Industrial Policy Environment. Kathmandu: SAWTEE andActionAid Nepal, 2007.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Charlton. Aid for Trade. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2006.Word Bank. Doing Business 2010: Reforming through Difficult Times. Comparing Regulations in 183

countries, Washington, DC and New York: World Bank, International Finance Corporation and PalgraveMacMillan, 2009.

Logistics Performance Index. January 2010b. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/tradesurvey/mode1a.asp?countryID=101 & best=on& compareWith=region# (accessed January 20, 2010).

World Development Indicators. 2010a. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed June 9, 2010).World Economic Forum. Global Enabling Trade Report. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2009b.The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2009a.WTO. Doha Work Programme: Draft Ministerial Decision. Ministerial Conference, Sixth Session, Hong

Kong, Geneva: World Trade Organization , December 13-18 , 2005.Recommendations of the Task Force on Aid for Trade. Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2006b.Report of the Chairman of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework. Integrated Framework

Steering Committee, Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2006a.The Enhanced integrated Framework. http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ devel_e/a4t_e/enhance_if_e.htm (accessed June 5, 2005).WTO website. 2010. www.wto.org (accessed May 21, 2010).

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2007

Country Region Income Group 2002-05

avg. 2006 2007 Share(%) of Total

AFT

ODA as% of GNI

India Asia Other Low Income 1,352.3 1,522.6 1,963.8 7.7 0.11 Viet Nam Asia Other Low Income 1,371.9 1,154.1 1,673.9 6.6 3.58 Afghanistan Asia Least Developed 655.0 1,168.2 1,341.2 5.3 33.86 Iraq Asia Lower Middle Income 1,979.2 2,061.8 1,111.0 4.4 - Ethiopia Africa Least Developed 485.1 655.4 813.6 3.2 12.48 Indonesia Asia Lower Middle Income 936.9 814.4 772.6 3.0 0.19 Kenya Africa Other Low Income 300.0 294.1 735.0 2.9 4.31 Ghana Africa Other Low Income 235.6 207.1 667.1 2.6 7.59 Bangladesh Asia Least Developed 642.1 459.7 655.8 2.6 2.06 Mali Africa Least Developed 159.5 79.6 653.3 2.6 15.43 Uganda Africa Least Developed 221.2 105.4 640.8 2.5 15.72 Egypt Africa Lower Middle Income 518.5 701.3 469.8 1.8 0.84 Pakistan Asia Other Low Income 345.8 322.5 408.2 1.6 1.51 Tanzania Africa Least Developed 324.2 213.0 398.1 1.6 17.43 El Salvador America Lower Middle Income 27.0 23.8 369.8 1.5 0.45 Mozambique Africa Least Developed 284.2 316.9 365.3 1.4 26.33 China Asia Lower Middle Income 695.4 537.5 338.8 1.3 0.04 Sri Lanka Asia Lower Middle Income 410.9 281.7 285.1 1.1 1.84 Morocco Africa Lower Middle Income 280.6 433.5 265.0 1.0 1.51 Bolivia America Lower Middle Income 215.6 115.4 259.0 1.0 3.69

Source: OECD/WTO (2009): A1-3

www

AnnexTable A1: Top 20 Recipients of AFT in Volume in 2007, Commitments in US$ million

(2006 constant price)


38

Women Entrepreneurship and EquityDevelopment Approach

Introduction

Entrepreneurship for women is one of the important pathways out of poverty and a march towardsequality. Studies have proven that entrepreneurship, in the form of small and medium-sizedenterprises, can indeed empower women and through time, it can transform power relationswithin the society. However, in the past, women's entrepreneurship in many developing worldhas gone little beyond informal business ventures which ensure daily survival for women and theirfamilies. Women entrepreneurship, in a formalised sense, is a relatively new phenomenon inNepal. Although certain ethnic communities in the country, especially some ethnic groups likeNewars, Sherpas, Gurungs, Thakalis are known to have a long tradition of women being involvedin small business enterprises.These days however women’s participation in the labour force has increased in almost all regions ofthe world largely because women’s use of family planning has enabled them to spend less time onchild care and more on work outside home. Attitudes towards women also have changed to someextent. In addition, economic growth and the expansion of service industries in many developingcountries (like finance, communications and tourism) has tended to employ large numbers of women.But the increased women’s labour force participation has not still led to an equal sharing of the workburden or market opportunities for women nor has reduced the number of unpaid workers as theyare still contributing on the household duties. Although women in Nepal constitute a little over onehalf of total population, they rank lower than men in almost every social indicator of the country.Within the increasing tides of poverty in Nepal, women are the poorest of the poor, a relativelymore deprived segment even from among the poor (World Bank, 1991).

Women’s Status in NepalAccording to 2001 census data, the literacy rate of the population aged 6 years and above is 54.1percent (42.8 percent female and 65.5 percent male). Similarly, the adult female literacy rate (34.9percent) is much lower than the adult male (62.7 percent) literacy rate. Regarding marriage andsocial deprivation, the percentage of married population of age group 10-15 years is 28.8 percentfor female and 11.2 percent for male. The percentage of economically active female and malepopulation is 43.7 and 62.6 percent respectively. The estimated national level unemployment is 5.1percent. The labour force participation rate of population (in all activities) for 16-49 years of age forfemale and male is 48.9 and 67.6 percent respectively. By employment status, the unpaid womenworkers are 12.9 percent in comparison to 5.7 percent for unpaid men workers. Approximately,70 percent of women working outside the domestic sphere are self-employed (agricultural labour,non-agricultural family enterprises, and off-farm work in urban areas) and 12.8 percent are wageemployed, as compared to 56.7 percent and 33.7 percent in the case of men. Similarly, less thanfour percent of working women hold the status of employer (CBS, 2001 and 2003).@Associate Professor, Tribhuvan University

@Rama Bashyal, Ph.D.

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Moreover, female participation in non-agricultural sector is lower than that for male. It meanswomen’s labour input in agricultural sector is increasing in the successive censuses makingagriculture progressively feminised. The census data show the increasing proportion of femalelabour force - 30 percent in 1971, 36 percent in 1981, 45 percent in 1991, and 57.8 percent in2001 census (Acharya, 1994; Adhikary, 1995; CBS, 2001). But "agricultural feminisation" inNepal is caused by de facto rather than de jury reason as the number of female-headed householdsin rural areas is increasing mainly because of male out-migration and due to male employment inother sectors. Majority of women therefore do not have the access to the provision of land rightsin Nepal. Thus, women of Nepal work hard contributing much in the domestic and the nationaleconomy. But their access to skills, resources, opportunities, and power still remains low. Theywork as agricultural labourers not as resource managers in Meier’s words (Meier, 1995).

Constraints of Women Entrepreneurs in NepalDespite the changed attitudes, women’s access particularly of rural women to knowledge, skills,resources, opportunities and power still remains low. In Nepal, embedded structural and socio-cultural constraints challenge women entrepreneurs and make it hard for them to realise theirpotential as leaders in business. The constraints often faced by the Nepalese women are:(a) Women have less freedom to select sectors within which to operate. They have less access to

credit and other productive resources. According to a report by the United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organisation (UNIDO), "despite evidence that women's loan repayment ratesare higher than men's, women still face more difficulties in obtaining credit," often due todiscriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups (UNIDO, 1995);

(b) Women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital. They lack access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very fewwomen particularly rural women have the tangible property in hand;

(c) Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in bothdeveloped and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home andolder dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to theirbusiness" (Starcher, 1996);

(d) Women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have tomake a fine balance between business and home. More over the business success isdepends on the support the family members extended to women in the business processand management. The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in therealisation of women’s business aspirations;

(e) Women have less time and opportunity to obtain education and experience relevant toentrepreneurship. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and educationlevel of the person are significant factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women inNepal is found at low level compared to male population;

(f) Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to get intobusiness. Low level of education provides low level of self-confidence and self-reliance to thewomen folk to engage in business; and

(g) Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the development ofwomen entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during expansion of the productive capacityand like similar factors dissuades the women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas.


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Reasons Given for Inactivity Both Male Female

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Attending School 31.8 51.7 21.5

Household Duties 27.8 4.6 39.7

Old, sick 30.4 31.0 30.2

Disabled 2.2 3.7 1.5 Others 7.8 9.1 7.1

These constraints often affect women more than men of the same class due to the different rolesand responsibilities women are assigned by society. This means that women tend to have differentneeds than men regarding entrepreneurship support. Therefore, the policies and programmesmust address these various constraints acting on their abilities to succeed.

The Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS) report 2008 has presented the differences of currentlyinactive population aged 15 and over by sex with the reason for inactivity. The survey reportgives the reason of inactivity of the population and percentage for the reason. Accordingly, themost important reason for being inactive is being engaged in household duties, which accountsfor 27.8 percent of the total inactive population. Among them, the percentage of inactive maleand female population is 4.6 and 39.7 percent respectively. Table 1 highlights the percentagedifferences of currently inactive population and the reasons given for inactivity.

Table 1Economically Inactive Population aged 15 years and

over by Sex and Reasons (%)

UNDP/CBS/ILO Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS) 2008: 61

So these large number of inactive and unemployed female population should be supported intheir enterprise endeavours through entrepreneurship development because of the benefits thatwill accrue to the national economy at large. In the same way, the NLFS Survey reveals the malefemale differences in current employment status in Nepal. Table 2 presents the figures of currentemployment status and male female differences.

Table 2Persons aged 15 years and over Currently

Informally Employed by Sex and Status in Employment (%)

Source: As of Table 1

The poverty in Nepal ranges over a wide variety of socio-economic groups irrespective of caste,sex religion and geographic regions. Majority of women still remains marginalised from the benefitof gender development activities like primary education access, health status or labour forceparticipation. Since 1995, the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) was introduced byUnited Nations in measuring human development differences between women and men. As

Current Status in Employment Total Male Female Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Paid employee 39.7 48.0 23.6 Self-employed, with regular paid employees 3.4 4.5 1.3 Self-employed, without regular paid employees 36.5 37.7 34.1 Contributing family member without pay 19.8 9.1 40.6 Other 0.6 0.6 0.6

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measured by the Nepal GDI measures, the difference in capabilities between women and men islow for the entire country; but higher in some regions like in the Mid-western (0.441) and Farwestern hills and mountains (0.447), which is far below the national GDI measure (0.499). Onthe other hand, the GDI in urban areas is at high level as 0.618 even higher than the national levelmeasure. The Table 3 highlights the gender inequality as measured by the GDI across the country.

Table 3Gender-related Development Index (GDI)

Source: UNDP, Nepal Human Development Report 2009

The history of entrepreneurship development programmes in Nepal is quite recent. WhileNepal has been interested in the development of small-scale and microenterprises since thelate seventies, issues and questions relating to the promotion of women entrepreneurs haveonly been raised more recently. The context in urban areas is changed like Biratnagar,Kathmandu, Pokhara and Nepalgunj is changed. Large number of women entrepreneurs isfound engaged in the enterprises like knitting, sewing, garment making weaving and hotelenterprises. Women are also increasingly migrating to urban areas for employment in a rangeof cottage industries, such as carpet weaving, textiles and handicrafts. But the number ofwomen who come under the category of entrepreneurs in rural areas in a formal sense is stillnegligible. The representation is somewhat better in the informal sector with a higher percentageof women applying for loans for cottage industry enterprises. This does not necessarily meanthat these women intend to enter the economy as entrepreneurs. They may simply remain self-employed and limit the scale of their enterprise to meet the requirements of household consumption.

However, since last few decades, women's participation in economic activities has moved beyondagriculture into the local market economy. A large number of microfinance programmes are expandingmicroloans to support economic activities of the poor and disenfranchised people particularly focusingon women’s empowerment as their explicit goal. Microfinance as a technical tool for economicdevelopment and poverty alleviation made famous since 1976 by the Grameen Bank in Bangladeshand it was made popular in many other developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin Americancountries. Microfinance builds a path for many types of services for the poor people as insuranceservices, business development services etc. But some challenges have been prominently realisedregarding microfinance programmes particularly credit-based programmes as: (a) the practical operationof the major programmes seems to be more focused on meeting financial targets (short term view only– no entrepreneurship development); (b) there is lack of skill, marketing and technology for thediversification of business schemes; and (c) the group activities of the beneficiaries are of poor qualityand thereby making poor women more dependant on the loan. The group dynamism spirit throughproviding group loans for collective enterprises could not be promoted by the microfinance institutions.

G e n d e r-r e l a t e d d e v e l o p m e n t i n d e x ( G D I ) a c r o s s a r e a s a n d r e g i o n s , N e p a l , 2 0 0 6

U r b a n 0 . 6 1 8

R u r a l 0 . 4 7 1

M o u n t a i n 0 . 4 2 3

H i l l 0 . 5 3 4

T e r a i 0 . 4 8 2

E a s t e r n R e g i o n 0 . 5 1 6

C e n t r a l R e g i o n 0 . 5 1 7

W e s t e r n R e g i o n 0 . 5 1 1

M i d - w e s t e r n R e g i o n 0 . 4 4 1

F a r - w e s t e r n R e g i o n 0 . 4 4 7

N e p a l 0 . 4 9 9


42

Government’ PolicyWith the growing recognition that women have unique talents which could be harnessed fordevelopment and for creating employment opportunities for others who are not suited to anentrepreneurial career, developing women as entrepreneurs has become an important part ofnational development planning and strategies of Nepal only after the Sixth Plan (1980-1985).The developing strategies of 1980s targeted women only as passive beneficiaries or "welfarerecipients" of food and shelter. They did not care much about equity aspects (Acharya, 1995).Currently it has been realised that both efficiency as well as equity is important to empowerwomen and combat poverty. Nepal ratified the non- discriminatory provisions of UN Conventionon All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 1981 only after one decade of itsenforcement (in April1991). Since then, the government made few efforts in improving the social,economic and political status of women. Some specific provisions (like equal salary for equalwork, provisions for women’s education, health and employment, reservation of at least fivepercent seats for women candidates in Parliament) had been added in the constitution of 1990following the restoration of democracy in Nepal.

Few policy guidelines were effectively formulated in the Eighth Plan (1992-1997) for mainstreamingwomen in economic development with the intervention of credit programmes like ProductionCredit for Rural Women, Small Farmer Development Programme and expansion of Grameenmodel rural development banks. In 1993, the National Planning Commission created the Childrenand Women Development Section under the Population Division. In 1994, the National Councilfor Women and Child Development was formed followed by the establishment of the Ministry ofWomen and Social Welfare in 1995 to coordinate and monitor all activities directed towardsenhancing women’s status. The Eighth Plan also undertook other important actions like eliminationof discrimination against women and enforcement of the revised Mulki Ain (inheritance law) toremove the legal constraints related to equitable access to resources. Similarly, the Ninth Plan(1997-2000) and the Tenth Plan (2002-2007) also considered women as its major target groupto fulfill the goal of human resource development and poverty alleviation in the country.

Since November 2006 Janaandolan and the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA), Nepal hasprovided some inclusive provisions to remove gender-based discrimination. The new CitizenshipAct (26 November) has permitted both father and mother to transmit citizenship to their children;amendment Bill of Interim Constitution (9 March 2007) provides a proportional representationin the state to all caste, ethnic group and gender; Civil Service Bill (3 August 2007) has providedseat reservation to excluded people and backward regions and trade union rights, e.g. providing33 percent for women followed by others; and Ordinance on Social Inclusion (2009) makes thepublic service inclusive reserving 45 percent of posts to women and other ethnic groups i.e.Janajati, Madhesi, Dalits, persons with disabilities and residents of backward regions.

How to Develop Women Entrepreneurs?Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and theirgreater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Following efforts can be taken into accountfor effective development of women entrepreneurs.

1 Training and CounselingTraining and Counseling should be extended on a large scale of existing women entrepreneurs tobuild self-confidence and remove psychological fear of success. Counseling through the aid ofcommitted Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts and

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technical personnel should be provided to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs. Themicrofinance institutions should coordinate to concerning district level agencies for skilldevelopment training like Cottage and Small-scale Industry Development committee, districtlevel FNCCI etc. Extension of vocational training to women is more important that enables themto understand the production process and production management. Skill development trainingcould be provided through women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Continuousmonitoring and improvement of training programmes and activities are also equally important.Because the training programmes in which women are trained should focus on their marketabilityand profitability. Provision of marketing and sales assistance from the government also is essential.

2 General Business TrainingAs one of the constraints women face in starting business enterprises, is a lack of relevant educationand experience. Therefore, general business training will be vital in filling this gap as long as it isdesigned to meet women’s needs. Business training should also be given to service providers (likeMFIs) supporting women’s entry in the Enterprise sector. This can help them focus onentrepreneurship rather than income generation.

3 FinancingState finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend purelytrade related finance to women entrepreneurs. The financial institutions should provide moreworking capital assistance small scale and large-scale business ventures. The microfinanceinstitutions (MFIs) also need to provide substantial amount of loan rather than providing onlymicroloan making provision of microcredit system and enterprise credit system to the womenentrepreneurs at local level. The restriction on loan limit should be avoided. For example, anaverage loan size of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh was US$376 (2004) whereas the maximumloan taken by the microentrepreneurs was up to US$17195. That loan was used in purchasinga truck which is operated by the husband of the borrower (Yunus, 2004).

4 Provision of InfrastructureInfrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries should be to be providedby state run agencies. Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and saleof products made by women. Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell should be set up to handle thevarious problems of women entrepreneurs in all districts of the country. Cottage and Small-scaleIndustry Development committee, district level FNCCI can cooperate in this matter.

5 Reaching GirlsStrategies supporting women’s entrepreneurship are short sighted if they do not recognise howsociety influences girls’ perceptions of what they are capable of doing. Awareness campaignsand educational programmes introducing girls to entrepreneurship are important in expandingtheir future plan and increasing their confidence. This may then have long-term positive effects onwomen’s entrepreneurship as girls finish school and enter the workforce. Therefore, training inentrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high school level through well-designed courses,which build confidence through behavioral games.

6 Information and Communications Technology (ICT)Access to information is an important but often under-demanded resource for improving womenentrepreneurship. Wide provision of information by using telephone, fax and online modes ofaccess may increase awareness and usage of the services. Using online, telephone and fax-


44

based modes of information provision should improve women’s access to information sincethey can use the services at times that fit their schedules. The internet and electronic commerceare key means to improve access to markets for inputs and for sales of finished goods. Thiscan help those producing in areas where access to markets is limited or those whose lack ofmobility limits market access. The ICT can also be used to provide entrepreneurship supportservices such as training. Distance learning may also increase women’s access to training sincecourses can be taken at times suited to the women’s schedules. In this regard, the Village CellPhone Scheme under the Grameen programme Bangladesh is the best example. The clients ofGrameen Bank who uses the cell phone are earning a net income of more than 800US$annually (in a country where average annual per capita income was less than 400US$ (Yunus,2004). With the cell phone, they can communicate with their distant relatives, check marketprice of goods and look for the important information. Doing this they can save the costsassociated with transportation and loss of productivity.

Conclusion/RecommendationsGovernment brought some policies regarding equality of opportunity in all sphere to the Nepalesewomen and laws guaranteeing for their equal rights of participation in political, economic and socialactivities. But unfortunately, the government sponsored development activities have benefited only asmall section of women (i.e. the urban middle class women). The large majority of them are stillunaffected by change and development activities. The reasons are well sighted in the discussion part ofthis article. It is hoped that the suggestions forwarded in the article will help the entrepreneurs inparticular and policy-planners in general to look into this problem and develop better schemes,developmental programmes and opportunities to the women to enter into more entrepreneurial ventures.

Along with the above discussed ways in the middle of the paper, a vital starting point for serviceproviders who aim to support women’s entrepreneurship is to know their clients. Ongoing gendersensitive needs assessments are the key means of incorporating women’s heterogeneous needsinto programme design and implementation. Women’s entrepreneurship support programmesshould give equal importance to non-economic programme outcomes. These include: improvedquality of work through lower workloads and greater social protection, improved family well-being and improvements in women’s self esteem. In some cases this may mean supplying non-business services such as childcare, transport assistance and personal development training.

References :

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Major Elements in Multilateral TradeNegotiation: A Lesson Learnt From theWTO Negotiation

Meaning of NegotiationNegotiation is the process of converging on issues that have interest of two or more than twoparties. It is a discussion intended to produce an agreement. Negotiation is one of the mostcommon approaches used to make decisions and manage disputes. It is also the major buildingblock for many other alternative dispute resolution procedures. Oxford Advanced Learnerdictionary defines negotiation as "a process of bargaining that precedes an agreement".

Negotiation is a pervasive function of diplomacy and parties sort out the problems and reach intoan agreement. Thus, negotiation is a problem-solving process in which two or more partiesvoluntarily discuss their differences and attempt to reach a joint decision on their common concerns.Negotiation requires participants to identify issues, about which they differ, educate and convinceeach other about their needs and interests generate possible settlement options and bargain overthe terms of the final agreement.

Generally negotiation involves three basic elements: process, behavior and substance. The latterrefers to what the negotiating parties negotiate over. It may be the agenda on issues. Negotiationon these issues is affected by process of negotiation which provides contextual environment formaking a deal. Parties need to employ different tactics, and arrange the sequence and steps forbetter negotiation. Negotiating behavior refers the relationships among the parties, thecommunication between them and the styles they adopt for the negotiation is very crucial. Hence,negotiators need to be acquainted with these elements.

Principles of NegotiationIn negotiation literature we may find various principles which are useful to any negotiators. MarvinGottlieb and William J. Healy have emphasized the following 12 principles of negotiation whichcan be taken into account in negotiation1.

@ Section Officer, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies1 Making Deals: The Business of Negotiating, 2nd ed., Marvin Gottlieb and William J. Healy downloaded from the http://www.comproj.com/twelve.htm

@ Lila Dhar Adhikari

Ø The greatest failure in negotiation is failing to negotiate.Ø The most important person to know in a negotiation is yourself.Ø Everyone has power in a negotiation.Ø Single-issue bargaining leaves both parties unsatisfied.Ø Urgency drives decisions.Ø Agreement is the end; trading off is the means.Ø Even in a collaborative environment, best results are obtained by keeping the other party on a

"need to know" basis.


46

Ø The value of something is always in the eye of the beholder.Ø Success in negotiation is directly related to the amount and kind of preparation preceding the

negotiation.Ø The ability to walk away or select another alternative to a negotiated agreement puts a

negotiator in a very strong position.Ø Even when two sides are far apart on major issues, there are always things they can agree upon.Ø Meaningful negotiation involves conflicts. The person who has a strong need to be liked, or

who tends to avoid conflict, is likely to be at a disadvantage.

Some experts have categorized the principles of negotiation into two types. They are:1) Position-based negotiation which we call hard negotiation principle assume the following:Ø Negotiation is a distributive bargaining where goal is victoryØ Negotiators are adversariesØ There is only one answer to the problem the one you would acceptØ Negotiation is zero sum game (I win what you lose)Ø Concession are a condition of relationshipØ Pressures and powers are used as a tactics

2) Interest –based negotiation which we call soft negotiation principle assume the following:ØGoal is agreement and there is easy to sustainØNegotiators are friends not enemyØNegotiators should be soft on people hard on meritØMutual gains, sought for win-win situationØ Both sides should search for the answerØ Change in position is a normal behavior

Multilateral Trade NegotiationMultilateral trade negotiation involves more than two members. These members participate in aformal discussion at the multilateral level aiming at reaching an agreement. The multilateral tradenegotiation was started from the establishment of (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)GATT in 1947. Since then, GATT had provided the rules for the system and encompassingmany Rounds of negotiation. Among them Uruguay Round negotiation of GATT which establishedthe World Trade Organization (WTO) was a successful as it changed the weak multilateral tradenegotiation into a strong rule based system. The WTO and its agreements now cover trades inservices, and intellectual property which were not addressed before. Moreover, the WTO has astrong dispute settlement mechanism in order to ensure that international trade is done in a fairand free manner.

To date there are 153 members in the WTO and many others are in the accession process. Thus,the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing withthe rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signedby the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified by their respective parliaments. The goal isto help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.

Current multilateral trade negotiations generally follow the interest based (soft) negotiating principleand position based (hard) negotiation do not play significant role as members are trying to reachan agreement which bring "win-win" results to the parties.

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The success or failure of a negotiation depends on a variety of elements. This article is an attemptto analyze the major elements of trade negotiation which plays significant roles in multilateraltrade negotiation, the WTO negotiation in particular. These major elements have been discussedbroadly by Charan Devereaux, Robert Z. Lawrence and Michael D. Watkins in their book"Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation" which are discussed here in developing countries' context.

1. Organizing to InfluenceFor member countries to reach an agreement over issues about which they disagree, they musthave some means to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of other negotiators. In most cases,now a day, in multilateral trade negotiation, organizing to influence is seen as the power to encourageanother to change. Asking thought-provoking questions, providing needed information, seekingthe advice of experts, appealing to influential associates of a party, exercising legitimate authorityor providing rewards are all means of exerting influence in negotiations.

Generally trade policy making is influenced by interest groups, industry group and other lobbyists.They try to influence the government and sometimes influence their counter parts in the nextcountry. Government negotiators themselves have to figure out how to organize their team, securetheir mandate, and get instruction from their principals.2

This element was weak in case of developing countries, even though there were some organizationin those countries, they did not have influencing role in trade policy making. However, developedcountries were influenced by organized lobbyists and major industries. For example, a group ofChief Executive Officers (CEOs) of United States (US) pharmaceuticals, software, andentertainment companies created the Intellectual Property Committee (IPC) and staffed this neworganization with people skilled both in working out policy positions and playing the tradenegotiation game in Uruguay Round to incorporate Intellectual Property (IP) as a key agenda.

After the establishment of WTO, the trend of organizing these kinds of groups has substantiallyincreased in developing countries. Developing countries have also been supported by a largenumber of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) and intergovernmentalorganization. South Centre, The Third World Network, and many other organizations have beenhelping these countries in trade negotiation indirectly. This makes them capable to deal with thedeveloped countries. For example, Doha Declaration on Public Health was possible due to theirincreased coordination.

Members of WTO have different capacity to influence negotiation, for example, the US has aprominent role, as it has capacity to influence making or breaking the Doha Development Agenda(DDA) negotiation, other members, for example, one LDC member, though it has granted theright to say no but leading to fail or make the negotiation can rarely exercise the power. Thus,country like Nepal needs to organize in the like minded group. Nepal, thus, is making everyefforts of its interest through Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Consultative group. Moreover,it sometimes joins the group of developing countries in order to promote her interest.

2. Selection of the ForumSelecting the right forum to table a proposal of negotiation is very important element to ensure theend result on the proponent’s favor. We may notice that the developed countries initially formedGATT to expedite the tariff negotiation. After having the positive results from the GATT previous


48

rounds, they selected the GATT with regard to inclusion of services and intellectual property inthe new agreement. Developing countries were opposing to bring the intellectual property mattersin the WTO system; however, developed countries wisely selected the WTO as a right forum toincorporate intellectual property in the Uruguay Round negotiation. To them, the issue ofinternational IP protection had been housed at WIPO, whose lack of enforcement had frustratedmany industry representatives; the WTO, they believed, would offer more recourse against anation that failed to honor IP rights.3

Developed countries, however, failed to get success to make an agreement on investment. Oneof the causes for failure was the selection of Organization of Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) instead of the WTO. With the objection of the developing countries,only one of the four Singapore issue, trade facilitation negotiation is underway at the WTOnegotiation.

Thus, selection of right forum is extremely importance to expedite the negotiation process. Thisleads to a successful agreement. LDCs have selected WTO as a forum to urge developedcountries to make the latter’s trade policy regime generous to the export of LDCs. LDCs arebargaining for the 100 per cent Duty Free Quota Free (DFQF) market access for their productof export interest. The Hong Kong Ministerial meeting has paved the way to the implementationof DFQF.

3. Shaping the AgendaDuring the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiation, the IPC was successful in persuadingthe US government to make inclusion of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on the agenda asa precondition for launching the round. Developing countries were mainly defensive duringGATT time where developed countries had an offensive interest in services and IPRs. Thefailure of the Seattle Ministerial meeting had made Doha a make- or- break meeting, acircumstance that increased the developing- country leverage. Developing countries were ableto put the name of the Doha round as a development round. They were able to make theprovision of less than full reciprocity in reduction commitment that means developed countrieshave to sacrifice more to achieve the goal of development.

4. Building Coalition with the Like-minded GroupsPerhaps this element has been more exercised after the establishment of the WTO. During GATTtime, the area of negotiation were not broad thus countries did not need that much of coalition.During the Uruguay Round negotiation the North made better coalition than the South. Developedcountries, in some cases were able to break the coalition among developing countries, for example,to break the possible coalition of developing countries in Trade Related Intellectual PropertyRights (TRIPS) negotiation, they use Multi- Fiber Agreement (MFA) instrument, so called "TRIPSfor MFA" strategy.2 Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation, Vol. 1 Making the Rules, Charan Devereaux,Robert Z. Lawrence and Michael D. Watkins, Institute for International Economics,Washington, DC, September 2006, page 29.

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Figure: 1Negotiation at the WTO: Coalition in DDA negotiation

However, the present WTO context has been quite changed. Decision making process hasbecome multi-polar. Figure 1 shows the coalitions of members to achieve their goal in the WTOnegotiation. There are so many like minded groups and the coalition has been pretty much guidedby the member’s interest. Developing countries have a strong coalition with African Group,African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, LDCs countries. They have a critical mass inmany agenda that makes them in a better position than the Uruguay Round negotiation. Developedcountries have also been actively engaged in the negotiation by providing some leverage to theLDCs and Small and Vulnerable Economies (SVEs). But all developing countries have not beencapable enough to deal with rules negotiation and many other areas of negotiations.

5. Leveraging LinkagesDuring the GATT period developed countries were able to leveraging linkages, for example, thelinkage between "Super 301" provision of the Omnibus Trade and Competitive Act, 1988 in theUruguay Round was important negotiation strategy of the US in achieving agreement withdeveloping countries on TRIPS.4 The provision of this Omnibus Trade and Competitive Act,1988 was very strict on intellectual piracy and trade mark infringement and some developingcountries preferred TRIPs provision to "Super 301" provision. Developing countries, however,have been quite able to leverage linkages on various areas of negotiation after the establishmentof the WTO. They successfully link the AIDS crisis in their countries with the TRIPS provision ofpatent; they worked together with the NGOs and activist to incorporate the provision which3 Ibid. p. 304 Ibid. p.115.


50

paved the way to issue ‘Compulsory License’. Now, in the current round, they are linking theTRIPS with Convention on Bio- Diversity (CBD). Developed countries are trying to relate thereduction of industrial tariff with technology transfer arguing that the more the importation ofindustrial and capital good in the developing country the more the technology transfer there will be.

6. Playing the Frame GameThe art of framing is to define the problem and the options in ways that tap into particularpreconceived beliefs and attitudes, elevating the importance of some and suppressing other. Inthe case of TRIPS incorporation in the Final Act of Marrakesh Agreement, for example, thesupporters of strengthening international protection of intellectual property rights succeeded inpainting the developing countries as engaging in "intellectual piracy".5 Moreover, in MultilateralAgreement in Investment (MAI) negotiation case the opponents manage to frame the issue as aneffort by large corporations to secretly take over the world.

After the establishment of the WTO, particularly during the Doha Round, developing countriesand NGOs applied the same term –piracy- to efforts by multinational companies to patentindigenous knowledge from developing countries. And they were able to make a declarationon TRIPS and Public Health. Frame game like "medical apartheid", "essential drugs" used bythe NGOs’ and other actors helped much to them in the negotiation. Now developing countriesare trying to capitalize the word ‘development’ of the Doha Development Agenda, so they arecontinuously urging developed countries to make more concession in the Round, on less thanfull reciprocity basis. Developed countries are arguing that the implementation of compulsoryLicensing will affect the right of public to access the quality medicine. Further, they are arguing,the exercise of "Compulsory Licensing" retards the Research and Development (R&D) activitieswhich might bring more challenges in the future.

7. Creating MomentumSkill at channeling the flow of the negotiation process is very important to achieve the goal ofnegotiation. Developed countries have created very good momentum during the Uruguay Roundnegotiation. The negotiators from EU and the US had done a very good homework in the negotiatingtable during that period.

Unlike GATT, WTO negotiation is much complex and creating momentum rather depend on thedecision of the political leaders. Even though developing countries, less developing in particular,always want to make some deal, their desire remain on just a hope unless the key players do notbring momentum.

To conclude the present round of negotiation, there need a momentum to bring substantial andmeaningful programmes in favor of poor countries. Hopefully the leaders would be able to concludeDoha Round soon.

Nepal in the Multilateral Trade NegotiationIn late 90's Nepal realized the fact that liberalized economy would be in line with the principle ofmultilateral trading system which opens door of market access in the global society through itsnon discriminatory principle. Thus, Nepal applied for the GATT in 1989 and later became the147th member of WTO in 23 rd April 2004 through the hectic negotiating process.

Nepal now has a small Permanent Mission in Geneva, facing difficulties in multilateral negotiationhowever, there is LDC consultative group where it is actively engaged. Nepal has been just learning

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the multilateral trading negotiation and has more or less similar weaknesses like other developingcountries as mentioned above. Nepal has been benefited from the trade related technical assistancefrom international organization.

Nepal is optimistic to the successful conclusion of the Doha Round. Implementaion of elementslike Special and Differential treatment, Duty Free Quota Free (DFQF) market access to LDCsproduct of export interest, special priority to the LDCs service provider (Mode 4) throughwaiver, Aid for Trade, Enhanced Integrated framework would certainly be helpful to take benefitsfrom multilateral negotiation for Nepal and other LDCs.

As successful negotiations generally result in some kind of exchange or promises being made by thenegotiators, all developing countries are trying to boost up their economy through trade negotiation.There is growing gap and growing inter dependency among the nations of the world, As such economicintegration among the countries is essential for bringing the gap for which negotiation is an instrument.In fact, economic integration is becoming the principle objectives of negotiation. Nepal as a newrepublic, is trying to promote its international image through economic diplomacy. Thus, the elementsdiscussed above need to be considered while taking strategies in multilateral trade negotiation.

ConclusionMultilateral trade negotiation has more strength than weaknesses in bringing fruits to the LDCs.Negotiation which could bring "win-win" results to LDCs, developing and developed countriesis desirable. As we see the success of negotiation depends on a number of factors, Nepal needsto improve its strength on above discussed elements through internal capacity buildings, increasingresources required to a successful negotiation. Moreover, it needs to organize a like mindedgroup and has to follow soft negotiation process. Then, the negotiation outcome in DDA isexpected to be better than the Uruguay Round negotiation for Nepal.

ReferencesAdhikari, Lila Dhar (2010), " Harnessing the Benefits of WTO Membership for Least Developed Countries:

A Case Study of Nepal’s Foreign Trade", An Unpublished Master Thesis Submitted to Seoul NationalUniversity, Korea.

Bhagwati, Jagdish (2008), "Termites in the Trading System, How Preferential Agreements UndermineFree Trade", Oxford University Press, Inc. New York.

Charan Devereaux, Robert Z. Lawrence and Michael D. Watkins (2006), Case Studies in US TradeNegotiation, Vol. 1., Making the Rules, Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC.

Gottlieb Marvin and Healy William J., Making Deals: The Business of Negotiating, 2nd ed.,http://www.comproj.com/twelve.htm.

Hoda, Anwarul (2001), "Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO, Proceduresand Practices", Cambridge University Press.

Hoekman, Bernard (1996). "Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services", in Will Martin and L.Alan Winters (eds).

Hoekman & Kostecki (2001). "The Political Economy of the World Trading System, Oxford UniversityPress, Inc. New York.

Maggi, G. 1999. "The Role of Multilateral Institutions in International Trade Cooperation." AmericanEconomic Review, vol. 89, no. 1, 190-214.

Messerlin, Patrick, Ernesto Zedillo, and Julia Nielson (2005), "Trade for Development, Report of the UNMillennium Task Force on Trade", London: Earthscan for the UN Millennium Project.

The WTO Secretariat (1999), "Guide to the Uruguay Round Agreements", Geneva.World Trade Organization (2002), "The Legal Text, the Result of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral

Trade Negotiations", Geneva.UNCTAD (2007), "Trade and Development Report 2007", United Nation, New York and Geneva.World Trade Organization (2001), Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2

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e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« g]kfnsf] Jofkf/k|j4{gsf] ;Gbe{df kf/jxgsf];}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s kIf

@xl/k|;fb a:ofn1 ljifo k|j]z Mb]zsf] pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] clej[l4df kf/jxg ;'ljwfn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .;d'b|;Fu lgs6 d'n'sx¿n] ;d'b|;Fusf] k|ToIf / ;xh kx'Frsf] sf/0f cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s If]qdfpNn]vgLo ;'ljwf pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ / k|z:t nfe klg cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfn, ckmuflg:tfg,e"6fg h:tf e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« ;d'b|;Fusf] ;Lwf ;Dks{sf] cefj / ;fd'lb|s laGb';Dd k'Ug] hl6n /emGeml6nf] kf/jxg k|0ffnLsf] sf/0f ljleGg lsl;dsf c;'ljwfaf6 k|tfl8t b]lvG5g\ . o;n] oL b]zx¿sf]j:t' tyf ;]jf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ aGg g;sL lgof{t Jofkf/ g} lbgfg'lbg cf]x|fnf] nfUb} uPsf]klg kfOG5 . j:t'tM eGg] xf] eg] ljsl;t / clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] ljsf;sf] leGgtfsf] d"ncfwf/ g} ;d'b|;Fusf] kx'Fr tyf b"/Ldflysf] lge{/tf b]lvG5 . cfly{s ljsf;df pBf]u–Jofkf/ If]qsf]dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x] h:t} pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] clej[l4df kf/jxg ;'ljwfn] dxŒjk"0f{ / sltkocj:yfdf t lg0ff{os e"ldsf g} klg v]n]sf] kfOG5 . ;:tf], ;'/lIft / pGgt kf/jxg ;'ljwfn] d'n'ssf]cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ tLj| / pRr agfpg pTk|]/ssf] sfo{ ub{5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df cfˆgf j:t' tyf ;]jf lglZrt u'0f:t/ / k|lt:kwL{ d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg ;s] dfqlgof{t j[l4 eO{ To;af6 /fi6«n] cfly{s nfe lng ;Sb5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df 9'jfgL nfut klg of}6fdxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . 9'jfgL nfut sd u/fpg kf/jxgdfu{n] pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . lsglskf/jxgn] cfoft lgof{t x'g] j:t'sf] ahf/ d"Nodf w]/} cGt/ kf5{ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df kf/jxgsf] sf/0fcfoft lgof{t x'g] j:t'sf] d"NonfO{ $) k|ltzt;Dd k|efljt ug{] u/]sf] s'/f o;;DaGwL cWoogk|ltj]bgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] e"–/fhg}lts kl/l:yltnfO{ lgofNbf ;d'b|;Fu k|ToIf kx'Fr ePsf # j6f /fi6« ef/t, rLg /a+unfb]z;Fu kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{;Sg] l:ylt 5 . logdf rLgsf] ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufx w]/} g} 6f9fePsf]n] rLgsf] kf/jxg dfu{ g]kfnsf] cfoft–lgof{t Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df lg/Gt/ k|of]udf Nofpgcfly{s b[li6n] ;DefJo b]lvGg . rLgsf] :jzfl;t k|b]z ltAat If]q;Fusf] g]kfnsf] d'Vo Jofkfl/s dfu{tftf]kfgL gfsf xf] . lgs6 eljiodf /;'jfsf] s]?Ëaf6 klg Jofkfl/s dfu{ vf]Ng] sfo{ x'Fb}5 . t/ oL b'j}gfsfaf6 Mainland China / o;sf] ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufx w]/} g} 6f9f kg{] ePsf]n] pQ/tkm{sf] gfsfvf]Nb}df ;d'b|l;tsf] kx'Fr ;xh x'g] l:ylt 5}g . c;n ;DaGw sfod ePsf] ;fs{ If]qsf] glursf] csf{]d'n's a+unfb]zl;t g]kfnsf] k|ToIf l;dfgf ghf]l8Psf]n] a+unfb]zsf] kf/jxgdfu{ k|of]u ug{] s'/fl;4fGttM c;Dej geP klg ;/n kSs} 5}g . a+unfb]zsf] kf/jxg dfu{ k|of]u ubf{ akm/ /fi6« ef/teP/ cfpg–hfg kg{] ePsf] x'Fbf a+unfb]zsf] kf/jxg dfu{ k|of]u ug{] s'/f ef/tl;t g]kfn / a+unfb]zsf]@;x;lrj, lzIff dGqfno

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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;DaGwdf klg lge{/ u5{ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;a}eGbf glursf] ;fd'lb|s dfu{ ef/tsf] sf]nsftf ePsf]/ nfut / b"/L b'j} b[li6n] pQm ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufx ;a}eGbf a9L ;DefJo klg /x]sf]n] g]kfnsf] cfoftlgof{t Jofkf/df ;f] aGb/ufx k|of]u ug{'kg{] afWotf g]kfnnfO{ 5 . g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] d'Vo;d:of eg]s} kf/jxg dfu{sf ;DaGwdf ax'ljsNk pknAw gx'g' xf] . To;dfly ef/tl;tsf] ;fd'lb|saGb/ufx ef}uf]lns b[li6n] glur / t'ngfTds b[li6n] nfut lskmfotL x'g'n] klg :jefjtM ef/tl;tg]kfnsf] kf/jxg ;DaGw dxŒjk"0f{sf] /lxcfPsf] 5 .

kf/jxgsf] s'/f ubf{ o;sf dxŒjk"0f{ cjojsf ¿kdf /x]sf eG;f/ hfFrkf; k|lqmof, ;d'b|;Fu k'Ug]kl/jxgsf] ;fwg, ;d'b|df dfn;fdfg /fVg] uf]bfd Joj:yf, kfgLhxfhdf ;fdfg rnfg ug]{ k|lqmof,pkef]Qmf;Dd ;fdfg k'¥ofpg] dfWod cflbsf] klg rrf{ ug{'kb{5 . lsgls oL ;a} g} Jofkf/ clej[l4sfdfWod tyf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . t;y{ oL k|ljlw / k|lqmof hlt ;/n, ;xh / r':tx'g;Sof] kf/jxgsf] nfut klg Tolt g} sd x'g] x'G5 . t;y{ kf/jxg;Fu ljleGg ¿kdf hf]l8Psf oL ;a}k|ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ nfut lskmfotL agfpg ;s] dfq ;dli6df kf/jxg nfut sd eO{ cGt/f{li6«oahf/df j:t' tyf ;]jf k|lt:kwL{ d"Nodf ljqmL ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu kf/jxg;DaGwL ;lGw÷;Demf}tfklg ;/n, kf/bzL{, ldtJooL / ;dofg's"n x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . kf/jxg ;'ljwfsf] s'/f ubf{ kf/jxg ;'ljwfpknAw u/fpg] (transit provider) / k|fKt ug{]÷pkof]u ug{] (transit recipient ) b'j} /fi6«aLr ;'dw'/ /;dGjofTds ;DaGw x'g' h?/L x'G5 . kf/jxg ;'ljwf lbg] / lng] /fi6«aLr pRr:t/df /fhg}lts ;DaGw;'dw'/ 5}g eg] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] cfwf/df dfq l5d]sL /fi6«af6 ;xh ¿kdf kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkef]uug{ kfpg] s'/f hl6n x'G5 .

jL/u~h g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sfuf{] cfoft–lgof{t x'g] laGb' xf] . Ps cWoogn] b]vfPcg';f/ sf]nsftfb]lvsf7df08f};Dd sDtLdf ;fdfg cfoft x'g !$ lbg nfUg] u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnaf6 lgof{t x'g] ;fdfg snsQfk'Ug sDtLdf & lbg nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{tsf] bf}/fgdf hlt a9L ;do nfU5 nfutklg Tolt g} a9L x'g hfG5 . t;y{, 5f]6f], ;'ljwf;DkGg / emGem6d'Qm kf/jxgdfu{sf] pkof]u u/L g]kfnaf6lgof{t x'g] tyf g]kfn lelqg] j:t'sf] nfut sd ug{]tkm{ xfd|f] k|of; s]lGb|t x'g' h?/L 5 .

e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«x¿ / kf/jxg clwsf/ Mcfh ;+;f/df e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof em08} ;f9] tLg bh{g hlt /x]sf] 5 . logdf ;a}eGbf a9Lo'/f]kdf / To;kl5 clk|msfdf /x]sf 5g\ . Plzofdf Ps bh{g /fi6« e"kl/j]li6t 5g\ . ltgdf blIf0fPlzofdf tLgj6f /fi6«– g]kfn, e"6fg / ckmuflg:tfg e"kl/j]li6t 5g\ . d+uf]lnof Plzof dxfb]zsf];a}eGbf 7"nf] e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« xf] . ljZjsf ljleGg dxfb]zsf e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\–

s= clk|msf M Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

v = Pl;of M Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, West Bank.u= o'/f]k M Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Vatican City (Holy See),

Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

3= blIf0f cd]l/sfM Paraguay, Bolivia


54

ljZjsf e"–kl/j]li6t d'n'sx¿dWo] o'/f]ksf s]xL d'n'snfO{ 5f8]/ afFsL clwsf+z d'n'sx¿ cltsdljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] ;"rLdf kb{5g\ . ;a} g} h;f] e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« kf/jxg ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5g\ .ljZjsf e"kl/j]li6t d'n'sx¿sf ;femf ;d:of eg]sf] ;/n ¿kdf ;fd'lb|s kx'Frsf] cefj xf] t/o'/f]kdf o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] lgdf{0f;Fu} o'lgogleqsf e"kl/j]li6t ;b:ox¿nfO{ kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]uug{ cGo dxfb]zsf e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] t'ngfdf lgs} ;xh / nfut lskmfotL l:ylt l;h{gf x'g uPsf]5 . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf sd ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v e"–kl/j]li6t d'n'sx¿n] kf/jxg ;'ljwfnfO{;'lglZrt ug{ ;femf Ph]08f agfP/ jftf{df cufl8 a9\g] k|of; ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;femf Ph]08f cGtu{tsd ljsl;t e"–kl/j]li6t d'n'sx¿n] ;d'b|;Fusf] ;/n kx'Frsf] cefj / ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyfJofkfl/s ultljlwsf lx;fan] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] cGo ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'vd'n'snfO{ eGbf cfk"mx¿nfO{ km/s Jojxf/ (Special and differential treatment) sf] ;'ljwf pknAwu/fpg'kg{] ljifo p7fpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

;d'b|;Fu ;Lw} kx'Fr gePsf e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«n] l5d]sL b]zsf] kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]u ubf{ d"ne"t ¿kdftLg j6f s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L kf/jxg dfu{sf] pkof]u ug{] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lng' a'l4dfgL x'g] eP tfklgJojxf/df oL tLgj6} zt{ k"/f gx'g klg ;S5 . t/ klg oL tLgj6f kIfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;s];Dd a9Lzt{ k"/f x'g] u/L cd's kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{], gug{] af/]df lg0f{o ug{' a'l4dfgL x'G5 .• k|:tfljt kf/jxg dfu{ (transit route), pknAw cGo j}slNks dfu{eGbf a9L ;'ljwfhgs 5, 5}g

(most convenient),• ;do sd vr{ x'g] vfnsf] 5, 5}g (less time Consuming),• nfut lskmfotL 5, 5}g / kf/jxg dfu{df plrt ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw 5g\, 5}gg\ (Cost effective

routes with appropriate facilities),

2 e"–kl/j]li6t b]zx¿sf] kf/jxg clwsf/;DaGwdf cGt/f { li6 «o:t/df ePsf k|of;x¿ McGt/f{li6«o:t/df e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«nfO{ kf/jxgsf] lgjf{w ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg / pgLx¿sf] kf/jxgclwsf/ ;'/lIft /fVg lgs} kxnx¿ ePsf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 / o;n] ljleGg ;dodf kfl/t u/]sfk|:tfj÷lg0f{o÷dxf;lGw÷cle;lGwn] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostfnfO{a'e\mg / tL /fi6«nfO{ plrt kf/jxg ;'ljwf lbg cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«n] glursf];fd'lb|s gfsf k|of]usf nflu l5d]sL b]zaf6 kf/jxg ;'ljwf kfpg' kg{] s''/f cfh cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gs} ¿kdf:yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . o; qmddf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] kf/jxg clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{;g\ !(%& df kfl/t u/]sf] k|:tfj g+= (Resolution N0.) !)@*-!!_ e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«nfO{ kf/jxg :jtGqtfsf]clwsf/ lbnfpg] ;Gbe{sf] cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] of}6f dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o xf] . cfh cGs6f8, ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gh:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfn h:tf e"kl/j]li6t / sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] kf/jxg ;d:ofnfO{;Daf]wg ug{ / Jofkf/ Ifdtf a9fpg dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] kf/jxgclwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .1= Peace Treaty of Westphalia, 1864 : o;n] e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf nflu ;d'b|;Ddsf] :jtGq

kx'FrnfO{ klxnf] kN6 jsfnt u¥of] .2 Barcelona Convention, 1921 : o;n] e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] General Right of Transit nfO{ klxnf]

kN6 cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ;'lglZrt ug{] sfd u¥of] . kmntM k|yd ljZjo'4 kZrft\ e"–kl/j]li6t d'n'snfO{

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

55

;d'b|df cfˆgf] em08f /fvL hxfh rnfpg kfpg] kf/jxg clwsf/ pknAw eof] . e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf]kf/jxg :jtGqtf ;DaGwdf jfl;{nf]gf ;lGw klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

3 UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1958 : ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf] lg0f{ofg';f/h]g]efdf ;DkGg ;fd'lb|s sfg"g;DaGwL of] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngn] e"kl/j]li6t b]zx¿nfO{ ;d'b|dfhxfh rnfpg kfpg], v'nf ;d'b|sf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg], ;fd'lb|s gfsf;Dd k'Ug kf/jxgsf]clwsf/ pknAw x'g], kl/jxgsf ;fwgx¿ cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf x'g] nufotsfljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] . ;+If]kdf eGbf o;n] Coastal / Non Coastal /fHonfO{ Right to Freedomof High Sea lbPsf] lyof] .

4 United Nations Conference on Trade and Develpment (UNCTAD), 1964 : o;n]e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«x¿sf] ;d'b|;Ddsf] :jtGq kx'FrnfO{ g};lu{s clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ub{}:jtGq / cj/f]w/lxt kf/jxgsf] ljifonfO{ e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] k|fyldstfsf] ljifosf] ¿kdfa9fjf lbof] . o;}sf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ ;g\ !(^% df Go"of]s{df e"–kl/j]li6t b]zx¿sf] kf/jxgtyf Jofkf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw ;DkGg eof] .

5 Convention on Transit and Trade of LLC, 1965 : Go"of]s{df ;DkGg o; dxf;lGwn] e"kl/j]li6t/fi6«sf] kf/jxg clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . o;n] e"kl/j]li6t/fi6«nfO{ kf/jxg ;'ljwf lbFbf ;'ljwf lbg] /fi6«n] cfk;L ;xdltdf to x'g] Route af6 lbg'kg{],o:tf] kf/jxg ;'ljwf lbFbf 5'§} s/, z'Ns nufpg gkfpg] / cfjZos k|zf;lgs / Customs;'ljwf ;d]t pknAw u/fpg'kg{] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] lyof] .

6 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 : o;n] Landlocked State(LLS), Transit State (TS) / Traffic in Transit (TIT) sf] kl/efiff ub{} ;d'b| t6 (Coast) gePsf/fi6«nfO{ (LLS) / To:tf] /fi6« hf];Fu ;fd'lb|s t6 x'g klg ;S5 / gx'g klg, t/ e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«/ ;d'b|aLrdf cjl:yt 5 / h;sf] e"efu x'Fb} kf/jxg ;jf/L rN5, -a state with or without seacoast situated between a landlocked state and the sea through whose territory traffic intransit passes.) eg] To:tf] /fi6«nfO{ Transit State sf] ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;n] e"kl/j]li6t/fi6«nfO{ v'nf ;d'b|sf] pkof]usf] :jtGqtf, ;d'b|;Dd cfjt–hfjt clwsf/ / kf/jxg :jtGqtf,Common Heritage of Mankind sf] k|of]u, o;sf nflu ;a} k|sf/sf oftfoftsf ;fwg TransitState sf] If]q eP/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, / o;sf] nflu d'n'sx¿n] låkIfLo, If]qLo / pkIf]qLo;Demf}tfaf6 terms & modalities tf]Sg ;Sg] tyf cfˆgf] If]qleq t6Lo d'n's (Transit State) sf]k"0f{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf /xg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;/L kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]u ubf{ TransitState n] s'g} cltl/Qm s/, z'Ns nufpg, tf]Sg gkfpg], ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{'kg{] cflb Joj:yf klgo; dxf;lGwn] u/]sf] 5 . e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«nfO{ ;fd'lb|s kx'Fr tyf pkof]udf t6Lo d'n's;/xsf];dfg ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{] o; dxf;lGwn] ;fd'lb|s sfg"gsf] ;Gbe{dfe"kl/j]li6t b]zsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lgDg If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 M§ v'nf ;d'b|sf] k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/§ cfˆgf] em08f /fvL hxfh rnfpg kfpg] clwsf/,§ v'nf ;d'b|df k|j]z ug{ l5d]sL t6jtL{ d'n'saf6 kf/jxgsf] :jtGqtf kfpg] clwsf/,§ l5d]sL t6jtL{o b]zsf] Psnf}6L cfly{s If]qdf df5f nufot cGo hLljt ;|f]tx? kS8g kfpg]

clwsf/


56

§ /fli6«o If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/sf] slG6g]G6n z]Nkmaf6 ul/Psf] pTkfbgaf6 k|fKt x'g] cg'bfgsf]lx:;f kfpg] clwsf/,

§ ;fd'lb|s lkFwsf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/§ ;fd'lb|s lkFw;DaGwL ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfodf k|ltlglwTj ug{ kfpg] clwsf/

oL clwsf/sf ljifox¿ dxf;lGwdf l;4fGttM Joj:yf eP tfklg Jojxf/df ;DalGwtt6jtL{ b]zx¿n] e"–kl/j]li6t b]zx?nfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s h] h:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpF5g\,h] h:tf] zt{ tf]S5g\, To;}df e/ kg'{kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwdf pNn]v ul/Psfe"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf kf/jxg;Da4 xs clwsf/sf ljifonfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{] sfo{lgs} sl7g /lxcfPsf] 5 .

7 GATT Article V : o;n] klg e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] kf/jxg :jtGqtf (Freedom of Transit);DaGwdf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ Joj:yf ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t s'g} klg e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«nfO{cGt/f{li6«o kf/jxgsf] lglDt ;a}eGbf ;'ljwfhgs dfu{x¿ t6Lo d'n'sn] pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,cfjZos dfn;fdfg /fVg uf]bfd ;'ljwf lbg'kg{], dfnjfxs ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ eG;f/ k|lqmofk"/f u/L lgjf{w cfjt hfjt ug{ lbg'kg{] h:tf Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . To:t} ;fdfGok|zf;sLo vr{ afx]s cGo eG;f/, s/, dx;"nx? ltg'{ gkg]{, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] kl/jxgnfO{;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ (MFN) ul/g' kg]{ h:tf Joj:yf klg Uof6 ;Demf}tfn] ;d]6]sf] 5 .

3 kf/jxg;'ljwfsf ;Gbe{df ef/tdflysf] g]kfnsf] lge{/tf MblIf0f Plzofsf] Ps ljsf;zLn / e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« g]kfn k"j{, blIf0f tyf klZrd u/L tLglt/af6ef/tl;t v'nf l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] d'n's xf] . ef/t, g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf 3lgi7;DaGw ePsf] l5d]sL /fi6«sf] cnfjf e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« g]kfnnfO{ ;fd'lb|s dfu{;Ddsf] kx'Fr pknAwu/fpg kf/jxg ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] /fi6« ;d]t xf] . e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf glursf];fd'lb|s aGb/ufx ef/tsf] sf]nsftf xf] h'g g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Jofkfl/s gfsf jL/u~haf6em08} &$@ ls=ld=sf] b"/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/sf] nflu pko'Qm csf{] k"jL{ t6Lo;fd'lb|s aGb/ufx klg ef/tsf] cfGw|k|b]z/fHo l:yt ljzfvfk§gd\ aGb/ufx xf] . of] jL/u~haf6em08} !$)) ls=ld=sf] b"/Ldf cjl:yt 5 . ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf rNtLsf] / g]kfnsf] o'/f]k tyfcd]l/sfdf lgof{tsf] b[li6n] pko'Qm d'DaO{l:yt hjfx/nfn g]x? aGb/ufx jL/u~haf6 sl/a !())ls=ld= b"/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L g]kfnn] t];|f] d'n's;Fu Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{] tyf nfut/ b"/Lsf] b[li6n] pko'Qm ;a} ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufx ef/td} x'g'n] g]kfnsf] kf/jxg k|0ffnL ef/tl;tcTolws lge{/ x'g' :jfefljs b]lvG5 . kf/jxgsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ef/tdfly k"0f{tM lge{/ 5 .

ef/t / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn kf/jxg ;'ljwfu|fxL (Transit Receiving) d'n's ePsf]n] g]kfnn]kf/jxg ;DaGwdf cg]sf}F ;d:of e]mNb} cfPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf ef/tl;t g]kfnsf] kf/jxg;lGw gjLs/0f x'g g;Sgfn] g]kfndf nueu gfsfaGbLs} l:ylt l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . o;af6g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df kf/jxg sltsf] ;+j]bgzLn, hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5, :ki6 x'G5 .x/]s k6ssf] kf/jxg ;lGwsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ a8f] hl6n / ptf/r9fj o'Qm /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|To]s k6skf/jxg ;lGw gjLs/0f x'Fbf If, But Unless h:tf Conditions ylkFb} hfg'n] klg of] s'/fsf] ;Í]t ub{5 .

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

57

4 g]kfnsf] ef/t / aËnfb]zl;tsf] kf/jxg ;Demf }tf Mg]kfn / ef/taLr Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg;'ljwfnfO{ cf}krfl/s tj/df Jojl:yt ug{] ;DaGwdf ;j{k|yd;g\ !(%) df låkIfLo ;lGw ul/Psf] lyof] . /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTolt/ ul/Psf] ;f] ;lGw g]kfnsf] Jofkf// kf/jxgsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] xf] . ;f] ;lGwn] g]kfnnfO{ ef/tsf] snsQf nufotsf] h'g;'s} aGb/ufxlgjf{w ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu % j6f kf/jxg laGb'-dfu{_ pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . pQm ;lGw bz jif{sf nflu axfn /xg] / To;kl5 k'gM !) jif{sf nflugjLs/0f ub{} hfg] k|fjwfg ;lGwdf lyof] . tbg'¿k ;g\ !(^) df g]kfn / ef/taLr Treaty of Tradeand Transit ;DkGg eof] . of] ;lGwn] klxnf] kN6 g]kfnn] ef/tsf] sf]nsftf aGb/ufx k|of]u ug{'kg{] s'/fpNn]v u¥of] . z'?df kfFr jif{sf nflu ePsf] of] ;lGw To;kl5 k|To]s kfFr–kfFr jif{df gjLs/0f ub{}hfg] s'/f lyof] . o; qmddf ;g\ !(&! Dff g]kfn ef/taLr ePsf] jfl0fHo tyf kf/jxg ;lGwn]sf]nsftf aGb/ufxdf g]kfnnfO{ uf]bfd ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf u¥of] eg] kf/jxg ;'ljwf afkt!) j6f gfsf pknAw u/fof] . ljutdf kf/jxg / jfl0fHo ;lGw of}6} x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] Pp6f ;lGw;dfKt x'g] lalQs} csf{]nfO{ ;d]t k|efljt ug{] l:ylt lyof] . t/ kf/jxg e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] g};lu{sclwsf/l;t hf]l8Psf] ljifo ePsf] Pj+ of] t];|f] d'n's;Fusf] j:t' cfoft lgof{t;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoePsf] / jfl0fHo ;lGwrflxF d"ntM ef/t / g]kfnaLr Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu s]lGb|t x'g] ePsf] ;Gbe{dfg]kfnn] oL b'O{ j6f ;lGw 5'§f5'§} ug{sf nflu ef/tl;t nfdf] ;dob]lv cg'/f]w ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . o;qmddf ef/tdf hgtf bnsf] ;/sf/ ePsf] a]nf ;g\ !(&* df jfl0fHo ;lGw, kf/jxg ;lGw / cglws[tJofkf/ lgoGq0f ;lGw u/L tLg j6f 5'§f5'§} ;lGw ug{ g]kfn ;kmn eof] . To;a]nf b]lv oL ;lGwx¿ 5'§f5'§} x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf kf/jxg ;lGw kl5Nnf] k6s ;g\ @))^, hgj/Ldf ;ft jif{sf nflugjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn–ef/t kf/jxg ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfg cg';f/ g]kfnsf] nflu t];|f]d'n'saf6 cfoft ul/g] dfnj:t'sf] cfoft–lgof{t, eG;f/ r]s hfFrsf] nflu One Time Lock h:tfk|lqmofx? tf]lsPsf 5g\ . pQm ;lGwn] g]kfn / ef/taLr x'g] kf/jxg gfsfsf] ¿kdf g]kfnnfO{ef/ttkm{ !% j6f laGb' pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . t/ oL ;a} gfsf plQs} k|of]udf 5}gg\ . k|To]s ;lGwsf]cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 ;fdfGo kl/jt{g ug{'kg{] s'/fnfO{ ;d]6L ;lhn} / :jtM ;lGw gjLs/0f x'Fb}hfg'kg{]df k|To]s k6ssf] ;lGw gjLs/0f sfo{ sl7g / hl6n aGb} uPsf] g]kfnL kIfsf] cg'ej 5 .

jfl0fHo ;lGw kl5Nnf] k6s cS6f]a/, @))( df ;Dkg ePsf] 5 / o;sf] cjlw klg ljutdf kfFr jif{sf]x'g]af6 a9fP/ ;ft jif{ k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . pQm ;lGwn] ljutdf g]kfn / ef/taLr x'g] Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsfnflu @@ j6f :ynut gfsf -Jofkfl/s laGb'_ pknAw eO/x]sf]df % j6f gfsf yk u/L @& j6f gfsfpknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

g]kfn / a+unfb]zaLr ;g\ !(&^ df Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;Demf}tf ePkl5 g]kfnn] aËnfb]zsf b'O{ 7"nfaGb/ufx r6ufpF tyf df]ª\nf kf]6{ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] / ;f]sf nflu /flwsfk'/–aËnfaGw cflb nfO{ kf/jxgdfu{sf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ;'ljwfsf] cTolws pkof]u ug{ g]kfnn] c:;Lsf]bzsdf r6ufFpdf Ps ;Dks{ sfof{no ;d]t vf]n]sf] lyof] . k|f/lDes jif{x¿df ;f] kf/jxg dfu{ x'Fb} t];|f]d'n's;Fu Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{ eP klg ;g\ gAa]sf] bzsdf cfP/ pQm kf/jxg dfu{sf] k||efjsf/Lpkof]u x'g ;s]g . kmntM r6ufpFl:yt g]kfnsf] kf/jxg;DaGwL sfof{no ;d]t aGb ul/of] . xfn g]kfn/ aËnfb]zaLr ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] b"/Lsf] km"njf/L -ef/t_ / aËnfaGw -aËnfb]z_ kf/jxg dfu{ k|of]u ug{kfpg] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .


58

South Asian LDCs South Asian DCs Indicators

AF BG BT MD NP IN PK SL doing business- trading across boarders (rank out of 181) 179 105 155 121 157 90 71 66 No. of documents required for exports 12 6 8 8 9 8 9 8 No. of days required for exports 74 28 38 25 19 23 44 6 Cost to export (US $ per container) 3,000 970 1,210 1,348 1,764 945 611 865 No. of documents required for imports 11 8 11 9 10 9 8 6 No. of days required for imports 77 32 38 20 35 20 18 20 Cost to import (US $ per container) 2,600 1,375 2,140 1,348 1,900 960 680 895

g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;fdfg lgof{t / cfoft ug{ cTolws dfqfdf k|of]u ug{]aGb/ufx eg]sf] sf]nsftf / xlNbof g} xf] . a+unfb]zsf] ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufxaf6 g]kfndf ;fdfg cfoft–lgof{t ug{ /f]xgk'/– l;ª\3jfb dfu{ / km"njf/L–a+unfaGw dfu{ u/L b'O{ j6f kf/jxg dfu{ tf]lsPtf klgef}lts ;+/rgfsf] cefjsf sf/0f km"njf/L–a+unfaGw dfu{ dfq rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ o; dfu{sf]lgoldt ;~rfngsf] nflu xfn;Dd klg ef/t, a+unfb]z / g]kfnaLr lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf x'g g;s]sf]sf/0fn] g]kfnaf6 ;fdfg lnP/ uPsf] dfnjfxs ;fwg ;Lwf a+unfb]z hfg;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . of]dfu{ ;g\ !((& ;]K6]Da/df pRr:t/Lo Letter of Exchange sf] dfWodaf6 ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] .

5= blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sx¿sf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f tyf kf/jxg nfutsf] l:ylt Me"–kl/j]li6t d'n'sx¿n] cfˆgf j:t'x¿ pTkfbgsf] :yfgaf6 pkef]Qmfsf] xft;Dd k'¥ofpFbf Jofkf/;xhLs/0f nfut tyf kf/jxg nfutn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . cfoft / lgof{tsf k|lqmofut;/nLs/0f / kf/jxg nfut Go"gLs/0f g} pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf xf] . blIf0fPlzofnL d'n'sx¿df j:t'sf] cfoft÷lgof{t sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|lqmof, sfuhft / nfutcGo d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] a9L /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] sf]nsftf aGb/ufxlbgfg'lbg ;fF3'/f] x'Fb} hfg', aGb/ufx k|zf;g af]lemnf] / emGeml6nf] x'g' tyf Clearing, Forwardingsf nflu tf]lsPsf] dx;'nsf cltl/Qm Speed Money afkt yk vr{ ug{'kg{] l:yltn] kf/jxgdf ;do/ nfut al9/x]sf] 5 . kf/jxg k|j]z tyf lgu{d laGb'df sf]nsftf–jL/u~h–sf7df08f} dfu{dfkl/jxgafkt nfUg] vr{ -nfut_ sf] em08} !) k|ltzt hlt cltl/Qm vr{ x'g] u/]sf] k|f/lDescWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ Psflt/ cfGtl/s vktsf nflu lemsfOPsf j:t'x¿ pkef]Qmfn]:yfgLo ahf/df dxFuf] d"No lt/L vl/b ug{'kg{] l:ylt 5 eg] csf{tkm{ t];|f] d'n's lgof{t x'g] j:t'x¿nfut k|lt:kwL{ aGg g;ls/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . blIf0f Plzofsf cGo d'n's;Fu t'ngf ubf{sf] g]kfnsf]l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

Trade Facilitation Indicators of South Asian Countries (2008):

Source: World Trade Indicators, World Bank (2008)

h'g;'s} b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / j:t'sf] cfoft lgof{tdf kf/jxg If]qn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5eGg] s'/f dfly pNn]v eO;Sof] . o; cfwf/df x]bf{ e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« g]kfnn] kf/jxg If]qdf vlr{g' kg]{;do, nfut, hgzlQm cflbsf sf/0f cfofltt j:t'x¿sf] d"Nodf lgs} 7"nf] k|efj kl//x]sf] l:ylt 5 . t];|f]d'n'saf6 sRrf kbfy{ cfoft u/L j:t'sf] pTkfbg u/]/ t];|f] d'n'sdf lgsf;L ubf{ !% b]lv @% k|ltzt;Dd;d'b|t6Lo d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf yk nfut kg{ hfg] cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . cfh g]kfnL j:t'n]cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg'sf k5fl8sf sf/0fx¿ ljZn]if0f ug{] xf] eg] kf/jxg If]qsf] pRrnfut / emGeml6nf] k|zf;lgs k|lqmofnfO{ g} d'Vo afwssf] ¿kdf cf}FNofpg ;lsG5 .

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6= jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% df kf/jxg / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f;DaGwL ljifo MgofF jfl0fHo gLltn] kf/jxg dfu{sf] ljsf;sf] s'/fnfO{ pRr dxŒjsf ;fy pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . kf/jxgnfO{;'ljwfo'Qm / sd vlr{nf] agfO{ Jofkf/sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;'Vvf aGb/ufxaf6 k|bfgul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg] s'/f gLltn] k|fyldstfsf ;fy pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«oJofkf/sf] nfut sd ug{ kf/jxg b]zx¿ (Transit Countires) Pj+ l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf] j}slNkskf/jxg dfu{x¿ tyf aGb/ufxx¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, dlN6df]8n ;'ljwf, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf / nfutsf]cWoog u/L pko'Qm kf/jxg dfu{sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lGw, ;Demf}tf ub{} hfg] s'/f gLltn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .pQ/ / blIf0ftkm{sf Jofkfl/s gfsfx¿nfO{ /]ndfu{ tyf km/flsnf /fhdfu{af6 hf]8\g cwoog u/fOg'sf;fy} ljBdfg pQ/ blIf0f ;8sdfu{x¿sf] ;'wf/ / :t/f]Gglt ul/g] ljifo klg gLltdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 .To;}u/L blIf0f Plzofsf ef/t, g]kfn, a+unfb]z / e"6fgnfO{ hf]8\g] cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] oftfoft dfu{;lxtsf]pkIf]qLo ljsf; cjwf/0ff (Growth Quadrangle) nfO{ ;Da4 kIfx¿sf] k/fdz{df cl3 a9fpg kxnul/g] s'/f klg gLltn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ef/t / rLgaLrsf] :yndfu{af6 x'g] låkIfLo Jofkf/dfg]kfnnfO{ kf/jxg laGb' (Transit Point) sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{] p2]Zoaf6 klxrfg ul/Psf d'Vo eG;f/gfsfx¿df k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g] s'/fnfO{ gLltn] dxŒjsf ;fy p7fPsf] 5 . blIf0f tyf pQ/ b'j} tkm{sfgfsfdf ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] lj:tf/ ub{} hfg] s'/fnfO{ klg gLltn] k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;d]6]sf] 5 . gLltdf5'§} …kf/jxg tyf nlhl:6s sfo{qmdÚ zLif{s cGtu{t kf/jxg ;'ljwf lj:tf/;DaGwdf ljleGg sfo{ ug{]s'/f ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; cGtu{t vf;u/L :yflkt eO;s]sf] ;'Vvf aGb/ufxx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsfnflu ;fdfgsf] ax'ljlws 9'jfgL ;DaGwL P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{], g]kfn ef/taLr ljBdfg /]n;]jf ;Demf}tfdf k'g/fjnf]sg tyf kl/dfh{g ug{] / cGo ;Defljt laGb'df ;d]t /]n;]jf lj:tf/ ug{kxn ul/g] s'/f plNnlvt 5 . To;}u/L eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t :jrflnt agfpg]af/] klg pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf ;'Vvf aGb/ufx, sG6]g/ k|m]6 :6];g, PsLs[t eG;f/laGb' (ICP) sf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / lgodgsf nflu OG6/df]8n oftfoft k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf ul/g]s'/f klg gLltn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . t/ gLltn] ;d6]sf] kf/jxg;'ljwf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ Jojxf/dfd"t{ ¿k k|bfg ug{ ljleGg sfg"gL, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ;doa4¿kdf ;~rfng ug{cfjZos x'G5 / o;sf] nflu k|z:t ;fwg;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug{'kg{] x'G5 . t/ jfl0fHo If]qnfO{ /fHon];Lldt dfqfdf dfq ah]6 pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] kl/k|]Iodf kf/jxg If]qsf] ljsf;;DaGwL plNnlvtsfo{x¿ lgwf{l/t ;doleq} ;DkGg x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g] 7fpF sd 5 . t;y{ ;/sf/n] Jofkf/;xhLs/0f tyf kf/jxg dfu{df ef}lts ;+/rgf ;'wf/nfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstf lbg'kg{] b]lvG5 .

7= sf]nsftf÷xlNbof kf]6{af6 ;fdfg g]kfn k}7f/L ug] { k|lqmof Msf]nsftf aGb/ufx g]kfnsf] glursf] / ;a}eGbf a9L k|of]udf cfpg] Jo:t aGb/ufx ePsf] ;Gbe{dfg]kfnsf] kf/jxg k|0ffnLsf] s'/f ubf{ o; aGb/ufxsf] af/]df s]xL rrf{ ug{' :jfefljs x'G5 . sf]nsftfkf]6{df cfpg] s'n sfuf]{dWo] g]kfnsf] nflu cfpg] sfuf]{sf] dfqf !) k|ltzt hlt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sl/a*( k|ltzt sfuf]{ ef/tsf] nflu / afFsL ! k|ltzt hlt sfuf]{ e"6fgsf] nflu cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .sf]nsftfaf6 sl/j !@) ls=ld= blIf0f kg]{ xlNbof kf]6{sf] t'ngfdf ;fgf hxfh (Feeder Vessel) nfUg]sf]nsftf kf]6{df cfpg] sfuf]{sf] dfqf lbg k|ltlbg a9\g hfgfn] pQm aGb/ufx xfn ;fF3'/f] aGb} uPsf]k|tLt x'G5 . sf]nsftf tyf xlNbofsf] kf]6{sf] k|zf;g 5'§f 5'§} /x]sf] eP klg eG;f/ k|zf;g eg]sf]nsftfaf6} ;~rfng x'g] ub{5 .


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g]kfnsf] nflu sf]nsftf tyf xlNbof aGb/ufx x'Fb} cfpg] sfuf]{ g]kfn rnfg ug{ lgDg cg';f/sf] k|lqmofk"/f ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 M–

cfjZos kg] { sfuhft / k|lqmof§ g]kfnaf6 k|tLtkq (L/C) vf]n]sf] kq§ cfoft Ohfhtkq§ ;fdfg k7fpg] Suppliers n] ;fdfg k7fpFbf Packing List, Invoices, Insurance Policy, Certificate

of Origin h:tf sfuhft Shippers dfkm{t ;Fu} k7fPsf] x'G5 .§ Shipper n] Container Load u/]/ hxfhaf6 kf]6{df k7fpF5 .§ Shipper n] Original Bill of Lading (B/L) , Packing List ;fdfg k7fpg] (Supplier) nfO{ k7fpg' kb{5 .§ Supplier n] ;a} Document ;+sng u/]/ L/C ;Fu ;DalGwt a}+sdf k7fpg' kb{5 .§ L/C vf]n]sf] a}+sn] k|fKt ePsf Document nfO{ endorse u/]/ cfoftstf{ (Importers) nfO{ k7fpF5 .§ cfoftstf{n] a}+s dfkm{t k|dfl0ft Document nfO{ sf]nsftfl:yt /lhi68{ Clearing and Forwarding

Agent nfO{ Authority ;lxt k|ltlglw tf]s]/ k7fpg] ub{5g\ .§ Original Shipping Document ;DalGwt Shiping Agent n] cfoftstf{n] lgo'Qm u/]sf] Agent nfO{

a'emfpg] ub{5g\ .§ Clearing Agent n] ;f]xL Document sf] cfwf/df Container sf] cj:yf, kf]6{df ;fdfg cfOk'Ug]

;do OToflbsf] hfgsf/L lng] ub{5g\ .§ xfn;fn} sf]nsftf kf]6{n] sfuf]{sf] Status yfxf x'g] WebBase k|lqmofsf] z'?jft u/]sf]n] ;DalGwt

Agent n] cfˆgf] Cargo sf] Status sf] hfgsf/L lng ;xh ePsf] 5 .§ ;DalGwt Clearing Agent n] cfkm\gf] Cargo ;Fu ;DalGwt Document L/C dfk{mt cfofltt

;fdfgdf ;Lw} eG;f/ sfof{nodf k]z ub{5g\ . L/C dfkm{t afx]s bft[ lgsfon] g]kfn k7fPsf],ljb]zdf /x]sf] JolQmn] g]kfnsf] ;+:yf jf JolQmnfO{ k7fPsf], Document Against Payment(DAP) dfkm{t cfoft u/]sf], 5'§} ;Demf}tf dfk{mt g]kfndf cfoft u/]sf] ;fdfg, T/T dfkm{tg]kfnsf] nflu k}7f/L ePsf ;fdfgsf] xsdf g]kfnL dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf; sf]nsftfdf ;DalGwta}+sn] endorse u/]sf ;Ssn Document ;lxt ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/; kq;fy k]z ug{'kg{]Joj:yf 5 . dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf;n] g]kfndf cfoft ug{ kfpg] k|lqmof cGtu{t L/C vf]n]sf] ljj/0fg]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] tof/ u/L k7fPsf] ljj/0fnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]/ sf]nsftf Customs df k7fpg]ub{5 . dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf;n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] L/C List sf] cfwf/df sf]nsftf eG;f/ k|zf;gn]ljj/0f ?h' u/L kf]6{ x'Fb} g]kfnsf] nflu /]n jf sG6]g/ sfuf]{af6 ;fdfg k7fpg cg'dlt lbg]k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

§ L/C vf]n] afx]ssf] xsdf jfl0fHo ljefu tyf cGo ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfosf] l;kmfl/;sf]cfwf/df Kolkata Customs nfO{ g]kfnL dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf;åf/f kqfrf/ dfkm{t g]kfnsf] nflucfofltt sfuf]{ rnfg ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf] kqfrf/ b}lgs ¿kn] sDtLdf @%–#) j6f;Dd x'g] ub{5 .

§ g]kfnsf ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf g]kfndf /x]sf ljb]zL lgof]u tyf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿n] cfoftug]{ ;fdfgsf] xsdf k}7f/L x'g] dfn;fdfgsf] Insurance afkt sf]nsftfdf /x]sf] g]kfn kf/jxgtyf uf]bfd Joj:yf sDkgL lnld6]8n] Undertaking lng] ub{5 . pQm Joj:yf g]kfn ef/tkf/jxg ;lGwdf ePsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

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§ cGo Jofkfl/s / lghL k|of]hgsf] nflu cfofltt ;fdfgsf] xsdf ef/tLo OG:of]]/]G; sDkgLdfaLdf u/fpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o; aLdf k|lqmofn] g]kfnsf] nflu cfofltt sfuf]{ ef/tLokf]6{af6 g]kfn k|j]z gu/];Ddsf] cjlwdf x'g;Sg] ;Defljt ef/tLo eG;f/ dx;'nsf] xflggf]S;fgLsf];'/Iffy{ k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

§ g]kfnL sfuf]{ sf]nsftf kf]6{df cfPb]lv # lbgsf] nflu kf]6{ rfh{ 5'6sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg]To;kl5 ;DalGwt lgsfon] sG6]g/ kf]6{ rfh{, nf]l8ª rfh{ h:tf rfh{x? ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . hlt w]/}lbg cfofltt sfuf]{ kf]6{ tyf CFS df /fVof] ToxL cg'kftdf Demurrage Charge HofldtLok|lqmofn] a9L ltg'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

§ g]kfnsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf sG6]g/x¿df % lbgsf] nflu 8]d/]h z'Ns ldgfxf ug]{ ul/G5 eg] &lbg b]lv !) lbg;Dd @) lkm6sf] nflu & 8n/ / $) lkm6sf] sG6]g/sf] nflu !$ 8n/sf] b/n]ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . !@ lbg b]lv @! lbg;Ddsf] nflu @) lkm6sf] sG6]g/df !$ 8n/ / $) lkm6sf]sG6]g/sf] nflu @( 8n/ / @# lbgeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu !& b]lv #% 8n/ 8]d/]h z'Ns g]kfnLcfoftstf{n] ltg'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ;do ;dodf g]kfnnfO{ lbOFb} cfPsf] kf]6{ rfh{sf] ;'ljwf 36\b}uPsf] cj:yf 5 .

§ ;do ;dodf aGb/ufxdf ef/t ;/sf/n] ljleGg gLltut / k|lqmofut axfgfdf g]kfnsf] nflucfofltt ;fdfgdf lsrnf] l;h{gf u/L ;fdfg ;dod} rnfgL ug{ cj/f]w l;h{gf u/]sf] l:ylt klg 5 .

8 kf/jxg ;'ljwf ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] ;'wf/ ug{ 'kg{ ] If ]q M1. g]kfnn] t];|f] b]zsf] Jofkf/df xfn;Dd cTolws dfqfdf k|of]u ub{} cfPsf] aGb/ufx snsQf

aGb/ufx xf] . pQm aGb/ufx g]kfnsf cnfjf e"6fg / ef/t :jo+n] klg k"jL{ d'n'sx¿;Fusf]Jofkf/sf] ;DaGwdf cTolws k|of]u ug{] ePsf]n] xfnsf lbgdf ;fF3'/f] x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf] 5 . ctMsnsQf aGb/ufxdf s]lGb|t g]kfnsf] cfoft lgof{tnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf o;sf] cltl/Qm ef/ts}cGo 7"nf aGb/ufx h:t} ljzfvfk§gd\, hjfx/nfn g]x? kf]6{ hf] c6f]gf]dfOh];gdf klg uO;s]sf5g\, cflb tkm{ ljs]lGb|t u/L ;do / nfut 36fpg ;lsG5 ls To;tkm{ k|of; x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 .j}slNks aGb/ufxsf] ¿kdf ljzfvfk§gd\nfO{ k|of]udf NofPkl5 o;af6 sf]nsftf÷xlNbof kf]6{sf]klg ef}lts ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ x'g'sf] ;fy} dfgjLo lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t ;'wf/ cfO{ xfn ltl/Fb} cfPsf]kf]6{rfh{ tyf ;fdfg 8]lne/L ;dodf ;d]t sdL cfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .

2. ef/tn] kf/jxg ;lGw cg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ kf/jxg ljGb'sf ¿kdf pkof]u u/fPsf !% j6fgfsfx¿sf] cTolws pkof]u u/L lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg{] b]lvG5 . ;fy}xfn &–& jif{df gjLs/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] kf/jxg ;lGwnfO{ sDtLdf !) jif{sf nflu axfn /xg] u/LcfufdL lbgdf gjLs/0f ul/g'kb{5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/df :yfloTj / ;'lglZrttf k|bfg u5{ .

3. g]kfn / a+unfb]zaLrsf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] km"njf/L–a+unfaGwdfu{af6 plrt nfe lng / aËnfb]zsf] ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufxsf] k|of]unfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 .;fy} a+unfaGwsf] ;Ldfdf /x]sf] ef}lts ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L lgoldt ;jf/L ;fwg cfjt hfjtug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug{ aËnfb]z ;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 . o; kf/jxg dfu{sf] plrtpkof]usf nflu g]kfn, ef/t / aËnfb]zaLr lqkIfLo kf/jxg ;Demf}tf ul/g'kb{5 .

4. aËnfb]zsf] df]ªnf kf]6{nfO{ g]kfnsf]] j:t' cfoft lgof{t ug{] j}slNks kf]6{sf] ¿kdf k|of]udfNofpg /f]xgk'/–l;+3jfb kf/jxg dfu{nfO{ cTolws pkof]udf Nofpg cfjZos 5 .


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5. g]kfn kf/jxg tyf uf]bfd Joj:yf sDkgL lnld6]8sf] klZrd aËfnsf] sf]nsftf / xlNbofdf/x]sf] hUufnfO{ Container Freight Station sf] ¿kdf k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflucfjZos kg]{ oGq, pks/0f cfkm}Fn] v/Lb gu/L ef8fdf lnP/ k|of]udf Nofpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

6. g]kfnsf cfoftstf{n] sf]nsftf÷xlNbof kf]6{df ;fdfg cfpgf;fy cfoft;Fu ;DalGwt sfuhftoyfzL3| ;DalGwt Clearing and Forwarding Agencies dfkm{t kf]6{, g]kfnL dxfjfl0fHob"tjf;dfk]z ug'{kb{5 . hlt ;Sof]] l5§f] sfuhft k]z u¥of] Tolt l56f] ;fdfg rnfg / aGb/ufx z'Ns÷nfutsd x'g] x'Fbf o;tkm{ ;a}n] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg{] x'G5 . l56f] 5l/tf]sf] nflu E-documentation nfu"ug{ h?/L 5 .

7. xfn k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] sf]nsftf–jL/u~h ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] dfn9'jfgL /]Nj] ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt¿kdf ;~rfngdf Nofpg ef/tsf] /]Nj] CONCOR sDkgL;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{] k|lqmof cl3 a9fOg'kb{5 .

8. g]kfnsf] l;dfgfdf /x]sf eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] lgsf;L÷k}7f/L k|lqmof, eG;f/ k|zf;g / dfgjLolqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/ NofO{ nfut Go"gLs/0f ug{] tkm{ b'j} b]zsf ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaf6 ;+o'Qm kxnx'g'kg{] b]lvG5 .

9. sf]nsftf / g]kfnsf eG;f/ sfof{nodf /x]sf Clearing and Forwarding Agents x¿nfO{ xfn cfofttyf lgof{tstf{n] e'QmfgL ub}{ cfPsf] ;]jf z'Ns Go"gLs/0f ug{ kf/blz{tf / k|lt:kwf{Tds pkfosf]cjnDag ug'{kb{5 . o;af6 cfoft÷lgof{t nfutdf sdL cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 .

10. g]kfnsf dfn;fdfgx¿ ;/n, ;'ljwfhgs / lgoldt ¿kdf lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L x'g] Joj:yf;'lglZrt ug{ / lgsf;L–k}7f/L;DaGwL k|lqmofut nfut Go"gLs/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg g]kfn tyfef/t ;/sf/sf eG;f/ / kf]6{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿aLr jflif{s ¿kdf lgoldt a}7s a;L ;DalGwtljifodf 5nkmn÷k/fdz{ ug{] Joj:yf z'? ul/g'kb{5 . o:tf] a}7sdf g]kfnsf cfoft–lgof{t Jofkf/;Fu;DalGwt lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

11. ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f (Trade Facilitation) ljifo g]kfnh:tf] e"–kl/j]li6td'n'ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo /x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsfljifodf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, k|lqmof Go"gLs/0f u/L sfuhft 36fpg] -Lessdocumentation) tyf g]kfnsf] kf/jxg dfu{nfO{ e/kbf]{ / l56f], 5l/tf] agfpg ef}lts ;+/rgfljsf;df ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{]tkm{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .

12. g]kfnsf] nflu k}7f/L eO{ cfPsf ;fdfg sf]nsftf÷xlNbof x'Fb} /]ndfu{af6 jL/u~hl:yt ;'VvfaGb/ufx / sf]nsftf xlNbofaf6 sG6]g/ 9'jfgL ug]{ ;fwgdfkm{t g]kfnsf] sfFs8le§f, lj/f6gu/,jL/u~h, e}/xjf, g]kfnu~hh:tf Land Route x'Fb} ;DalGwt 7fpFdf k'Ug] ub{5 . 6«sdfkm{t sfuf]{9'jfgL ug{'eGbf /]nsf] dfWodaf6 sfuf]{ 9'jfgL ubf{ ;do, nfut sd nfUg'sf] ;fy} a9L ;'/lIftklg x'g] ub{5 . xfnsf lbgdf sf]nsftfaf6 hf]ujgL;Dd ;Lwf /]n;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPsf]kl/k|]Iodf ef/tLo ;/sf/;Fu /]Nj] ;Demf}tf u/L sf]nsftf÷xlNbofaf6 dfnafxs l;N8 sG6]g/;Lw} hf]ujgL;Dd /]ndfkm{t 9'jfgL x'g] Joj:yf ug{ h?/L 5 . o;f] ePdf nfut / ;dodf sdLcfO{ ;fdfgsf] lgsf;L k}7f/L klg ;'/lIft tj/df x'g] x'G5 . o;af6 d'n'ssf] bL3{sfnLg Jofkf/k|0ffnLdf cg's"n k|efj l;h{gf x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . lj/f6gu/df ;'Vvf aGb/ufx klg alg;s]sf]cj:yfdf hf]ujgLaf6 ;'VvfaGb/ufx;Dd /]Nj] ;]jfnfO{ hf]8\g ;lsg] cj:yf klg ljBdfg ePsf]s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ o;tkm{ tTsfn kxn x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 .

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13. g]kfndf ;do–;dodf eO/xg] aGb, x8tfn, af9L klx/f]sf] sf/0fn] kf/jxg dfu{sf] k|of]udf klgcj/f]w pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfnsf cfoft–lgof{tsf ;fdfgx¿ lgoldt ¿kn] uGtJo:yndfk'Ug gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] cfoft–lgof{tsf] nflu k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] sf]nsftf kf]6{df;d]t Congestion sf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . o;af6 ;dod} ;fdfg rnfg x'g g;sLg]kfnL kIfnfO{ cgfjZos ¿kdf yk nfut÷Jooef/ kg{] u/]sf] 5 . o; s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L t];|f]d'n'sl;t x'g] j:t'sf] cfoft lgof{t k|0ffnLdf cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g] u/L aGb x8tfn gug{ /fhgLltsbnx¿ uDeL/ x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, kf]6{ k|zf;gn] dfu] adf]lhdsf] sfuhft ;dod} k]z ug{],u/fpg] tkm{ ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]q b'j}n] rgfvf] x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 .

14. g]kfnsf] nflu cfofltt j:t'x¿sf] kl/df0ftkm{ gh/ nufpFbf vf;u/L 7"nf rf8kj{ / hf8f] df};dsf]glur 7"nf] kl/df0fdf ;fdfg k}7f/L eO{ cfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo ;dodf cfoft ug{] j:t'sf] kl/df0f36\b} hfg] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ sf]nsftf aGb/ufxdf x'g] Congestion ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfnsflghL If]qn] g]kfndf vkt x'g] j:t'sf]] cfoft ;dodf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ cfoft–lgof{tsf] ;doa4 of]hgf agfO{ Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .

15. g]kfnsf cfoftstf{n] sf]nsftf÷xlNbof kf]6{df ;fdfg lgsf;L k}7f/L sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgClearing and Forwarding Agents lgo'Qm ubf{ k|lt:kwf{Tds 9Ën] 5gf}6 u/L nfut 36fpg]tkm{kxn u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . dgf]dfgL 9Ën] Psnf}6L ¿kdf lgo'Qm Ph]G6n] ;]jfz'Nsdf PsflwkTohdfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] thlahdf pgLx¿n] tf]s]sf] pRr nfutdf kf]6{ / 9'jfgL nfutlgwf{/0f x'g] sfo{n] ;]jf z'Ns a9L ltg'{kg{] eO{ g]kfnLsf] nflu cfofltt j:t' dxFuf] x'g uPsf] 5 .o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu k|lt:kwf{sf dfWodaf6 cfˆgf Clearing and Forwarding Agent lgo'Qmug{ lghLIf]q;Fu cGtlq{mof ug{ h?/L 5 .

16. g]kfnn] cltsd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] gftfn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t Trade Facilitation sfIf]qdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ljsf;sf] nflu IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, WCO, World Bank h:tf;xof]uL ;+:yf;Fu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]usf] nflu kxn ug'{kb{5 . o;af6 g]kfnn] SupplySide Constraints df ef]Ub} cfPsf] ;d:of / kf/jxg dfu{, ;'VvfaGbufx ;'wf/, cfGtl/s ;8s;'wf/, uf]bfd Joj:yfkg, zLte08f/0f Joj:yf h:tf Jofkf/ ljsf;sf nflu cTofjZos k"jf{wf/sfIf]qdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

17. xfnsf lbgdf kf/:kl/s cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xof]u lj:tf/sf nflu If]qLo:t/df klg ljleGg ;lGw,;Demf}tf x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df If]qLo:t/df kf/jxg ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug{] u'~hfO; a9\bf] 5 .g]kfn, ;fˆ6f (SAFTA), lad:6]s (BIMSTEC), / ;f;]s (SASEC) h:tf If]qLo Jofkf/ ;+/rgfdfcfa4 ePsf]n] l5d]sL b]zsf cnfjf cGo b]zsf kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{] cj;/ lj:tf/ ePsf]5 . t/ Tof] sltsf] nfut lskmfotL / ;/n x'G5 lj:t[t ljZn]if0f g} ug{'kg{] x'G5 . eljiodf g]kfn,a+unfb]z, e"6fg / ef/taLr High Speed Cross Border Rail and Road System ljsf; eof] eg]If]qLo / pkIf]qLo:t/df kf/jxgsf] ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . To;tkm{ klg cfh}af6 ;f]r agfO{cl3 a9\g' a'l4dfgL x'G5 .

9 pk;+xf/ Mg]kfn h:tf] e"kl/j]li6t / clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] b|'tt/ cfly{s ljsf;df kf/jxg ;'ljwfsf]dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;xh, ;/n, nfut lskmfotL / Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwfo'Qm kf/jxgdfu{sf] pkof]uaf6 d'n'ssf] cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/df u'0ffTds ;'wf/ cfpg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . o;af6


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b]zdf cf}Bf]lus nufgL / pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] lj:tf/sf nflu ;d]t plrt jftfj/0f tof/ ug{;3fp k'Ug] x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns kl/l:yltnfO{ b[li6ut u/L plrt kf/jxg dfu{sf] 5gf}6 / pkof]uug{ ;s] o;af6 Psflt/ ljb]z lgof{t x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ d"Nodf ljqmL u/Llgof{t j[l4åf/f cfly{s nfe lng ;lsG5 eg] csf{lt/ :jb]zleq k}7f/L x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] nfut /9'jfgL ;dodf pNn]Vo sdL NofO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|ToIf nfe k'¥ofpg ;lsg] x'G5 .

e"–kl/j]li6t / blIf0f Plzofsf] clt sd ljsl;t d'n's g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg b]zdfcf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / zf;sLo ;'wf/ ug{ h?/L 5 . b]zdf nufgLof]Uo;'/lIft / :j:y cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ kf/jxgn] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf lgefpF5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{dfkf/jxg, ef/tdfly cTolws lge{/, s]xL xb;Dd c;'/lIft / Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwf;d]t af6 jl~rtl:yltdf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] sdhf]/ kf/jxg k|0ffnLdf pTkflbt ;fdfgnfO{ ljZjsf h'g;'s} d'n'ssf]uGtJodf ;xh / nfut lskmfotL 9Ën] k'¥ofpg] sfo{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ctM ef/tsf] kf/jxg dfu{sf]plrt, Jofks / ;'/lIft pkof]u ub{} rLg / aËnfb]zsf] j}slNks kf/jxg dfu{sf] pkof]u ug{] tkm{ klgcfufdL lbgdf xfd|f] k|of; s]lGb|t x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . ljBdfg kf/jxgdfu{sf] :t/f]Gglt u/L cfw'lgskl/jxgsf ;fwg ;+oGqsf] lgjf{w pkof]u ug{], kf/jxgsf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf afwf Jojwfg / cK7\of/fx¿nfO{lgK6\ofP/ bL3{sfnLg kf/jxg ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ ef/tl;t s"6gLlts / pRr:t/Lo /fhg}ltssf}zn k|bz{g ug{], d'n'sleq ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy cl3 a9fO{ cfoftlgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{]tkm{ ca xfd|f] Wofg hfg'kb{5 . cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdfs]Gb|Lo e"ldsf cf]u6]sf] kf/jxgnfO{ ;a} If]qn] dxŒjsf ;fy x]g{'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/L If]q, lghLIf]q, l5d]sL /fi6« / bft[;d'bfo ;d]taf6 ;lqmo / ;dGjofTds kxn x'g' h?/L 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sl;tsf];DaGwnfO{ cem ;'b[9 agfO{ a9L eGbf a9L kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{], kf/jxgdfu{df yk ;]jf /;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug{], kf/jxg nfut 36fpg] / kf/jxgl;t k|ToIf hf]l8Psf eG;f/ k|zf;g, uf]bfdJoj:yfkg cflb kIfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ub{} e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«nfO{ kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]u ;DaGwdfljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tf / dxf;lGwn] k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿ clwsflws pkof]u ug{]9Ën] cl3 a9\g' cfhsf] o'uLg cfjZostf xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M• jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno -@)^%_, jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%• jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno -@)^^_, Jofkf/ / ljsf; , jif{ @, cÍ !, k"0ff{Í #• jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno -@)^%_, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt { emns, jif{ !, cÍ !• kf}8]n, dfwj -@)%#_, ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g (Public International Law), k}/jL k|sfzg M sf7df08f} .• cfrfo{, dgf]hs'df/ -@)^^_, g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo If ]q M jt{dfg l:ylt / efjL sfo{lbzf, s]xL zf;sLo

k|aGwx¿ -;Dkfbs /fhg vgfn_, ;f]kfg dfl;s M sf7df08f} .• Economic Policy Network (2006), Policy Orientation Study on Transit Trade of Nepal, Ministry of

Finance : Kathmandu.• Nepal Trade and Warehousing Company Limited (2004), Treaty of Transit, Treaty of Trade and

Agreement of Cooperation to Control Unauthorised Trade between Government of Nepaland the Government of India. Kathmandu : NTWCL.

• Treaty of Trade between the Governement of Nepal and the Government of India, 2009 <available frommocs.gov.np>

• mohanbanjade.wordpress.com

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwLjftf{ / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿

ljZjdf ;]jf Jofkf/ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ If]qsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf] afgL / ¿lrdfcfPsf] kl/jt{g / lbgfg'lbg ePsf] gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0faf6 ;]jf Jofkf/df j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf]xf] . klxn]sf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnL s]jn j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ dfq :yfg lbg], b]Vg / 5'g ;lsg] j:t'x¿sf]Jofkf/df dfq /fi6«x¿sf] Wofg s]lGb|t lyof] . Toltj]nf clwsf+z /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ gLltsf] d"n Wofg o;}dfs]lGb|t lyof] . ljZjdf ePsf] b|'tt/ cfly{s ljsf;, k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] nufgL / :yfgfGt/0f, dflg;x¿sf]hLjg:t/df ;'wf/, ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg :yfgdf ;xh, ;/n / l56f] cfjt hfjt ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ;d]tx'Fbf ljZjdf ;]jf Jofkf/df s|dzM j[l4 xF'b} uof] .

ljZjdf ljsl;t b]zdf ;]jf Jofkf/sf] GDP df of]ubfg &) k|ltzt / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df %) k|ltztsf]xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . ljZjdf x'g] s'n Jofkf/sf] @) k|ltzt :yfg ;]jf Jofkf/sf] /x]sf] 5 eg] /f]huf/Lsf]7"nf] lx:;f klg ;]jf If]qn] cf]u6\b} cfPsf] / cfpFbf lbgdf o;sf] ult cem a9\g] cfsng ul/Psf] 5 .

;]jf Jofkf/sf] ljsf;df ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ w]/} g} kl5 k/]sf / w]/} ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿ afFsL /x]sf] cj:yf5 . ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf sltko k|fjwfgx¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cfk"lt{ Ifdtfdf lj:tf/gu/];Dd kmfObf k'¥ofpg] vfnsf g/x]sf / ljsf;zLn b]zsf] lxtdf /x]sf Uof6\;sf wf/fx¿ $ /!(=@ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] lglis|otfsf] sf/0fn] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ . o; aLrdf ljleGgjftf{x¿ klg ePsf 5g\ t/ ;kmntf eg] xft nfUg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gleqljsf;zLn b]zx¿ ;]jf Jofkf/sf] jftf{df s] s:tf] cj:yfdf 5g\, s] ubf{ ltgLx¿sf] lxt x'G5 eGg];DaGwdf k|:t't n]vdf s]xL rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

1 k[i7e"ldljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;]jf Jofkf/df dfu{bz{g ug]{ d"n s'/f ;]jfJofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (General Agreements on Trade in Service 5f]6s/Ldf GATS xf] . of] ;Demf}tfn]Ps ;b:o /fi6«sf ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ Ps /fi6«jf6 csf]{ /fi6«df / csf]{ /fi6«sf ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{cfˆgf] /fi6«jf6 cGo /fi6«df ;]jf k|jfx ug{, Ps /fi6«af6 csf]{ /fi6«df uO{ ;]jf pkef]u ug{, Jofj;flospkl:ylt sfod /fVg / JolQmx¿ cGo b]zdf uO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ :jtGq agfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf of];Demf}tf cGtu{t To:tf /fi6«x¿n] kmfObf k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ h;;Fu ljb]zdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;Sg] v'aL/ Ifdtf 5 . ljsf;zLn / ljsf;tkm{ ev{/ kfOnf ;fg{ yfn]sf xfd|f] h:tf t];|f] ljZjsf b]zx¿ hf];FucGo b]zdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf 5}g GATS af6 kmfObf lng ;Sg] cj:yf sd b]lvPsf] 5 . ;]jfJofkf/sf ;Gbe{df vf;u/L cfly{s -Financial_ / b"/;~rf/ -Telecommunication_ h:tf If]qnfO{@pk–;lrj, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt { dGqfno .

@s[i0fd'/fl/ Gof}kfg] ] ]


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:jtGq agfpg ljz]if jftf{ -Special Negotiation_ sf kxnx¿ ePsf 5g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/sf] nflu v'nful/Psf hlt klg If]qx¿ 5g\ tL If]qdWo] s]xL ;Lldt If]qdf Tof] klg Go"g dfqfdf dfq ljsf;zLnb]zx¿n] ;]jf lgof{t ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] ljsf;zLn / Least Developed Countries;Fu GATS cGtu{t Mode 4 df kg]{ Movement of Natural Person sf] cfk"lt{ -Supply_ ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfeP klg ljsl;t b]zx¿n] o;nfO{ jftf{df pbf/ ¿kdf cufl8 ga9fPsf] sf/0fn] o;df k|ult x'g;s]sf] 5}g . w]/}h;f] ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] cWofudg;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ GATS cg's"n pbf/agfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . Doha Work Programme cGtu{t ;]jf Jofkf/df gofF 9Ën] ;]jf If]qnfO a9L v's'nf]kfg]{ u/L jftf{x¿ z'¿ ePsf 5g\ . k|d'v ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿nfO{ ;]jfsf If]qdf a9Lpbf/ / v's'nf] x'g cfu|x ul//x]sf] kl/l:ylt 5 eg] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] ;]jf Jofkf/sf];DefJotf /x]sf If]qx¿df ljsl;t b]zx¿nfO{ a9L pbf/ / v's'nf] x'g cg'/f]w ul//x]sf 5g\ . oLljifox¿df g} xfn ;]jf Jofkf/sf] jftf{ -negotiation_ rln/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;]jf Jofkf/ If]qsf] xfn eO/x]sf jftf{ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf b]xfo cg';f/ cufl8 a9L /x]sf] 5M• ljz]if k|lta4tfsf] nflu w]/}h;f] ;]jf Jofkf/sf If]qx¿ Request / Offer sf] af6f]df,• cg'bfg, ;'/Iff pkfo / ;/sf/L vl/bsf] ;DaGwdf sfd ug]{ lgod aflx/ Nofpg] tyf of]Uotf

lgwf{/0f / k|lqmofx¿, k|fljlws :6\of088{ / Ohfhtsf] cfjZostfsf] ;DaGwdf o;nfO{ dfkg ug]{cg'zf;gsf s'/fx¿;+u ;DalGwt ljifosf] af6f]df,

• ljsf;zLn b]z;Fu ;DalGwt GATS sf s]xL wf/fx¿ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] ljifodf .

;]jf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL jftf{sf] nflu WTO n] dfr{ @))! df 'Guidelines and Procedures for theNegotiation on Trade in Services' k|sfzgdf NofPsf] lyof] .

jftf{sf] klxnf] af6f] eg]sf] -ljZj Aofkf/ ;+u7g_ WTO sf] Guideline sf] cg'R5]b !! df pNn]v ePsf]5 h;n] pbf/Ls/0fsf] nflu jftf{ d'VotM request and offer approach df x'g] s'/f u5{ . of] p2]Zok"lt{sf] nflu låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo / cg]s kIfLo jftf{x¿ z'¿ ePsf 5g\ . ljsf;zLn b]zsf] ;DaGwdfjftf{ GATS sf] wf/f !(=@ / wf/f $ cg'¿k x'g'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 . jftf{sf] bf];|f] af6f] eg]sf] cg'bfg,;'/Iff pkfo / ;/sf/L vl/bsf] If]qsf lgodx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5 h'g GATS sf] wf/fx¿ !%,!) / !@df pNn]v 5 . wf/f $=$ n] cg'bfg, ;'/Iff pkfo / ;/sf/L vl/bsf] ljifosf cj/f]wx¿ x6fpg / o;If]qsf] Jofkf/nfO ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ cg'zf;gsf s'/fx¿ agfpg ;Sg] s'/f pNn]v 5 .jt{dfg jftf{sf] t];|f] kf6f] eg] GATS sf] wf/f $ / !(=@;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . wf/f $ ljsf;zLnb]zx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df j9\bf] ;xeflutf u/fpg jhf/ kx'Frsf Ifdtf clej[l4;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .wf/f !(=@ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] ;]jf If]qsf s]xL If]qx¿ wf/f $ sf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu v'nfug'{kg]{ s'/f l;t ;Da4 5 .

2 ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] k|:tfj / ;DaGw;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf ePsf jftf{sf r/0fx¿df ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] w]/} k|:tfj / k|ltlqmofx¿ k]zul/;s]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] s]xL lng cg'/f]w ug]{ / s]xL lbg k|:tfj ug]{ -request and offers_ ¿kdf k]zul/Psf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ GATS sf] wf/f $ / !(=@ tyf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cfjt hfjt-Mode 4_ ;Fu ;DalGwt 5g . jftf{sf] r/0fdf h'g b]zx¿n] s]xL lbg] k|:tfj u/]sf lyPgg\ ltgLx¿nfO{

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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l56f] lbg egL bjfj lbOof] . t/ of] k|:tfj lbg] s'/f] :j]R5frf/L lyof] g ls jfWofTds, d"ntM of] ;b:ob]zx¿sf] gfkmfsf] cfFsng;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] .

xfn eO/x]sf] jftf{ d"ntM k|fljlws ljjfb, :ki6tf h:tf If]qx¿sf] lgod;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] / jftf{sf]ult x]bf{ Hofb} ;Lldt b]lvG5 . Uof6\;sf] wf/f $ / !(=@ ;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf]kIfdf eP klg xfn e}/x]sf jftf{df oL s'/fx¿sf] k|utL Go"g b]lvPsf] 5 .w]/}h;f] cNk ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿nfO{ ljsl;t b]zx¿n] lbFb} cfPsf] ;'ljwf -5'6_ ;Gtf]ifhgsg/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿n] uxg ¿ksf] 5'6 / ;'ljwf lbg g;s]sf], ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] d'ne"trf;f]nfO{ a]jf:tf ul//x]sf] cf/f]k ljsl;t b]zx¿nfO{ nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .

cNkljsl;t jf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] p7fpFb} cfPsf] Uof6\;sf] df]8 rf/sf] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgaf{wcfjt hfjtdf ljsl;t b]zx¿ pbf/ x'g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . s]xL b]zx¿n] o:tf] Joj:yf ;lhnf]/ v's'nf] kfg]{ eg] klg Jojxf/df Tof] b]vfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ljsl;t b]zx¿n] df]8 $ sf ;DaGwdfu/]sf] k|lta4tfx¿ d"ntM df]8 rf/sf] k|fs[lts JolQmsf] sfg"gL pkl:ylteGbf Uof6\; df]8 @ dfplNnlvt Jofj;flos pkl:ylt;Fu a9L glhs b]lvG5 . ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ Jofj;flos pkl:yltdf g/db]lvPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cGo b]zdf Jofj;flos pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . of] Ifdtf cNkljsl;t /ljsf;zLn b]zx¿;Fu 5}g . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] ljsl;t b]zx¿ df]8 $ sf] ljifodf pbf/ x'g'kg]{ dfuub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . t/ jt{dfg jftf{sf] ljifo eg] cGt/ Jofj;flos / Jofj;flos cjnf]sg ;DaGwdfdfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 eg] o;nfO{ s/f/Lo ;]jf cfk"lt{stf{x¿, :jtGq ;]jf cfk"lt{stf{x¿;Dd lj:tf/x'g'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

;'/Iff pkfo;DjGwL] ljifosf] jftf{df ePsf] l9nfOsf] sf/0f ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ ;Gt'i6 x'g ;ls/x]sf5}gg\ . s]xL b]zx¿n] t oL ljifodf cfˆgf] k|:tfj k]z u/L k|Zg / k|ltlqmofsf] ;Daf]wg klg u/]sf 5g\ .s]xL ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ;/sf/L vl/bdf klg ulx/f] ¿lr b]vfO{ of] ljifodf jftf{ x'g'kg]{ s'/f cufl8a9fPsf 5g\ . o;f] ug'{sf] k5fl8sf] d"n p2]Zo eg]sf] ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] ahf/ kx'Fr ljsf;zLnb]z ;Dd k'¥ofpg' xf] .

jftf{sf] qmddf ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t b]zx¿n] Uof6\;sf] wf/f $ / !(=@ df ePsf] ljsf;sf]dfkb08sf ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f / ;'emfjx¿ lbO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 t/ ljsl;t b]zsf] tkm{af6 Tof]jftf{df uxg pkl:ylt eO{ jftf{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] Wofg oLljifox¿df s]lGb|t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljZn]ifsx¿sf] egfO 5 ls GATS Ps o:tf] ;Demf}tf xf] h;n]c;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf ;[hgf u5{ . of] ;Demf}tf d"n ¿kdf ahf/ kx'Frsf] ljifo;Fu j9L ;DalGwt 5 .cfk"lt{ Ifdtf tkm{ d"Nof+sg ubf{ ljsl;t / cNk ljsl;t -ljsf;zLn_ b]zx¿sf] aLrdf 7"nf] km/s/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . c;dfgtfnfO{ a9fpg] sfd eO{ /x]sf] 5, ljz]if ;]jf If]qx¿ h:tf] cfly{s /b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf ljz]if jftf{ / ;Demf}tfsf s'/fx¿df jftf{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5, o;af6 To:tf b]znfO{a9L kmfObf 5 hf];Fu cfk"lt{ Ifdtf alnof] 5 .

ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] kmfObf / ;'/Iff pkfosf] nflu Uof6\;sf wf/fx¿ $ / !(=@ sf dfWodaf6 o;;Demf}tfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfpg vf]lhP klg wf/f !(=@ sf k|fjwfgnfO{ a]jf:tf / wf/f $ sf k|fjwfgnfO{sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .


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Uof6\;sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] w]/} eO{;s]sf] 5, o; aLrdf xfn cfP/ s]xL ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] ;]jfcfk"lt{sf] nflu cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL ul/ /x]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL If]qx¿ klxrfg ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . ljsl;tb]zx¿n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] o:tf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;sf/fTds b[li6n] gx]/L lbPsf] sf/0f ;kmntf k|fKtx'g ;ls /x]sf] 5}g . ctM cNk ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] Uof6\;sf] c;Gt'ng x6fO{ o;af6 kmfObfk|fKt ug{sf] nflu :ki6 ¿kdf cfˆgf rfn tyf /0fgLltx¿ jftf{df /fVg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

3 jftf{sf ] tof/Lsf] qmddf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] Wofg lbg'kg] { s'/fx¿ Md"ne"t ¿kdf cfhsf] jftf{sf] d"n dfu{ -Modality_ eg]sf] cg'/f]w / s]xL lbg] k|:tfj -request and offer_g} xf] . WTO sf s]xL ;b:ox¿n] of] s'/f klxn] g} ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] tkm{af6 klxn]g} ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] s'/fx¿nfO{ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ /fd|f] b]lvG5 . låkIfLo / ax'kIfLojftf{x¿ ljleGg ;]jf If]qsf] 5'6sf] cfbfg k|bfgsf] nflu ePdf /fd|f] x'g] x'Fbf tn n]lvPsf s'/fx¿nfO{g5'6fpFbf cNk ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]znfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .• cNkljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿nfO{ h'g If]qdf ahf/ kx'Fraf6 s'g} kmfObf x'g;Sb]}g To:tf

If]qdf s'g} klg k|:tfj gug'{ a'l4dfgL x'G5 . cg'/f]w / k|:tfj -request and offer_ jftf{sf] o:tf]s'/f xf] h'g låkIfLo kmfObfdf lge{/ x'G5 . ctM o:tf b]zx¿ hf] s]xL gfkmf lng ;Sb}gg\ eg] s]xLglbg' g} ;a}eGbf pQd x'G5 .

• To:tf ljsf;zLn / cNkljslzt b]zx¿ hf] s]xL 5'6sf] nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ / s]xL lbgsf] nflu /fhLx'G5g\ ltgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ckm/ -offer_ df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfˆgf] wf/0ff låkIfLo / ax'kIfLojftf{sf] nflu :ki6 ug{'k5{ . o:tf s'/fx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf k|lqmofsf] nflu b]xfosf s'/fx¿n]pgLx¿sf] k|:tfjdf d2t k'Ug ;S5 .-s_ cNkljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] h'g If]qdf s;}nfO{ k|j]z glbg] xf] eg] Tof] s'/f :ki6

¿kdf tf]Sg' kb{5 . cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / hgsNof0fsf ljifox¿ o:tf If]qx¿df kg{ ;S5g\ .s] s:tf If]qdf cfGtl/s ;]jf k|jfxstf{x¿ dfq /xg] x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f klxn] g}x'g'k5{ . cfGtl/s u[xsfo{af6 :ki6 eO{ ;s]kl5 h'g If]qdf cfk"m afx]snfO{ kxF'r lbgg;lsg] xf] ltgLx¿sf] gsf/fTds ;"rL tof/ ug'{k5{ . o; k|sf/ h'g If]qx¿df 5'6 lbg;lsF+b}g To:tf s'/fx¿ uxg ¿kdf /fVg] / cGo If]qx¿ hxfF lbg / lng ;lsG5 To:tf If]qdfjftf{ s]lGb|t ug'{k5{ .

-v_ To:tf ;]jfsf If]qx¿ h'g cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu afws tyf cfGtl/s ;]jf pTkfbgstf{x¿nfO{k|f]T;fxg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 To:tf If]qx¿sf] lqml6sn ;"rL tof/ ug'{k5{ . To:tf If]qx¿ hxfFljb]zL ;]jf k|jfxstf{x¿nfO{ k|j]z lbg g;Sg] eP cfGtl/s ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ afXo ;]jfk|bfosaf6 x'g] k|lt:kwf{ ;d]taf6 arfpg] s'/fnfO{ klg Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . a}lsË / b"/;~rf/ h:tf If]qx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . oL If]qx¿ v'nf ubf{ s'g} klgljsf;zLn jf cw{ ljsl;t b]zsf] p2]Zo o:tf] x'g'k5{ ls ahf/ k|j]zdf s7f]/ zt{nfO{ cl3;fb}{ cfGtl/s :jb]zL ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ k"0f{ nrstf ckgfpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{g ls ljb]zL ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] lj:tf/ xf];\ . k"0f{ nrstf /fli6«o Jojxf/sf] cg'zf;gsfod ug]{ s'/fdf x'g'k5{ . -o:tf] nrstfsf] cefjdf /fli6«o Jojxf/sf] l;4fGtdf /fi6«x¿afWosf/L x'g]5g\ :jb]zL / ljb]zL kmd{x¿nfO{ Pp6} Jojxf/ ug{_ .

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-u_ csf]{ s'/f o:tf /fi6«x¿n] ;]jf If]qsf] cfjZosLo cfoft ;"rL lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ h'g :jb]zdfpTkflbt ;]jf / j:t'sf] nfuL pkof]uL x'g ;sf];\ / cfGtl/s pTkfbg Ifdtfdf ;d]t clej[l4 x'g;sf];\ . d"n ¿kdf /fi6«x¿n] jftf{df w]/} If]qx¿df pbf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg' kg]{ eP tfklgof] s'/f cfˆgf] lgof{tof]Uo If]qdf c¿n] lbg ;Sg] k|:tfjdf e/ k5{ .

oL # j6f ;'emfjx¿ tL /fi6«x¿sf] jftf{df hfg'k"j{ cfGtl/s u[xsfo{sf] nflu dfq xf] . oL ;"rLx¿sf]tof/Laf6 tL /fi6«x¿nfO{ låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo jftf{df dfu{bz{g ub{5g\ .• ;]jfsf s'g s'g If]qdf s] lng cg'/f]w ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] To;sf] Pp6f ;"rL tof/ ug'{k5{ . klxn]

g} tof/ ePsf] eP b]xfo cg';f/ d"NofÍg ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5M–-s_ To:tf If]qx¿ / ¿kx¿ -Modes_ hxfF Tof] /fi6«sf] cfk"lt{ Ifdtf 5 jf eljiodf cfk"lt{ ug{

;Sg] Ifdtf b]lvPsf] 5 ;dfj]z ul/g' k5{ .-v_ oL If]qx¿sf] nflu Tof] b]zn] cfˆgf] ;Defljt ;]jfsf] lgof{tsf] ahf/ ePsf b]zx¿ hxfF s]

s] lgoGq0ffTds aGb]hx¿ nufOPsf] 5 To;sf] ;"rgf ;+sng, cfFsng / ljZn]if0f u/L/fVg'k5{ . h'g b]zx¿df To:tf] aGb]hx¿ nufOPsf 5}gg\ rgfvf] eO{ cg'/f]w ;"rLaf6To:tf] If]q x6fpg' k5{ . of] s'/f 1ft x'g'k5{ ls jftf{sf] z'¿ txdf k|:tfj / cg'/f]wdf;Gt'ng sfod u/L cl3 a9\g'k5{ . To:tf If]qx¿ hxfF cfˆgf] lgof{tsf ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ /tL b]zdf cj;/x¿ v'nf 5g\ eg] jftf{df To;nfO{ aGb ug]{ u/L cufl8 a9\g' x'Gg a¿cg'/f]w ;"rLaf6 To;nfO{ x6fpg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 .

• ljz]if k|lta4tfsf If]qx¿df x'g] jftf{ jf/kf/ -Cross_ ;a} If]qx¿df x'g'k5{ . s'g} Ps dfq If]qdfljz]if pkrf/sf nflu jftf{x¿ x'g' 7Ls x'Fb}g . lsgls cfˆgf] cfk"lt{ Ifdtf gePsf If]qx¿ v'nfubf{ c¿n] cfˆgf] ahf/df k|e'Tj hdfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . olb jftf{x¿ jf/kf/If]qx¿df x'G5g\ eg] s]xL If]qx¿ o:tf x'g ;S5g\ hxfF cNkljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf]lgof{t Ifdtfsf ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .

• o:tf b]zx¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] cg'/f]w ;"rLdf To:tf If]qx¿ hxfF cfˆgf] lgof{t ;Defjgf 5g\ / ;DefJoahf/df afwfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] To;nfO{ x6fpg] pkfox¿ klg pNn]v x'g' cfjZos 5 .

4 jftf{sf] s|ddf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] p7fpg'kg] { d"n ljifox¿ / Wofg lbg'kg] { s'/fx¿M• cNkljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] ;]jf If]qdf Ps k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff pkfo;DaGwL k|0ffnL

ePdf o;n] cfGtl/s ;]jf cfk"lt{stf{x¿nfO{ ;'/If0f ug]{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} cfoftaf6em§ kg{ ;Sg] k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;DaGwL k|:tfj blIf0fk"jL{ PlzofnL b]zx¿sf]tkm{af6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf k]z eO{ ;s]sf] / o;df clwsf+z ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;tb]zx¿n] ;dy{g hgfO{ ;s]sf 5g\ .

• ljsl;t b]zx¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿;Fu bl/nf] ;'/Iff pkfo;DaGwL k|0ffnL xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf;xof]u ug{ rfxFb}gg\ / pgLx¿sf] ;]jf Jofkf/ lgaf{w ¿kdf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /xf];\ eGg]rfxgf /fVb5g\ . oL s'/fx¿df jftf{ cufl8 a9\g'sf] ;§f k|fljlws lj:tf/ -Technical details_ dfuP/ c8\lsPsf] 5 . ctM o;nfO{ t'¿Gt z'¿ u/L uGtJodf k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 .

• cg'bfgsf] If]qdf ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t b]zx¿sf] nflu of] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsz'¿jftsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf cfˆgf cfGtl/s ;]jf If]qx¿sf] ljsf; / lgof{tnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg


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cg'bfg lbg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] ljz]ifcj:yfsf oL s'/fx¿nfO{ ;+:d/0f u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg ;xof]u ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

• jftf{sf] r/0fdf k|d'v ljsl;t b]zx¿ ;/sf/L vl/bsf] pbf/ ;Demf}tf ug{ cufl8 al9/x]sf]cj:yf 5 . o:tf] ;Demf}tf ubf{ ;Gt'lnt ¿kdf x'g' k5{ / cNkljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zsfcfGtl/s cfk"lt{stf{x¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] nlrnf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . cNkljsl;t / ljsf;zLnb]zx¿sf] tkm{af6 o; cj:yfdf s]xL 5'6sf] Aoj:yf To; cj:yfdf ug{ plrt x'G5 h'g cj:yfdf;f/e"t ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf ljsl;t b]zdf ljsf;zLn b]zn] kfpF5g\ . o;sf] nflu ;Defljtcj;/x¿sf] vf]hL a[xt ¿kdf x'g' cfjZos 5 .

• of]Uotf, dfkb08 / Ohfhtsf zt{x¿ agfpgsf] nflu x'g] jftf{x¿ ljsf;zLn b]zsf] nfludxTjk"0f{ x'g;S5 . oL s'/fx¿ ahf/ kx'Frsf] ljifo;Fu 3lgi7 ¿kdf hf]l8Psf 5g\ .cNkljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] s]xL If]qdf ljsl;t b]zdf ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;fdfGocj;/ kfP klg cfjZos of]Uotf, :t/Lotf tyf Ohfhtsf] sdLsf] sf/0faf6 o;sf] k"0f{pkof]u ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

ljsf;f]Gd'v / sd ljsl;t b]zx¿n] Uof6\;sf] wf/f $ / !(=@ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|:tfj k]zug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . oL wf/fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf ;DaGwdf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] u/]sfk|:tfjx¿df cfˆgf] uDeL/ k|ltlqmof ;d]t k]z ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] /fv]sf]s'/fnfO{ ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . oL k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf]nflu ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿n] cfˆgf sbdx¿ Psgf; cufl8 a9fO{ /xg'k5{ gq Uof6\;af6 k|fKtx'g;Sg] pknlAwx¿ kfvf nfUg ;S5g\ .

5 pk;+xf/ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] ;]jfsf] jftf{df cfTd;ft u/]sf s]xL /0fgLlts kmfObfx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿n] k"0f{tMsfof{Gjog ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5}g,sfof{Gjog u/L o;sf] pkof]u ug'{kg]{ vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 . ljsl;tb]zx¿n] jftf{df p7fPsf ljleGg ljifox¿sf] d"n p2]Zo ljsf;zLn b]zx¿af6 5'6 k|fKt u/Lljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t b]zsf] ahf/df cfkm\gf] k|e'Tj hdfpg' xf] . o; s'/fnfO Wofg lbO ljsl;tb]zx¿ 5'6sf] nflu tof/ ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿sf] tkm{jf6 5'6 lbg plrt x'G5 .k|foM cNkljsl;t / ljsf;l;n b]zx¿sf] cfjZostf / ¿lr Ps} lsl;dsf] x'g] ePsf]n] jftf{sf] qmddfPp6} cfjfh x'g] xf] eg] ;kmntf k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf zÍf /xFb}g .;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M• Behind the Scenes at the WTO the real world of international tradenegotiations the lessons of

Cancun. Written by Fatoumata Jawara & Alieen Kwa and Published by Zed Books Ltd. 7Cynthia Street,London.

• The current negotiations in the WTO. Written by Bhagirath Lal Das and Published by Third Worldnetwork 121-5 ,Jalan Utama 10450 Penang, Malaysia.

• Relevant informations from the following websites:• www.wto.org , Geneva.• www.mocs.gov.np , Kathmandu.• www.wtc.org , Geneva.• www.southcentre.org , Geneva.

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ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (WTO) sf] :yfgLos/0f!(Localization of WTO)

k[i7e"ldg]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g -World Trade Organization–WTO_ sf] ;b:o ag]sf] sl/a ̂ jif{ eO;s]sf]5 . o; cjlwdf WTO sf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ lj:tf/ tyfljljwLs/0f -b]zut tyf j:t'ut_ ug]{ p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ g]kfn ck]lIft ¿kdf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .g]kfnn] WTO af6 ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf y'k|} cfGtl/s tyf afXo sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . oLljljw sf/0fx¿dWo] WTO nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljleGg /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / Jofj;floscfofdx¿df :yfgLos/0f (Localization_ ug{ g;Sg' klg Pp6f xf] . g]kfndf cem} klg WTO sf] k|;Ës]xL ;Lldt k|zf;lgs, Jofj;flos / k|fl1s ju{df s]lGb|t 5 . o;nfO{ h'g ¿kdf :yfgLo hgtf,Joj;foL, s[ifs, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / ldl8ofdf Jofks ¿kdf hfu¿s / :yflkt ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] ug{;lsPsf] 5}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k WTO df k|j]z u/]sf] cfwf bzseGbf a9L eO;Sbf klg d'n'sn] o;af6ck]lIft kmfObf lng ;s]sf] 5}g .

s] xf] WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f ?WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f eg]sf] ;dfhsf ljleGg k]zf, ju{, ;d'bfo / hgtfnfO{ WTO sf ljleGgcfofdx¿af/] sfo{d"ns ¿kdf ;r]t, hfu¿s / tTk/ agfpg' xf] . WTO df k|j]z u/]af6 l;lh{tcj;/x¿sf] bf]xg ug{ / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;r]t, ;an / tTk/ /fhgLlts,k|zf;lgs, Jofj;flos, k]zfut, gLltut / ;Ë7gfTds jftfj/0f k}bf ug'{ xf] . WTO k|lqmofaf6k|ToIf÷k/f]If ¿kdf nfeflGjt / k|efljt x'g] hg;d'bfonfO{ o;af/]df sfo{d"ns ¿kdf ;r]t /hfu¿s agfpg' WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fsf] d"n clek|fo xf] .

WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fcGtu{t d"ntM lgDg cfofdx¿ ;d]l6g'kg]{ b]lvG5—• ;r]tgf M WTO k|lqmofdf k|ToIf tyf k/f]If ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g] tyf To;af6 k|efljt jf nfeflGjt

x'g] nlIft ju{, ;d'bfo / Joj;foLnfO{ WTO sf] d"ne"t ljifodf sfo{d"ns hfgsf/L pknAwu/fpg' WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . oxfF sfo{d"ns ;r]tgf eGg'sf] tfTko{ WTOaf/] kof{Kt 1fg xfl;n ug'{ / To;sf nfeaf6 kmfObf lng tyf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ tTk/ x'g'xf] . WTO ;DaGwL s]jn cf}krfl/s jf af}l4s ljnf;k"0f{ 1fgsf] vf;} cy{ /xGg . kof{Kt 1fgPj+ hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L To;nfO{ JolQmut, ;fdflhs / /fli6«o lxtdf k|of]udf gNofP;Dd Tof]

! o; n]vdf WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f eGgfn] BIMSTEC, SAFTA h:tf If]qLo / cGo b'O{kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿sf];d]t :yfgLos/0f ;Demg'k5{ . o:tf If]qLo / b'O{kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿ klg WTO s} Guideline / dd{cg';f/x'g] ePsfn] ;/ntfsf b[li6n] WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f elgPsf] xf] .

@ zfvf clws[t, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno .

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jf:tljs / sfo{d"ns 1fg x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ WTO sf :yfgLo Stakeholder x¿nfO{ WTO;DaGwL sfo{d"ns 1fgs} vfFrf] k5{ .

• d"nk|jfxLs/0f M WTO af6 l;lh{t cj;/sf] bf]xg tyf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;/sf/n] ljleGggLlt -jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&, /fh:j tyf s/ gLltx¿, s[lif gLlt, ;DalGwtP]g sfg"gx¿ cflb_ ckgfPsf] x'G5 . To:t} lgof{t a9fpg tyf Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ug{ ljleGgsfo{qmd, sfo{of]hgf / kl/of]hgfx¿ th'{df / sfof{Gjog u5{ . ljleGg lsl;dsf ;+:yfut÷;+/rgfutJoj:yf klg u/]sf] x'G5 . To:tf gLlt, ;+/rgf, sfo{qmd, sfo{of]hgf / kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f,;~rfng, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgdf nlIft Joj;foL, s[ifs, k]zfsdL{, pBdL / cGo ;DalGwtJolQm tyf ju{nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg], d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug]{ / ckgTj l;h{gf ug]{ cleofg ;~rfngug'{ WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fsf] csf]{ kf6f] xf] .

• WTO d}qL jftfj/0f M WTO d}qL bL3{sfnLg /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, Jofj;flosjftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . WTO k|lqmofdf;+nUg x'g] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj, k|zf;g, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhaLr pTkfbgd"ns, ;f}xfb|{ /;'bL3{ ;+jfb / ;xsfo{sf] k4lt :yflkt ug'{k5{ . vf;u/L :jb]zL lgof{thGo j:t' tyf ;]jfpTkfbg ug]{, laqmL–ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g] s[ifs, Joj;foL, Jofkf/L,cfoftstf{, a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf, :yfgLo lgsfo, s[lif tyf jg sfof{nox¿, j:t'ut ;+3;+u7gx¿,pTkfbs ;xsf/Lx¿aLr ;r]t, l;h{gzLn, ;a}sf] lht x'g], ldqjt\ / ;lqmo cj:yf l;h{gfug'{k5{ . j}b]lzs Jofkf/ -vf;u/L lgof{tsf]_ nfe ;a}n] Gofok"0f{ ¿kdf xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] /r'gf}tLnfO{ Pstf, b[9tf / bIftfsf ;fy ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] sfo{d"ns cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ o;sf]d'Vo cfofd xf] . ;fy} g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ pkef]u ug]{, cfoft ug]{, Jofkf/ ug]{, 9'jfgL ug]{-Transporter_ cflb kIfx¿aLr ljZj;gLo, lgi7fk"0f{ / ultzLn ;DaGw :yfkgf u/L bL3{ ;~rfngug'{ klg WTO :yfgLos/0fs} csf]{ kf6f] xf] .

;/n / :ki6 zAbdf WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f eGgfn] WTO af6 nfe lng ;Sg] j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbgtyf ljt/0f sfo{df k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g] :yfgLo ufpF3/df g} k'Ug], pgLx¿nfO{ ;r]tu/fpg], pgLx¿sf ;d:of klxrfg u/L oyf;Dej ;'Nemfpg], WTO k|lqmof / cleofgdf d"nk|jfxLs/0fu/fpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ g} Actor sf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] u/L hfu¿s / ;zQm agfpg] :yfgLod'vL -Local-oriented_ cleofg xf] .

lsg cfjZos 5 WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f <;fwf/0f zAbdf eGbf g]kfnsf] WTO k|j]zsf] d"n p2]Zo ljZjahf/df g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] kx'Frlj:tf/ ug]{, lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ / ljZj cy{tGq;Fu g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ PsLs/0f ug]{ lyof] . pbf/ / v'nfahf/d'vL cy{tGq / ljZjJofkLs/0ftkm{sf] ofqfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ km8\sf] klg lyof] WTO k|j]z . v'nf / pbf/Jofkf/ gLlt eg]sf] cfoftnfO{ lgaf{w 5'6 lbg] dfq} xf]Og, a? dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ xf] . ljZjahf/df v'nf / :jtGq kx'Frdfk{mt ;DefJo ahf/ -Niche market_ klxrfg ug]{ / cfˆgf] d'n'ssft'ngfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe - Comparative and competitive advantage_ ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf]klxrfg, ljsf;, lj:tf/ / lgof{t k|j4{g u/L lbuf] - Sustainable _ / ;d'Ggt cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . t/g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df v'nf / pbf/ jfl0fHo gLltnfO{ lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ ck]lIft ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsPg, a?cfoftnfO{ ;xh / pbf/ agfP/ d'n'ssf] cy{tGq g} ;Í6f]Gd'v aGb} uPsf] 5 . rfn" cf=j=@)^^.^& sf]

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klxnf] bz dlxgfs} tYofÍ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg o; cjlwdf lgof{t sl/a !) k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . cfoft sl/a$) k|ltztn] a9]sf] / Jofkf/3f6f sl/a ^) k|ltztn] cfsfl;P/ sl/a @#* ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . utcf=j=@)^%.^^ sf] k"/f jif{d} ?=@@@ ca{ dfq /x]sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f o; cf=j=sf] !) dlxgfd} olt w]/}k'lu;s]sf] 5 . rfn" cf=j=sf] !) dlxgfd} cfoft sl/a @*% ca{ k'u]sf] 5 eg] lgof{t s]jn ?=$% ca{ .kmn:j¿k ut @)^^ c;f/df sl/a ?= $! ca{n] artdf /x]sf] zf]wgfGt/ vftf rfn" cf=j= sf] !) cf}+dlxgfdf sl/a ?= @@ ca{n] 3f6fdf uPsf] 5 . o;/L cfsfl;Fbf] rfn" vftf 3f6fs} sf/0f ;du| afXo If]qdfxnrn dlRrPsf] 5 / d'n's ;Í6f]Gd'v ag]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] d"n sf/0f lgof{t ck]lIft ¿kdf a9\g g;Sg',pN6f] 36\g' / cfoftrflxF cfsfl;g' g} xf] . g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t 36\g'df afXo sf/0feGbf klgcfGtl/s sf/0f g} k|d'v x'g\ . lgof{thGo j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ Joj;foLx¿ /fhgLlts cl:y/tf /;ª\qmd0f, pmhf{ ;Í6, >d ljjfb, rsf]{ Aofhb/, b08xLgtf / c/fhstfnufot ljljw sf/0faf6 k|efljt5g\ . t/ d"ne"t ¿kdf g]kfnsf vf;u/L lgof{thGo j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ s[ifs tyf Joj;foLx¿dfcGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] ultzLntf, k4lt, k|j[lQ / WTO af6 l;lh{t cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf af/]df k"0f{¿kdf r]tgfsf] cefj / cj;/sf] bf]xg / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ tTk/tf, tof/L / sfo{d"ns k|lta4tfsf]cefj g} k|d'v ;d:of xf] .

jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% n] g]kfnsf lgof{t ;Defjgf -Export Potential_ ePsf !( j6f j:t' klxrfg u/]sf]5 . tLdWo] tof/L kf]zfs, un}+rf tyf pmgL ;fdfg, klZdgf tyf /]zdhGo j:t' / x:tsnfsf ;fdfgu/L rf/ j6f j:t'x¿ ljz]if–s]lGb|t If]q -Special Focus Area_ sf ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf 5g\ . To:t}lrof, t/sf/Lsf] aLp, cn}+rL, bfn, k'ik–Joj;fo, k|zf]lwt 5fnf, xft] sfuh / ;f]sf] pTkfbg, dx, skmLcflb !% j:t'x¿ hf]8 lbOPsf If]q -Thrust Area Development_ sf ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf 5g\ . !%dWo] !! j:t'x¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf s[lif Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

To:t} Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) 2010 n] klxrfg u/]sf !( j6f lgof{t ;DefJoj:t'x¿dWo] % j6f -cnF}rL, cb'jf, dx, bfn / lrof_ k|ToIf ¿kdf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] cf}ifwLhGoh8La'6L tyf ;f/o'Qm t]nx¿ klg s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

t/ 7"nf] lgof{t ;Defjgf -Export potential_ ePsf lrof, skmL, h'gf/, dx, bfn, cb'jf÷;'7f], t/sf/Lsf]aLp, cn}FrLh:tf s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug]{ ls;fgx¿ WTO k|lqmof, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, u'0f:t// Jofkf/Ls/0fsf af/]df slt ;r]t / ;zQm 5g\ t < lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f /sfof{Gjogdf ltgnfO{ slt ;'lgG5 < ltgsf] ;xeflutf slt ;fy{s x'G5 < oL k|Zgx¿ uDeL/ 5g\ .ls;fg tyf Joj;foLx¿ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ / WTO sf] af/]df k"0f{ lj1 x'g'k5{ eGg]eGbf klg sDtLdfltgsf pTkfbg sxfF hfG5g\ < s;/L hfG5g\ < s;n] pkef]u u5{g\ < pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ?lr, rfxgf,cfjZostf / Go"gtd dfkb08 s] x'g\ < cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/af6 ;do–;dodf ltgn] s]–s:tf r'gf}tL/ hf]lvd df]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 h:tf ljifodf ;fdfGo 1fg x'g' h?/L x'G5 . o;f] ePdf To:tf ls;fg tyfJoj;foLx¿ a9L nfeflGjt x'g ;Sg], aLrdf a;]/ zf]if0f ug]{ aLrf}lnofx¿k|lt hfu¿s aGg ;Sg],u'0f:t/k|lt ;r]t / k|lta4 /xg ;Sg], ck|Toflzt hf]lvdk|lt ;xh / ;ts{ /xg ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 .;fy} cfˆgf s'/fx¿ ;/sf/L tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;dIf /fVg ;Sg] / cfkm"n] v]Kb} cfPsf;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;Sg] ePsfn] klg WTO sf] :yfgLos/0faf6 :yfgLo s[ifs tyf Joj;foLx¿n]nfe p7fpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .


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lgof{t ;DefJo j:t'sf ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf clwsf+z j:t'x¿ :yfgLo s[ifsnufot ;fgf tyf 3/]n'Joj;foLn] pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf s[ifs tyf Joj;foLx¿ ;+ul7t gx'g], k|foM pRr lzlIft gx'g],kof{Kt k"FhL / k|ljlw klg gx'g] / /fHozlQmdf kx'Fr / k|efj klg gx'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] lxt /Iff /k|j4{g ug{ klg WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 .

Jofkfl/s b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf sltko j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg, e08f/0f, 9'jfgL, ljt/0f tyf ahf/Ls/0fdfljleGg ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . To:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ x/]s j:t'sf nflu 5'§f5'§} 6f]nL u7g u/]/ ljz]ifcWoog u/fO{ ;dfwfg vf]Hg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] n]vdf To:tf j:t'x¿sf k|ltlglw ;jfnx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf¿kdf ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ s[lifhGo j:t'x¿dfly elgPh:t} jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% / NTIS, 2010 n] lgof{t ;DefJo j:t'sf ¿kdf klxrfg u/]sfclwsf+z j:t'x¿ s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . g]kfnsf] s[lifIf]q cfkm+}df ;d:ofu|:t 5 . To;}n] o:tf j:t'x¿sfpTkfbs ls;fgx¿n] klg ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ em]Nb} cfPsf 5g\ . ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sbdx¿ rfNg' kg]{ b]lvG5 M–

1 ;DefJo ju{, If ]q / cfjZstfsf] klxrfg ug] { -Gap Identification_ Mg]kfndf lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] Psflt/ sltko lgof{thGo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug{ rfxg] ls;fgx¿ kfpg;lsPsf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ sltko ls;fgx¿ lgof{thGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg x'g kfP x'GYof]eGg] rfxgf t u5{g\ t/ To:tf j:t' s] x'g\, cfˆgf] hUufdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsGg, pTkfbgsf]ljlw, k|lqmof / k|ljlw s] xf], ;dodf plrt df]ndf laqmL x'G5 ls x'Gg eGg] ljifodf cgle1 /cGof]nu|:t 5g\ . h:t} cb'jf÷;'7f]nfO{ Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ lgof{thGo j:t'sf] ¿kdf klxrfg t ul/of] t/cb'jf v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm ef}uf]lns If]q s'g xf], To; If]qsf ls;fgx¿ cb'jf v]tL ug{ tTk/ 5g\ ls5}gg\, pgLx¿sf s]–s:tf cj:yf, k|fyldstf / cfjZostf 5g\ To;sf] klxrfg u/L ;Defljt If]qsfls;fgx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / j}1flgs tj/af6 cb'jf v]tL u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To:t} k'ikJoj;fosfxsdf klg g]kfndf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] t'ngfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf km"nx¿ s'g s'g x'g\, d'n'ssf]s'g s'g If]qdf s]–s:tf km"nx¿sf] ;Defjgf 5, To:tf km"n pTkfbg ug{] ;Defljt If]qsf ls;fgx¿nfO{s]–s:tf] r]tgfd"ns / Incentives of]hgf n}hfg] xf] eGg] ljifodf uxg cWoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

To;}u/L g]kfnsf clwsf+z s[ifsx¿ cBflk wfg, ux'F, ds}h:tf k/Dk/fut afnL nufO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf]afnLsf] pTkfbg 36\b} uPsf], ljleGg /f]uJoflwn] c;/ kf/]sf] / v]tL v08Ls/0f ePsf sf/0f tLls;fgx¿ j}slNks afnLsf] vf]hLdf 5g\ . t/ s'g afnL nufpFbf a]; x'G5, To:tf] afnL sxfF, s;/Lnufpg], ltgsf aLp÷a]gf{ sxfF kfOG5g\ eGg] af/]df To:tf ls;fgx¿ cgle1 5g\ . o;/L Psflt/sltko lgof{t ;DefJo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pko'Qm ls;fgx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ls;fgx¿sf] 7"nf] ;d"xn] pko'Qm j}slNks afnL s] x'g;S5 / s;/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ klxrfgug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fsf qmddf ;a}eGbf klxnf ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ ljifo oxL xf] . o;sf lglDt x/]sj:t'sf 5'§f5'§} sfo{6f]nL u7g u/L s'g j:t' sxfF pTkfbg x'g;S5, lj:t[t cWoog u/fpg'k5{ .ahf/lj1, cy{lj1, afnLlj1, df6f]lj1, ;dfhzf:qL;d]t /x]sf] sfo{6f]nLaf6 :yfgLo ;Defljt ls;fgx¿sf];fy{s / ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf cWoog u/fpg'k5{ .

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o:tf] cWoogaf6 klxrfg ePsf If]qsf :yfgLo s[ifsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] If]qdf s]–s:tf lgof{t–;DefJo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ cg's"n 5 eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . ;fy} k/Dk/fut afnLgfnLsf];§f cTofw'lgs j}slNks afnL nufpg rfxg] s[ifsx¿sf s'/f ;'g]/ pgLx¿sf nflu pko'{Qm x'g]afnLsf] klxrfg ug'{k5{ .

2 k|f ]T;fxg ug ]{lgof{t ;DefJo j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf nflu pko'Qm If]q / ls;fgx¿ klxrfg u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g . pgLx¿nfO{To:tf] j:t' pTkfbg ug{ sfo{d"ns 9Ëaf6 k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ . k|f]T;fxgsf nflu hfgsf/L k|bfg u/]/ dfq}x'Fb}g . 7f]; / k|lta4 gLlt / sfo{qmddfkm{t k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ . g]kfnsf clwsf+z s[ifsx¿ lgaf{xd'vLv]tL u5{g\ . k|foM Pp6} j:t' pTkfbg u/]/ pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g gx'g ;S5 . h:t} ;a}h;f] s[ifsx¿wfg, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], kmfk/, cfn', t/sf/L, l;dL, af]8L, df; cflb ;dfGo hLjg lgaf{xsf nflu cfjZos;a} j:t' pTkfbg u5{g\ . o:tf] ;+:sf/ ePsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf Pp6f dfq} jf s]xL;Lldt j:t' pTkfbg ug{ nufpg' lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . klxnf t k/Dk/fut ;f]r ePsf / hf]lvd lnggrfxg] s[ifsx¿nfO{ Ps} jf s]xL afnL nufpFbf To;af6 7"n} kmfObf x'g] eP klg dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ug{ g} sl7g 5 . To:t} Ps} j:t' jf ;Lldt j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ cfOkg]{ df};dhGo, /f]uhGo, ahf/hGohf]lvdaf6 arfpg' klg sd r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Gg . lsgls clwsf+z s[ifsx¿ s[lif pTkfbgdf clnslttndfly kgf{;fy hLjg lgaf{x ug}{ d'l:sn kg]{ cj:yfdf 5g\ . o:tf Vulnerable ls;fgx¿nfO{ Pp6}afnL pTkfbg ug{ tof/ u/fpg / pTkfbg u/fpg] pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fsfo{qmdcGtu{t ljz]if Incentive Package g} n}hfg'k5{ . o:tf] Package n] afnLgfnLsf] hf]lvd aLdfug]{, ahf/ / d"Nosf] Ps xb;Ddsf] ;'lglZrtf k|bfg ug]{h:tf sfo{qmd ;d]6\g'k5{ . l5d]sL d'n'sef/tnufot ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿df s[ifsnfO{ ljz]if cg'bfg / k|f]T;fxg lbOG5 . ef/tsf]lxdf~rn k|b]zdf s[lif :gfts¿nfO{ s[lif Joj;fok|lt cfslif{t ug{ ;/sf/n] @) nfv;Dd C0f lbG5h;df *) k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfg lbOG5 . To:t} cd]l/sfdf cuf{lgs s[lif ug]{ ls;fgnfO{ @) xhf/ 8n/;xfotf lbOG5 . Oh/fon, o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿, hfkfgnufotsf d'n'sx¿n] klg ls;fgnfO{ 7"nf] /fxtlbG5g\ . g]kfnn] klg vf;u/L lgof{thGo s[lifpkhsf] v]tL ug]{ ls;fgnfO{ ljz]if C0f ;xof]u / cg'bfglbg'k5{ . o;f] ePdf /f]huf/Lsf] cefjdf ef}+tfl/O/x]sf / ufpF g} ;'g;fg kf/]/ ljb]lzO/x]sf ls;fgx¿nfO{:jb]zd} dof{lbt /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 .

3 ;Defljt ls;fgx¿nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug ]{;Defljt ls;fgx¿nfO{ lgof{t ;Defjgf ePsf j:t' pTkfbg ug{ :yfgLo :t/df pko'Qm tflnd k|bfg ug'{WTO :yfgLos/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . g]kfndf k|foM clzlIft jf sd lzlIft JolQmx¿ v]tLkftLdf;+nUg x'g], k/Dk/fut k|ljlw, ;Lk / 1fgsf cfwf/df v]tL ug]{, s[lif k|fljlwsx¿ sd ePsf, ePsfdWo]klg ufpF3/;Dd k'u]/ ;]jf lbg g;ls/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf s'zn / cfw'lgs tj/af6 v]tL x'g g;Sg' :jfefljs}xf] . To;}n] s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf] g]t[Tjdf ;DalGwt ;a} kIfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ls;fgx¿nfO{ljz]if / lg/Gt/ tflnd ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf] tflndn] s'g j:t' sxfF, s;/L pTkfbg ug]{,cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{, u'0f:t/ / pTkfbsTj s;/L a9fpg], u'0f:t/ glau|g] u/L s;/L afnLleq\ofpg] / ;~ro ug]{ / To:tf] afnLdf s;/L d"No clej[l4 (Value add) ug]{ -h:t}– vGbfvGb}sf]cb'jfeGbf ;'sfO{s]nfO{{ yk Processing u/L a]Rg] tflnd_ h:tf ljifox¿ ;d]6\g'k5{ . o;af6 pTkfbg sfo{;xh, k|efjsf/L / u'0f:t/Lo x'g] / s[ifsx¿sf] cfDbfgL / ;Gt'li6 klg j[l4 x'g] x'G5 .


76

4 pTkfbg sfo{df ;xof ]udf k'¥ofpg]WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf lgof{t ;Defljt j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfly{s, k|fljlws,Jofj;flos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o;sf nflu ;/sf/nufot ;/f]sf/jfnflgsfox¿n] s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;x'lnotdf C0f pknAw u/fpg], u'0f:t/Lo dn, aLp, s[lif ;fdu|L, d]l;gx¿,6«SofS6/, 6o"jj]n vl/b ubf{ kof{Kt cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg], h]=l6=P= nufotsf k|fljlws ;]jfx¿pknAw u/fpg] ug'{k5{ . lgof{thGo s[lif pkhsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if s[lif gLlt, e"–pkof]u gLlt th'{dfu/L sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ .5 u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if hf ]8 lbg]cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df s[lif pkhsf] u'0f:t/sf] k|Zg lgs} ;+j]bgzLn dflgG5 . ljb]z lgof{t ubf{;LdfIf]qdf Sjf/]G6fOg hfFr ug]{ Joj:yfn] ljleGg axfgfdf lgof{t c;xh agfpg ;S5 . To:t} WTOsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ sd u'0f:t/Lo s[lif pkhnfO{ Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT_ / Sanitary andphytosanitary (SPS) h:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag u/]/ cfoft lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . s[lifpkhx¿sf] u'0f:t/sf ;DaGwdf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿aLr klg a]nfavt ljleGg ljjfb x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf g]kfnsf s[lifhGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ ls;fgx¿nfO{ klg ;r]t / ;ts{agfpg'k5{ . o;sf lglDt u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ tflnd lbg], /fd|/L r]shfFr u/L u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fug]{, /fd|f] aLp, dnvfb k|of]u ug{ ;r]t / k|f]T;flxt ug]{ s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .To:t} lgof{thGo j:t'x¿df ljleGg vfn] /f]ux¿ nfu]/ ls;fgx¿ kLl8t / ddf{xt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . h:t}cn}+rLdf l5s]{, km's]{, h'/h'/] cflb /f]u nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . cb'jfdf ufg' s'lxg] /f]u nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . To:t}cGo j:t'df ljz]if vfn] /f]u nfUfL pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg], u'0f:t/ 36\g], pTkfbs ls;fgx¿ o:tf j:t'pTkfbg ug{af6 lg/f; eO{ cGo j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf nfUg] ;d:of 5 .;/sf/ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ ldn]/ o:tf j:t'df nfUg] /f]usf] klxrfg ug]{, s[lif dGqfno/ cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿dfkm{t Bio-technology sf] k|of]u u/L /f]usf] pkrf/ ljlw kQf nufpg], gofF:j:y aLp pTkfbg ug]{, afnLsf] aLdf u/fpg], SPS k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] cflb Joj:yfug'{ cfjZos 5 .lgof{thGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ sltko s[ifsx¿nfO{ ltgsf j:t' sxfF s;n] pkef]u u5{ eGg] ;fdfGohfgsf/L klg 5}g . t;y{ ls;fgx¿nfO{ o:tf] ljifodf ;r]t agfpg}k5{ . h:t} To:tf j:t' pkef]u ug]{pkef]Qmfx¿ u'0f:t/k|lt c;fWo} ;r]t x'G5g\ . cem k|fª\ufl/s (Organic) pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if dgk/fpF5g\ eGg] ljifodf ;r]t u/fpg ;s] aLplahg 5gf]6, dn, sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u, afnLleq\ofpFbf / e08f/0f ubf{b]lv g} u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .lgof{thGo j:t'x¿df s]lGb|t /x]/ s[liflj1x¿sf] cflwsflws ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ /fHon] hf]8lbg'k5{ . b'O{ ltxfO{eGbf a9L hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g / cy{tGqdf Ps ltxfO{ of]ubfg ug]{ If]qdfkof{Kt k|fljlw1x¿sf] cefj :ki6 v6\lsPsf] 5 . of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s[lif ljZjljBfno :yfkgfu/L k|r'/ hgzlQm ljsf; ug'{k5{ .6 oftfoft / e08f/0fsf] Joj:yf ug] {clwsf+z s[lif pkhx¿ w]/} lbg;Dd l6sfO/fVg ufx|f] x'G5 . h:t} t/sf/L tyf t/sf/Lsf] aLp pTkfbg ug]{,k'ik Joj;fo ug]{ ls;fgx¿n] jftfg's"lnt 9'jfgL ;]jf / zLt e08f/u[xsf] cefj em]ln/x]sf 5g\ . s0ff{nLc~rnnufotsf lhNnfx¿df :ofp, l;dLnufotsf s[lif pkhx¿ oftfoft ;]jfs]f cefjsf sf/0f

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ufO{a:t'nfO{ v'jfpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . To;}n] WTO sf] :yfgLos/0f cleofg;Fu} jftfg's"lnt 9'jfgL ;]jf /kof{Kt zLt e08f/u[x lgdf{0f ug{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug{'k5{ . o;sf nflu Cost Sharing klg ug{ ;lsG5 .7 ahf/Ls/0fsf ] Joj:yf ldnfpg]]g]kfnL s[ifsx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;d:of xf] . clwsf+z cgk9, ;f]emf;LwfufpFn]x¿ s[lif k]zfdf 5g\ . pgLx¿ j:t' ahf/Ls/0f ug]{, d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / cem lgof{tug]{ ljifodf sl/a cgle1 5g\ . oxL sdhf]/Lsf] kmfObf p7fP/ aLrdf a:g] Jofkf/Lx¿n] s[ifsx¿nfO{sd d"No lbg] / clGtd pkef]ustf{;Fu a9L d"No c;'n]/ Jofks gfkmf vfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6;f]emf;Lwf s[ifsx¿sf] kl;gfsf] df]n klg gp7\g] cj:yf 5 . ls;fgx¿ c;Ël7t ePsf sf/0fJofkf/Ln] lbPsf] yf]/} df]ndf g} eP klg j:t' laqmL ug{ afWo 5g\ . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df dn, aLp /dhb'/sf] Hofnf;d]t a9]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ls;fgx¿ aLrf}lnof Jofkf/Lx¿n] sf6]{lnË u/]/ lbg] dgf]dfgLd"Noaf6 kLl8t 5g\ .o; jif{ cn}+rL pTkfbs ls;fgx¿n] k|ltdg -@) lsnf]_ cn}+rLsf] sl/a ?= % xhf/df Jofkf/LnfO{ laqmLu/] . Jofkf/Ln] ToxL cn+}rL k|ltdg ?= %% xhf/;Dddf laqmL u/] . ;'?df tL ls;fgx¿nfO{ cn}+rLsf]efp 36\g] xf}jf lkmhfOFof] . p;} t l5s]{, km's]{nufotsf /f]un] u|:t eP/ pTkfbg 36]sf]df pN6f] efp36\g] 8/n] ls;fgx¿n] xtf/ xtf/ ;:tf]df cn}+rL a]r] . cflv/ ToxL cn+}rLn] Oltxf;d} pRrtd d"Nokfof] . To;af6 ls;fgx¿ nfeflGjt xf]Og lg/fz eP .lgof{t ;DefJo j:t'x¿sf] ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 M–• ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;Ël7t agfpg pTkfbs ;xsf/L u7g ug]{÷u/fpg] . o:tf] ;xsf/Ln] lglZrt d"No

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k|foM 3/}lkR5} ufO{ kfN5g\ . hfkfgsf ls;fgx¿ 7"nf7"nf s/f]8klt 5g\ . blIf0f sf]l/ofdf s[lif k]zfug]{x¿ ;fgbf/ sf/ r9]/ lxF8\5g\ . ;/sf/sf] s[lifs]lGb|t alnof] gLlt / Odfgbf/ / k|lta4 sfof{Gjoglagfof] ;Dej 5}g . sltko d'n'ssf] cg'ejn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] ufpFsf] ljsf; ge} ;du| d'n'ssf] ljsf;;Dej 5}g / ls;fgsf] hLjg:t/ gpsf;L ;du| d'n'ssf] cfly{s j[l4 lbuf] / km/flsnf] x'g ;Sb}g .To;}n] ;/sf/ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfon] s[lif Joj;fonfO{ dof{lbt, k|ltli7t, ;'/lIft, ;'lglZrt /d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ zAbdf xf]Og Jojxf/df 7f]; gLlt / sfo{qmd;lxt pqg'k5{ .10 Jojl:yt / ;'lgof]lht v]tL k|0ffnL ljsf; ug] {g]kfnsf ls;fgx¿ k|foM 6f]nl5d]sdf b]v]sf] e/df / nx8df gofF afnLgfnL nufpg] u5{g\ . Jojl:yt1fg, r]tgf / of]hgfsf] cefjdf To:tf] j:t'sf] v]tL ubf{ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ ;/sf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n];DalGwt lgof{thGo s[lif pkh s:tf] xfjfkfgL, df6f] ePsf] 7fpFdf x'G5, slt If]qdf / slt ls;fgnfO{;xefuL u/fpFbf ahf/sf] dfucg';f/ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5, To:tf] j:t'sf] pTkfbg ubf{ ;DalGwt ls;fgnfO{s]–s:tf] cj;/ nfut (opportunity cost) k5{, ls;fgsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;xeflutfd"ns cj:yfdfs:tf] k|efj k5{, s]–s:tf oftfoft, ;~rf/, l;FrfO{, aLplahg, k|ljlwsf] vfFrf] k5{, s:tf] s[lif k|fljlwshgzlQm, dhb'/sf] cfjZostf k5{, pTkfbs s[ifsx¿nfO{ s]–s:tf] r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd / tflnd pknAwu/fpg'k5{ cflb ljifodf lj:t[t cWoog u/]/ ;'lgof]lht / Jojl:yt 9Ën] v]tL u/fpg'k5{ .

g]kfn WTO nufot ax'kIfLo, If]qLo, / låkIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] kIf /fi6« ag]sf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfnklg nfeflGjt x'g ;S5, :yfgLo s[ifsx¿ klg nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\, o;af6 nfe p7fpg xfdLn] o:tf]e"ldsf o;/L lgjf{x ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ :ki6 agfP/ ;r]t, Jojl:yt / ;'lgof]lht s[lifk|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{k5{ .v_ 3/]n'hGo j:t' pTkfbg ug ]{jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% n] lgof{t ;DefJo j:t'sf ¿kdf s]xL ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]usf pTkfbgx¿ klg;d]6]sf] 5, h:t} lsdtL÷cw{lsdtL kTy/ tyf ;'grfFbLsf uxgf, xft] sfuh / ;f]sf] pTkfbg,sfi7snfsf j:t'x¿, kl:dgf, x:tsnfsf ;fdfgx¿ cflb . To;} u/L NTIS, 2010 n] klg nueu ltg}j:t'nfO{ lgof{t ;DefJo j:t'sf ¿kdf klxrfg u/]s]f 5 . dfly elgPh:t} o:tf j:t'sf pTkfbsx¿ / cemo:tf j:t'sf sRrfkbfy{sf pTkfbsx¿ ;fgf / c;Ël7t ¿kdf ;x/df / k|foM ufpFdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ .o:tf pTkfbgx¿sf k|ltlglw ;jfnx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 –

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306f;Ddsf] nf]8;]l8ªsf] df/ v]Kg'k/]sf] 5 . oL k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/ klg ;lqmotfk"j{s nfUgg;Sg] clg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ klg df}g a:g] ePkl5 s;/L ck]lIft pknlAw k|fKt x'G5 ? o:tf k|fjwfgx¿sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf k]zfsdL{ tyf Joj;foLx¿n] ;r]t, ;lqmo / ;sf/fTds ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{3r3Rofpg / ;/sf/;Fu xft]dfnf] ug{ ;s]sf] eP oL gLltx¿ sfuhdf dfq ;Lldt x'g] lyPgg\ .

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lgisif {ax'kIfLo, If]qLo / låkIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf / pbf/ tyf v'nf ljZjJofkf/af6 l;lh{t cj;/sf] bf]xgug{ s]Gb|df a;]/ gLlt lgdf{0f ub}{df / s]xL pRr Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg / ;Lldt k|fl1s JolQmx¿n] af}l4sljnf; ub}{df ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;sf lglDt lgof{t Jofkf/df k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ;DalGwt :yfgLotNnf]eGbf tNnf] txsf dhb'/, s[ifs / Joj;foLnfO{ klg clwsflws hfu¿s / ;xefuL agfpg'k5{ .o;sf nflu ax'kIfLo, If]qLo / låkIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ :yfgLos/0fsf] cleofgsf] ¿kdfufpFdf n}hfg'k5{ . WTO eGgf;fy h]g]eflt/ kms{g]] dfq xf]Og, cfˆgf ufpF3/sf s[ifs, Joj;foL,Jofkf/L / hgtfnfO{ klg dxŒjsf ;fy x]g'{ / k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . hlt g} cy{k"0f{ jftf{ u/]/ pknlAwd"ns;lGw;Demf}tf u/] klg / j}b]lzs ahf/df kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/] klg a9LeGbf a9L :yfgLo pTkfbg, >d, ;Lk/ 1fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L lgof{t a9fpg ;lsPg eg] To;sf] s]xL cy{ /xGg . a? WTO , v'nf / pbf/cy{tGqsf gfddf d'n'ssf] cy{tGq yk w/fzoL / bogLo aGb} hfG5 . t;y{ WTO sf] :yfgLos/0fnfO{Pp6f ;fy{s / k|lta4 cleofgsf ¿kdf n}hfg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;nfO{ ax'kIfLo, If]qLo /låkIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf / pbf/ / v'nf ljZjJofkf/af6 l;lh{t cj;/af6 nfe lng] inward lookingapproach sf ¿kdf x]g'{k5{ . ;fy} ljZjJofkLs/0f / :yfgLos/0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ (balancingbetween globalization and localization) /0fgLltsf ¿kdf klg o;nfO{ lng'k5{ .

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;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ Mw jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ .w g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs/0f /0fgLlt (NTIS, 2010), jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ .w cf }Bf ] lus gLlt, @)^&, pBf]u dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ .w ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfx¿ , /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/ .w bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLltnufot ljleGg s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfg"gx¿ , s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ .w sflGtk'/ b } lgsnufot ljleGg kqklqsfx? .w www.wto.org

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gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& Mcf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf

ljifo k|j]z Mcf}Bf]lus ljsf; ljgf s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s pGglt ;Dej b]lv+b}g . b}lgs cfwf/e"tcfjZostfsf j:t'x¿s]f cfk"lt{b]lv lgof{td"ns j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg u/L ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g, cfoftk|lt:yfkg, cg's"n zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ j[l4af6 /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{dhj't agfpg] Ps dfq bl/nf] cfwf/ pBf]u g} xf] . o;}sf dfWodaf6 ljZjsf clwsf+z ljsl;td'n'sx¿n] b|'tt/ cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n u/]sf] kfOG5 . hfkfg, cd]l/sf nufot o'/f]lkog d'n'sx¿sf]cfly{s ljsf;df cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg sl/a *) k|ltzteGbf dfly /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] em08}jflif{s !) k|ltztsf] b/n] tLj| cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub}{ cfO/x]sf] rLgsf] dha't cy{tGqsf]cfwf/lznf klg cf}Bf]lus ljsf; g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] ult lng;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . bzf}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo ;Dddf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg sl/a*=! k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] kfOG5 . cf=j= @)^%.^^ sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0f cg';f/ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdfpTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] lx:;f ^=* k|ltztdf ;+s'lrt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .cf}Bf ] lus ljsf;sf] k|of;Mg]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] sl/a & bzs gfl3;s]sf] eP tfklg o;sf] ;kmntfdf ;Gtf]iflng ;lsg] cj:yf b]lv+b}g . k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!#—!*_ sf] sfof{Gjog ;Fu;Fu} cf}Bf]lusljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg] k|of; yflnPsf] eP tfklg o; If]qdf :ki6 gLlt tyf P]gsfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f x'g ;s]gg\ . pBf]udf lghL Pj+ ljb]zL nufgL cg's"nsf] jftfj/0f aGg ;s]g .cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s ;Dks{ Pj+ ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsPg . gjLgtd k|ljlwx¿leq\ofpg] k|of; ul/Pg h;n] ubf{ xfd|f pBf]u Joj;fo k/Dk/fut cj:yfaf6 dfly p7\g ;s]gg\ .k|foMh;f] pBf]u :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf dfq b]lvof], kmn:j¿k ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdfldl>t cy{tGqsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ;/sf/L :t/df w]/} ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgx¿ :yfkgf eP / ;g\ !(**;Dd cfOk'Ubf oL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;+Vof em08} ̂ ^ k'u]sf] lyof] . t/ ;g !(() sf] bzsdf cfOk'Ubfgk'Ub} cTolws ;/sf/L x:tIf]k, c;Ifd Joj:yfkg, bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj, cfly{s clgoldttf, j:t' tyfahf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] cefj, Jofj;flostfsf] sdL cflb h:tf sf/0fn] oL ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgx¿ s'zntfk"j{s;~rfng x'g ;s]gg\, s]jn /fi6«sf nflu cfly{s af]emsf ¿kdf dfq v8f eP .;g !(*) sf] bzsdf ljZjn] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df 7"nf] km8\sf] dfl/;s]sf] lyof] . gjLgtd k|ljlwsf]k|of]uaf6 pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf]ljsf; u/L cf–cfˆgf pTkfbgnfO{ ljZj ahf/df k'¥ofpg] xf]8jfhLdf l;Ëf] k[YjL Pp6f ufpFdf kl/0ftePsf] cj:yf b]vf k¥of] . k"/} ljZj Pp6f e"d08nLo w/ftndf ;fF3'l/of] . ljZjJofkLs/0f (Globalization)sf] cjwf/0ffn] hGd lnof] . d'n'sx¿ cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf l;4fGtdf cfslif{t eP / cg';/0fdf nfu] .@zfvf clws[t, pBf ]u dGqfno

@rGb|axfb'/ sfsL {

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

83

ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k cfly{s k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ bjfjn]xfd|f cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ klg lgb]{lzt x'Fb} hfg yfn] . kmn:j¿k @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf];kmntf kZrft\ k|fKt ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cg'¿k xfd|f] cfly{s k|0ffnL pbf/jfbtkm{ pGd'veof] . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L j[l4 ug]{, ;/sf/L pB]fux¿ lghLIf]qdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{, :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL nufgL cfslif{t x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, k|lqmof;/nLs/0f ug]{, gofF tyf pko'Qm k|ljlw leq\ofpFb} pTkfbg Pj+ pTkfbsTj clej[l4 / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ u/Lk|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4af6 lgof{t j[l4 u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ub}{ n}hfg], /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ j[l4u/L ;du| /fli6«o cy{tGqdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpFb} n}hfg] p2]Zon] lj=;+= @)$( ;fndf cf}Bf]lusgLlt, @)$( hf/L ul/of] . o; gLlt cg's"n x'g] u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( nufot cGo P]gsfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f, ;+zf]wg ul/P . oxL gLltut Joj:yf cg'¿k d'n'sn] lghLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]tc+uLsf/ u¥of] . o; qmddf xfn;Dd #) j6f ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgx¿nfO{ lghLs/0f ul/;lsPsf] 5 .cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ sf] cGTo;Dddf cfOk'Ubf d'n'sdf #$* j6f 7"nf pBf]ux¿, (** j6f demf}nfpBf]ux¿, @^@@ j6f ;fgf pBf]ux¿ / @,!^,^^# j6f n3' tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

oL gLltut Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'¿k cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] u/L of]hgfut ljsf;sf k|of; x'Fb}cfP . bzf}F of]hgfdf lghL If]qnfO{ cfjZos k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6 cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf j[l4Pj+ lj:tf/ u/L s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfgdf j[l4 ug]{, n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf]dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ul/aL 36fpg], t'ngfTds nfesf If]qdf ljb]zLnufgL tyf pko'Qm k|ljlw leq\ofO{ cf}Bf]lus k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf nIo tyf p2]Zox¿/flvPsf lyP . tyflk o; of]hgf cjlwdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] lau|Fbf] l:ylt, ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;]jfk|efjsfl/tfdf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/Lsf sf/0faf6 kg{ uPsf] gsf/fTds k|efjn] tf]lsPsf] nIo xfl;n x'g;s]g . bzf}+ of]hgf cjlwdf jflif{s ;/b/ &=* k|ltztsf b/n] cf}Bf]lus j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ nIo /flvPsf]df!=( k|ltztsf] j[l4b/ dfq xfl;n ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L o; of]hgf cjlwdf pBf]u tyf vfgL If]qsf] s'nufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf If]qut of]ubfg (=# k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg /flvPsf]df *=! k|ltzt dfq /xg k'u]sf]] lyof] .

lqjifL {o cGtl/d of]hgfdf pBf]u If ]qtLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$—^&_ df pBf]u If]qn] ef]lu/x]sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sdL, Jofj;flosjftfj/0fsf] cefj, sdhf]/ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fsf] ;d:of, k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf]cefj h:tf ;d:of tyf gLltut cl:y/tf, ;'/Iffsf] cefj, dhb'/ x8\tfn, hl6n sfg"gL ;+/rgf,k|lqmofut l9nfO, bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL, k"FhLsf] ckof{Kttf, e+;f/ d"NofÍg;DaGwL hl6ntf, jftfj/0f;+/If0fsf k|fjwfg cg'¿k pBf]un] ;dfof]hg ug{ g;Sg' h:tf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ub}{ cufl8 a9\g]u/L æljZj cy{tGq;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg], a[xt\ cfwf/ ;lxtsf] pRr Pj+ bLuf] j[l4b/ ePsf] cf}Bf]lusjftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{Æ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /flvPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;an cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{,n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf hf]8 lbg], lghLIf]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg j[l4 Pj+ g]kfnnfO{ ;'/lIft, cfsif{s, jftfj/0f—d}qL nufgL:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo ;lxt jflif{s ;/b/ ̂ =# k|ltztsf b/n] cf}Bf]lus j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{,of]hgf cjlwdf sl/a ?= $& ca{ cf}Bf]lus nufgL ug]{ -cfGtl/s / afXo b'a}_ yk ! nfv %) xhf//f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ ls6fg ul/Psf lyP .


84

o;/L cGtl/d of]hgfn] ck]Iff u/]sf k|ltkmnx¿ k|fKt x'g ;s] ;s]gg\ eg]/ of]hgfsf] k"0f{sfnLgpknlAw ljZn]if0f eOg;s]sf] x'Fbf ls6fgL ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf geP tfklg ljut @ jif{sf pknlAwnfO{cfFsng ubf{ pT;fxk|b cj:yf dfGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] ah]6sf] dWofjlwd"NofÍg k|ltj]bgn] o; cf=j= sf] qodf;df cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg ;"rsfÍ )=)& k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]vfPtfklg a9\bf] nf]8 ;]l8Ë, cf}Bf]lus If]qdf rs{+bf] tgfj, cfk"lt{ Joj:yfdf b]lvPsf] c;xhtf nufotsfsf/0f rfn" cfly{s jif{df pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u If]qsf] pTkfbgdf ;+s'rg cfpg ;Sg] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .

ev{/} k|sfzdf cfPsf] cfufdL lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)^&.^*—@)^(.&)_ n] cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iffsf]k|Tofe"lt x'g g;s]sf], cfGtl/s Pj+ jfXo nufgL cfslif{t ug{ g;lsPsf], nufgL cg's"n jftfj/0fl;h{gf x'g g;s]sf], bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf], lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] ljljwLs/0f x'g g;s]sf], gofFk|ljlw leq\ofpg g;lsPsf] ;fy} k|ljlw u|x0f ug]{ Ifdtf Go"g /x]sfn] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug{ g;lsPsf],cf}Bf]lus—d}qL >d gLlt nfu" ug{ g;lsPsf], ljB't cfk"lt{df clgoldttf -nf]8 ;]l8Ësf] ;d:of /x]sf]_,Joj;foL tyf >ldsaLr cljZjf; / c;dembf/Lsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf], u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf] sdL/x]sf], n3' pBdLx¿sf] n3' ljQdf kx'Fr gePsf], ahf/;Fusf] cu|;DaGw sdhf]/ /x]sf], ljZjJofkLs/0ftyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] l;h{gf ub}{ NofPsf] tLj| k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf]ljsf;;Fu cfTd;ft ug{;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g g;s]sf] cflb h:tf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf ;d:of /r'gf}tLx¿ cfF}NofpFb} o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L p2]Zo Pj+ /0fgLlt ls6fg u/]/ jflif{s ;/b/ % k|ltztsfb/n] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .

gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& sf] cfjZostfMljutsf jif{x¿b]lv xfn;Dd cf}Bf]lus If]qdf b]lvPsf] c;xh kl/l:yltx¿nfO{ gLltut, sfg"gL,;+u7gfTds, ;+/rgfTds, k|lqmofut cflb If]qx¿df ;'wf/ u/L ;Daf]wg ug{, cfly{s If]qdf b]lvPsfkl/jt{g, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf] qmflGt, g]kfnsf] ax'kIfLo, If]qLo, låkIfLo ;lGw ;+u7gdf k|j]zh:tf ljifox¿af6 cf}Bf]lus If]qdf pTkGg cj;/x¿sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{ ;]jf pBf]ux¿sf] cy{tGqdfa9\bf] e"ldsfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{sf ;fy} ljutsf] cf}Bf]lus gLltdf ;d]6\g g;lsPsf ljifox¿nfO{;dfj]z u/L pbf/ / km/flsnf] cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfjZos ePsf],g]kfnsf ;Ldf hf]l8Psf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf If]qx¿df pBf]usf] k|j4{gsf nflu k|bfg ul/Psf ;'ljwftyf ;x'lnotx¿ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f b]zsf] cfly{sljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+jfxs ePsf] x'gfn] cf}Bf]lus ultljlw a9fpg'sf ;fy} cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df ;xof]uLx'g] k|ljlwut, ef}lts / dfgj ;+;fwg;DaGwL k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuLu/fpg cfjZos ePsf] ;Gbe{df gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& tof/ ePsf] 5 .

;]jf pBf]udf cfPsf] ljljwtf tyf To;af6 l;lh{t cj;/nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] ultnfO{tLj|t/ kfg]{, n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{gsf lgldQ ljz]if gLltut Joj:yf ug{, dlxnfpBdLx¿sf] lgldQ ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{, cf}Bf}lus k|j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsfod u/L gLltn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot tyf k|j4{gfTds Joj:yfdf ;+s'rg x'g] u/L cGogLltut Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf gug]{ / cgfjZos x:tIf]k gx'g] u/L ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ ;d]t cfjZosePsf] ;Gbe{df oL ;a} s'/fx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ p2]Zon] gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

85

cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& sf] bL3{sfnLg nIoM;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] k|efjsf/L, ;dGjofTds / ;fd~h:ok"0f{ ;xsfo{df lbuf] Pj+ a[xt\cfwf/;lxtsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 /fli6«o cy{tGqdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'¥ofO{ ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf;3fp k'¥ofpg] .

gLltsf k|d'v p2]Zox¿ M plNnlvt bL3{sfnLg nIo xfl;n ug{ gofF cf}Bf]lus gLltn] b]xfosf kfFrj6f k|d'v p2]Zox¿ ;d]6]sf] 5 M1 u'0f:t/Lo tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg Pj+ pTkfbsTj clej[l4af6 /fli6«o cfo / /f]huf/Ldf

a9f]Q/L;lxt cf}Bf]lus j:t'sf] lgof{t a9fpg] .2 :yfgLo ;|f]t, sRrf kbfy{, ;Lk / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng u/L ;Gt'lnt /fli6«o tyf If]qLo ljsf;df

pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg] .3 gjLgtd k|ljlw Pj+ jftfj/0fd}qL pTkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ k|of]u u/L pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ lbuf] Pj+

e/kbf]{ If]qsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ .4 cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos pTkfbgzLn hgzlQm tyf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub}{

;an nufgLsf] cfwf/ v8f u/L g]kfnnfO{ blIf0f Plzof If]q tyf ljZjs} cfsif{s nufgL:ynsf]¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ .

5 cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .p2]Zo xfl;n ug] { gLltut Joj:yf M plNnlvt kfFrj6f k|d'v p2]ZonfO{ xfl;n ug{ gLltn]b]xfoadf]lhdsf gLltut Joj:yfx¿ ;d]6]sf] 5 –1 cf}Bf]lus j:t'sf] lgsf;L a9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ / e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf

;3fp k'¥ofOg] .2 cf}Bf]lus j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf, u'0f:t/ tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg /fli6«o Pj+

cf}Bf]lus PsfOsf] txdf gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf k|flKtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] .3 ;'b[9 cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwnfO{ pBf]u ljsf;sf] k|an cfwf/ dfgL pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'g] u/L nlrnf] >d

gLlt agfO{ /f]huf/bftf / >ldsaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfpg tyf yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf /;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] >d sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]adf]lhd sfd gubf{sf] kfl/>lds lbg' gkg]{l;4fGt (No pay for no work principle) nfO{ cËLsf/ ul/g] .

4 lgof{td"ns pBf]u, ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt pBf]u, k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]u, / clt cljsl;t,cljsl;t / sdljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg:j¿k yk ;'ljwf Pj+ ;x'lnotpknAw u/fOg] .

5 ljZjdf gofF ;Defjgfsf] ¿kdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] cf}Bf]lus ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, pko'Qm k|ljlw Pj+h}ljs k|ljlw (Bio-technology) sf] If]qdf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ ;~rfng ug{k|f]T;fxg ul/g] .

6 :yfgLo ;|f]t / sRrf kbfy{, ;Lk, >d / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ pBf]usf] k|j4{g ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] .7 k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe / t''ngfTds kmfObf ePsf If]qsf] klxrfg Pj+ pkof]u u/L cf}Bf]lus cfwf/nfO{

alnof] / lbuf] agfOg] .8 /fli6«o pBf]ux¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfndf sDtLdf #) k|ltzt d"No clej[l4 ePsf] cf}Bf]lus

pTkfbg ;/sf/L tyf ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfn] vl/b ug]{ u/L k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ul/g] .


86

9 cfˆg} k|of;df jftfj/0f—d}qL k|ljlw Pj+ pmhf{ art ug]{ pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fljlws / cfly{s;xof]u k'¥ofOg] .

10 xl/t pBf]usf] k|j4{g tyf :yflkt pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|b""if0fd'Qm / z"Go sfj{go'Qm t'Nofpg ljz]ifpkfo cjnDag ul/g] .

11 :j/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ pBf]u Joj;fodf l;h{gzLn o'jf k|ltefnfO{ cfslif{t ug{cf}Bf]lus ;Lk, pBdzLntf ljsf; tyf s'zn cf}Bf]lus Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4sflqmofsnfknfO{ cleofgsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g] .

12 ;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt, /fh:j gLlt, :yfgLo s/ / cGo If]qut gLlt lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g ubf{cf}Bf]lus gLlt;Fu k|lts"n gx'g] k4lt cjnDag ul/g] / pBf]unfO{ ;+/If0f, ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotpknAw u/fpFbf ax'kIfLo Pj+ If]qLo ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfg;Fu ;fd~h:o sfod /flvg] .

13 cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpgsf nflu cf}Bf}lus ;'/Iff an u7g u/L k|efjsf/L t'NofOg] .14 j}b]lzs nufgL ;+/If0f, ljljwLs/0f / k|j4{g ug{ u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{

k|f]T;flxt ul/g] / k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL (Foreign Direct Investment) a9L ug]{ d'n'sl:yt g]kfnL/fhb"tfjf; tyf lgof]udf cf}Bf]lus nufgL k|j4{gsf nflu cfly{s s"6gLlts PsfOnfO{ ;an t'NofOg] .

15 lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]q ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf nufgL k|j4{g sf]if, k|ljlw ljsf; sf]if, n3' 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; sf]if, ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg sf]if / u}/ Jofj;flos / u}/ Jofkfl/s hf]lvd(Non-Business and Non-Commercial Risk) sf] Ifltk"lt{ (Compensation) lbg cf}Bf]lus nufgL;+/If0f sf]if (Industrial Investment Protection Fund) sf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ul/g] .

16 pBf]unfO{ ;+/If0f, ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg nufgL af]8{, Psn ljGb" ;]jf s]Gb|,cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{, cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg k|flws/0f, cf}Bf]lus hgzlQm ljsf; k|lti7fg,g]kfn Joj;fo d~r (Nepal Business Forum) h:tf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g] .

17 pTkfbg k|lqmofdf cu| Pj+ k[i7 ;DaGw (Forward and backward linkages) a9fpg ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L Contract Manufacturing, Outsourcing, Contracting-out, Franchising, Ancillary / BuyBack h:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] .

18 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] nflu k|efjsf/L lgsfo :yfkgf ul/g] .19 af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|of]u ug{ pBdLnfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbOg] .

cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& sf d'Vo–d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿M

1 ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf Mcf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufgL cfslif{t ub}{ n}hfg] tyf lgof{td"ns pBf]ux¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ u/L gLltn] ljleGg;'ljwf / ;x'lnotx¿sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 M–s_ cfos/M pBf]usf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ub}{ n}hfg ;"lt{, dlb/fhGo / sTyf pBf]u afx]s cGo ljz]if

pBf]uaf6 cflh{t cfodf nfUg] s/sf] skf]{/]6 b/df % k|ltzt laGb'n] sd x'g], clt cljsl;t If]qdf:yflkt pBf]unfO{ !) jif{;Dd nfUg] cfos/df () k|ltzt 5'6, cljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{*) k|ltzt 5'6, sd ljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{ &) k|ltzt 5'6sf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]ux¿dWo] hnljB't pTkfbg, vlgh pTvgg, l;d]G6 pTkfbg, k]6«f]lnod tyf UofF;cGj]if0f pBf]unfO{ sf/f]jf/ z'? u/]sf] ldltn] & jif{;Dd cfos/df () k|ltzt 5'6 x'g], ;"rgf kfs{leq:yfkgf x'g] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ cfos/sf] %) k|ltzt 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

87

;fgf pBf]un] ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L !)) hgf, demf}nf pBf]un] @)) hgf / 7"nf pBf]un] %))hgfeGbf a9L JolQmnfO{ k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbPdf To:tf pBf]un] To; jif{ nfUg] cfos/df yk @%k|ltzt 5'6 kfpg], k|ToIf /f]huf/Lsf] %) k|ltzt :jb]zL dlxnf, blnt jf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmePdf $) k|ltzt 5'6 kfpg], ;xfos j:t'sf] k|of]uaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] j:t'sf] ljqmLaf6 x'g]cfDbfgLsf] %) k|ltzt c+zdf cfos/ 5'6 x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

v_ e+;f/, cGtMz'Ns / d"No clej[l4 s/ M d'n'sleq pTkflbt j:t' ljb]z lgsf;L u/]dfcGtMz'Ns / d"No clej[l4 s/ gnfUg], lgof{td"ns pBf]ux¿n] cGo pBf]u;Fu s/f/ -SubContracting_ u/L lgsf;Ld"ns j:t' pTkfbg u/]df To:tf j:t'df k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{, ;xfossRrf kbfy{ tyf Kofs]lhË ;fdu|Ldf nfu]sf] e+;f/ dx;'n, cGtMz'Ns / d"No clej[l4 s/ lgof{tePsf] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . To:t} …8\o'6L 8« AofsÚsf] ;'ljwfsf]Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] pBf]un] cfˆgf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cfoft ug]{ d]lzg/L, 6«fG;kmd{/, h]g]/]6/,cf}Bf]lus pks/0f tyf cf}hf/df ! k|ltzt dfq e+;f/ dx;'n nfUg], ;fy} u'0f:t/ dfkgk|of]uzfnfx¿n] cfoft ug]{ d]lzg/L, j}1flgs pks/0f / pBf]u lj:tf/sf] nflu yk d]lzg/L tyfpks/0f nufot cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu Nofpg] d]lzg/L tyf pks/0fdf ;d]t ! k|ltztdfq e+;f/ dx;'n nfUg] / cGtMz'Ns tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

2 ;+:yfut Joj:yf, ;+u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0f MgLltn] ljBdfg ;+u7gfTds Joj:yfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/L gofF ;+u7gx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+/rgfut;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ n}hfg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{tkm{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 M–s_ nufgL af]8{sf] Joj:yf M gLltn] cf}Bf]lus nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf, ;+/If0f, ;xof]u / k|lta4tf k|bfg

ug{, PsLs[t gLlt lgdf{0f ug{, k|j4{g sfo{df cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t / ;fwg h'6fpg Pj+ nufgLstf{nfO{Ps} ynf]af6 cfjZos kg]{ ;a} lsl;dsf ;]jf / ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLsf]cWoIftfdf clwsf/ ;DkGg pRr:t/Lo ænufgL af]8{ -Board of Investment_Æ sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

v_ cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{sf] Joj:yf M gLltn] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] k|j4{g tyf ljsf; ug{ tyf pBf]uIf]qsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug{ dfggLo pBf]u dGqL÷/fHodGqLsf]cWoIftfdf lghL If]qsf lj1x¿ ;d]t /xg] u/L Pp6f æcf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{ -Industrial PromotionBoard_Æ u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

u_ cf}Bf ]lus hgzlQm ljsf; k|lti7fg M pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg ;/sf/L tyflghL If]qsf ;+3—;+:yfx¿sf] hgzlQm Pj+ k|ljlw ljsf; ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf k|lzIfsx¿sf]k|lzIf0f, Joj:yfkg / k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ tyf cg';Gwfg, k|lzIf0f tyf pTkfbsTj clej[l4;DaGwLsfo{ ug{ :yflkt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ljsf; k|lti7fg, a'6jn 6]lSgsn OlG:6Ro"6, 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, ;Lkljsf; tflnd s]Gb| h:tf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ PsLs/0f u/L 5'6\6} sfg"gcGtu{t cf}Bf]lus hgzlQm ljsf; k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .

3_ cf}Bf ]lus If ]q Joj:yfkg k|flws/0f M cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf] k"jf{wf/ Joj:yf tyf ;]jfJoj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ NofO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] lj:tf/nufot To:tf If]qdf :yflkt pBf]ux¿sf]k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu xfnsf] cf}Bf]lusIf]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8nfO{ 5'6\6} sfg'gåf/f /fli6«o:t/sf] cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg k|flws/0fsf]¿kdf :t/f]Gglt ul/g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .


88

ª_ /fli6«o pTkfbsTj kl/ifb\M pTkfbsTj clej[l4sf nflu cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{, k|lzIf0f tyf Ifdtfljsf;sf sfo{ ug]{ u/L xfnsf] /fli6«o pTkfbsTj tyf cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fu/L 5'6\6]} /fli6«o pTkfbsTj kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;f]r gLltn] lnPsf] 5 .

r_ pBf]u ljefu M ;a} :t/sf pBf]usf] k|zf;g tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf;DaGwL sfo{ Ps} lgsfoaf6;Dkfbg x'g] u/L xfnsf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / pBf]u ljefunfO{ PsLs[t u/L Pp6} ;Ifdljefusf ¿kdf pBf]u ljefusf] :yfkgf x'g] Joj:yf gLltn] ;d]6]sf] 5 .

5_ Psn ljGb' ;]jf s]Gb| M sfg'gåf/f k|bQ ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot tyf k"jf{wf/ ;]jf ;dod} lagf eGem6Ps} ynf]af6 pBf]unfO{ pknAw u/fpg pBf]u ljefudf æPsn laGb' ;]jf s]Gb|Æsf] u7g ug{]Joj:yf gLltn] ;d]6]sf] 5 .

h_ af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f sfof{no M af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;du| sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/LnfO{;d]6L æaf}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f sfof{noÆsf] :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf gLltdf ;dflji6 5 .

em_ /fli6«o n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|j4{g af]8{ M n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf]k|j4{g Pj+ k|zf;gdf sfo{/t lgsfox¿ jLrsf] c:ki6tf x6fpg s]Gb|Lo:t/df æn3' pBd, 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|j4{g jf]8{Æ u7g ug{] s'/f gLltdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf]k|j4{g, ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ ;f]xLaf]8{sf] ;+/rgfleq ;dflxt u/L &% j6} lhNnfdf ;ldltsf] sfof{nox¿af6 n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] btf{ gjLs/0f ;'ljwf l;kmfl/z nufot ;Dk"0f{ k|j4{gfTds ;]jf pknAw u/fpg];f]r gLltn] lnPsf] 5 .

3 dlxnf pBdLx¿sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf MgLltn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cem a9L pBf]u Joj;fodf ;+nUg u/fO{ pgLx¿nfO{{ a9L eGbf a9L /f]huf/Lsf]cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ pBf]u Joj;fosf] If]qdf cufl8 a9fpg] p2]Zon] dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu;dfj]zL cjwf/0ff cg'¿k lgDg adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 Mo s'g} klg pBf]u÷Joj;fo;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ txdf ;DalGwt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fodf ;+nUg

cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, ;LdfGts[t ju{sf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ ul/g] .o 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf dlxnf pBdLx¿nfO{ ;/n tyf ;'ne tl/sfaf6 C0f k|jfx ug{ ljleGg

a}+lsË tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿df ;d"x C0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g] .o pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ lbOg] Venture Capital df dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] .o dlxnfsf] gfddf dfq pBf]u btf{ ul/Pdf To:tf] pBf]u btf{ ubf{ nfUg] btf{b:t"/df #% k|ltzt 5'6 lbOg] .o dlxnf pBdLx¿n] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf pBf]u /fVg rfx]df ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg] .o dlxnf pBdzLntf ljsf; u/L dlxnfx¿nfO{ pBdL aGg k|f]T;fxg ug{ k|ljlw ljsf;;DaGwL

tfnLd, ;ef, ;]ldgf/, cWoog e|d0f bndf dlxnf pBdLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g] .o ljleGg ljsf; If]qx¿df :yfkgf x'g] ljqmL sIfx¿df dlxnf pBdLx¿åf/f pTkflbt ;fdfgx¿sf]

ljqmL sIfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/g] .o ;/sf/L lgsfoåf/f ;+rfng ul/g] pBf]u Joj;fo;DaGwL k|bz{gLdf dlxnf pBdL÷Joj;foLx¿nfO{

clgjfo{¿kdf ;+nUg u/fOg] .o cfˆgf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg lgof{t ug]{ dlxnf pBdL÷Joj;foLx¿nfO{ Joj;fosf] ljQLo l:yltsf]

cfwf/df lgof{t shf{ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/g] .o dlxnfsf] gfddf dfq btf{ ePsf] pBf]unfO{ cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ k]6]06, l8hfOg / 6]«8dfs{ btf{

u/fpFbf nfUg] b:t'/df @) k|ltzt 5'6 lbOg] .

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

89

o dlxnf pBdzLntf ljsf;sf nflu 5'§} dlxnf pBdzLntf ljsf; sf]if v8f ul/g] .o dlxnf pBdLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu pBf]u dGqfnodf 5'6\6} ljifout PsfO (unit) v8f ul/g] .o ;a} pBf]u Joj;fon] dlxnf pBdL, dlxnf sfdbf/ / dlxnf ;]jfu|fxLsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu

sfo{:yndf n}+lustfdf cfwfl/t ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fhGo sfo{ / Jojxf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsfnflu lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g] .

o pBf]u k|j4{g;DaGwL of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] sfof{GjognfO{ n}+lus—d}qL t'NofO{ n}+lus;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ;'lglZrt ug{ ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] n}+lus ljZn]if0f / n]vfhf]vf(Gender Analysis and Assessment), n}+lus k/LIf0f (Gender Audit) tyf n}+lus ah]6 (GenderBudget) k4lt sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] .

4 n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfn3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g, ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yfub}{ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g], n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|lt:kwf{TdsIfdtf j[l4 u/L ahf/ kx'Fr tyf lj:tf/sf nflu ;Ifd agfpg xfn /x]sf] n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L k|efjsf/L agfOg], lhNnfdf pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t,dfgjLo ;+;fwg / nufgLsf cj;/sf] cfwf/df :yfgLo lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf / ufpFljsf; ;ldlt;Fusf] ;dGjodf lhNnf pBd tyf pBf]u ljsf; of]hgf tof/ u/L oL lgsfox¿;Fusf];xsfo{df r/0fut ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g], n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf tyfk|j4{g ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] nlIft ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbFb} pTk|]/0ff tyf pBdzLntfljsf; tflndsf]] dfWodaf6 nlIft ;d"xdf ;|f]t–;fwgsf] ;DefJotf / ahf/sf] dfudf cfwfl/tpko'Qm pBdx¿sf] 5gf}6 u/L To:tf pBd ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/g], u|fdL0f If]qsfpTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux¿nfO{ Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf (Business Development Service- BDS) k'¥ofpg;fd'bflos jf ;xsf/L n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u u|fd :yfkgf u/L cf}Bf]lus s]Gb|x¿(Industrial Clusters) sf] ljsf; ul/g], Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg (One Village One Product) sf]cjwf/0ff cg';f/ :yfgLo:t/df ;a}eGbf a9L ;DefJo b]lvPsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klxrfg u/L To;dfcfwfl/t cf}Bf]lus j:t'sf] pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ j:t' ljsf; s]Gb| (Product DevelopmentCentres) x¿ :yfkgf ub}{ yk ;d"xut cf}Bf]lus s]Gb|x¿ (Product Specific Industrial Clusters) sf]dfWodaf6 cf}Bf]lus k|j4{gnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg], n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u u|fd :yfkgf ug{cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df cu|;/tf b]vfpg] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ vr{sf] cg'kftdf cg'bfg/sd j[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg], ;fd"lxs lrXg -Collective Mark_ sf] pkof]uåf/f n3' pBd, 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] pTkfbgsf] klxrfg sfod u/fO{ logLx¿sf] k|j4{gsf nflu ;xof]u ul/g], n3'pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf] nflu PsLs[t / ;Ifd ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/Lo;sf] ;d'lrt ;+/If0f / pkof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g], n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] pTkfbgtyf ahf/ k|j4{gsf nflu pko'Qm ;"rgf k|ljlw (Information Technology) sf]] k|of]usf] nflu ljz]ifJoj:yf ul/g] h:tf k|fjwfgx¿ gofF cf}Bf]lus gLltn] ;d]6]sf]] 5 .

5 ljz]if cfly{s If ]q;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yflgof{t k|a4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] cufl8 ;fl/Psf] ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k :yfkgf ePsf] ljz]ifcfly{s If]qleq ;+rfng x'g] pBf]ux¿nfO{ cfos/, e+;f/, d"No clej[l4 s/ nufot :yfgLo s/dfljz]if 5'6 / ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .


90

6 ?U0f pBf]u;DaGwL Joj:yf M;a} :t/sf ?U0f pBf]usf] klxrfg / k'g?Tyfg tyf k'glg{df{0f ug{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L ;DalGwt If]qsfljz]if1x¿ /x]sf] Ps clwsf/;DkGg / pRr:t/Lo Goflos clwsf/;lxtsf] cfof]u u7g u/L ?U0fpBf]u;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ n}hfg] Joj:yf gLltn] /fv]sf] 5 .

7 cf}Bf ]lus Joj;fosf] juL{s/0fsf] Joj:yf MgofF cf}Bf]lus gLltn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{ pTkfbg, k|s[lt tyf ;]jf / nufgL Pj+ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/dfd"nt b'O{ k|sf/n] juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 .

!= pTkfbg k|s[lt tyf ;]jfsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f Ms_ s[lif tyf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]u -s[lif jf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t sRrf kbfy{af6

pTkflbt jf k|zf]lwt Joj;fox¿_v_ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u -tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] d"No clej[l4 u/L sRrf kbfy{ jf cw{ k|zf]lwt sRrf

kbfy{ jf v]/ uO/x]sf] j:t' k|of]u u/L jf k|zf]wg u/L dfn;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u_u_ lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]u -s'n pTkfbgsf] %! k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L dfqf ljb]zdf lgof{t ug]{] pBf]u_3_ pmhf{d"ns pBf]u -hn;|f]t, jfo', ;f}o{zlQm, sf]Onf, k|fs[lts t]n tyf UofF;, jfof]UofF; tyf cGo

;|f]taf6 pmhf{ k}bf ug]{ pBf]u_ª_ vfgLhGo pBf]u -wft' tyf cwft' vlgh (Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals) pTvgg tyf

k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u_r_ ko{6g pBf]u -ko{6sx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] Joj;fox¿_5_ lgdf{0f pBf]u -ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfng ug]{ Joj;fox¿_h_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pBf]u -;"rgf ;+sng, k|zf]wg / k|;f/0fsf] nflu k|ljlw k|of]u u/L

;"rgf, 1fg tyf ;~rf/ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fox¿_em_ ;]jf pBf]u (Service Industries)

@= nufgL / k|s[ltsf ] cfwf/df juL {s/0f Ms_ n3' pBd (Micro Enterprises):

o 3/ hUuf afx]s a9Ldf b'O{ nfv ¿k}+of;Dd l:y/ k"FhL nufgL x'g],o pBdL :jo+ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg /x]sf],o pBdL ;d]t ( hgf;Dd sfdbf/ /x]sf],o jflif{s cfly{s sf/f]jf/ @) nfv ¿k}+of eGbf sd /x]sf], /

o OlGhg pks/0f k|of]u x'g] ePdf To:tf] OlGhg jf pks/0fsf] ljB't df]6/ jf cGo t]n OGhLg zlQm Ifdtf !) lsnf]jf6 eGbf sd ePsf] .

v_ k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u (Traditional and Other Cottage Industries): k/Dk/fut ;Lk/ k|ljlw k|of]u ug]{, :yfg Lo sRrf kbfy{ Pj+ :yfgLo k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cf}hf/ pks/0f pkof]u ug]{,b]zsf] snf / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;Da4 / !) lsnf]jf6;Dd ljB't zlQm k|of]u ug]{ pBf]u Joj;fox¿,

u_ ;fgf pBf]u (Small Scale Industries): n3' pBd / k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u afx]s kfFrs/f]8 ¿k}}+of;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fox¿,

3_ demf}nf pBf]u (Medium Scale Industies): kfFr s/f]8eGbf a9L kGw| s/f]8 ¿k}+of;Dd l:y/ h]yfePsf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fox¿,

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

91

ª_ 7"nf pBf]u (Large Scale Industries): kGw| s/f]8 ¿k}+ofeGbf a9L l:y/ h]yf ePsf cf}Bf]lusJoj;fox¿,

8 cGo ljz]iftfx¿Ms_ pBf]u k|zf;g;DaGwL k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .v_ s0ff{nL c~rndf pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfngsf nflu cf}Bf]lus sl/8f]/x¿ :yfkgf ;DaGwL

ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .u_ /fli6«o pBf]ux¿sf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .3_ s/f/ sfg"gsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .ª_ >d sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd sfd gubf{sf] kfl/>lds lbg' gkg]{ l;4fGt (No Pay for No

Work Principle) nfO{ cËLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .r_ af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0fsf nflu 5'§} sfof{no :yfkgf ul/g] / cfos/ tyf btf{

z'Nsdf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot lbg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .5_ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf cfwf/df lhNnfx¿sf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

o clt cljsl;t If]q -@# lhNnf_o cljsl;t If]q -!% lhNnf_o sd ljsl;t If]q -@$ lhNnf_

gLlt sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of Pj+ r'gf }tLx¿ Mcf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)$( hf/L ePsf] em08} !* jif{kl5 pQm gLltnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{ gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt,@)^& hf/L ePsf] 5 . d'n'sdf pBf]u jfl0fHo If]q lbgfg'lbg w/f;foL aGb} hfg yfn]sf] kl/k|]Iodf hf/Lul/Psf] gofF cf}Bf]lus gLltn] d[tk|foM cj:yfdf k'u]sf] pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;df gofF /Qm;+rf/ ug]{ ck]IfflnOPsf] 5 . gofF gLltn] pBf]u If]qsf] bLuf] / bl/nf] ljsf;sf] nflu y'k|} gLltut, ;+:yfut, k|lqmofut ;'wf// ;'b[9Ls/0fsf s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . gLltdf plNnlvt dxŒjfsf+IfL Joj:yfnfO{ ;doa4 ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdfptfg{ ;s] o;af6 cfufdL s]xL jif{leq} pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qnfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf 5}g . t/ o;sf nflu ljleGg lgsfoaLrplrt ;dGjo sfod ub}{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy cl3 a9\g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy}, gLltn] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/] adf]lhdsfgLltut, sfg"gL, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf s'/fx¿ cl3 a9fpg kof{Kt ;fwg ;|f]t pknAw x'g] Joj:yfldnfpg cfjZos x'G5 . o; cltl/Qm ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿aLr dfq geO{ ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaLrklg /rgfTds / kf/:kl/s ljZjf;df cfwfl/t gofF ;DaGw :yflkt x'g h?/L 5 . t/ t/n / ;+qmd0fsfnLg/fhg}lts cj:yf, v:sFbf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt, sdhf]/ cy{tGq / ;/sf/ / lghL If]q aLr a9\bf]cljZjf; cflbn] gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& sf] sfof{Gjog lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .gofF cf}Bflus gLltn] /fv]sf] ;fj{hlgs, lghL, / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xsfo{df bLuf] Pj+ a[xt\ cfwf/;lxtsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{] bL3{sfnLg nIo / o; nIonfO{ xfl;n ug{] u/L gLltn] lnPsf p2]Zotyf gLlt÷/0fgLltx¿nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{] sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fpg] s'/f Tolt ;xh b]lvFb}g . gLltcg's"n x'g] u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g nufot cGo P]g÷sfg"g, lgod, sfo{ljlw cflbsf] lgdf{0f,;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ub{} n}hfg' kg{] ePsf] 5 t/ oL sfo{x¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;do nfUg], gLltdfJoj:yf ePsf cf}Bf]lus ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotx¿nfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ cfos/, eG;f/,cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/ cflbdf ;'wf/ ug{ h?/L ePsf] / of] sfo{ pBf]u dGqfno PSn}sf]


92

kxndf dfq x'g g;Sg] l:ylt 5 . o; sfo{df cy{, pBf]u, jfl0fHo nufot cGo ;Da4 dGqfnox¿aLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ clt ck]lIft 5 . t/ oL ;a} lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ;'b[9 u/L gLltut, sfg"gL,k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ Tolt ;xh 5}g .gLltn] pBf]u If]qdf :yflkt w]/} ;+u7gfTds Joj:yf / 9fFrfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{] ;f]r lnPsf] 5 .;+/rgfTds ;'b[9Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . gofF ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug{], eO/x]sf ;f+u7lgs Joj:yfkm]/abn / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{] sfo{ vrf{n' x'g], w]/} ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . o; s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfgug{] u/L g s'g} sfo{qmdx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ g st} ah]6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] cj:yfn] gofFcf}Bf]lus gLlt t'?Gt} sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . gofF gLlt;+u;+u} gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos sfof{Gjog of]hgf tof/ ug{'kg{] lyof], To;f] x'g ;s]sf]5}g . cfufdL cfly{s aif{sf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdn] gLlt sfof{GjognfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ h?/L ePsf]b]lvP tfklg o;tkm{ k|z:t u[xsfo{sf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .gLlt sfof{Gjogdf w]/} ;Da4 kIfx¿, lgsfox¿, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf / ;xsfo{sf] vfFrf]/xG5 . tyflk xfd|f] k|zf;lgs ;f]r / cf–cfˆg} pRrkgsf] efjgf (superiority feeling) n] PsLs[t;DaGw :yfkgf / cfk;L ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ g;lsg] x'g;S5 . of] kIf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{dfPp6f cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf v8f x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf k|an 5 .cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿df sfo{/t >lds÷sfdbf/x¿ / Joj;foLx¿aLr pTkGg dte]b, cljZjf;sf]jftfj/0fnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;dfwfg vf]Hg] k|of; gLltn] ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus—d}qLnlrnf] >d gLlt agfO{ >d sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd sfd gubf{sf] kfl/>lds lbg' gkg{] l;4fGt-No pay for no work principle _ nfO{ cËLsf/ ul/g] egL gLltn] af]n]sf s'/fdf tTsfn} >ldsx¿sftkm{af6 lj/f]wsf cfjfhx¿ p7\g yfln;s]sf 5g . of] ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt u/]/ >ldsx¿sf] dglhTg] u/L / bLuf] Pj+ lg/Gt/ pBf]u Joj;fosf] ;~rfngaf6 yk /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug{]nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ cfZj:t agfpg] aLrsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{] sfo{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 .j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g / u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{], o;sf nflug]kfndf a9L dfqfdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL ug]{ d'n'sl:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf; tyf lgof]udf cf}Bf]lusnufgL k|j4{gsf nflu cfly{s s"6gLlts PsfOnfO{ ;an t'NofOg] s'/f gLltn] af]n]sf] eP tfklgo;sf] ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut Joj:yf :ki6 x'g g;s]sf], cGtlg{sfout ;dGjosf] cefj /x]sf],cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Aoj:yf / sfo{qmd ;d]t gcfPsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ;kmnsfof{Gjog ug{ sl7g / r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 .d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnLn] :yfloTj k|fKt gu/];Dd cfly{s k|0ffnLn] ult lng ;Sb}g . clxn] /fHo/fhg}lts cGof}n, cl:y/tf / ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . bLuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{emg\emg\ hl6n aGb} / nlDaFb} uPsf] 5 . /fhg}lts bnx¿df Pstf / /fli6«o ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]sf]cj:yfn] /fhg}lts lgsf; wldlng k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 cfly{s jif{ @)^&.^* sf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdk|efljt x'g;Sg] l:ylt 5 . o;n] d'n'ssf] ljsf; sfo{df dfq k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ geO{ ;du| cfly{sljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf] /fhg}lts / cfly{s kl/j]zdf cfPsf] gofFcf}Bf]lus gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/fpg sfof{Gjogof]Uo jftfj/0f lgdf{0fug{], gLltn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf sfg"gL, ;+:yfut, ;+/rgfut nufotsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ qmda4, lglZrt;Ldf / ;doleq sfof{Gjog u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf;DdnfO{ nfebfoL agfpg] sfo{ Hofb} r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

93

pk;+xf/cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] jftfj/0f k|lts"n cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .xfn d'n'sdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, bLuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf b]lvPsf] bnLo c;xdlt, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fk|lqmofn] ult lng g;s]sf] cj:yf, /fhg}lts / cfly{s k|0ffnL lgdf{0f / ljsf;df x'g uO/x]sf]9Lnf;'l:t, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf, rGbf cftÍ, ckx/0f, xTof, lx+;f h:tfcfk/flws 36gfx¿sf] a9f]Q/L, aGb, x8tfn, tfnfaGbL, cfuhgL cflb lqmofsnfkx¿n] cf}Bf]lusIf]q g/fd|/L k|efljt ePsf] 5 . a9\bf] nf]8z]l8Ë, >lds–Joj;foLaLr pTkGg cljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f,l56f] gfkmf sdfpg] Jofkfl/s ;f]rsf Joj;foL / sfd} gu/] klg Hofnf kfpg'k5{ eGg] >ldsx¿sf]bfjLaLr g}lts ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . of] cj:yf ljBdfg /lx/xFbf w]/} pBf]ux¿ ?U0fcj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ eg] sltko aGb ;d]t ePsf 5g\ .gLltn] k|bfg u/]sf sltko ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lglb{i6 P]g, sfg"gx¿sf]ckof{Kttfn] o:tf ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotx¿sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .jflif{s ¿kdf cfpg] ah]6 jQmJo dfkm{t sltko s'/fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] nufgLstf{x¿cGof}ndf /xg] / cf}Bf]lus j:t'x¿sf] d"Nodf ;d]t km]/jbn x'g] eO{ cfd pkef]Qmf ;d]t df/dfkg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] kfOG5 . t;y{ o:tf k|lts"n cj:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L hf/LePsf] gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog ub}{ n}hfg' clxn]sf] cx+ ;jfn b]lvG5 .b]zdf 8]9 bzseGbf a9Lsf] cGt/fnkl5 gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt cfPsf] 5 . gofF jfl0fHo gLlt o; k"j{ g}@)^% ;fn r}qdf hf/L eO;s]sf] 5 . Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fsf ¿kdf /x]sf oL b'O{ gofF gLltx¿sfof{Gjogdf cfpg' xfdL ;a}sf] nflu ;'vb ljifo xf] . casf] vfFrf] oL b'O{ gofF gLltaLr plrt ;dGjo/ tfnd]n sfod ub{} d'n'sdf lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfwf/;lxtsf] pBf]u–jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ gLltdfJoj:yf ePsf k|fjwfgnfO{ oyfzSo sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{' xf] . /fhg}lts l:y/tf, zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf]k|Tofe"lt, pmhf{ ;Í6sf] bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfg, nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f / >ldsx¿sf] plrt ;+/If0f aLr;Gt'ng sfod /fVg] >d gLltsf] cjnDag ub}{ ;an cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;lsPdf tyfkof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg ;lxt lglZrt ;do ;Ldf / pknlAw ls6fg u/L æsfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgfÆ tof/ u/]/;f] adf]lhd gLlt sfof{Gjogsf s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg ;lsPdf xfn} hf/L ePsf]gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g ;Sg]s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM• bzf} + of ]hgf -@)%*—^#_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u• lqjifL {o cGtl/d of ]hgf -@)^$—^&_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u• lqjifL {o of ]hgfsf ] cfwf/kq -@)^*—&)_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u• cf }Bf ] lus gLlt @)^&, pBf]u dGqfno• jfl0fHo gLlt @)^%, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno• cf=j= @)^^.^& sf] ah]6sf ] dWosfnLg d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg, cy{ dGqfno• cf}Bf ] lus tYofÍ @)^%÷^^, pBf]u ljefu• cf}Bf ] lus tYofÍ @)^%÷^^, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu• Jofkf/ / ljsf; klqsfsf ljleGg cÍx¿, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno• pBf]u / ljsf; klqsfsf ljleGg cÍx¿, pBf]u dGqfno• k|zf;g ;]jf lbUbz{g, af}l4s ;+;f/ ;Dkfbg ;d"x


94

cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg M Ps kl/ro

-/fli6«o ljsf; of ]hgf z+ [vnf_

/fli6«o gLlt cyf{t /fHosf lgb] {zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿

/fli6«o cfjlws of]hgf

If]qut÷ljifout gLltx¿

/0fgLlt÷sfo{gLlt÷sfo{qmd÷sfo{of]hgf

cfof]hgf sfo{qmd

lqmofsnfkx¿

@zfvf clws[t, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

@ lzj/fh ;]9fO{+e"ldsf;g\ !(#) sf] bzsb]lv k|f/De ePsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfcGtu{t ;/sf/åf/f gful/s lxtsflgldQ ug'{kg]{ ofjt\ sfo{x¿nfO{ ;'Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg ug{ of]hgfa4 ljsf; k4ltsf]z'?jft eof] . cfd gful/ssf c;Lldt cfjZostf / rfxgfsf] ;Daf]wg k|efjsf/L 9Ëaf6 ug{ ;/sf/åf/f ug'{kg]{ sfo{, To;sf nflu rflxg] ef}lts, cef}lts Pj+ dfgjLo ;+;fwg, ;do ;d]tsf] ljlgof]hg;d'lrt 9Ëaf6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; lsl;daf6 ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwg / c;Lldt hgck]IffaLr k|efjsf/L;Gt'ng sfod ug'{ g} of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] . of]hgf k|fl1s vfsf dfq xf] . of]hgfsf nIo /p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ ljljw lsl;dsf sfo{x¿dWo] ;dfg k|sf/sf sfdx¿nfO{;d"xa4 u/L ;fwg ;|f]t Pj+ ;do;Ldf lglb{i6 u/L ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;du|tfnfO{ cfof]hgfJoj:yfkg elgG5 . o;y{ cfof]hgf of]hgfcGtu{tsf] lqmofsnfk xf] . ;du| ljsf; k|lqmofdf of]hgfsfo{qmd, cfof]hgf tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ Ps ;du| z+[vnf -Chain_ sf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ljsf;k|lqmofsf] To:tf] qmd (Chain) df ;a}eGbf dfly /fli6«o gLlt cyf{t\ /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt/x]sf] x'G5 eg] To;cGtu{t qmdzM cfjlws of]hgf, If]qut÷ljifout gLltx¿, gLlt sfof{GjogsflgldQ sfo{qmd, sfo{qmdcg';f/sf cfof]hgfx¿ tyf cfof]hgfcGtu{t lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ . cfof]hgfx¿;fd"lxs ¿kdf of]hgfaf6 lgM;[t x'G5g\ . o;y{ cfof]hgf of]hgfsf] lgM;[t c+z xf], h;n] of]hgfsf] p2]Zok|fKt ug{sf nflu rflxg] ;a} lsl;dsf ;fwgsf] s'zntfk"0f{ pkof]u ub{5 .

\

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

95

ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿n] ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0f /fli6«o cfjZostf / rfxgf k"/f ug]{bfloTjnfO{ afWofTds gagfO{ ;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg] u/Lcfˆgf] bfloTjnfO{ lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltsf ¿kdf cfTd;fy u/]sf x'G5g\ . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df klgcGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu $ df /fli6«o ljsf;sf lgldQ lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltx¿sf] Joj:yful/Psf] 5 . lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltsf cfwf/df /fli6«o cfjZostf÷rfxgf cg'¿ksf If]qx¿nfO{;d]6]/ /fli6«o of]hgf th'{df ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df @)!# b]lv cfjlws of]hgfx¿sf] cEof; ul/Fb}cfOPsf] 5 . s]xL If]q / ljifox¿sf 5'§} gLltx¿ th'{df ul/G5 eg] s'g} ljifox¿sf ;DaGwdfof]hgfdf ;DalGwt ljifout zLif{sdf g} To; ljifo;DaGwL If]qut gLltx¿ pNn]v ug]{ k|rng 5 .gLltut Joj:yfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ gLlt;DaGwL /0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt,sfo{qmd / sfo{of]hgf -Action plan/Loge frame_ ;d]t agfOG5 . o;} cfwf/df cfof]hgfth'{df÷:yfkgf u/L ljsf;;DaGwL lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ul/G5g\ . o; lsl;dn] of]hgfa4 ljsf;k|lqmofcGtu{t cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfng ljsf; k|zf;gn] ub{5 . o;} sf/0f ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ of]hgfsfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq elgG5 . s;} s;}n] ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf]k|zf;lgs /0fgLltsf ¿kdf klg lrgfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

kl/rosfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmof hgfpg] b'O{ ;dfgfyL{ gfdaf]ws zAbx¿ ldn]/ ;+o'Qm¿kdf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgeGg] lqmofaf]ws zAbx¿ jg]sf x'g\ . ;"Id¿kdf s]nfpFbf b'O{ zAbn] leGg leGg cy{ lbP klg ;fdfGo¿kdf x]bf{ ;dfg cy{ lbG5g\ . cfof]hgf / Joj:yfkg c+u|]hL zAbx¿ Project / Management sf¿kfGtl/t zAbx¿ x'g \ . Oxford Dictionary n] Project eGgfn] "An individual or collectiveenterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particuaLr aim." tyf Management:eGgfn] "The process of dealing with or controlling things or people." egL cYof{Psf] 5 .

g]kfnL zAbsf]ifn] cfof]hg / cfof]hgfnfO{ Ps} ¿kdf æ-!_ s'g} sfd k"/f ugf{sf lglDt klxn]b]lvul/Psf] k|aGw, OGthfd, aGbf]a:t -@_ s;}nfO{ s'g} sfddf nufpg] sfd, lgo'lQm -#_ ldnfpg] jf hf]8\g]k|lqmof -$_ pBf]u, pGglt -%_ ;fdu|L, ;fdgfÆ egL cYof{Psf] 5 eg] Joj:yfkgnfO{ æ-!_ s'g} sfds'/fsf] Joj:yf jf k|aGw ldnfpg] sfd, th'{df -@_ s'g} j:t', dfn ;fdfg cflbnfO{ oyf:yfg /oyfqmddf /fVg] sfd -#_ s'g} s'/f] jf ;d:ofsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] sfd, lgwf{/0f, lg0f{o, kl/ro -$_ s'g}ljifodf lgod sfg"g agfpg] sfd jf ljlwÆ egL cYof{Psf] 5 .

;"Id ¿kdf x]bf{ of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf lgldQ ;~rflnt lgof]lhtlqmofsnfk Pj+ sfo{k4ltnfO{ cfof]hgf elgG5 . cfof]hgfnfO{ kl/of]hgf klg elgG5 . b'j} ;dfgfyL{kof{ofjfrL zAb x'g\ . cfof]hgf To:tf] sfo{z}nL xf] h;sf] cwLgdf /xL lglZrt ;do k|lqmof Pj+ ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|of]uåf/f tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/G5 . cfof]hgf :jo+df sfo{ geO{ sfo{z}nL xf] . s'g}lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] nflu pkof]u ul/g] ;fwg, sfo{k|0ffnL, o;sf] nflu nfUg];do cjlw cflbsf] k"j{lgwf{l/t k|f¿k g} cfof]hgf xf] . lglZrt p2]Zo jf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf lglDttf]lsPs} ;do, ;|f]t / nfutdf u'0f:t/Lo j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{k4lt g} cfof]hgf xf] .cfof]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;+:yf tyf ljåfg\x¿n] leGg–leGg kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ . AmericanProject Management Institute sf cg';f/ cfof]hgf eg]sf] To:tf] Joj:yf xf] h'g lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt


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ug{sf nflu ag]sf c:yfoL ;+u7g, h'g Psk6s ;~rfng x'g] sfo{sf] lgldQ :yflkt ul/G5 / o;sf]nflu rflxg] dfgjLo ;fwg ;|f]tsf] lgwf{/0f clu|d ¿kdf ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ cfof]hgf elgG5 .

x}/fN8 sh{g/sf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u x'g] u/L lglZrt ;dodf k|f/Deu/L lglZrt ;dodf ;DkGg ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dli6nfO{ cfof]hgf elgG5 . o;cg';f/ s'g}lglZrt sfo{ ug{sf nflu rflxg] ;a} r/0fa4 lqmofsnfkx¿, ;fwgx¿ tyf z'? ug]{ / ;DkGg ug]{lglZrt ;do ls6fg ul/Psf] sfo{qmdnfO{ cfof]hgf elgG5 .

Encyclopedia of Commerce and Management sf cg';f/ leGg ljefu / lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjosfod u/L sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ lglZrt ;doleq sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ Ps hl6n ;f+u7lgs Joj:yfnfO{cfof]hgf elgG5 . To;}u/L cfof]hgfnfO{ Cutting Edge of Development klg elgG5 .

;;{tL x]bf{ Joj:yfkg c¿sf] dfWodåf/f sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpg] sf}zn jf ;Lk xf] . cfjZostf cg'¿kljleGg z}nLx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ c¿ dflg;x¿åf/f sfd u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ Joj:yfkg elgG5 . Joj:yfksLolqmofsnfk Pp6f lglZrt ;+u7gåf/f ;~rflnt x'G5g\ / k|To]s ;+u7gsf] jl/kl/ cfGtl/s Pj+ afXo¿kdf Ps lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+u7g eGg] ljlQs} To;df cef}lts, ef}lts Pj+ dfgjLotŒjx¿ cGtlg{lxt x'G5g\ . ;+u7g jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f / ;+u7gsf tŒjx¿aLrsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;x;DaGwn];+u7gsf] p2]Zo÷nIo k|fKt ug]{ sfddf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . log} b'O{ kIf jftfj/0f /;f+u7lgs tŒjx¿aLr tfbfDo sfod ub}{ nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|flKtsf lgldQ cfjZosLo ;fwg;|f]tsf]kl/rfngsf lgldQ of]hgf, ;+u7g, sfo{ ;~rfng tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ ;LknfO{ Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

Joj:yfkg If]qsf ljåfg\ n'y/ u'lnsn] POSDCORB Phrase sf] lj:t[t ¿k Planning, Organizing,Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf];du|tfnfO{ Joj:yfkg -Management_ eg]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgfut ;+u7g PsfO nufotsf ;a}lsl;dsf ;+u7gx¿n] lgb]{lzt ¿kdf o; lsl;dsf sfdx¿ ul//x]sf klg x'G5g\ .

lgisif{df lglZrt ;dofjlwleq ljz]if sf}znsf] dfWodaf6 ;Lldt t/ ax'k|s[lto'Qm ;a} lsl;dsfdfgjLo tyf u}/–dfgjLo ef}lts Pj+ cef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] dxQd kl/rfng u/L ck]lIft nIoxfl;n ug{ ;+:yflkt of]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf] sfo{d"ns PsfO tyf To;sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfof]hgfJoj:yfkg elgG5 . of] of]hgf sfof{Gjog Pj+ sfo{qmd ;~rfng k|lqmof xf] . o; cGtu{t cfof]hgfth'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ .

cfof ]hgfsf lsl;dljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ c;Lldt x'G5g\ . /fli6«o hLjgsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts,k|fljlws cflb ofjt\ If]qsf] ljsf;sf lgldQ w]/} lsl;dsf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ ljljw lsl;dsf cfof]hgfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ sfd Hofb} sl7g 5 . xfn;Dd s;}n] klgcfof]hgfsf] ljjfb/lxt Pj+ ;j{dfGo ljefhg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . t;y{ ljleGg ljåfg\, n]vs,ljZn]ifsx¿sf] dtsf cfwf/df cfof]hgfnfO{ tkl;n adf]lhd ljleGg cfwf/df ljefhg ubf{ o;sfaf/]df :ki6 x'g ;lhnf] kb{5 . o; cfwf/df oL afx]s cGo lsl;daf6 klg cfof]hgfsf] juL{s/0fug{ ;lsg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

97

1 ljwfut cfwf/df• ;fdflhs cfof]hgfM lzIff, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f cflb ;fdflhs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿

o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .• cfly{s cfof]hgfM cfly{s If]q;Fu ;DalGwt k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL cfof]hgfx¿ .• /fhgLlts cfof]hgfM /fhgLlt, zf;g, k|zf;g If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgf o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

g]kfndf xfn ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljleGg /fi6«x¿ tyf INGOs sf] ;xof]udf;~rflnt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;xof]u cfof]hgfnfO{ o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

2 nufgLsf cfwf/df• 7"nf cfof]hgfM w]/} ;fwg;|f]t nufgL x'g] / 7"nf] If]q jf hg;+VofnfO{ k|efljt jf nfeflGjt

ug{ ;Sg] cfof]hgfx¿ .• demf}nf cfof]hgfM w]/} sd klg xf]Og w]/} a9L klg xf]Og l7s} ;fwg;|f]t nufgL x'g] / s]xL

If]q÷ju{ jf hg;+VofnfO{ nfe lbg] cfof]hgfx¿ .• ;fgf÷n3' cfof]hgfM yf]/} jf ;fgf] nufgLdf ;~rfng eO{ ;fgf] If]q jf s'g} hg;+VofnfO{

nfeflGjt ug]{ cfof]hgfx¿3 ljifout cfwf/df• s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿ .• jg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿ .• z}lIfs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿ .• l;+rfO{ If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿ .• ljB't pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿ .• ;8s lgdf{0f Pj+ dd{t ;Def/;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿ cflb .4 cjlwsf cfwf/df• 5f]6f] cjlwsf cfof]hgf• nfdf] cjlwsf cfof]hgf5 nufgLdf ;+nUgtfsf cfwf/df• PskIfLo cfof]hgfM Ps d'n's÷;+:yfaf6 dfq nufgL u/L ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx¿ .• låkIfLo cfof]hgfM b'O{ ;/sf/÷d'n's÷;+:yfx¿ ldn]/ nufgL u/L ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx¿ .• ax'kIfLo cfof]hgf M b'O{ eGbf a9L d'n's÷;+:yfx¿ ldn]/ nufgL u/L ;~rflnt Multinational

cfof]hgfx¿ .6 cg'e"ltsf cfwf/df• Hardware Project: k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL cfof]hgfx¿ .• Software Project: hgr]tgfd"ns cfof]hgfx¿7 k|efjsf cfwf/df• t'?Gt} k|efj b]lvg] cfof]hgf .• bL3{sfndf k|efj b]lvg] cfof]hgf .8 nlIft ju{÷p2]Zosf cfwf/df• Jofj;flos cfof]hgfM lghL If]qåf/f ;~rfng ul/g] gfkmfd'vL cfof]hgf o;cGtu{t kb{5 .• ljsf; cfof]hgfM ;/sf/åf/f ;~rfng ul/g] gfkmfsf] p2]Zo gePsf ;fj{hlgs sNof0f,

gful/s lxt;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .


98

9 klxrfgsf cfwf/df• ;fwg;|f]tsf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df s]Gb|af6 klxrfg ul/g] Topdown Apprach Project.• cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;]jfu|fxLn] klxrfg ul/g] Bottom–up Approach Project.

cfof ]hgf Joj:yfkgsf ljz]iftfx¿• c:yfoL k|s[lt: lgwf{l/t ;dofjlwleq lglb{i6 p2]Zo k"/f eO;s]kl5 cfof]hgfut lqmofsnfkx¿

;dfKt x'G5g\ . o;kl5 To;;DaGwL lqmofsnfk ;fdfGotM :yfoL ;+oGqaf6 ;Dkfbg x'G5g\ .• cfjlwstfM cfof]hgfut sfo{x¿ k"j{ lgwf{l/t cjlwleq ;DkGg ul/;Sg' kg]{ x'G5 .• p2]ZohGotf M cfof]hgf lglb{i6 p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf lgldQ ;~rfng ul/G5 . ;fdfGotM Pp6f

cfof]hgfsf] Pp6} dfq p2]Zo x'g] eP tfklg s'g} s'g} cfof]hgfsf PseGbf a9L p2]Zo klg x'g;S5g\ .

• nIof]Gd'vtf: kl/0ffd u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] jf dx;"; x'g]u/L nIo lgwf{/0f u/L To:tf] nIo k|fKtug{sf lgldQ cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/G5 .

• k'g/fj[lQljxLgtfM cfof]hgfx¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ x'Fb}g . nIo xfl;n eO;s]kl5 ;f]xL sfdsf lgldQ ;f]:yfgdf k'gM csf]{ cfof]hgf ;~rfng x'g'x'Fb}g .

• ;dGjoM cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfng ;dGjosf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . cfof]hgf lglb{i6 nIok|flKt lgldQ leGgleGg e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf sfg"g, gLlt, ;+u7g ;fwg k"lt{ aLr cfk;L;dGjo u/]/ ;~rfng x'G5 .

• ;fd"lxstf M cfof]hgfdf ;fd"lxs sfo{x¿ x'G5g\ . cfk;df ;dGjo u/L leGgleGg clwsf/L/ ljefux¿af6 leGgleGg sfo{ ;Dkfbgdfkm{t lglb{i6 nIo k|fKt ul/G5 .

• g]t[Tj: cfof]hgf;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ k|f]T;fxg, ;dGjo / lgoGq0f ug{ bIf/ ;Ifd g]t[Tj s'zn cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/e"t tŒj dflgG5 .

• lg/Gt/tf M tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ pQm cjlwel/ cfof]hgf lg/Gt/ ¿kn];~rfng eO/xG5 . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g ;s]g eg] oyf ;dodf nIo k|fKt ug{sl7gfO x'G5 .

• r/0fa4tfM cfof]hgf ;fdfGotof ljleGg r/0fx¿df ljeflht x'G5 / k|To]s r/0fdf ;DkGgul/g] sfo{ klg lglZrt x'G5g\ .

• kl/jt{gzLntf M cfof]hgf k"/f ug{sf] nflu h'g r/0fx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5, tLr/0fx¿df ;DkGg ul/g] elgPsf lqmofsnfkx¿df kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf cg'¿k s]xLdfqfdf;fdfGo kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] s7f]/tfsf sf/0f nIo k|flKt x'gg;Sg] ;d:of 36fpg;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

• k|0ffnLhGotfM cfof]hgf k|0ffnL l;4fGt -Input, process and output_ sf cfwf/df ;~rfngx'G5 . Pp6f cfof]hgf cfkmF}df l;+uf] k|0ffnL xf] eg] of]hgfut cfwf/df ;du| of]hgf cyf{t\ljsf; k|0ffnLleqsf] Ps pk–k|0ffnL klg xf] .

• clåtLotfM cfof]hgfx¿ clåtLo k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . Pp6} sfdsf nflu k'gM csf]{ cfof]hgf;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g .

• s/f/hGotfM cfof]hgf cGtu{t x'g] clwsf+z sfo{x¿ s/f/sf] cfwf/df ;Dkfbg ul/G5g\ .• ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] lglZrttf M cfof]hgfåf/f ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf

/sd klxn] g} lglZrt ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

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cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zocfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo b'O{ j6f p2]Zo /x]sf x'G5g\ .

• /fli6«o cfjZostf / gful/s rfxgf k"/f ug{ of]hgfåf/f kl/nlIft p2]Zo k"/f ug'{, /• s'zn Pj+ ljz]if Joj:yfksLo sf}znsf dfWodjf6 c;Lldt cfjZostf Pj+ ck]Iff tyf

;Lldt ;fwg ;|f]tsf aLr ;Gt'ng sfod u/L ck]lIft nIo÷p2]Zo xfl;n ug'{ .cfof ]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjcfof]hgf Joj:yfkg Ps ljz]if Joj:yfksLo cEof; xf] . of]hgfsf nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k"/f ug{ cfof]hgf;~rfng ul/g] / cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ ;fwg ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngsf qmddf p2]Zo k|flKtsf b[li6n] s'g};Demf}tf gul/sg pRr Joj:yfksLo sf}znsf dfWodaf6 sfo{ k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ sfo{bIftf sfod ul/g] x'gfn] o;sf] Hofb} 7"nf] dxŒj /x]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df ;'zf;gsf] ;j{yf pNn+3g eO{/xg] cj:yfdf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒj lgDgfg';f/ x'G5g\ –• ;fwg;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ bIftf sfod u/L p2]Zo k|flKtnfO{ ;xh t'NofpF5 .• /fli6«o cfjZostf / ck]Iff k"/f ug{ th'{df ePsf of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;3fpF5 .• cfGtl/s ¿kdf lgliqmo ;fwg;|f]tsf] pkof]u ;'lglZrt ub{5 .• afXo ;xof]u kl/rfng ub{5 .• gofF k|ljlw / Joj:yfksLo ;Lksf] k|of]u, cEof; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .• ljsf; k|lqmof jf r/0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] dfu{ k|z:t ub{5 Pj+ ljsf;sf gofF ;Defjgfx¿sf]

9f]sf p3fg{ d2t ub{5 .• hNbfaNbf / cTofjZosLo tfTsflns ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .• c;Lldt hgck]Iff / ;Lldt ;fwg;|f]t aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;3fpF5 .cfof]hgf–rqm (Project Cycle)of]hgfn] kl/nlIft glthf xfl;n ug{ ;~rfng x'g] cfjlws lqmofsnfksf] kl/sNkgfb]lv To;sf];~rfng, ;dflKt Pj+ pkef]u;Ddsf r/0fa4 sfo{x¿sf] ;dli6nfO{ cfof]hgf rqm elgG5 . lglZrtp2]Zo k"lt{ ug{ z'? ePsf] Pp6f cfof]hgf s'g} Ps lglZrt laGb'af6 z'? eO{ ljleGg r/0fx¿ kf/ub}{ csf]{ laGb'df k'u]/ p2]Zo k"/f ePkl5 ;dfKt x'G5 . o;/L cfof]hgfsf] z'?b]lv ;dflKt;Ddsf];do;Ldf leqsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dli6 cfof]hgf–rqm xf] . p2]Zo÷nIo / nIo k|flKtsf] ;do–rqmleq cfof]hgfsf] hLjgrqm 3'ld/xsf] x'G5 . ;g\ !(&) df ljZj a}+ssf cfof]hgfdf k|of]uul/Psf] Baum cycle nfO{ cfof]hgf rqmsf] klxnf] cfwf/e"t gd"gf dflgG5 . o;df qmdzMIdentification, Preparation, Appraisal, Negotiation, Implementation and Supervision & Evaluationu/L hDdf ^ j6f r/0fx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ljZj a}+ssf cy{zf:qL Baum åf/f ljsf;ul/Psf] / pgs} gfdsf cfwf/df gfds[t Baum Cycle df k|f/Dedf -;g\ !(&)df_ % j6f dfqr/0f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] eg] kl5 ;g\ !(&* df Evaluation yk u/L ^ j6f r/0f agfOPsf] xf] .

To;kl5 oxL rqmnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] cf–cfkm\g} 9+uaf6 cfof]hgf–rqmsf r/0fx¿sf]JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ljåfgx¿n] k"j{nufgLsf] cj:yf (Pre-investment phase), nufgL cj:yf(Investment phase) / ;~rfng tyf ;Def/ cj:yf (Operational & Maintanance phase) df cfof]hgf–rqmsf] r/0fnfO{ juL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 t s;}n] cjwf/0ff r/0f, of]hgf r/0f, sfof{Gjog r/0f /;DkGg jf d"NofÍgsf] r/0fdf cfof]hgf–rqmnfO{ juL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfof]hgf rqmdf cfof]hgf


100

Joj:yfkg cGtu{t ul/g] cfof]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg–d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿r/0fa4 ¿kdf ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . o;k|sf/ cfof]hgf rqm cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgs} csf]{ ¿k xf] .;du|df cfof]hgf rqmnfO{ o;k|sf/ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .

cfof]hgf rqmsf] k|yd r/0fdf cfof]hgf th'{df ug]{ sfd x'G5 . o; cGtu{t cfof]hgf klxrfg Pj+cfof]hgf;DaGwL sfuhL sfo{ -Paper Work_ sf] sfd ul/G5 . cfof]hgf klxrfg ug]{ qmddf To;sf]/fhgLlts, sfg"gL, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|fljlws cj:yfsf] ;dLIffTds cWoog ul/G5 . To;sf ;fy}k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] bL3{sflng Pj+ cNksfnLg b[li6sf]0f -Vission_, nIo, /0fgLlt, cj;/ r'gf}tLtyf cfof]hgfaf6 nfeflGjt ju{, ;/f]sf/jfnf, ;]jfu|fxL, nufgLstf{, k|lt:kwL{ cflb ;a} kIfx¿sf]ljrf/, lqmofsnfksf] klg klxrfg ul/G5 . o;} cfwf/df cfof]hgfsf] a8fkq / k|:tfjgf -Charterand Proposal_ tof/ ul/G5 . a8fkqn] eljiodf cfof]hgf ;~rfng;DaGwL k4lt / 9fFrf lgwf{/0fub{5 eg] k|:tfjgfsf cfwf/df nufgLstf{n] nufgL ug]{ jf gug]{ Pj+ cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg]s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f x'G5 . t;y{ a8fkq / k|:tfjgf tof/ ubf{ ;r]ttfk"j{s lj1 dfkm{t ul/g' kb{5 .bf];|f]] r/0fdf tof/Lsf] sfd x'G5 . bf];|f]] r/0fsf] tof/LcGtu{t ;DefJotf cWoog, n]vfhf]vf-Appraisal_ / cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg ug]{ sfd ul/G5 . ;DefJotf cWoog ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] lsl;d /k|s[lt cg';f/ ljQLo ljZn]if0f, k|fljlws, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo, Joj:yfksLo, ahf/ cflb ;a} kIfx¿ Pj+cf+lzs kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . oL kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf] glthfsf cfwf/df cfof]hgf ;kmntfsf]Ifdtf klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 / To;} adf]lhd cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o x'G5 . oLljleGg kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ cf–cfˆg} leGbfleGb} tl/sfx¿ 5g\ . cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{oePdf a8fkq / k|:tfjgf ;d]tsf cfwf/df cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf, sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ Pj+cfof]hgfdf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg-Project Design_ agfpg] sfd bf];|f]] r/0fdf g} ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .t];|f]r/0fdf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog x'G5 . sfof{Gjog r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/Lkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0f lglZrt ul/G5 / ;a}nfO{ Pp6} l6ddf cfa4 u/L sfo{;~rfng k|f/Dex'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|flKtsf lgldQ lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgf adf]lhd ljleGg tl/sfx¿cjnDag u/L cg'udgsf dfWodaf6 cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;~rfngnfO{ lglb{i6 9Ëaf6 cufl8 a9fpg]sfd ul/g' kb{5 . o;nfO{ cfof]hgf rqmsf] ;a} eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f dflgG5 .

-!_cfof]hgf

-@_cfof]hgf

-#_cfof]hgf

-$_cfof]hgf

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

101

clGtd r/0fnfO{ cfof]hgfsf] ;dflKt r/0f elgG5 . lgwf{l/t ;+Vof, u'0f:t/, ;do;Ldf adf]lhd sfo{;DkGg eP gePsf] / ck]Iff cg'¿ksf] k|ltkmn -Output_, k|efj -Impact/outcome_, glthf-Result_, k|fKt eP gePsf] d"NofÍg u/L eljiodf ;~rfng ul/g] ;dfg k|s[ltsf cfof]hgfsf lgldQk[i7kf]if0f lbg]] sfd o; r/0fdf ul/G5 . cfof]hgf lj36g u/L To;;DaGwL cu|Ld sfo{x¿ ;/sf/Llgsfo jf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf cGo s'g} :yfoL ;+oGqn] ug]{ u/L ;'lDkg] sfd o;} r/0fdf ul/G5 .o;/L Pp6f cfof]hgfn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfn k"/f ub{5 . pko'{Qm r/0fa4 sfo{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n]leGg gfd / tl/sfaf6 klg k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . Tof] s'/f cfof]hgfsf] lsl;d / k|s[ltdf klg lge{/ub{5 . t/ klg ;du|df cfof]hgf rqmnfO{ o;} adf]lhd a'‰g ;lhnf] kb{5 .

g]kfndf cfof ]hgf Joj:yfkgg]kfn of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] Oltxf; sl/a 5 bzsk"j{ lj=;+=@)!# ;fnaf6 z'¿ ePsf] xf] . xfn;Dd !!j6f cfjlws of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ / d'n's oltv]/ afx|f}+ of]hgfsf] ;+3f/df 5 .xfn;Dd sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf of]hgfx¿dWo] ( j6f kfFr jifL{o 5g\ eg] b'O{j6f tLg jifL{o of]hgf5g\ . cf=j=@)^&.^* b]lv k'gM Psj6f tLg jifL{o cfjlws of]hgf sfof{Gogdf cfpFb} 5 . log}of]hgfx¿df If]qut÷ljifout cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . g]kfn Ps ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsf]x'gfn] of]hgfx¿sf cltl/Qm /fli6«o gLltsf ¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf] 5'§} efudf /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyfgLltx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;} cg'¿k cfd hgtfsf] cfjZostf / ck]Iff ;d]tsf cfwf/dfs]Gb|Lo:t/df cfjlws of]hgf th'{df ul/G5 ;fy} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffadf]lhd :yfgLolgsfo -uf=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf / lh=lj=;=_ x¿n] klg cfˆgf] zf;sLo If]qleqsf nflu 5'§} of]hgfagfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] cfjlws Pj+ jflif{s of]hgf th'{df u/L cfof]hgfut¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGotof ljsf;fTds sfd sfo{jfxLx¿ cfof]hgfut cfwf/df;~rfng ul/G5g\ / To:tf sfo{sf] lgldQ ul/g] vr{sf] ;xdlt Pj+ cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]uaf6 x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿ Pj+ cfof]hgf rqmsf r/0fa4 sfo{x¿df s]xL xb;Dd ;}4flGtscjwf/0ff;Fu glhs /x]sf] kfOP tfklg k"0f{ ¿kdf cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljz]ifu/L cfof]hgfth'{df / tof/L r/0fsf sfo{x¿ ubf{ ;}4flGts kIfnfO{ vf;} Vofn ul/Fb}g . To;f] x'Fbf sfof{Gjog kIfdfklg To;sf] c;/ kg{ uO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ëaf6 sfof{Gjog x'g g;sL ck]lIft glthf klg xfl;n x'gg;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf] kmn:j¿k of]hgfsf nIo Pj+ p2]Zo klg k"/f gePsf / ;dli6df of]hgfa4ljsf;sf] nfdf] cjlwsf] k|of;sf afah'b cfh;Dd klg d'n's ljsf;f]Gd'v bhf{df /xg afWo 5 .cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg d'n'ssf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\ , /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt (NDN) / If]qutdGqfnosf dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; cfof]hgf ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt (NDAC)h:tf ;+:yfut lgsfox? klg 5g\ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cu|0fL e"ldsfdf /fli6«o of]hgf÷cfof]hgfx¿th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfd gful/ssf] ck]Iff Pj+ /fli6«o cfjZostf;d ]tsf cfwf/df pko ' {Qm cfof ]hgfx¿sf ] tYofÍ÷ljj/0f;lxtsf ] cfof ]hgf a } +s-Project Bank_ sf] cjwf/0ff adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ev{/dfq z'?jft\ ug{ nfu]sf] eP tfklg ljutb]lv g}If]qut dGqfnodfkm{t dftxtsf ljefu Pj+ cfof]hgf PsfOx¿af6 k|:tfj dfu u/L k|fKt ePkl5cy{dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo u/L cfjZos ;|f]t;fwg h'6fO{ cf}krfl/s k|lqmof k"/f u/L cfof]hgf :jLs[t


102

ePkl5 sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ k'gM ;DalGwt If]qut dGqfnodfkm{t dftxtsf ljefu jf cfof]hgfPsfOdf k7fpg] k|rng 5 .

cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg cGtu{t cfof]hgf rqmdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ljleGg r/0fdf ljleGg sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 .cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;'emfpg' kbf{ To; cGtu{t th'{df,sfof{Gjog / cg'udg–d"Nof+sgsf 5'§f5'§} lqmofsnfk cGtu{t leGbfleGb} ;d:ofx¿ x'g] / ;dfwfgsfpkfox¿ klg leGbfleGb} x''G5g\ eGg] s'/f a'‰g cfjZos 5 . o; k|sf/ g]kfndf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgcGtu{tljleGg r/0fdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ / ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfjx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ –cfof ]hgf th' {dfsf ;d:ofx¿• cfof]hgf th{'dfsf nflu j}1flgs / j:t'lgi7 tYofÍ÷8f6fj]z 5}g,• sdhf]/ ljsf; k|zf;gsf sf/0f pko'Qm cfof]hgf th'{df x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\,• gLltut c:ki6tf / dxTjfsfFIfL of]hgfsf sf/0f pko'Qm cfof]hgf 5gf}6 x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\,• cfof]hgf th'{df ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf Hofb} sdhf]/ 5,• ghfg]/ jf g;s]/ jf grfx]/ lsg xf], cfof]hgf th'{dfsf qmddf hg;xeflutf Pj+ ;xeflutfd"ns

Joj:yfkgsf] dfGotfsf] cjnDag ul/Fb}g,• cfkm";Fu ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0f cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ubf{ cfjZostfnfO{ eGbf bftfsf]

OR5fnfO{ a9L dxŒj lbOG5,• cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 cfjZostf / ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df eGbf klg zlQm / kx'Frsf] cfwf/df

xr'jf tj/n] x'g] unt ;+:sf/ ljBdfg 5,• c;Ifdtf jf clgR5fsf sf/0f cfof]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw kIfx¿sf] /fd|f];Fu ljZn]if0f ul/b}g .cfof ]hgf sfof {Gjogsf ;d:ofx¿• sfof{Gjogof]Uo cfof]hgf a8fkq / k|:tfj tof/ x'g g;Sg',• sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf gagfO{ ;Lw} sfof{Gjogdf hfg] k|j[lQ,• ;+:yfut sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f cfof]hgf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\,• cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu rflxg] ;fwg;|f]t oyf;dodf kof{Kt ¿kdf pknAw gx'g',• cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf, sfg"gL 1fg / wf/0ff cfof]hgfn] ck]Iff u/] cg's'nsf]

gx'g', sfo{ ljj/0f d'tfljs sfo{ gul/g', ;fy} cg'ejL sd{rf/Lsf] l56f] l56f] ;?jf eO/xg',• e|i6frf/,• Ps} k6s w]/} cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf]8 / w]/} cfof]hgfsf nflu ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf]

ljj]sxLg 9Ëaf6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ unt k|j[lQ,• k|efjsf/L cg'udg Joj:yf gx'g',• hg;xeflutf x'g g;Sg' jf gu/fOFbf pkef]Qmf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] cfof]hgfdf :jfldTjaf]w

gug]{ x'gfn] sfof{Gjogdf ;'zf;gsf] ;j{yf cefj x'g' .

cfof ]hgf d"NofÍgsf ;d:ofx¿• kof{Kt ;"rgf / tYofÍsf] cefjn] k|efjsf/L cg'udg, d"Nof+sg gx'g' .• d"Nof+sgsf lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rsfÍ lgwf{/0f gul/g' jf ug{ g;Sg',• cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf sdhf]/Lx¿ ;Rofpgsf lgldQ Ifdtfsf

cltl/Qm cu|;/tfsf] sdL,

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

103

• d"NofÍg ug]{ bIf / ;Ifd ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf ;fy;fy} hgzlQmsf] klg cefj x'g',• d"NofÍg ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] output cyjf outcome nfO{ eGbf ljQLo Joj:yfsf] kIfdf Wofg

lbOg' .cfof ]hgf th' {dfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿• ljsf; k|zf;gsf] …k|zf;gsf] ljsf;Ú sf] kIfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L cjnDag ug]{,• gLlt / of]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fl1s document sf ¿kdf dfq glnO{ Jofjxfl/s / sfof{Gjogof]Uo

agfpg' kb{5 . o;f] ePdf ;f] cg'¿ksf p2]Zod'vL cfof]hgf aGg ;S5g\,• cfof]hgf th'{df ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] ;+/rgfut kIfnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ hg;fwgsf] Ifdtf ljsf;

ul/g' k5{,• cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg hg;xeflutfsf cfwf/df / th'{df ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf] dfGotfsf

cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5,• cfof]hgf;+u ;DalGwt ljljw kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ clgjfo{ Pj+ afWofTds t'NofO{

ljifout ljz]if1tf ePsf :jtGq hgzlQmaf6 To:tf] sfo{ u/fpg' k5{ .• ljleGg If]qsf] j}1flgs / j:t'lgi7 8f6fj]z tof/ ul/g' kb{5 .cfof ]hgf sfof {Gjogsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿• cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{ To;sf] sfof{GjogzLntfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{,• ;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ cfof]hgfsf] dfu cg's"n ;Ifd / ;fwg;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg],• ;fwg;|f]t vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] / ;/n t'NofO{ r'xfj6 Pj+ e|i6frf/ /f]syfdsf lgldQ

k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ldnfpg],• sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;df ljz]if Wofg lbg], sfo{ljj/0f cg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ / cfof]hgfdf

sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ cfof]hgf ;dfKt geO~h]n;Dd ;?jf gug]{,• cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf hgx;xeflutf a9fO{ k|efjsf/L cg'udg Joj:yf ug]{,• cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ pko'Qm sfo{of]hgf agfO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]{ .cfof ]hgf d"Nof +sgsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿• cg'udg–d"Nof+sg ;+oGqnfO{ cfof]hgfsf] clgjfo{ c+usf ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug]{,• cfof]hgfsf] nIo / kl/0ffdnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf gfkg ug{ ;lsg] -Measureable) u/L

lgwf{/0f ug]{,• Output cyjf outcome nfO{ cfof]hgf d"Nof+sgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ agfpg],• cfof]hgf d"Nof+sg ug]{ ;+:yfut Joj:yf / hgzlQmnfO{ bIf, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6

kl/rfng ug]{,• cfof]hgf ;dflKt kZrft\ k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf] ;'lglZrtfsf cfwf/df dfq pko'Qm :yfoL

;+oGqnfO{ x:tft/0f ug]{,• d"NofÍg kZrft\ To:t} k|s[ltsf] csf]{ cfof]hgfdf ;dfg k|s[ltsf ;d:of bf]xf]l/Pdf cfof]hgf

Joj:yfksnfO{ sf/jfxL ul/g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{,• e|i6frf/, clgoldtf / cg'lrt sfo{ pk/ s8f sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .


104

lgisif {cfof]hgfsf] ;kmntf To;sf] 5gf}6 Pj+ sfof{Gjog cfjZostf tyf ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df eP gePsf]dflge{/ ub{5 . Pp6f cfof]hgf ;kmn x'g ;s]g eg] To; pk|fGt sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] cGo cfof]hgfdfklg To;sf] c;/ kg{ uO{ gsf/fTds k|efjn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/xg ;S5 . t;y{ cfof]hgf th'{dfsf k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv g} :yfgLo cfjZostf / hg;xeflutfnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbg' kb{5 . b]vfl;sL / gSsnug]{ k|j[lQ x6fO{ cfˆg} kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] 9Ëaf6 cfof]hgf klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o; k|sf/sf ;d:ofn] cfof]hgf ;kmn x'g g;s]sf x'g\ egL lgisif{df k'Ubf cTo'lQmgxf]nf . l;4fGt / Jojxf/aLr ;fd~h:o sfod ug{ ;Sg' >]i7td bIftf 7x5{ . cj pk|fGt cfof]hgfJoj:yfkgdf ljutsf sdhf]/L bf]xf]l/g kfPgg\ eg] g]kfnL gful/sn] @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] c¿ nfdf] ;dokfiff0fo'uLg cFWof/f]df hLpg afWo x'g'kb}{g lyof] . o;sf lgldQ ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 / ultzLnt'NofOg' kb{5 . o;y{ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|lqmofsf] nfdf]cjlw;Dd klg g]kfnn] ljsf;] km8\sf] dfg{ g;s]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L efjL lbgdf To;lsl;dsf sdhf]/L bf]xf]l/g glbg]tkm{ ;a}kIfsf] k|lta4tf cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M• Project Management in Nepal, 2003; Govinda Ram Agrawal

• ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs gLlt tyf k|zf;sLo sfg"g, @)^$, lzj/fh ;]9fO{ / ljZjjGw' kf}8]n• /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, @)^^, uf]kLgfy d}gfnL• k/fu, @)^^, g]=/f=s=;+=, cy{ dGqfno• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg, @)^!, o'j/fh kf08]• bzf}+ of]hgf, @)%(, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u• tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf, @)^$, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u\• /fh:j gLlt tyf /fh:j k|zf;g, @)^^, lzj/fh ;]9fO{ / ljZjjGw' kf}8]n• k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg cÍx¿, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno• /fh:j klqsfsf ljleGg cÍx¿, /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|• sd{rf/L, @)^^, g]kfn lghfdtL sd{rf/L o'lgog

;x–;lrj, pk–;lrj / zfvf clws[t k/LIff tof/Lsf qmddf ljtl/t ljleGg sfo{kqx¿

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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g]kfn–ltAat -rLg_ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;ldlt (NTTFC) sf] klxnf] a}7s• g]kfn–ltAat -rLg_ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7s oxL clk|n @!–@$, @)!) df Nxf;fdf

;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm a}7sdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;x–;lrj>L ;"o{k|;fb l;njfnsf] g]t[Tjdf * -cf7_ ;b:oLo k|ltlglwd08nn] efu lnPsf] lyof] . k|ltlglwd08ndfjfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf cltl/Qm pBf]u dGqfno, cWofudg ljefu, vfB tyf u'0f–lgoGq0fljefu, eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfnL dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;, Nxf;f / g]kfn O06/df]8n oftfoft ljsf;;ldltsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . b'O{ kIfaLr Jofkf/ clej[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tyf:yfgLo:t/df /x]sf Jofkfl/s ;d:ofx¿ 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ul7t pQm ;ldltsf] a}7sg]kfn / ltAatdf kfn}kfnf] ug{] sfo{qmd /x]sf]df klxnf]kN6 ltAatdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] .

• pQm a}7sdf b'j} kIfsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{] l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ljifodf kxn ug]{ af/]5nkmn ePsf]df xfnnfO{ lgDg ljifodf Facility ;xdlt sfod ePsf] 5–

− ltAatdf g]kfnaf6 lgof{t x'g] j:t'x¿nfO{ z"Go eG;f/ dx;'n (Zero Tariff) pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu;Sbf] k|of; ug]{,

− ;Ldf If]q (Border Side) df låkIfLo Jofkf/ j[l4sf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{,− Joint Venture Bank :yfkgfsf] nflu cfjZos 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg],− eG;f/ hfFrkf; k|0ffnL (Customs Clearance Procedure) nfO{ ;/nLs/0f ub}{ hfg], /− ;Ldf Jofkf/ ;Da4 ljifo (Border Trade Related Issues) df cfjZostfg';f/ 5nkmn u/L ;d:of

;dfwfg ug]{ .

rLgdf lgsf;L x'g] j:t'df z"Go eG;f/ dx;'n nfUg] ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf• hgjfbL u0ftGq rLg ;/sf/n] ;j} cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] nflu $&@! j:t'x¿ rLgdf z"Go eG;f/

dxz'ndf lgsf;L ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ u/L k|:tfj u/]sf]df ;f] ;'ljwf g]kfnn] k|fKt ug]{;DaGwdf ldlt @)^&.!.#! ut] b'j} kIfaf6 Letter of Exchange df x:tfIf/ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQmLetter of Exchange df g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ ;lrj >L k'?iff]Qd cf]emf / rLg;/sf/sf tkm{af6 sf7df8f}+l:yt lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf;sf dxfdlxd /fhb"t Mr.Qiu Guohong n]x:tfIf/ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|:tfljt Joj:yfaf6 g]kfnaf6 rLgtkm{ xfn lgsf;L eO/x]sf / tTsfnlgsf;L x'g] ;Defjgf ePsf #^! g]kfnL j:t'x¿n] z"Go eG;f/ b/sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{] ePsf 5g\ .;flasdf g]kfnaf6 rLg lgsf;L x'g] clwsf+z j:t'x¿df !)Ü b]lv #%Ü ;Dd eG;f/ dxz'n nfUb}cfPsf]df k|:t't gofF Joj:yfn] g]kfnaf6 rLg lgsf;L x'g] j:t'df z"Go eG;f/ dxz'n sfod eO{rLgtkm{sf] lgsf;L k|f]T;flxt eO{ a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd x'g hfg] b]lvPsf] 5 .

• rLgn] $&@! j:t'x¿df z"Go eG;f/ b/ sfod u/]sf] / rLg g]kfnsf] pQ/tkm{sf] ljzfn ahf/ ePsf]l5d]sL /fi6« ePsf] ;Gbe{df k|:tfljt Joj:yfaf6 rLgtkm{ lgof{t x'g] j:t'sf] ljljwLs/0f x'g uO{ o:tfj:t' pTkfbg x'g] pBf]udf nufgL j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . rLg ;/sf/n] z"Go eG;f/ dxz'n;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf $&@! j:t'x¿dWo] g]kfnsf] lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿df d'VotM Rofp, ;'Gtnf, r]/Lh,skmL, sfk]{6, tof/L kf]zfs, lao/, cu/aQL, ;nfO{, :ofp, cb'jf, uf]ne]F8f, Kofh, cfn', :6«a]/L, r]/L,dx, sfpnL / a|f]sfpnL, lj:s'6, cË'/, ;fa'g, :ofDk', ldg/n jf6/, 6]S;6fon, s6gsf sk8fx?, pmg,a|f;, kmnk"mnsf] /; -Juice_, 5fnfsf ;fdfg, dfj{n, /Ë/f]ug, ;]/fldS;sf ;fdfg, u/uxgf, tfdfsf]tf/, s]j'n cflb ;dflji6 5g\ .

dGqfno ultljlw–!

dGqfno ultljlw–@


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g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt–@)!) (Nepal Trade IntegrationStrategy, 2010) ;fj{hlgs

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] ldlt @)^& c;f/ !) ut] Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr g]kfn;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf] ……g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt–@)!) (NTIS-2010)Æ ;fj{hlgs ug{'eof] .;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt–@)!) nfO{ …g]kfn Jofkf/ k|lt:kwL{ IfdtfcWoog, @))$Ú sf] kl/dflh{t /0fgLltsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] v:sFbf] lgof{t Jofkf/sf];Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ePsf] k|:t't g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt–@)!), g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ljsf; /vf;u/L lgof{t k|j4{gsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't /0fgLlts k|ltj]bgn]g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu pkof]uL k|fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug'{sf cnfjfo;sf] ljsf;sf nflu cy{tGqdf Jofkf/sf ljleGg ;xof]uL If]qx¿;Fusf] cGt/–;DaGw;d]tnfO{klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} k|:t't cWoogn] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/nfO{ ljZj cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 ub}{ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 s;/L kmfObf lng ;lsG5, eGg] af/]df Jofjxfl/s / ;fGble{s ;'emfj;d]6]sf] 5 . o; /0fgLlts k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] t'ngfTds nfe ePsf !( j6f j:t' tyf ;]jfhGoIf]qx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVb} tL j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] ljsf; / lgof{taf6 pNn]Vo nfe xfl;nug{;Sg] ;Defjgf cf}FNofPsf] 5 . klxrfg ul/Psf !( j6f d'Vo lgof{tof]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿dWo]cn}FrL, cb'jf, dx, d';'/f]sf] bfn, lrof, rfprfp / cf}iflw Pj+ ;f/o'Qm t]n u/L & j6f j:t' s[lif–vfB If]q;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . xft] sfuh, rfFbLsf uxgf, kmnfd tyf l:6n, klZdgf / pmghGopTkfbgx? u/L % j6f j:t'x¿ qmfˆ6 tyf cf}Bf]lus If]q ;Da4 /x]sf 5g\ . afFsL & j6f If]q ;]jfJofkf/;Fu ;Da4 5g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/ cGtu{t klxrfg ul/Psf If]qdf ko{6g, >d, ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw,:jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, OlGhlgol/Ë / hnljB't /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltj]bgn] oL j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ lgof{tk|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf /fvL lgof{t a9fpg 5'§f5§} sfo{of]hgf (Action Matrix) ;d]t ;'emfPsf] 5 .;f]sf cnfjf klxrfg ul/Psf plNnlvt k|To]s j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] nflu ;Defljt !) j6f d'Voahf/x¿ ;d]t pQm k|ltj]bgn] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .

cfufdL # b]lv % jif{sf] cjlwnfO{ nlIft u/L th{'df ul/Psf] o; /0fgLltnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{ssfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ ;s]df o;af6 g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/sf If]qdf b"/ufdL ;sf/fTds pknlAwxfl;n eO{ cy{tGqdf Jofkf/ If]qsf] of]ubfgnfO{ uxlsnf] agfpg d2t k'Ug] ck]Iff lng ;lsG5 .o;af6 d'n'sn] lnPsf] lgof{td'vL cfly{s j[l4sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ / ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf; u/Lul/jL lgjf/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg 7f]; ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . k|:t't /0fgLltsf] ;kmnsfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/L, lghL If]q tyf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? (Development Partners) aLr;+o'Qm / /rgfTds ;xsfo{ ck]lIft 5 .

www

dGqfno ultljlw–#

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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Keynote Speech by the Rt. Hon’ble Prime Minister atNTIS-2010, Launching Programme

24 June 2010Kathmandu

Hon’ble Commerce Minister, Mr. Rajendra Mahto,EIF and UNDP representatives,Distinguished participants,Friends from media,Ladies and gentlemen,

Let me first thank all of you for your valued presence and providing me this opportunity toshare my thought on this very important issue of trade and development. We all know that theflow of goods, services and ideas across the countries is an unavoidable phenomenon in thepresent globalized world. And that globalization has opened enormous opportunities for us. Ithas been realized as a boon in many countries, however, for least developed countries (LDCs)like our, the benefits of globalization and international trade are yet to be fully realized.

LDCs are largely unable to tap the opportunities of international trade in their growth process.The challenges faced by LDCs are, indeed, manifold. Weak supply capacities, infrastructuraldeficiencies and knowledge gap are a few to mention. The problems are more intensified forlandlocked LDCs like Nepal. Lack of territorial access to the sea, remoteness and isolationfrom world markets, dependence on neighbors for transit services, long customs andadministrative delays coupled with cumbersome procedures which all add up to high tradetransaction costs that significantly erode our competitiveness.

The Government of Nepal is a proponent of free but fair trade and trade that promotesinclusive growth. In this regard, to mainstream our economy with global trading system, wejoined WTO and two regional trading arrangements, namely, SAFTA and BIMSTEC in 2004.Joining of WTO and regional trading arrangements clearly reflects our commitment for economicreform and liberalization.

We pinned high hopes on WTO membership and it was expected that the membership wouldenhance our efficiency and result in the expansion of trade, leading to a higher level of growthand quality of life. However, the post accession period is not much satisfactory for us. But, we


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should not blame external factors in our poor performance as the conflict we faced andassociated internal factors were more responsible for it.

However, with the historic political changes triggered by the People’s Movement in 2006 hasushered our country into a new paradigm of political, social and economic landscapes. In thisbackdrop, the country has aspired a justifiable peace-dividend of the ongoing peace processto the common people. Achieving inclusive economic growth has remained the priority agendain the development paradigm of Nepal which could be achieved through the development ofexport sector to a larger extent.

Nepal, with a variety of agro-climatic conditions, rich natural resources, and ancient culturalheritage, possesses huge export potentials of goods and services. These export potentialsshould be optimally harnessed for increasing the welfare of the people. Yet, due to low priorityto export sector and weak linkages of trade with other sectors, Nepal’s economic liberalizationand accession to the WTO and regional trading blocs has largely remained under-utilized.

Now, this is high time to accord due priority to export business for achieving inclusive economicgrowth. The Government is committed to pursue pragmatic and outward looking policies thatwill provide impetus for advancing the trade development agenda. Mainstreaming of trade intothe national development program is a key concern and requires a strong coordinationmechanism. I understand that Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) 2010 provides such aframework for trade development. The Government of Nepal is committed to align therecommended actions of NTIS into national development plans encompassing various sectoralpolicies and programs.

We look forward to the support and active engagement of our development partners in thepromotion of Nepal’s trade sector. I believe that such a collaborated effort will help us inbuilding a 'New Nepal' that envisions shared prosperity and well being of all Nepalese citizens.

Thank you.

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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Chairman's Remarks by Hon'ble Minister Mr RajendraMahto at the Launching Ceremony of Nepal Trade

Integration Strategy

24th June 2010, Kathmandu, Nepal

Rt. Hon’ble Prime Minister,Representative of Royal Government of Cambodia,Chief Secretary of Government of Nepal,Senior Representatives from EIF and UNDP,Distinguished participants,Media colleagues,Ladies and gentlemen,

I am delighted today to share with you that Ministry of Commerce and Supplies; Governmentof Nepal has been able to bring out Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) 2010 as the finaloutcome of a continuous work done by our national team with the support of our developmentpartners. This strategic document launched today by the Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister will forma guideline to align the national trade policies in line with the need of harnessing potentials fromthe openness of trade and economy. I would like to congratulate the team that put its relentlesseffort in preparation of the document.

NTIS 2010 is the updated version of Diagnostic Trade Integration Study 2004 that offers usa fresh strategy on trade. This is happening at a time when Nepal is passing through a substantialpolitical transformation to the federal republic from the unitary and monarchial system. Theeconomic objective of the transformation is to achieve a broad based economic growth withsustained and inclusive socio-economic benefits to the reach of common people. Inclusivegrowth is a pre-condition, which can stem from inclusive export-led growth and 'NTIS' chartsout a plan to this direction.

With the launching of the NTIS, the moot question is about its effective implementation. Thechallenge for the government is to make necessary arrangements and a strong coordinationmechanism for effective participation of multiple agencies. They can be domestic as well asexternal agencies. I am confident that the level of commitment expressed by various stakeholderswould certainly help us in achieving the goal set by the strategy paper. Here I feel it appropriaterefer the example of Cambodia as they are successfully implementing the trade integrationstrategy in their country through adopting the sector wide approach. Nepal being a land


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locked country has its unique challenges and I hope we can overcome the difficulties pursuinga coherence policy and increased collaboration among the stakeholders on issues oftrade and transit.

Along with the launching of NTIS 2010, trade will be mainstreamed into Nepal's nationaldevelopment strategies and will also be reflected in the second three year interim plan.Furthermore, production sectors and sub-sectors will be oriented to export promotion asindicated by NTIS 2010. In regard to resource mobilization and implementation of suggestedaction matrix, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies will act as the lead agency. In the processof implementation, we would like to request our development partners to extend their supportwith greater volume of Aid for Trade and trade related technical assistances in order tocomplement the government initiatives.

Before I conclude, please accept my sincere acknowledgement for your presence in this augustceremony. Specially, my deep gratitude goes to Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister for your kindpresence, launching of NTIS and words of commitment for the implementation of strategicplan. On behalf of Government of Nepal, I would like to thank Secretary Pan Sorasak as ourspecial guest from Government of Cambodia. Finally, I would like to thank all those institutionsand individuals including my ministerial staffs, who directly and indirectly contributed in organizingthis important event.

Thank you .

Jofkf/ / ljsf;

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;'b[9 PsLs[t ;+/rgf;DaGwL Plzof:t/Lo If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7L(Enhanced Integrated Framework Asian Regional Workshop-June

21-23, Kathmandu)Gf]kfn ;/sf/, ;'b[9 PsLs[t ;+/rgfsf] ;lrjfno (EIF Secretariat), h]g]ef / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Loljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf @)^& cfiff9 & b]lv ( ut];Dd sf7df08f}df ;'b[9 PsLs[t;+/rgf;DaGwL Plzof:t/Lo If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7L (EIF Asian Regional Workshop) ;DkGgul/of] . pQm If]qLo sfo{zfnfsf] pb\3f6g /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf dfggLo pkfWoIf >L hubLzrGb|kf]v/]nn] ug{'ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf g]kfn nufot Plzof dxfb]zsf ckmuflg:tfg, a+unfb]z,e'6fg, sDaf]l8of, nfcf];, dfnlbE; / odg ;lxtsf cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]lyof] . ;f] sfo{s|ddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj >L dfwjk|;fb l3ld/], jfl0fHo tyf cfk"l{t{dGqfnosf ;lrj >L k'?iff]Qd cf]emf, sDaf]l8ofsf jl/i7 jfl0fHo ;lrj kfg ;f]/f;fs, EIF;lrjfno h]gfefsL sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f]/f]yL 6]Djf], UNDP g]kfnsf cfjf;Lo k|ltlglw /f]j6{ kfOk/nufot g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljleGg ;xefuL d'n'ssf jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .sfo{zfnfdf WTO, ITC, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNIDO, UNOPS, WB, ADB nufotsf ax'kIfLo;+:yf tyf s]xL bft[lgsfox¿sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

tLg lbg;Dd ;~rflnt pQm sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL ;a} d'n'sx¿af6 cf–cfˆgf b]zdf EIF ;DaGwdfePsf ultljlwx¿sf] af/]df ljleGg sfo{kqx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf lyP eg] ljleGg lj1x¿åf/f o;k|lqmofnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg cfufdL lbgdf ckgfpg ;lsg] /0fgLltsf af/]df ;d]tdxŒjk"0f{ sfo{kqx¿ k|:t't ePsf lyP . sfo{zfnfdf ljz]ifu/L cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/If]qnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ cfly{s j[l4 tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 s;/L cfd hgtfsf] ;d[l4nfO{clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf cg'ej tyf ljrf/x¿ cfbfg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfdf;'b[9 PsLs[t ;+/rgf (EIF) dfkm{t Jofkf/sf] nflu k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]u (AfT) nfO{ s;/Lk|efjsf/L tl/sfn] kl/rfng ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;d]t uxg 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .ITC, WB, WTO, IMF, UNCTAD / UNDP ;d]tsf ^ j6f d'Vo Ph]G;Lx¿ Dffkm{t PsMultilateral Trust Fund sf] :yfkgf u/L ljZjsf ;a} cNkljsl;t b]zx¿sf] Jofkf/If]qnfO{;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !((& b]lv cufl8 a9fOPsf] o; sfo{s|ddf g]kfnn] z'?b]lv g} ;xeflutfhgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{t ;g\ @))$ sf] Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study (NTIS);DkGg ug{, ENTReC kl/of]hgf dfkm{t Jofkf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{s|dx¿ ;~rfng ug{ tyfljleGg pks/0f tyf k|fljlws ;xof]ux¿ Kf|fKt ug{ ;xof]u pknAw ePsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ev{/} dfqg]kfnsf] Jofkf/ If]qsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f;DaGwL Tier- 1 (NECTRADE) kl/of]hgf:jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjog Rf/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfn PlzofnL cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] tkm{af6 EIFaf]8{ h]g]efdf af]8{ ;b:osf] ¿kdf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] ;kmn / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6cfufdL lbgdf g]kfnnfO{ Jofkf/ Ifdtf clej[l4 dfkm{t /fli6«o ljsf;df Jofkf/ If]qnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0fub{} ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug] ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 .

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EIF Monitoring and Evaluation Working Meeting June 25 and 27, 2010

Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) cGtu{t g]kfndf ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] nflucg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL (M&E) tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^& c;f/ !! / !# ut] sf7df08f}dfEIF Working Meeting sf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQm a}7sdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ljleGgclws[t ;lxt cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfno÷lgsfosf WTO Focal Point x¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]lyof] . EIF sf cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf Mrs. Sheelagh O'Reilly n] cg'udg d"NofÍg;DaGwL;du| ljifodf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmdaf6 g]kfnsf] EIF sfo{qmdsf]nflu cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] k|f/lDes vfsf tof/ ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .

Regional Workshop on Trade Facilitation NegotiationsJune 29th to 1st July 2010, Kathmandu

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno / Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation

(AITIC) sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf @)^& cfiff9 !% b]lv !& ut];Dd sf7df08f}df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gcGtu{tsf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f jftf{ ljifos If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQmsfo{zfnfdf g]kfn nufot ckmuflg:tfg, aËnfb]z, >LnÍf, kfls:tfg, e"6fg, sDaf]l8of / nfcf];;d]tsf ;/sf/L k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf;lrj >L k'?iff]Qd cf]emfn] pb\3f6g dGtJo lbg'ePsf] lyof] eg] AITIC h]g]efsL Deputy

Executive Director ufoqL sfGtn] ;du| sfo{qmdsf] af/]df k|sfz kfg{'ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddfUNCTAD, WCO, UNESCAP nufotsf ;+:yfsf ljz]if1x¿af6 ljleGg ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t'tul/Psf lyP . sfo{zfnfdf ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf, a+unfb]z, kfls:tfgsf ljz]if1af6 ljleGg sfo{kqk|:t't ul/Psf lyP . ;f] sfo{zfnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj >L /fdrGb|dfg l;+x, h]g]efl:ytg]kfnsf] :yfO{ lgof]usf gfoj :yfoL k|ltlglw >L /lj e§/fO{, eG;f/ ljefusf lgb]{zs >L Zofd bfxfntyf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf >L cf/= lj= /f}lgof/af6 ;d]t ljleGg sfo{kqx¿ k|:t't ePsflyP . pQm sfo{zfnfdf ljleGg ljz]if1x¿n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g cGtu{t ePsf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fjft{fsf] af/]df lj:tf/df k|sfz kfg{'ePsf] lyof] . uf]i7Ldf pkl:yt ;xefuLx¿n] g]kfnnufotsfcNk ljsl;t tyf e"kl/j]li6t d'n'ssf ;d:ofx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ ;f] ;DaGwdf cfufdL lbgdfclVtof/ ug'{kg]{ /0fgLltx¿sf] af/]df uxg ;'emfj k|:t't ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

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jif{ @ c° # @)^& cfiff9 k"0ff{° %Vol. 2 No.3 June/July., 2010 Issue 5

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Phone : 977-1-4211450, 4211292, 4211623Fax : 977-1-4211167Email:[email protected]:www.mocs.gov.np

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ljut tLg jif{b]lv sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf-@)^$÷^%–)^^÷^&_ o;} cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Fu} ;dfKt eO{ gofF cfly{sjif{sf] z'?jft;Fu} csf{] lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–)^(÷&)_ sfof{GjogdfcfpFb}5 . d'n's /fhg}lts ;ª\qmd0fsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdfbL3{sfnLg k|efj l;h{gf ug{] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf dxŒjfsf+IfLa[xt\ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg tTsfn sl7g x'g] b]lvPsf] kl/k|]Iodfcsf{] tLg jif{sf] nflu cfly{s, ;fdlhs ljsf;nfO{ lgb{]zg tyf Joj:yfkgug{] lx;fan] gofF lqjifL{o of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg nfu]sf] xf] . o;k[i7e"lddf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/–kq ev{/} ;fj{hlgsu/]sf] 5 . /f]huf/Ls]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s j[l4 u/L ul/aLlgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :Yffkgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb} cfd hgtfsf] hLjgdfkl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg] k|d'v p2]Zo af]s]sf] o; cfwf/–kqn] ;f]p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ljleGg ̂ j6f dxŒjk"0f{ /0fgLltx¿ klg ;Fu;Fu} cl3 ;f/]sf]5 . o;/L cl3 ;fl/Psf ^ j6f d"ne"t /0fgLltx¿df======cf}Bf]lusLs/0f,Jofkf/ tyf ;]jf If]qnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] k|of;df d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/Lcfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj ;'b[9 ug{]Ú eGg] ljifo 5}6f}F /0fgLltsf ¿kdf ;dfj]zePsf] 5 . ;fy}, of]hgfn] ;ftj6f k|fyldstfsf If]qdf pBf]u / lgof{tJofkf/nfO{ klg dxŒjsf ;fy ;dfj]z u/L cfufdL tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf/fHon] oL If]qsf] ljsf;df pRr Wofg s]lGb|t ug{] s'/fsf] ;Í]t klg u/]sf] 5 .o;/L d'n'ssf] kfFr bzs nfdf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df cf}Bf]lusLs/0f,Jofkf/ / ;]jf If]qn] klxnf]kN6 /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfdf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgkfPsf 5g\ . lgZro klg /f]huf/L j[l4 / ;dfj]zL ljsf; cleofgdf pBf]u,Jofkf/ / ;]jfIf]qn] k'¥ofpg ;Sg] pRr of]ubfgnfO{ d"NofÍg u/L lqjifL{oof]hgfn] oL tLgj6f If]qnfO{ of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo k|flKtsf] of}6f k|d'v/0fgLltsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df pBf]u/ jfl0fHo If]qn] k'¥ofpg;Sg] of]ubfgnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfn] dx;'; u/LoL If]qnfO{ /fli6«o ;d'Ggltsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{' ;'vb kIf xf] .

d'n'sdf of]hgfa4 ljsf; yfngL ePsf] cfwf ztfAbLeGbf a9L cjlwJotLt eO;s]sf] eP klg cBflk Ps rf}yfO hgtf lg/k]If ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg lg/Lx / bogLo hLjg afFRg ljjz 5g\ . ul/aL lgjf/0f clxn] klg

/fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cBflk k|fylds lzIff / cfwf/e"t :j:Yo;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt hgtf nfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df ;d]l6g g;sL b]zdf/f]hL/f]6Lsf nflu t8\lkg] hg;+Vofsf] lx:;f cem} 7"nf] 5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f– lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{sj[l4 (Inclusive Growth) df lge{/ u5{ h'g cGttM /fhg}lts :yfloTj / ;'zf;gaf6 lgb{]lzt/xG5g\ . o; s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;dfj]zL j[l4df uxlsnf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ pRrk|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9fO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' cfhsf] o'uLg cfjZostf xf] .

ef}uf]lns, h}ljs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, ckf/ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;Dkbf, k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlwsf]pknAwtf cflbsf] sf/0f ljZj ahf/df g]kfn, j:t' / ;]jf lgof{tsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf af]s]sf] d'n'sxf] . t/ Jofkf/sf] cGo If]ql;tsf] sdhf]/ ;DaGwn] / ljutdf Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] of}6fdxŒjk"0f{ ;+jfxssf] ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ g;Sgfn] g]kfnn] cgGt ;Defjgfsf] afah"b lgof{t Jofkf/af6plrt cfly{s nfe lng ;s]g . cu| / k[i7 cGt/;DaGwsf] ljsf;ljgf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f dfqn]Jofkf/nfO{ cy{tGqsf] bl/nf] :tDesf] ¿kdf pEofpg g;lsg] s'/f clxn] 5n{Ë x'g cfPsf] 5 .cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lglZrt u'0f:t/ / k|lt:kwL{ d"Nosf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgaf{w cfk"lt{ ug{g;s];Dd s]jn ahf/ kx'Frdfqn] ck]lIft cfly{s nfe lbg g;Sg] s'/f ax'kIfLo / If]qLo Jofkf/;~hfndf cfa4 ePkl5 klg g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/n] ult lng g;s]sf] oyfy{af6 :ki6 x'G5 .o;y{ cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostf eg]sf] Jofkf/sf] cGo If]ql;tsf] ;Da4nfO{ dha't agfpFb} pTkfbg/ pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug{' xf] .

d'n'ssf] s[lifdf lge{/ cy{tGqnfO{ cfw'lgs :j¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L a9L cfly{s nfe lbg;Sg] u/LultzLn t'Nofpg cGo ;xof]uL kIfx¿ vf;u/L ;'b[9 zflGt ;'/Iff, gLltut l:y/tf, kf/jxg /oftfoftnufotsf k"jf{wf/x¿, ljsf;–d}qL nufgL jftfj/0f, gofF pTkfbg k|ljlwsf] pkof]u,pTkfbsTj / Ifdtf clej[l4 h:tf kIf ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\g'kb{5 . t/ Jofkf/sf] ljsf;sf nfluk"j{zt{sf ¿kdf /x]sf oL kIfx¿df ck]Iffg'¿k pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;Sbf ljut s]xL ;dootfg]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ lg/Gt/ v:sFbf] l:yltdf /x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ c;Gt'ng xfn;Dds} pRr aGgk'u]sf] 5 / e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngdf ;d]t uDeL/ r'gf}tL l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

lgof{t Jofkf/sf] lg/fzfhgs k|:t'ltsf] aLrdf g]kfnsf] lgof{t k|j4{gsf If]qdf b"/ufdL k|efj /fVg]/fli6«o dxŒjsf] of}6f dxŒjk"0f{ /0fgLlts k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] 5 . g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt,@)!) (Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS), 2010) gfds ;f] /0fgLlt oxL @)^& h]7 !) ut];DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLn] /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ljlzi6 JolQmŒjx¿sf] pkl:yltdf sf7df08f}df ;fj{hlgsug{'ePsf] lyof] . pQm /0fgLlt o;k"j{ ;g\ @))$ df ul/Psf] o:t} k|s[ltsf] Nepal Trade andCompetitiveness Study sf] kl/dflh{t dfq geO{ kl/jl4{t ¿k klg xf] . o; /0fgLltn] cfufdL #b]lv % jif{nfO{ nlIft u/L b]zsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ul/g'kg{] lj:t[t sfo{nfO{;d]6]sf] 5, h'g ;dfj]zL j[l4 xfl;n ug{] lbzfdf ;xof]uL x'g]5g\ . o;n] Jofkf/ lj:tf/ / lgof{tnfO{k|lt:kwL{ agfpg xfd|f k|fyldstfsf sfo{nfO{ klxrfg u/]sf] 5, cy{tGqdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaLrsf];DaGwnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 / If]qut ;DaGw lj:tf/sf nflu ug{'kg{] sfo{ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .

/0fgLltn] g]kfnn] ljZjJofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 nfe lngaf6 ;fdgf ug{'kl//x]sf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ ;d]t;Daf]wg ub{} ;dfwfgsf pkfo klg ;'emfPsf] 5 .

o; /0fgLlts k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] t'ngfTds nfe ePsf !( j6f j:t' tyf ;]jfhGo If]qx¿nfO{k|fyldstfdf /fVb} tL j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] ljsf; / lgof{taf6 pNn]Vo nfe xfl;n ug{;Sg];Defjgf cf}FNofPsf] 5 . klxrfg ul/Psf !( j6f j:t'x¿dWo] & j6f s[lif–vfB If]q;Fu ;DalGwt5g\ eg] % j6f j:t'x¿ qmfˆ6 tyf cf}Bf]lus If]q ;Da4 /x]sf 5g\ . afFsL & j6f If]q ;]jf Jofkf/;Fu;Da4 5g\ . d'n'ssf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf] ;Gbe{df j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ klxnf] kN6dxŒjsf ;fy phfu/ u/]sf] of] /0fgLltn] klxrfg u/]sf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|j4{gsf nflu 5'§f5'§}sfo{of]hgf (Action Matrix) ;d]t ;'emfPsf] 5 . ;f]sf cnfjf klxrfg ul/Psf plNnlvt k|To]sj:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] nflu ;Defljt !) j6f d'Vo ahf/x¿ ;d]t pQm k|ltj]bgn] klxrfg u/]sf]5 . /0fgLltn] g]kfnsf] lgof{tnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg vf;u/L $ j6f d'Vo r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{h?/L ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\– ahf/ kxF'rsf] ;'lglZrttf, Jofkf/–d}qL jftfj/0fsf]l;h{gfsf lglDt cfGtl/s 3/]n' ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lgdf{0f, lgof{tstf{sf] cfk"lt{ Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f/ dxŒjk"0f{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] plrt kl/rfng .

of] /0fgLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogn] xfd|f] ljsf;sf nIox¿nfO{ xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] s'/fdfzÍf 5}g . oBlk o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu plrt ;+oGq, kof{Kt ;fwg;|f]t / cGt/lgsfoaLr ;'b[9;dGjo cfjZos kb{5 . vf;u/L /0fgLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg] s'/fr'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ PSn}sf] of]ubfg kof{Kt x'Fb}g . o;sf lglDtdf lghL If]q/ ljsf; ;xof]uL ;+:yf tyf lgsfosf] ;xof]u klg plQs} ck]lIft 5 . o;sf nflu ljZj Jofkf/;+u7gn] clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu tof/ u/]sf] ;+/rgfEnhanced Integrated Framework (EIF), Aid for Trade (AfT) cGtu{t /xL Trade–RelatedTechnical Assistance (TRTA) sf] a9LeGbf kl/rfng ug{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .

d'n'ssf] lgof{t Jofkf/ cf]/fnf] nfUb} hfg yfn]sf] l:yltdf /fli6«o:t/df ;fj{hlgs ePsf Jofkf/;Da4 oL tLgj6f dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfj]hx¿– jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%, lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq / g]kfnJofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) n] lgZro klg cfufdL lbgdf cy{tGqsf cGo If]ql;t bl/nf] ;DaGwePsf] lbuf] / ;dfj]zL Jofkf/sf] ljsf; ug{ sf]z]9'Ëfsf] sfd ug{] s'/fdf cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsG5 .s'g} klg If]qdf gLlt, /0fgLlt, k|ltj]bg, b:tfj]h cflb aGg' dfq Tof] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu kof{Kteg] x'Fb}g . gLltdf plNnlvt sfg"gL, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf ljifonfO{ r/0fa4¿kdfsfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ ;s] dfq o;af6 ;DalGwt If]qsf] ljsf;df an k'Ub5 . 7Ls oxL s'/f jfl0fHoIf]qnfO{ gluraf6 ;Daf]wg ug{] oL tLgj6f gLltsf ;Gbe{df klg nfu" x'G5 . t;y{ casf] vfFrf] oLtLgj6f gLltaLr ;fd~h:o sfod u/L lognfO{ cIf/zM Jojxf/df ptfg{' xf] . o;sf nflu tTsfnoL gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ cfjZos kg{] ;+:yfut, ljQLo / k|fljlwskIfsf] Joj:yfkgdf k|lta4tfsf ;fy h'6\g' cfjZos 5 .

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English Section 1-51l Nepal-China Trade : Opportunities for Growth Purushottam Ojha 1l SAARC Agreement on Trade in

Services (SATIS) –What it is and How it is? Surya Prasad Silwal 10l Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 : Ground for

Trade-led Development Chandra GhimireShiv Raj Bhatt 12

l Can Aid for Trade Help Nepal Overcomeits Supply-side Constraints? Ratnakar Adhikari 22

l Women Entrepreneurship andEquity Development Approach Rama Bashyal, Ph.D. 38

l Major Elements in Multilateral Trade Negotiation:A Lesson Learnt From the WTO Negotiation Lila Dhar Adhikari 45

g]kfnL v08 %@–!)$l e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf] ;Gbe{df

kf/jxgsf] ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s kIf xl/k|;fb a:ofn %@l ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL

jftf{ / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿ s[i0fd'/fl/ Gof}kfg] %̂l ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (WTO) sf] :yfgLos/0f

(Localization of WTO) s[i0fk|;fb 9sfn &!l gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)̂& M cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf rGb|axfb'/ sfsL{ *@l cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg M Ps kl/ro lzj/fh ;]9fO{+ ($

dGqfno ultljlw !)%–!!@l g]kfn–ltAat -rLg_ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;ldlt (NTTFC) sf] klxnf] a}7s !)%l rLgdf lgsf;L x'g] j:t'df z"Go eG;f/ dx;'n nfUg] ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf !)%l g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) ;fj{hlgsLs/0f !)̂l ;'b[9 PsLs[t ;+/rgf;DaGwL PlZfof:t/Lo If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7L !)&l EIF Monitoring and Evaluation Working Meetingl Regional Workshop on Trade Facilitation Negotiations

jofkf/ / ljsf; nepal-china trade : opportunities for...

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