jncc.defra.gov.ukjncc.defra.gov.uk/docs/nwrb_adviceono… · xls file · web view ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Before using this workbook, please read the Guidance document, available here.
December 2016
Before using this workbook, please read the Guidance document, available here:
Before using this workbook, please read the Advice on Operations guidance document:
Operation Activity
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: DecommissioningCABLES Power cable: DecommissioningCABLES Power cable: DecommissioningCABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenanceTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Decommissioning
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
CABLES
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Telecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Navigation markers/lights
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel anchorages
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
Vessel moorings
Vessel moorings
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
Vessel movements
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
Vessel movements
FISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Anchored nets/linesFISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seines
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
FISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal seinesFISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING Demersal trawlFISHING Demersal trawlFISHING DredgesFISHING Dredges
FISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING Dredges
FISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING Dredges
FISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING Dredges
FISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING Dredges
FISHING Dredges
FISHING Dredges
FISHING DredgesFISHING DredgesFISHING ElectrofishingFISHING Electrofishing
FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING Electrofishing
FISHING Electrofishing
FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING ElectrofishingFISHING Electrofishing
FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING Electrofishing
FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING ElectrofishingFISHING ElectrofishingFISHING Electrofishing
FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING ElectrofishingFISHING ElectrofishingFISHING Electrofishing
FISHING Electrofishing
FISHING Electrofishing
FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING ElectrofishingFISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredgesFISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredges
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING
FISHING TrapsFISHING Traps
FISHING TrapsFISHING Traps
FISHING Traps
FISHING TrapsFISHING Traps
FISHING Traps
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
FISHING Traps
FISHING TrapsFISHING TrapsFISHING Traps
FISHING TrapsFISHING TrapsFISHING Traps
FISHING Traps
FISHING TrapsFISHING Traps
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Oil and gas production
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
Pipelines
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioningRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during constructionRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenanceRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenanceRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
Pressure
Justi
ficati
on
Cold-water coral
Above water noise190
302 S
Barrier to species movement40
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)712 NS
1428
1435
165
185 S
39 IE
Introduction of light303 NA
70 NA
Litter67 IE
187 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)184 S
Removal of non-target species63 S
Annex I Reefs: Biogenic reef
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Emergence regime changes – local, including tidal level change considerationsHabitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
66 S
188 S
47 IE
46 IE
Underwater noise changes714 NS
Vibration41 NA
Visual disturbance42
43 S
Wave exposure changes - local183
Above water noise 314
322 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 55 NS
1410
948
Deoxygenation320 NS
127 S
308 IE
Introduction of light 312 NA
232 NA
Litter 229 IE
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Nutrient enrichment93 NS
310 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)309 S
321 S
1084 IE
317 IE
Underwater noise changes 1589 NSVibration 231 NAVisual disturbance 56
1171 S
Above water noise1590
769 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)304 NS
1408
1244
Deoxygenation1587 NS
95 S
318 IE
Introduction of light771 NA
316 NA
Litter1588 IE
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Nutrient enrichment53 NS
226 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)94 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)225 S
227 S
228 S
222 IE
57 IE
Underwater noise changes770 NS
Vibration162 NA
Visual disturbance1170
1518 S
Above water noise306
311 S
Barrier to species movement313
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)859 NS
1409
1245
Deoxygenation224 NS
Electromagnetic changes323 NA
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
221 IE
Introduction of light230 NA
58 NA
Litter305 IE
Nutrient enrichment223 NS
96 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)54 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)325 S
860 S
319 IE
Temperature changes - local307 S
220 IE
Underwater noise changes324 NS
Vibration315 NA
Visual disturbance163
1585 S
Above water noise1494
1483 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)508 NS
1491
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
34
Deoxygenation1481 NS
1477 S
27 IE
Introduction of light1493 NA
25 NA
Litter23 IE
Nutrient enrichment1248 NS
29 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)28 S
1482 S
1488 IE
1496 IE
Underwater noise changes32 NS
Vibration24 NA
Visual disturbance597
1487 S
Above water noise33
1484 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)26 NS
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
1490
1489
Deoxygenation30 NS
1480 IE
Introduction of light1486 NA
1495 NA
Litter31 IE
Nutrient enrichment141 NS
21 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)1469 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)20 S
22 S
19 IE
1247 IE
Underwater noise changes1485 NS
Vibration1479 NA
Visual disturbance35
1478 S
Above water noise8
9 S
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)15 NS
18
17
5 IE
Introduction of light6 NA
1 NA
Litter7 IE
2 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)1492 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)13 S
16 S
11 IE
4 IE
Underwater noise changes12 NS
Vibration10 NA
Visual disturbance3
14 S
Above water noise1127
1025
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
528
961
1233
Introduction of light1126
1235
1129
1024
Physical change (to another seabed type)1023
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)577
1234
499
Underwater noise changes1125
Visual disturbance1128
Above water noise1393
1389 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)1161 NS
1201
959
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous speciesPenetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
1327 IE
Introduction of light1392 NA
1159 NA
1395 NA
Litter1390 IE
1160 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)776 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)775 S
1388 S
1158 IE
1026 IE
Underwater noise changes1391 NS
Visual disturbance1394
Above water noise1296
Deoxygenation1270 NS
1265 IE
Introduction of light1295 NA
1267 NA
1298 NA
Litter1294 IE
Nutrient enrichment1268 NS
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Organic enrichment1269 S
1266 IE
1293 IE
Visual disturbance1297
Above water noise1231
1227 S
527
960
1300 IE
Introduction of light1230 NA
1302 NA
348 NA
Litter1228 IE
1217 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)1216 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)1215 S
1301 IE
1299 IE
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabedCollision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes1229 NS
Visual disturbance1232
Above water noise777
944
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)942
1200
958
Deoxygenation940
936
Introduction of light1292
938
1249
Litter1290
Nutrient enrichment939
941
943
937
931
Underwater noise changes1291
Visual disturbance1246
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Wave exposure changes - local930
Above water noise 447
434 S
Barrier to species movement 772
1429
1436
Deoxygenation 206 NS
124 IE
Introduction of light 125 NA
280 NA
Litter 207 IEOrganic enrichment 433 S
1511 S
Removal of non-target species 428 SRemoval of target species 709 NA
1510 IE
275 IE
Underwater noise changes 276 NSVisual disturbance 260Above water noise 205
105 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 430 NS
1400
1442
Deoxygenation 121 NS
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
397 IE
Introduction of light 329 NA
131 NA
Litter 104 IENutrient enrichment 286 NSOrganic enrichment 140 S
337 S
Physical change (to another seabed type) 463 SRemoval of non-target species 180 SRemoval of target species 330 NA
176 S
336 IE
462 IE
Underwater noise changes 450 NSVisual disturbance 106Above water noise 285
274 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 432 NS
1380
1441
Deoxygenation 861 NS
707 IE
Introduction of light 334 NA
97 NA
Litter 123 IENutrient enrichment 139 NSOrganic enrichment 129 S
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
338 S
Physical change (to another seabed type) 396 SRemoval of non-target species 429 SRemoval of target species 335 NA
287 S
255 IE
395 IE
Underwater noise changes 464 NSVisual disturbance 130Above water noise 1307
437 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 284 NS13791440
Deoxygenation 459 NS
445 IE
Introduction of light 191 NAIntroduction of microbial pathogens 706 NA
394 NA
Litter 460 IENutrient enrichment 1519 NSOrganic enrichment 436 S
83 S
Physical change (to another seabed type) 704 SRemoval of non-target species 84 SRemoval of target species 254 NA
128 S
1499 IE
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
146 IE
Underwater noise changes 705 NSVisual disturbance 271Above water noise 1462
1361 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 1359 NS
1367
1368
Deoxygenation 1468 NSElectromagnetic changes 1364 NA
1464 IE
Introduction of light 1366 NA
1459 NA
Litter 1363 IENutrient enrichment 1466 NSOrganic enrichment 1467 S
1358 S
Physical change (to another seabed type) 1362 SRemoval of non-target species 1461 SRemoval of target species 1460 NA
1360 S
1465 IE
1463 IE
Underwater noise changes 1365 NSVisual disturbance 1458Above water noise 708
449 S
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 1584 NS
1378
1439
Deoxygenation 327 NS
1309 IE
Introduction of light 61 NAIntroduction of microbial pathogens 444 NA
145 NA
Litter 328 IENutrient enrichment 466 NSOrganic enrichment 448 S
175 S
Physical change (to another seabed type) 441 SRemoval of non-target species 256 SRemoval of target species 62 NA
467 S
174 IE
440 IE
Underwater noise changes 442 NS
Visual disturbance457
Above water noise465
Barrier to species movement773
1377
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
1438
Deoxygenation150
283
Introduction of light172
439
Litter179
Organic enrichment393
Removal of non-target species1583
Removal of target species173
1306
1498
Underwater noise changes1308
Visual disturbance261
Above water noise 458
148 S
Barrier to species movement 1144
1430
1437
Deoxygenation 446 NS
1476 IE
Introduction of light 253 NA
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
1497 NA
Litter 380 IEOrganic enrichment 147 S
711 S
Removal of non-target species 1145 SRemoval of target species 144 NA
710 IE
281 IE
Underwater noise changes 282 NSVisual disturbance 149Above water noise
1544
1535 S
Barrier to species movement1541
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)1533 NS
1542
1543
1531 S
1547 IE
Introduction of light1540 NA
1549 NA
1530 NA
Litter1538 IE
1532 S
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Physical change (to another seabed type)1537 S
1534 S
1548 IE
1546 IE
Underwater noise changes1539 NS
Vibration1545 NA
Visual disturbance1529
1536 S
Above water noise1167
215 S
Barrier to species movement219
1405
1241
82 S
213 IE
Introduction of light218 NA
1501 NA
164 NA
Litter216 IE
109 S
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
214 S
1500 IE
212 IE
Underwater noise changes217 NS
Vibration1168 NA
Visual disturbance1169
Above water noise134
Barrier to species movement1528
1406
1242
Deoxygenation1166 NS
1472 IE
Introduction of light1527 NA
1164 NA
137 NA
Litter1525 IE
987 S
Radionuclide contamination1165 NS
1524 S
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
1163 IE
1471 IE
Underwater noise changes1526 NS
Vibration135 NA
Visual disturbance136
1470 S
Above water noise113
1586 S
1407
1243
Deoxygenation252 NS
202 S
248 IE
Introduction of light112 NA
250 NA
71 NA
Litter110 IE
Nutrient enrichment251 NS
203 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)138 S
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabedCollision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)75 S
204 S
249 IE
143 IE
Underwater noise changes111 NS
Vibration114 NA
Visual disturbance115
72 S
Above water noise978
1039 S
Barrier to species movement1322
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)514 NS
851
1285
1107 S
1114 IE
Introduction of light1115 NA
1065 NA
922 NA
Litter637 IE
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
653 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)1383 S
1004 S
1321 IE
1019 IE
Underwater noise changes1020 NS
Vibration974 NA
Visual disturbance1045
1038 S
Above water noise1043
1083 S
Barrier to species movement976
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)1002 NS
536
1283
512 S
1577 IE
Introduction of light1062 NA
1012 NA
1105 NA
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter558 IE
1343 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)1184 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)1104 S
925 S
625 S
975 IE
1562 IE
Underwater noise changes1563 NS
Vibration824 NA
Visual disturbance1036
1082 S
Above water noise1013
60 S
Barrier to species movement1064
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)1344 NS
850
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
1284
1185 S
1564 IE
Introduction of light1565 NA
977 NA
1382 NA
Litter1108 IE
513 S
Physical change (to another seabed type)1106 S
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)1381 S
1003 S
1037 S
1063 IE
1112 IE
Underwater noise changes1113 NS
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Vibration1044 NA
Visual disturbance816
59 S
Wave exposure changes - local1008
Above water noise 565
490 S
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 554 NS
535
1282
543 S
1031 IE
Introduction of light 1032 NA
1354 NA
1183 NA
Litter 621 IE
854 S
Physical change (to another seabed type) 1578 SPhysical loss (to land or freshwater habitat) 999 S
1110 S
1123 S
1335 IE
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
1355 IE
Underwater noise changes 885 NSVibration 1187 NAVisual disturbance 921
1042 S
Above water noise 998
564 S
Barrier to species movement 1353Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) 1072 NS
533
1280
1122 S
1180 IE
Introduction of light 1181 NA
672 NA
918 NA
Litter 1334 IE
553 S
Physical change (to another seabed type) 1030 SPhysical loss (to land or freshwater habitat) 917 S
489 S
1352 IE
972 IE
Underwater noise changes 973 NSVibration 920 NA
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Visual disturbance 1568Above water noise 1001
1007 S
Barrier to species movement 884
534
1281
634
1121 IE
Introduction of light1182 NA
1341 NA
557 NA
Litter1035 IE
492 S
563 S
883 IE
1029 IE
Underwater noise changes878 NS
Vibration1580 NA
Visual disturbance624
892 S
Wave exposure changes - local 984
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Emergence regime changes – local, including tidal level change considerationsHydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Deep-sea bed*
S
S
IE
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
Annex I Reefs: Stony reef
* The information provided here is based on sensitivity assessments for deep-sea bed
habitat, which is the best available information at this time. JNCC is seeking to improve
information in relation to deep-sea habitats sensitivity and will update the information
provided as soon as we can. Please contact [email protected] for
further information if required.
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
NS
S
IE
NA
S
NA
NS
S
S
S
IE
IE
NSNA
S
NS
S
IE
NA
S
NA
NS
S
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
NS
NS
IE
NA
S
NA
NS
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
NS
S
IE
NA
S
NA
NS
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
NS
IE
NA
S
NA
NS
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
IE
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NS
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
NS
S
IE
IE
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
S
NS
IE
NA
S
NAS
S
SS
IE
IE
NS
S
NS
IE
NA
S
NANSS
S
SSS
S
IE
IE
NS
S
NS
IE
NA
S
NANSS
S
SSS
S
IE
IE
NS
S
NS
IE
NANS
S
NANSS
S
SSS
S
IE
IE
NS
S
NSNS
IE
NA
S
NANSS
S
SSS
S
IE
IE
NS
S
NS
IE
NANS
S
NANSS
S
SSS
S
IE
IE
NS
S
NS
IE
NA
S
NAS
S
SS
IE
IE
NS
S
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
NS
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
NS
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
NS
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
NS
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
S
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
S
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
SS
S
S
IE
IE
NSNA
S
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
SS
S
IE
IE
NSNA
S
IE
NA
NA
S
NA
S
S
IE
IE
NS
NA
Advice on Operations sensitivity key
SENSITIVITY CATEGORY DESCRIPTION INTERACTION TYPE
S
IE
NA
NS
DIRECT1
SENSITIVE (S): The evidence base suggests the feature is sensitive to the pressure at the benchmark. This activity-pressure-feature combination should therefore be taken to further assessment.
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO ASSESS (IE): The evidence base is not considered to be developed enough for assessments to be made of sensitivity at the pressure benchmark. This activity-pressure-feature combination should therefore be taken to further assessment.
NOT ASSESSED (NA): A sensitivity assessment has not been made for this feature to this pressure. However, this activity-pressure-feature combination should not be precluded from consideration.
NOT SENSITIVE AT THE BENCHMARK (NS): The evidence base suggests the feature is not sensitive to the pressure at the benchmark. However, this activity-pressure-feature combination should not be precluded from consideration (e.g. thought needs to be given to activity specific variations in pressure intensity and exposure, in-combination and indirect effects).
NOT RELEVANT (NR): The evidence base suggests that there is no interaction of concern between the pressure and the feature OR the activity and the feature could not interact.
1 An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature within the spatial and/or temporal footprint of the operation.
2An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature not associated with the immediate spatial and/or temporal footprint of the operation. Indirect activity-feature interactions are limited to 7 key pressures (travelling pressures) and are highlighted in blue in the table above (column C). They are:• Emergence regime changes;• Siltation Rate changes (low);• Wave exposure changes;• Water flow (tidal current) changes, including sediment transport considerations;• Physical loss;• Genetic modification & translocation of indigenous species; and• Changes in suspended solids.A further 11 activity-derived pressures might, in specific circumstances, also indirectly interact with a feature. Given the likelihood of such indirect interactions, these have been precluded from the Advice on Operations table in order to make the advice practicable for the end-user. This does not reduce the possible importance of such interactions and users should be mindful of the potential of these pressures to indirectly affect features when determining likely significant effect. Pressures that might result in such indirect interactions are:• Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination . • Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). • Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) • Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas);• Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species; • Introduction of microbial pathogens; • Litter;• Deoxygenation;• Nutrient enrichment;• Organic enrichment; and Radionuclide contamination.
Advice on Operations sensitivity key
INTERACTION TYPE
S*
IE*
NA*
NS*
INDIRECT2
An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature within the spatial and/or temporal footprint of the
An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature not associated with the immediate spatial and/or temporal footprint of the operation. Indirect activity-feature interactions are limited to 7 key pressures (travelling pressures) and are
Changes in suspended solids.A further 11 activity-derived pressures might, in specific circumstances, also indirectly interact with a feature. Given the likelihood of such indirect interactions, these have been precluded from the Advice on Operations table in order to make the advice practicable for the end-user. This does not reduce the possible importance of such interactions and users should be mindful of the potential of these pressures to indirectly affect features when
Operation Activity
AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Power cable: laying, burial and protection
CABLES Power cable: operation and maintenance
CABLES Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
CABLES Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
CABLES Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Navigation markers/lightsCOMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
Vessel anchorages
Vessel discharges/emissions
Vessel moorings
Vessel movements
FISHING Anchored nets/lines
FISHING Demersal seines
FISHING Demersal trawl
FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING
FISHING Dredges
FISHING Hydraulic dredgesOil and gas decommissioning
Oil and gas exploration and installation
Oil and gas production
Pipelines
RENEWABLE ENERGY Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
RENEWABLE ENERGY
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)
Description of activity
The regular excavation of aggregates (a mixture of sand and/or gravel sediments) for use generally in construction and beach recharge. Seabed sediments are removed through trailing suction or static grab dredgers. Dredging is associated with numerous vessel movements, sediment alteration and resuspension. NOTE: This assessment does NOT include aggregate dredging in the intertidal. Please contact Natural England for advice on intertidal aggregate dredging.
Cables sometimes need to be retrieved or accessed for repairs or maintenance, and are then reburied or protected. Additional cable protection can also be added where cable becomes unburied. Other specific pressures can also arise from power cable operation such as local temperature changes and electromagnetic field emission. The activity includes possible localised changes in physical environment as well as hydrodynamic changes through exposed cable/structures on the seabed, as well as vessel movement and anchoring during the operation.
Methods and ways of laying cables vary depending on the water depth and the diameter of the cable. Submarine power cables have a diameter between 70 and up to 450mm. Cables can be laid either directly on the seabed, covered with material for protection or buried. The method used will depend on the area, the economic/ operational risk or environmental impacts. Protection is afforded in hazardous areas to avoid cable damage, i.e. where interaction with other activities is possible or likely. The most common method of protection is cable burial. This is usually done by seabed trench excavation through ploughing and hydraulic jetting. However, cables might be laid on the surface of the seabed if the area is unsuitable for burial (e.g. exposed rock or rocky outcrops). Cable protection is added in some cases when protection is needed due to the risk of damage. This can be done through rock placement on the seabed over the cable, mattressing, the addition of split pipe, concrete shells, etc. The activity includes seabed preparation activities (e.g. preparatory dredging, pre lay grapnel runs, boulder removal, etc.), vessel movements and anchoring within the footprint.
Cables sometimes need to be retrieved or accessed for repairs or maintenance, and are then reburied or protected. Additional cable protection can also be added where cable becomes unburied. Other specific pressures can also arise from power cable operation such as local temperature changes and electromagnetic field emission. The activity includes possible localised changes in physical environment as well as hydrodynamic changes through exposed cable/structures on the seabed, as well as vessel movement and anchoring during the operation.
When a cable is no longer needed or in use the general rule is the complete removal. However, this is often not feasible or appropriate and alternative approaches exist. When removal is deemed appropriate, cables are retrieved through grabbing and raising. Cables are also frequently disconnected and left buried to minimise environmental effects when the safe use of the seabed for other users is possible. The decommissioning process includes vessel movements and anchoring along the cable route.
Methods and ways of laying cables vary depending on the water depth and the use of seabed by other activities. Telecommunication cables have a diameter similar to that of a garden hose, 17-22mm or up to 50mm when protective wire armour is used. Cables can be laid either directly on the seabed, covered with material for protection or buried. The method used will depend on the area, the economic/ operational risk or environmental impacts. Protection is afforded in hazardous areas to avoid cable damage, i.e. where interaction with other activities is possible/likely. The most common method of protection is cable burial. Seabed trench excavation through ploughing and hydraulic jetting is frequently used for burial. However, cables might be laid on the surface of the seabed if the area is unsuitable for burial (e.g. exposed rock or rocky outcrops). Cable protection is occasionally added where there is a reasonable risk of damage. This is usually done by rock placement on the seabed over the cable. The activity includes vessel movements and anchoring within the footprint.
Cables sometimes need to be retrieved or accessed for repairs or maintenance, and are then reburied or protected. Additional cable protection can also be added where cable becomes unburied. The activity also includes vessel movement and anchoring during the operation.
Operation and presence of navigation marks and lights, including navigation buoys, posts, towers, transit marks, onshore and offshore. Includes maintenance of these structures. Includes consideration of vessels/machinery/vehicles and materials associated with activity.
Sub-activity includes demersal anchor/Danish seines and Scottish seines, as well as beach seines that come into contact with the seabed.
Sub-activity includes beam trawls, demersal otter trawls, demersal pair trawls (excludes electronic pulse fishing).
Sub-activity that includes trawls that interact with the seabed and use electric fields to fish for shellfish e.g. razor shells, shrimp or fish e.g. plaice, sole.
Sub-activity includes dredging (non-hydraulic) for shellfish e.g. scallops, oysters, mussels (including seed), clams & cockles. Includes dredges towed by vessels and tractors.
Sub-activity includes hydraulic/suction dredging e.g. clams, cockles, razor shells.
Includes seismic surveys , the installation of structures above and below the sea surface followed by drilling operations. Also includes operations by supporting vessels.
Operation of production platforms including operations by supporting vessels.
Installation, maintenance and removal of pipeline including operations by supporting vessels.
A place where a vessel is anchored. Covers activity of anchoring generically and use of allocated anchorage areas where ships are permitted to anchor inside and outside harbours/ports. Including consideration of vessels when anchoring, anchored or weighing anchor.
Includes operational, incidental and accidental discharges/emissions from all types of vessels, including exhaust fumes, wastes and waste water, sewerage, oils, lubricants and chemicals, marine litter and other flotsam and jetsam.
Use of vessel moorings and activity associated with mooring of vessel. Mooring is a temporary or permanent structure to which a vessel may be secured e.g. swing mooring, trot, fore and aft mooring, pile mooring. Includes consideration of vessels when mooring or moored.
Movement of all commercial or ‘non-recreation’ vessels of all scales, from container ships, tankers, cruise liners to pilot vessels, tugs and small water craft. (Including fishing vessels when not fishing.)
Sub-activity includes gill nets, trammel nets & tangle nets, and long lines, that are fixed/anchored to, or come into contact with, the seabed. Also includes handlines and rod & line angling (*where anchoring of the vessel occurs*).
Sub-activity includes gears that do not interact with the seabed e.g. pelagic/mid water trawls, drift nets, pelagic seines and pelagic long lines. Also includes handlines and rod & line angling (vessel-based) (*where no anchoring occurs*).
The plugging and abandonment of wells, removal of structures and associated habitat, use of explosives, cutting, drilling. Disturbance of drill arisings and cuttings. Placement of rock to cover remaining structures or to provide base for jack-up legs. Includes operation by supporting vessels, vessel discharges, use of ROVs, lifting and jack-up rigs.
Vessel movement, vessel discharges, use of jack up barges, removal of structures/scour protection and associated habitat, use of explosives, cutting, drilling, excavation of seabed close to foundations. This also includes the presence of the turbine structures and foundations – large offshore windfarms may be decommissioned over long time scales and the pressures due to the presence of turbines will therefore be present during the decommissioning phase. For cabling please see and include the separate activity.
Seabed preparation (possibly dredging), cuttings/dredgings disposal, piling, drilling, anchoring, mooring, vessel movement, vessel discharges/emissions, installation of scour protection, introduction of artificial substrate. This also includes the presence of the turbine structures and foundations – large offshore windfarms will be constructed over many years and the pressures due to the presence of turbines will therefore be present during the construction phase. For cabling please see and include the separate activity.
Vessel movement, vessel discharges, removal of structures/cables and associated habitat, use of explosives, cutting, drilling.
Vessel movement, vessel discharges, lighting, operation of devices.
Regular vessel movement, vessel discharges, rotor sweep, lighting, presence of turbine and foundation structures. Also includes use of jack up barges for maintenance and deposition of additional scour protection. For cabling please see and include the separate activity.
Seabed preparation (possibly dredging), cuttings/dredgings disposal, mooring, anchoring, piling, drilling, vessel movement, vessel discharges/emissions, installation of scour protection, introduction of artificial substrate, cabling (see separate activity).
Feature type Pressure Route of impact
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Introduction of microbial pathogens Mortality-fitness
Genetic modification & translocation of indigenous species
Introduction or spread of invasive non-indigenous species (INIS)
Habitat Removal of target species Mortality-fitness
Habitat Removal of non-target species Mortality-fitness
Habitat Temperature changes Mortality-fitness
Habitat Salinity changes Mortality-fitness
Habitat Mortality-fitnessWater flow (tidal current) changes, including sediment transport considerations
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Wave exposure changes Mortality-fitness
Habitat Visual disturbance No direct effects
Emergence regime changes, including tidal level change considerations
Habitat Litter Mortality-fitness
Habitat Electromagnetic changes No direct effects
Habitat Underwater noise changes No direct effects
Habitat Introduction of light Mortality-fitness
Habitat Barrier to species movement No direct effects
Habitat No direct effects
Habitat No direct effects
Habitat Above water noise No direct effects
Habitat Vibration No direct effects
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) Mortality-fitness
Habitat Smothering and siltation rate changes (Heavy) Mortality-fitness
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Habitat Smothering and siltation rate changes (Light) Mortality-fitness
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat) Mortality-fitness
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Habitat Physical change (to another seabed type) Mortality-fitness
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Mortality-fitness
Habitat Radionuclide contamination Mortality-fitness
Habitat Nutrient enrichment Mortality-fitness
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Habitat Organic enrichment Mortality-fitness
Habitat Deoxygenation Mortality-fitness
Benchmark
Translocation/displacement outside of a geographic area; introduction of farm/hatchery-reared individuals outside of geographic area from which adult stock derives.
A significant pathway exists for the introduction or spread of one or more non-indigenous invasive species; OR there is a potential for the introduction of highly invasive/impact species.
The introduction of relevant microbial pathogens or metazoan disease vectors to an area where they are currently not present (e.g. Martelia refringens and Bonamia, Avian influenza virus, viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus).
Removal of species present in the biotope targeted by a fishery, shellfishery or harvesting at a commercial or recreational scale
Removal of species present in the biotope by incidental non-targeted catch (by-catch) through a targeted fishery, shellfishery or harvesting at a commercial or recreational scale.
A decrease or an increase in 5°C for one month, or 2°C for one year.
A decrease or an increase in one MNCR salinity category outside the usual range of the biotope/habitat for one year.
A change in peak mean spring bed flow velocity of between 0.1m/s to 0.2m/s for more than 1 year
A change in the time covered or not covered by the sea for a period of ≥ 1 year. Or An increase in relative sea level or decrease in high water level for ≥ 1 year.
A change in near shore significant wave height >3% but <5% for one year
Introduction of man-made objects able to cause physical harm (surface, water column, sea floor and/or strandline)
Change in incident light via anthropogenic means.
Extraction of substratum to 30 cm (where substratum includes sediments and soft rocks but excludes hard bedrock)
Damage to sub-surface features (e.g. species and physical structures within the habitat)
A change in one Water Framework Directive (WFD) ecological status class for one year within site.
‘Heavy’ deposition of up to 30 cm of fine material added to the habitat in a single discrete event
‘Light’ deposition of up to 5 cm of fine material added to the habitat in a single, discrete event
Damage to surface features (e.g. species and physical structures within the habitat)
Permanent loss of existing saline habitat within a site.
1) Change in sediment type by one Folk class (based on UK SeaMap simplified classification). 2) Change from sedimentary or soft rock substrata to hard rock or artificial substrata or vice-versa.
Compliance with all AA EQS, conformance with PELs, EACs, ER-Ls
Compliance with all AA EQS, conformance with PELs, EACs/ER-Ls
Compliance with all AA EQS, conformance with PELs, EACs, ER-Ls within site.
An increase in radionuclides of 10 µGy/h above background levels within a site.
Compliance with WFD criteria for good status
A deposit of 100gC/m2/yr.
Exposure to dissolved oxygen concentration of less than or equal to 2mg/l for 1 week (a change from WFD poor status to bad status).
Pressure description
Genetic modification can be either deliberate (e.g. introduction of farmed individuals to the wild, GM food production) or a by-product of other activities (e.g. mutations associated with radionuclide contamination). Former related to escapees or deliberate releases e.g. cultivated species such as farmed salmon, oysters, scallops if GM practices employed. Scale of pressure compounded if GM species "captured" and translocated in ballast water. Mutated organisms from the latter could be transferred on ships hulls, in ballast water, with imports for aquaculture, aquaria, live bait, species traded as live seafood or 'natural' migration.
The direct or indirect introduction of invasive non-indigenous species, e.g. Chinese mitten crabs, slipper limpets, Pacific oyster and their subsequent spreading and out-competing of native species. Ballast water, hull fouling, stepping stone effects (e.g. offshore wind farms) may facilitate the spread of such species. This pressure could be associated with aquaculture, mussel or shellfishery activities due to imported seed stock or from accidental releases.
Untreated or insufficiently treated effluent discharges & run-off from terrestrial sources & vessels. It may also be a consequence of ballast water releases. In mussel or shellfisheries where seed stock is imported, 'infected' seed could be introduced, or it could be from accidental releases of effluvia. Escapees, e.g. farmed salmon could be infected and spread pathogens in the indigenous populations. Aquaculture could release contaminated faecal matter, from which pathogens could enter the food chain.
The commercial exploitation of fish & shellfish stocks, including smaller scale harvesting, angling and scientific sampling. The physical effects of fishing gear on sea bed communities are addressed by the "abrasion" pressures above. This pressure addresses the direct removal / harvesting of biota. Ecological consequences include the sustainability of stocks, impacting energy flows through food webs and the size and age composition within fish stocks.
By-catch associated with all fishing, harvesting and extraction activities. Ecological consequences include food web dependencies, population dynamics of fish, marine mammals, turtles and sea birds (including survival threats in extreme cases, e.g. Harbour Porpoise in Central and Eastern Baltic). The physical effects of fishing gear on sea bed communities are addressed by the "abrasion" pressure type so the pressure addresses the direct removal of individuals associated with fishing/ harvesting.
Events or activities increasing or decreasing local water temperature. This is most likely from thermal discharges, e.g. the release of cooling waters from power stations. This could also relate to temperature changes in the vicinity of operational sub-sea power cables. This pressure only applies within the thermal plume generated by the pressure source. It excludes temperature changes from global warming which will be at a regional scale (and as such are addressed under the climate change pressures).
Events or activities increasing or decreasing local salinity. This relates to anthropogenic sources/causes that have the potential to be controlled, e.g. freshwater discharges from pipelines that reduce salinity, or brine discharges from salt caverns washings that may increase salinity. This could also include hydromorphological modification, e.g. capital navigation dredging if this alters the halocline or erection of barrages or weirs that alter freshwater/seawater flow/exchange rates. The pressure may be temporally and spatially delineated derived from the causal event/activity and local environment.
Changes in water movement associated with tidal streams (the rise and fall of the tide, riverine flows), prevailing winds and ocean currents. The pressure is therefore associated with activities that have the potential to modify hydrological energy flows, e.g. tidal energy generation devices remove (convert) energy and such pressures could be manifested leeward of the device, capital dredging may deepen and widen a channel and therefore decrease the water flow, canalisation &/or structures may alter flow speed and direction; managed realignment (e.g. Wallasea, England). The pressure will be spatially delineated. The pressure extremes are a shift from a high to a low energy environment (or vice versa). The biota associated with these extremes will be markedly different as will the substratum, sediment supply/transport and associated seabed/ground elevation changes. The potential exists for profound changes (e.g. coastal erosion/deposition) to occur at long distances from the construction itself if an important sediment transport pathway was disrupted. As such these pressures could have multiple and complex impacts associated with them.
Changes in water levels reducing the intertidal zone (and the associated/dependent habitats). The pressure relates to changes in both the spatial area and duration that intertidal species are immersed and exposed during tidal cycles (the percentage of immersion is dependent on the position or height on the shore relative to the tide). The spatial and temporal extent of the pressure will be dependent on the causal activities but can be delineated. This relates to anthropogenic causes that may directly influence the temporal and spatial extent of tidal immersion, e.g. upstream and downstream of a tidal barrage the emergence would be respectively reduced and increased, beach re-profiling could change gradients and therefore exposure times, capital dredging may change the natural tidal range, managed realignment, saltmarsh creation. Such alteration may be of importance in estuaries because of their influence on tidal flushing and potential wave propagation. Changes in tidal flushing can change the sediment dynamics and may lead to changing patterns of deposition and erosion. Changes in tidal levels will only affect the emergence regime in areas that are inundated for only part of the time. The effects that tidal level changes may have on sediment transport are not restricted to these areas, so a very large construction could significantly affect the tidal level at a deep site without changing the emergence regime. Such a change could still have a serious impact. This excludes pressure from sea level rise.
Local changes in wave length, height and frequency. Exposure on an open shore is dependent upon the distance of open seawater over which wind may blow to generate waves (the fetch) and the strength and incidence of winds. Anthropogenic sources of this pressure include artificial reefs, breakwaters, barrages, wrecks that can directly influence wave action or activities that may locally affect the incidence of winds, e.g. a dense network of wind turbines may have the potential to influence wave exposure, depending upon their location relative to the coastline.
The disturbance of biota by anthropogenic activities, e.g. increased vessel movements, such as during construction phases for new infrastructure (bridges, cranes, port buildings etc.), increased personnel movements, increased tourism, increased vehicular movements on shore etc. disturbing bird roosting areas, seal haul out areas etc.
Marine litter is any manufactured or processed solid material from anthropogenic activities discarded, disposed or abandoned (excluding legitimate disposal) once it enters the marine and coastal environment including: plastics, metals, timber, rope, fishing gear etc. and their degraded components, e.g. microplastic particles. Ecological effects can be physical (smothering), biological (ingestion, including uptake of microplastics; entangling; physical damage; accumulation of chemicals) and/or chemical (leaching, contamination).
Localized electric and magnetic fields associated with operational power cables and telecommunication cables (if equipped with power relays). Such cables may generate electric and magnetic fields that could alter behaviour and migration patterns of sensitive species (e.g. sharks and rays).
Any loud noise made onshore or offshore by construction, vehicles, vessels, tourism, mining etc. that may disturb birds and reduce time spent in feeding or breeding area. Only relevant to birds and sea mammals that spend time on land for breeding purposes (haul-outs). It is unlikely to be relevant to habitat sensitivity assessments.
NB: MSFD indicator (2010) states “the proportion of days within a calendar year, over areas of 15’N x 15’E/W in which anthropogenic sound sources exceed either of two levels, 183 dB re 1μPa2.s (i.e. measured as Sound Exposure Level, SEL) or 224 dB re 1μPa peak (i.e. measured as peak sound pressure level) when extrapolated to one metre, measured over the frequency band 10 Hz to 10 kHz”
Direct inputs of light from anthropogenic activities, i.e. lighting on structures during construction or operation to allow 24 hour working; new tourist facilities, e.g. promenade or pier lighting, lighting on oil & gas facilities etc. Ecological effects may be the diversion of bird species from migration routes if they are disorientated by or attracted to the lights. It is also possible that continuous lighting may lead to increased algal growth.
The physical obstruction of species movements and including local movements (within & between roosting, breeding, feeding areas) and regional/global migrations (e.g. birds, eels, salmon, and whales). Both include up-river movements (where tidal barrages & devices or dams could obstruct movements) or movements across open waters (offshore wind farm, wave or tidal device arrays, mariculture infrastructure or fixed fishing gears). Species affected are mostly highly mobile birds, fish, and mammals.
Unlike the "physical change" pressure type where there is a permanent change in sea bed type (e.g. sand to gravel, sediment to a hard artificial substratum) the "habitat structure change" pressure type relates to temporary and/or reversible change, e.g. from marine mineral extraction where a proportion of seabed sands or gravels are removed but a residual layer of seabed is similar to the pre-dredge structure and as such biological communities could re-colonize; navigation dredging to maintain channels where the silts or sands removed are replaced by non-anthropogenic mechanisms so the sediment typology is not changed.
Physical disturbance of sediments where there is limited or no loss of substratum from the system. This pressure is associated with activities such as anchoring, taking of sediment/geological cores, cone penetration tests, cable burial (ploughing or jetting), propeller wash from vessels, certain fishing activities, e.g. scallop dredging, beam trawling. Agitation dredging, where sediments are deliberately disturbed by and by gravity & hydraulic dredging where sediments are deliberately disturbed and moved by currents could also be associated with this pressure type. Compression of sediments, e.g. from the legs of a jack-up barge could also fit into this pressure type. Abrasion relates to the damage of the sea bed surface layers (typically up to 50cm depth). Activities associated with abrasion can cover relatively large spatial areas and include: fishing with towed demersal trawls (fish & shellfish); bio-prospecting such as harvesting of biogenic features such as maerl beds where, after extraction, conditions for recolonization remain suitable or relatively localized activities including: seaweed harvesting, recreation, potting, aquaculture. Change from gravel to silt substrata would adversely affect herring spawning grounds.
Loss, removal or modification of the substratum is not included within this pressure (see the physical loss pressure theme). Penetration and damage to the soft rock substrata are considered, however the penetration into hard bedrock is deemed unlikely.
Changes water clarity (or turbidity) due to changes in sediment & organic particulate matter and chemical concentrations. It is related to activities disturbing sediment and/or organic particulate matter and mobilizing it into the water column. It could be 'natural' land run-off and riverine discharges or from anthropogenic activities such as all forms of dredging, disposal at sea, cable and pipeline burial, secondary effects of construction works, e.g. breakwaters. Particle size, hydrological energy (current speed & direction) and tidal excursion are all influencing factors on the spatial extent and temporal duration. Salinity, turbulence, pH and temperature may result in flocculation of suspended organic matter. Anthropogenic sources are mostly short lived and over relatively small spatial extents. Changes in suspended sediment loads can also alter the scour experienced by species and habitats. Therefore, the effects of scour are also addressed here.
“Heavy” smothering also relates to the deposition of layers of sediment on the seabed but is associated with activities such as sea disposal of dredged materials where sediments are deliberately deposited on the sea bed. This accumulation of sediments relates to the depth of vertical overburden where the sediment type of the existing and deposited sediment has similar physical characteristics because, although most species of marine biota are unable to adapt, e.g. sessile organisms unable to make their way to the surface, a similar biota could, with time, re-establish. If the sediments were physically different this would fall under L2.
When the natural rates of siltation are altered (increased or decreased). Siltation (or sedimentation) is the settling out of silt/sediments suspended in the water column. Activities associated with this pressure type include mariculture, land claim, navigation dredging, disposal at sea, marine mineral extraction, cable and pipeline laying and various construction activities. It can result in short lived sediment concentration gradients and the accumulation of sediments on the sea floor. This accumulation of sediments is synonymous with "light" smothering, which relates to the depth of vertical overburden. “Light” smothering relates to the deposition of layers of sediment on the seabed. It is associated with activities such as sea disposal of dredged materials where sediments are deliberately deposited on the sea bed. For “light” smothering most benthic biota may be able to adapt, i.e. vertically migrate through the deposited sediment.
Physical disturbance or abrasion at the surface of the substratum in sedimentary or rocky habitats. The effects are relevant to epiflora and epifauna living on the surface of the substratum. In intertidal and sublittoral fringe habitats, surface abrasion is likely to result from recreational access and trampling (inc. climbing) by human or livestock, vehicular access, moorings (ropes, chains), activities that increase scour and grounding of vessels (deliberate or accidental). In the sublittoral, surface abrasion is likely to result from pots or creels, cables and chains associated with fixed gears and moorings, anchoring of recreational vessels, objects placed on the seabed such as the legs of jack-up barges, and harvesting of seaweeds (e.g. kelps) or other intertidal species (trampling) or of epifaunal species (e.g. oysters). In sublittoral habitats, passing bottom gear (e.g. rock hopper gear) may also cause surface abrasion to epifaunal and epifloral communities, including epifaunal biogenic reef communities. Activities associated with surface abrasion can cover relatively large spatial areas e.g. bottom trawls or bio-prospecting or be relatively localized activities e.g. seaweed harvesting, recreation, potting, and aquaculture.
The permanent loss of marine habitats. Associated activities are land claim, new coastal defences that encroach on and move the Mean High Water Springs mark seawards, the footprint of a wind turbine on the seabed, dredging if it alters the position of the halocline. This excludes changes from one marine habitat type to another marine habitat type.
The permanent change of one marine habitat type to another marine habitat type, through the change in substratum, including to artificial (e.g. concrete). This therefore involves the permanent loss of one marine habitat type but has an equal creation of a different marine habitat type. Associated activities include the installation of infrastructure (e.g. surface of platforms or wind farm foundations, marinas, coastal defences, pipelines and cables), the placement of scour protection where soft sediment habitats are replaced by hard/coarse substratum habitats, removal of coarse substrata (marine mineral extraction) in those instances where surficial finer sediments are lost, capital dredging where the residual sedimentary habitat differs structurally from the pre-dredge state, creation of artificial reefs, mariculture i.e. mussel beds. Protection of pipes and cables using rock dumping and mattressing techniques. Placement of cuttings piles from oil & gas activities could fit this pressure type, however, there may be an additional pressures, e.g. "pollution and other chemical changes" theme. This pressure excludes navigation dredging where the depth of sediment is changes locally but the sediment typology is not changed.
The increase in transition elements levels compared with background concentrations, due to their input from land/riverine sources, by air or directly at sea. For marine sediments the main elements of concern are Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Nickel, Lead and Zinc Organo-metallic compounds such as the butyl tins (Tri butyl tin and its derivatives) can be highly persistent and chronic exposure to low levels has adverse biological effects, e.g. Imposex in molluscs.
Increases in the levels of these compounds compared with background concentrations. Naturally occurring compounds, complex mixtures of two basic molecular structures:- straight chained aliphatic hydrocarbons (relatively low toxicity and susceptible to degradation)- multiple ringed aromatic hydrocarbons (higher toxicity and more resistant to degradation)These fall into three categories based on source (includes both aliphatics and polyaromatic hydrocarbons):- petroleum hydrocarbons (from natural seeps, oil spills and surface water run-off)- pyrogenic hydrocarbons (from combustion of coal, woods and petroleum)- biogenic hydrocarbons (from plants & animals)Ecological consequences include tainting, some are acutely toxic, carcinomas, growth defects.
Increases in the levels of these compounds compared with background concentrations. Synthesised from a variety of industrial processes and commercial applications. Chlorinated compounds include polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs), dichlor-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) & 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) are persistent and often very toxic. Pesticides vary greatly in structure, composition, environmental persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms. Includes: insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides & fungicides. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products originate from veterinary and human applications compiling a variety of products including, Over the counter medications, fungicides, chemotherapy drugs and animal therapeutics, such as growth hormones. Due to their biologically active nature, high levels of consumption, known combined effects, and their detection in most aquatic environments they have become an emerging concern. Ecological consequences include physiological changes (e.g. growth defects, carcinomas).
Introduction of radionuclide material, raising levels above background concentrations. Such materials can come from nuclear installation discharges, and from land or sea-based operations (e.g. oil platforms, medical sources). The disposal of radioactive material at sea is prohibited unless it fulfils exemption criteria developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), namely that both the following radiological criteria are satisfied: (i) the effective dose expected to be incurred by any member of the public or ship’s crew is 10 μSv or less in a year; (ii) the collective effective dose to the public or ship’s crew is not more than 1 man Sv per annum, then the material is deemed to contain de minimis levels of radioactivity and may be disposed at sea pursuant to it fulfilling all the other provisions under the Convention. The individual dose criteria are placed in perspective (i.e. very low), given that the average background dose to the UK population is ~2700 μSv/a. Ports and coastal sediments can be affected by the authorised discharge of both current and historical low-level radioactive wastes from coastal nuclear establishments.
Increased levels of the elements nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon (and iron) in the marine environment compared to background concentrations. Nutrients can enter marine waters by natural processes (e.g. decomposition of detritus, riverine, direct and atmospheric inputs) or anthropogenic sources (e.g. waste water runoff, terrestrial/agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, aquaculture, atmospheric deposition). Nutrients can also enter marine regions from ‘upstream’ locations, e.g. via tidal currents to induce enrichment in the receiving area. Nutrient enrichment may lead to eutrophication (see also organic enrichment). Adverse environmental effects include deoxygenation, algal blooms, changes in community structure of benthos and macrophytes.
Resulting from the degraded remains of dead biota & microbiota (land & sea); faecal matter from marine animals; flocculated colloidal organic matter and the degraded remains of: sewage material, domestic wastes, industrial wastes etc. Organic matter can enter marine waters from sewage discharges, aquaculture or terrestrial/agricultural runoff. Black carbon comes from the products of incomplete combustion (PIC) of fossil fuels and vegetation. Organic enrichment may lead to eutrophication (see also nutrient enrichment). Adverse environmental effects include deoxygenation, algal blooms, changes in community structure of benthos and macrophytes.
Any deoxygenation that is not directly associated with nutrient or organic enrichment. The lowering, temporarily or more permanently, of oxygen levels in the water or substrate due to anthropogenic causes (some areas may naturally be deoxygenated due to stagnation of water masses, e.g. inner basins of fjords). This is typically associated with nutrient and organic enrichment, but it can also derive from the release of ballast water or other stagnant waters (where organic or nutrient enrichment may be absent). Ballast waters may be deliberately deoxygenated via treatment with inert gases to kill non-indigenous species.
Comment
Genetic modification can be either deliberate (e.g. introduction of farmed individuals to the wild, GM food production) or a by-product of other activities (e.g. mutations associated with radionuclide contamination). The former is related to escapees or deliberate releases e.g. cultivated species such as farmed salmon, oysters, and scallops if GM practices or breeding programmes are employed. The scale of pressure is compounded if GM species "captured" and translocated in ballast water. GM species could be transferred on ships hulls, in ballast water, with imports for aquaculture, aquaria, live bait, species traded as live seafood or 'natural' migration.
The pressure also relates to the translocation of indigenous species which may compete with local populations of species, alter the community of the receiving habitat, or provide the opportunity for hybridization between similar species (e.g. Spartina spp. and Mytilus spp.).
Sensitivity assessment will be made against a prescribed list of INIS based on the GBNNSIP list of potential invasive species.
Any significant pathogens or disease vectors relevant to species or the species that characterize biotopes/ habitats identified during the evidence review phase will be noted in the review text.
This pressure addresses only the ecological effects of removal of species and not the effects of the removal process on the species, community or habitat itself. Food-web impacts are only relevant to higher trophic levels (birds, fish, mammals and turtles): for benthic habitats and associated species the pressure has been interpreted as specifically referring to the risk of ecological effects arising from the removal of species that are directly targeted.
The assessment considers whether species present in the biotope are likely to be directly targeted and whether this removal is likely to result in measurable effects on biotope classification, structure (in terms of both biological structure e.g. species richness and diversity and the physical structure, sometimes referred to as habitat complexity) and function. Examples of biotopes that are sensitive to this pressure are therefore i) biogenic habitats that are created by species which may be directly targeted, e.g. bivalve beds, kelp beds, Ostrea edulis reefs ii) biotopes characterized by ecosystem engineers or keystone species that strongly determine the rate of some ecological processes and that are directly targeted, e.g. Echinus esculentus as keystone grazers maintaining urchin barrens, and Arenicola marina which are key bioturbators that may be collected for bait, and iii) biotopes with key characterizing species, (e.g. those named in the biotope description or identified as important by the biotope description) that are likely to be removed as target species, e.g. collection of piddocks for bait or food from biotopes defined on the presence of piddocks.
This pressure addresses only the ecological effects of removal of species and not the effects of the removal process on the species, community or habitat itself, which results in confusion. Food-web impacts are only relevant to higher trophic levels (birds, fish, mammals and turtles): for benthic habitats and associated species the pressure has been interpreted as specifically referring to the risk of ecological effects arising from the removal of species that are not directly targeted by fisheries.
The assessment considers whether species present in the biotope are likely to be damaged or removed by relevant activities and whether this removal is likely to result in measurable effects on biotope classification, structure (in terms of both biological structure e.g. species richness and diversity and the physical structure, sometimes referred to as habitat complexity) and function. Examples of biotopes that are sensitive to this pressure are therefore i) biogenic habitats that are created by species which may be removed by fishing activities, e.g. maerl beds and hard substrata that are dominated by plant and animal assemblages, ii) biotopes characterized by ecosystem engineers or keystone species that strongly determine the rate of some ecological processes, e.g. beds of suspension feeders that cycle nutrients between the water column and substratum and iii) biotopes with key characterizing species, (e.g. those named in the biotope description or identified as important by the biotope description) that are likely to be removed or displaced as by-catch.
The increase and decrease in temperature are assessed separately.
The increase and decrease in salinity are assessed separately.
The benchmark is only relevant to the intertidal, excluding habitats below Chart Datum (CD). The pressure benchmark does not expressly identify the role of ‘desiccation’ but sensitivity to desiccation will be discussed where known or relevant. In application, the majority of intertidal communities are sensitivity to changes in emergence, whether it is for one or more hours, or a due to changes in sea level and coastal squeeze. The duration assumes that the effects on most communities would probably take a year to become apparent.
Further research is required on the correlation between significant wave height and wave exposure scales. Subject to further revision.
Visual disturbance is only relevant to species that respond to visual cues, for hunting, behavioural responses or predator avoidance, and that have the visual range to perceive cues at distance. It is particularly relevant to fish, birds, reptiles and mammals that depend on sight but less relevant to benthic invertebrates. The cephalopods are an exception but they are only likely to response to visual disturbance at close range (from e.g. divers). Sea horses are disturbed by photographic flash units but again at close range. It is unlikely to be relevant to habitat sensitivity assessments.
We are not aware of any evidence on the effects of ‘litter’ on benthic marine species. While there is documented evidence of the accumulation of micro-plastics in some species, no ecological effects have been shown to date. The only exception is the effect of ghost fishing on large crustaceans (crabs etc.). Therefore, the sensitivity to litter was not assessed for habitats and was scored ‘No evidence’ by Tillin & Tyler-Walters (2014). Clearly it is relevant for large macrofauna such as fish, birds and mammals.
The evidence to assess these effects against the pressure benchmark is very limited and the impact of this pressure could not be assessed for benthic species or habitats (Tillin & Tyler-Walters, 2014).
Increases over and above background noise levels (consisting of environmental noise (ambient) and incidental man-made/anthropogenic noise (apparent)) at a particular location. Species known to be affected are marine mammals and fish. The theoretical zones of noise influence (Richardson et al 1995) are temporary or permanent hearing loss, discomfort & injury; response; masking and detection. In extreme cases noise pressures may lead to death. The physical or behavioural effects are dependent on a number of variables, including the sound pressure, loudness, sound exposure level and frequency. High amplitude low and mid-frequency impulsive sounds and low frequency continuous sound are of greatest concern for effects on marine mammals and fish. Some species may be responsive to the associated particle motion rather than the usual concept of noise. Noise propagation can be over large distances (tens of kilometres) but transmission losses can be attributable to factors such as water depth and sea bed topography. Noise levels associated with construction activities, such as pile-driving, are typically significantly greater than operational phases (i.e. shipping, operation of a wind farm).
The introduction of light is unlikely to be relevant for most benthic invertebrates, except where it is possible to interfere with spawning cues. But we are not aware of evidence to that effect. The introduction of light could potentially be beneficial for immersed plants, but again, we are not aware of any relevant evidence. Alternatively, shading (e.g. due to overgrowth, construction of jetties or other artificial structures) could adversely affect shallow sublittoral macroalgae, seagrass, and pondweeds.
The pressure is clearly relevant to mobile species such as fish, birds, reptiles and mammals. However, it should also be considered relevant to species or macrofauna such as crabs that undertake migrations to over-winter or to breed, and where populations are dependent on larval or other propagule supply from outside the site.
Tillin & Tyler-Walters (2014) did not consider the change in one Folk class benchmark applicable to hard rock biotopes, but did assess the sensitivity of biotopes occurring on softer substrata, including chalk, peat, mud rock, and clay. The simplified Folk class referred to in the benchmark is based on the simplified classification used for UK SeaMap as described by Long (2006).
A change from sediment to hard rock (or vice versa) would affect all types of substratum, and all habitats would be assessed as highly sensitive. This pressure assumes a permanent change, while short term smothering of substrata with sediment is addressed under smothering (siltation).
Direct evidence on the effect of organic enrichment was used to make sensitivity assessments by Tillin & Tyler-Walters (2014). In the absence of direct evidence, reference was made to the AMBI index, supplemented by any other relevant evidence on the effects of organic enrichment on habitats.
There is considerable evidence on the effects on de-oxygenation in the marine environment due to ongoing work and reviews by Diaz and Rosenberg among others. Therefore, we suggest a return to the MarLIN benchmark of a reduction in oxygen to ≤2mg/l for one week. The proposed benchmark would be based on the WFD status of ‘poor’ to ‘bad’ in marine waters and the ‘action levels’ for transitional waters (UKTAG, 2014).
Activity Pressure Justification ID Operation Activity
302 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
712 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
185 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
187 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
184 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
63 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
188 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
43 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
183 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
190 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
40 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
1428 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
1435 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
165 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
39 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
303 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
70 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
67 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
66 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
47 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
46 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
714 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
41 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
42 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
322 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
310 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
314 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
55 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
1410 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
948 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
320 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
127 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
308 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
312 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
232 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
229 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
93 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
309 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
321 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
1084 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
317 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
1589 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
231 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
56 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
1171 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning
769 CABLES
304 CABLES
226 CABLES
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
228 CABLES
1590 CABLES
1408 CABLES
1244 CABLES
1587 CABLES
95 CABLES
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
318 CABLES
771 CABLES
316 CABLES
1588 CABLES
53 CABLES
94 CABLES
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
225 CABLES
227 CABLES
222 CABLES
57 CABLES
770 CABLES
162 CABLES
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
1170 CABLES
1518 CABLES
311 CABLES
859 CABLES
96 CABLES
860 CABLES
306 CABLES
313 CABLES
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: laying, burial and protection
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
1409 CABLES
1245 CABLES
224 CABLES
323 CABLES
221 CABLES
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
230 CABLES
58 CABLES
305 CABLES
223 CABLES
54 CABLES
325 CABLES
319 CABLES
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
307 CABLES
220 CABLES
324 CABLES
315 CABLES
163 CABLES
1585 CABLES
1483 CABLES
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Power cable: operation and maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
29 CABLES
1494 CABLES
508 CABLES
1491 CABLES
34 CABLES
1481 CABLES
1477 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
27 CABLES
1493 CABLES
25 CABLES
23 CABLES
1248 CABLES
28 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
1482 CABLES
1488 CABLES
1496 CABLES
32 CABLES
24 CABLES
597 CABLES
1487 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning
1484 CABLES
21 CABLES
33 CABLES
26 CABLES
1490 CABLES
1489 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
30 CABLES
1480 CABLES
1486 CABLES
1495 CABLES
31 CABLES
141 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
1469 CABLES
20 CABLES
22 CABLES
19 CABLES
1247 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
1485 CABLES
1479 CABLES
35 CABLES
1478 CABLES
9 CABLES
2 CABLES
8 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
15 CABLES
18 CABLES
17 CABLES
5 CABLES
6 CABLES
1 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
7 CABLES
1492 CABLES
13 CABLES
16 CABLES
11 CABLES
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
4 CABLES
12 CABLES
10 CABLES
3 CABLES
14 CABLES
1126 Navigation markers/lights
1127 Navigation markers/lights
1025 Navigation markers/lights
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
528 Navigation markers/lights
961 Navigation markers/lights
1233 Navigation markers/lights
1235 Navigation markers/lights
1129 Navigation markers/lights
1024 Navigation markers/lights
1023 Navigation markers/lights
577 Navigation markers/lights
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1234 Navigation markers/lights
499 Navigation markers/lights
1125 Navigation markers/lights
1128 Navigation markers/lights
1389 Vessel anchorages
1160 Vessel anchorages
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1393 Vessel anchorages
1161 Vessel anchorages
1201 Vessel anchorages
959 Vessel anchorages
1327 Vessel anchorages
1392 Vessel anchorages
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1159 Vessel anchorages
1395 Vessel anchorages
1390 Vessel anchorages
776 Vessel anchorages
775 Vessel anchorages
1388 Vessel anchorages
1158 Vessel anchorages
1026 Vessel anchorages
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1391 Vessel anchorages
1394 Vessel anchorages
1296 Vessel discharges/emissions
1270 Vessel discharges/emissions
1265 Vessel discharges/emissions
1295 Vessel discharges/emissions
1267 Vessel discharges/emissions
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1298 Vessel discharges/emissions
1294 Vessel discharges/emissions
1268 Vessel discharges/emissions
1269 Vessel discharges/emissions
1266 Vessel discharges/emissions
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1293 Vessel discharges/emissions
1297 Vessel discharges/emissions
1227 Vessel moorings
1217 Vessel moorings
1216 Vessel moorings
1231 Vessel moorings
527 Vessel moorings
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
960 Vessel moorings
1300 Vessel moorings
1230 Vessel moorings
1302 Vessel moorings
348 Vessel moorings
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1228 Vessel moorings
1215 Vessel moorings
1301 Vessel moorings
1299 Vessel moorings
1229 Vessel moorings
1232 Vessel moorings
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
777 Vessel movements
1291 Vessel movements
1246 Vessel movements
944 Vessel movements
942 Vessel movements
1200 Vessel movements
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
958 Vessel movements
940 Vessel movements
936 Vessel movements
1292 Vessel movements
938 Vessel movements
1249 Vessel movements
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
1290 Vessel movements
939 Vessel movements
941 Vessel movements
943 Vessel movements
937 Vessel movements
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
931 Vessel movements
930 Vessel movements
434 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
428 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
709 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
447 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)
772 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
1429 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
1436 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
206 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
124 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
125 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
280 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
207 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
433 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
1511 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
1510 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
275 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
276 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
260 FISHING Anchored nets/lines
105 FISHING Demersal seines
430 FISHING Demersal seines
337 FISHING Demersal seines
180 FISHING Demersal seines
330 FISHING Demersal seines
176 FISHING Demersal seines
205 FISHING Demersal seines
1400 FISHING Demersal seines
1442 FISHING Demersal seines
121 FISHING Demersal seines
397 FISHING Demersal seines
329 FISHING Demersal seines
131 FISHING Demersal seines
104 FISHING Demersal seines
286 FISHING Demersal seines
140 FISHING Demersal seines
463 FISHING Demersal seines
336 FISHING Demersal seines
462 FISHING Demersal seines
450 FISHING Demersal seines
106 FISHING Demersal seines
274 FISHING Demersal trawl
432 FISHING Demersal trawl
338 FISHING Demersal trawl
429 FISHING Demersal trawl
335 FISHING Demersal trawl
287 FISHING Demersal trawl
285 FISHING Demersal trawl
1380 FISHING Demersal trawl
1441 FISHING Demersal trawl
861 FISHING Demersal trawl
707 FISHING Demersal trawl
334 FISHING Demersal trawl
97 FISHING Demersal trawl
123 FISHING Demersal trawl
139 FISHING Demersal trawl
129 FISHING Demersal trawl
396 FISHING Demersal trawl
255 FISHING Demersal trawl
395 FISHING Demersal trawl
464 FISHING Demersal trawl
130 FISHING Demersal trawl
1361 FISHING Electrofishing
1359 FISHING Electrofishing
1364 FISHING Electrofishing
1358 FISHING Electrofishing
1461 FISHING Electrofishing
1460 FISHING Electrofishing
1360 FISHING Electrofishing
1462 FISHING Electrofishing
1367 FISHING Electrofishing
1368 FISHING Electrofishing
1468 FISHING Electrofishing
1464 FISHING Electrofishing
1366 FISHING Electrofishing
1459 FISHING Electrofishing
1363 FISHING Electrofishing
1466 FISHING Electrofishing
1467 FISHING Electrofishing
1362 FISHING Electrofishing
1465 FISHING Electrofishing
1463 FISHING Electrofishing
1365 FISHING Electrofishing
1458 FISHING Electrofishing
1583 FISHING Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
173 FISHING
465 FISHING
773 FISHING
1377 FISHING
1438 FISHING
150 FISHING
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
283 FISHING
172 FISHING
439 FISHING
179 FISHING
393 FISHING
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
1306 FISHING
1498 FISHING
1308 FISHING
261 FISHING
1535 Oil and gas decommissioning
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1533 Oil and gas decommissioning
1531 Oil and gas decommissioning
1547 Oil and gas decommissioning
1549 Oil and gas decommissioning
1532 Oil and gas decommissioning
1537 Oil and gas decommissioning
1534 Oil and gas decommissioning
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1548 Oil and gas decommissioning
1546 Oil and gas decommissioning
1539 Oil and gas decommissioning
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1544 Oil and gas decommissioning
1541 Oil and gas decommissioning
1542 Oil and gas decommissioning
1543 Oil and gas decommissioning
1540 Oil and gas decommissioning
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1530 Oil and gas decommissioning
1538 Oil and gas decommissioning
1545 Oil and gas decommissioning
1529 Oil and gas decommissioning
1536 Oil and gas decommissioning
215 Oil and gas exploration
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
213 Oil and gas exploration
1501 Oil and gas exploration
109 Oil and gas exploration
214 Oil and gas exploration
217 Oil and gas exploration
1168 Oil and gas exploration
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1167 Oil and gas exploration
219 Oil and gas exploration
1405 Oil and gas exploration
1241 Oil and gas exploration
82 Oil and gas exploration
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
218 Oil and gas exploration
164 Oil and gas exploration
216 Oil and gas exploration
1500 Oil and gas exploration
212 Oil and gas exploration
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1169 Oil and gas exploration
1472 Oil and gas production
1164 Oil and gas production
987 Oil and gas production
1524 Oil and gas production
1526 Oil and gas production
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
135 Oil and gas production
134 Oil and gas production
1528 Oil and gas production
1406 Oil and gas production
1242 Oil and gas production
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1166 Oil and gas production
1527 Oil and gas production
137 Oil and gas production
1525 Oil and gas production
1165 Oil and gas production
1163 Oil and gas production
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
1471 Oil and gas production
136 Oil and gas production
1470 Oil and gas production
1586 Pipelines
202 Pipelines
248 Pipelines
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
203 Pipelines
204 Pipelines
113 Pipelines
1407 Pipelines
1243 Pipelines
252 Pipelines
112 Pipelines
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
250 Pipelines
71 Pipelines
110 Pipelines
251 Pipelines
138 Pipelines
75 Pipelines
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
249 Pipelines
143 Pipelines
111 Pipelines
114 Pipelines
115 Pipelines
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
72 Pipelines
978 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1039 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1107 RENEWABLE ENERGY
653 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1383 RENEWABLE ENERGY
OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
1004 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1020 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1045 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1322 RENEWABLE ENERGY
514 RENEWABLE ENERGY
851 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1285 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1114 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
1115 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1065 RENEWABLE ENERGY
922 RENEWABLE ENERGY
637 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1321 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
1019 RENEWABLE ENERGY
974 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1038 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1043 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1083 RENEWABLE ENERGY
512 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1343 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1184 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
1104 RENEWABLE ENERGY
625 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1563 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1036 RENEWABLE ENERGY
976 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1002 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
536 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1283 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1577 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1062 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1012 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
1105 RENEWABLE ENERGY
558 RENEWABLE ENERGY
925 RENEWABLE ENERGY
975 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
1562 RENEWABLE ENERGY
824 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1082 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1064 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
850 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1185 RENEWABLE ENERGY
513 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1106 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1381 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1037 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
816 RENEWABLE ENERGY
59 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1013 RENEWABLE ENERGY
60 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1344 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
1284 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1564 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1565 RENEWABLE ENERGY
977 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1382 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
1108 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1003 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1063 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1112 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
1113 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1044 RENEWABLE ENERGY
1008 RENEWABLE ENERGY
490 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1282 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
543 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables
also)
854 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1578 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
999 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
885 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
565 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
554 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
535 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1031 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1032 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1354 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1183 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
621 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1110 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1123 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1335 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1355 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1187 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
921 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
1042 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning
564 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1353 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1072 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1122 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
553 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1030 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
917 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
973 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
998 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
533 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1280 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1180 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1181 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
672 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
918 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1334 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
489 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1352 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
972 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
920 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1568 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction
1007 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
884 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
534 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1281 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
878 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1580 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
892 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
984 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1001 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
634 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1121 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1182 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1341 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
557 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1035 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
492 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
563 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
883 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
1029 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
624 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance
437 FISHING Dredges
284 FISHING Dredges
83 FISHING Dredges
84 FISHING Dredges
254 FISHING Dredges
128 FISHING Dredges
271 FISHING Dredges
1307 FISHING Dredges
1379 FISHING Dredges
1440 FISHING Dredges
459 FISHING Dredges
445 FISHING Dredges
191 FISHING Dredges
706 FISHING Dredges
394 FISHING Dredges
460 FISHING Dredges
1519 FISHING Dredges
436 FISHING Dredges
704 FISHING Dredges
1499 FISHING Dredges
146 FISHING Dredges
705 FISHING Dredges
449 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
1584 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
175 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
256 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
62 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
467 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
457 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
708 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
1378 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
1439 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
327 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
1309 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
61 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
444 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
145 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
328 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
466 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
448 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
441 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
174 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
440 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
442 FISHING Hydraulic dredges
Pressure
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Removal of non-target species
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Wave exposure changes - local
Above water noise
Barrier to species movement
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Emergence regime changes – local, including tidal level change considerations
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Visual disturbance
Above water noise
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Underwater noise changes
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Above water noise
Deoxygenation
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Visual disturbance
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Above water noise
Barrier to species movement
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Deoxygenation
Electromagnetic changes
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Temperature changes - local
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Above water noise
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Deoxygenation
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Above water noise
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Above water noise
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Introduction of light
Above water noise
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Above water noise
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Introduction of light
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Above water noise
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Organic enrichment
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Visual disturbance
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Above water noise
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Above water noise
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Wave exposure changes - local
Removal of non-target species
Removal of target species
Above water noise
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Barrier to species movement
Deoxygenation
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Organic enrichment
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Removal of non-target species
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Removal of target species
Above water noise
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Organic enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Removal of non-target species
Removal of target species
Above water noise
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Organic enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Electromagnetic changes
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Removal of non-target species
Removal of target species
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Above water noise
Deoxygenation
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Organic enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Removal of non-target species
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Removal of target species
Above water noise
Barrier to species movement
Deoxygenation
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Organic enrichment
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Underwater noise changes
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Above water noise
Barrier to species movement
Introduction of light
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Above water noise
Barrier to species movement
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Visual disturbance
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Underwater noise changes
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Vibration
Above water noise
Barrier to species movement
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Radionuclide contamination
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Visual disturbance
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Above water noise
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Above water noise
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Barrier to species movement
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Vibration
Above water noise
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Underwater noise changes
Visual disturbance
Barrier to species movement
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Vibration
Barrier to species movement
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Visual disturbance
Above water noise
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Wave exposure changes - local
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Underwater noise changes
Above water noise
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Vibration
Visual disturbance
Barrier to species movement
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)
Underwater noise changes
Above water noise
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Vibration
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Visual disturbance
Barrier to species movement
Underwater noise changes
Vibration
Wave exposure changes - local
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations
Above water noise
Introduction of light
Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Emergence regime changes – local, including tidal level change considerations
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Visual disturbance
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Removal of non-target species
Removal of target species
Visual disturbance
Above water noise
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Deoxygenation
Introduction of light
Introduction of microbial pathogens
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Organic enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)
Removal of non-target species
Removal of target species
Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed
Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion
Visual disturbance
Above water noise
Deoxygenation
Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)
Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,
machinery, and structures)
Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Introduction of light
Introduction of microbial pathogens
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species
Litter
Nutrient enrichment
Organic enrichment
Physical change (to another seabed type)
Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Underwater noise changes
Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in
Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.
Activity Pressure justification text
Aggregate extraction can change both the bathymetry and the physical characteristics of the seabed. The extraction can result in the remaining sediment being of a different particle size composition to that prior to extraction [3102; 3080].
Aggregate extraction removes the surface layers of sediment from the seabed. The method of dredging determines magnitude and depth of the structural damage. Trailer hopper suction dredging creates shallow furrows that may extend for several kilometres in length. The depressions are generally 2-3 m wide and initially only around 0.5 m deep. Static dredging tends to create deep (5-10 m) depressions in the seabed. On occasion this might result in the damage of seabed
features or biologically important structures [3081; 3102; 3080].
Marine aggregate extraction increases suspended solids in the water column. This occurs at the draghead, via the spill was or by screening. Plumes generated by the draghead tend to be of small magnitude. The sediment overspilled or screened is dispersed laterally and vertically by waves and tides and forms a turbid plume. Particles generally settle within 250 - 500 m but can travel up to 5 km where currents are strong [3080; 3102; 4336].
Aggregate extraction removes the surface layers of sediment from the seabed. The method of dredging determines the topographical and bathymetrical changes: Trailer hopper suction dredging creates shallow furrows that may extend for several kilometres in length. The depressions are generally 2-3 m wide and initially only around 0.5 m deep. Static dredging tends to create deep (5-10 m) depressions in the seabed. [3081; 3102]
Aggregate extraction removes the surface layers of sediment from the seabed. The method of dredging determines the magnitude and depth of the structural damage. Trailer hopper suction dredging creates shallow furrows that may extend for several kilometres in length. The depressions are generally 2-3 m wide and initially only around 0.5 m deep. Static dredging tends to create deep (5-10 m) depressions in the seabed. [3081; 3102; 3080]
Suction dredging is a non-selective extractive method where sediment and associated organisms are removed from the seabed. Very few benthic invertebrates are able to escape entrainment. Differences in benthic assemblages can be observed under the path of the draghead (reduced species diversity, number of individuals and biomass) [5155; 5146].
During marine aggregate dredging operations, sediment is released into the water column by the physical disturbance of seabed sediments by the draghead and by the dredger overflow. This sediment will be dispersed by tide and current and settle by gravity to the seabed. Sand deposition is likely to be limited to 250-500 m or up to 3 km where particles are re-mobilised by the local hydrodynamic conditions [3102; 3080].
Marine aggregate extraction typically creates elongated depressions of between 2 and 5 m depth. As the majority of dredging is carried out in deep water, the relative increase in depth is very small. However, numerical modelling studies have demonstrated that flow speeds increase through the dredged area with a corresponding reduction in flows along both sides [4009].
Bird collision with vessels occurs and is particularly a risk at night with lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337].
Seabed lowering from aggregate dredging can cause changes in wave propagation over the dredged areas leading to changes in wave height and orientation to the coast. Typically in the majority of cases, changes in the wave climate of greater than 2 % are restricted to the immediate vicinity of the licence area [3080; 3097]. Aggregate extraction regulations should minimise the pressure. Generally speaking, if the activity occurs where the water depth is of at least 14 m then
changes to wave environment will be negligible and very localised [3102].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. A variety of activities have the potential of being a barrier to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrents), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085;
3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when occurring on or in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death [2750]. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
Collision is most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The lowering of the sea floor by marine aggregate dredging can alter the way that waves travel over the area of dredged seabed. Changes in waves will often be small, except in the immediate vicinity of the dredging area. The magnitude of the changes will depend on the depth of the seabed, depth and area of extraction, proximity to shore and character of the surrounding seabed. [3097]
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity
to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
During marine aggregate dredging operations, sediment is released into the water column via one of the following: physical disturbance of seabed sediments by the drag head; dredger overflow or deliberate screening of the dredged material. This sediment will be dispersed by tide and current and settle by gravity to the seabed. Sand deposition is likely to be limited to 250-500 m or up to 3 km where particles are re-mobilised by the local hydrodynamic conditions.
[3102; 3080]
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. If removal is required, then a pit is excavated to reach the cable to either attach a gripper to the cable or install a cable “under roller” to run the full length of the buried cable to recover it [4926;
4345; 4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at
depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable
protection are either removed or left buried [4926; 4345]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150m. The pressure exerted by
anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition. If removal is required, then a pit is excavated to reach the cable to either attach a gripper to the cable or install a cable “under
roller” to run the full length of the buried cable to recover it [4926; 4345; 4344]. Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156].
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most
likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc. [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the intensity of the activity, the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases
short lived and localised [4891; 4899].
The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried. If removal is required, then the habitat that was created by the structure through time will be removed [4926; 4345; 4344].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Moreover, thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160]. Litter should not be a licensing issue as all vessels adhere to MARPOL requirements, managed under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which provides an International standard for the safe management and operation of ships and
for pollution prevention.
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging/trenching can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Sediments can have elevated levels of nutrients and organic matter locked
within them (for example near aquaculture facilities or estuaries) and activities disturbing the sediment will release these nutrients making them available [4899].
Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users, and in some circumstances this means just the disconnection of the cable and leaving it buried [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156; 4344].
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance might occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users [4926; 4345; 4344].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, on-board machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3101; 3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128;
3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity (e.g., location and timing of operation).
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow) and the possible formation of scour pits around the structure. The impact of this is expected to be very localised and limited [4345]. The removal if required during decommissioning will result in
reversed impact.
The laying of cables will lead to seabed abrasion and disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed in any circumstance, either if the cable is buried, protected or not [3156]. Ploughing, trenching, rock placement, anchor placement and pre-sweep dredging will all result in abrasion and disturbance. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the cable installation machinery could be up to 20 m wide where pre-sweep dredging is required, or
between 5-10m wide per cable trench for ploughing, and trenching [4926; 4345]. Beyond this direct foot print, low intensity physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Cables laid at the surface can result in some degree of abrasion mainly where there is high wave activity (in shallow waters of <20 m marks ranged from 6-45cm wide) [4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, low intensity
physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon engaging, dragging and embedding. The chain also causes abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be
low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction, the equipment used and background levels [3156]. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases
measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas the depth-averaged and near bed concentration increases modelled for ploughing in sand at Goodwin Knoll (which has less than 3% fines) were significantly less, being < 0.5 mg/l above background [4345].
Direct penetration and disturbance of habitat will occur as a result of ploughing, trenching, rock placement, anchor placement and ground preparation dredging if required. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the seabed disturbed by the cable installation machinery could be up to 20 m wide where pre-sweep dredging is required, or between 5-10m wide per cable trench for ploughing and trenching. On average the marine cables will be buried to a depth between 1.5 to 2 m [4926; 4345].The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low
when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
During cable installation sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions and the sediment particle size distribution. A greater sediment dispersion distance means the sediment will be more thinly dispersed over a wider area, whilst a smaller sediment dispersion distance gives a high deposition depth over a smaller distance. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas at South Falls the impact was
only predicted to extend to 500m but with predicted deposition levels of <0.1 mm [4345]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].
Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most
likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc. [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the intensity of the activity, the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases
short lived and localised [4891; 4899].
During cable laying, burial is the main methodology used to avoid cable damage and this burial process often results in the removal of substratum. For example trenching and seabed ploughing are common practices and in addition if a subsea cable is buried on a mobile seabed, such as an area of sandwaves, pre-sweeping by dredging can be used. This produces a flat surface for installation. Cabling activity is localised and usually restricted to a 2-3 m with track [3101; 4345].
Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Moreover, thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160]. Litter should not be a licensing issue as all vessels adhere to MARPOL requirements, managed under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which provides an International standard for the safe management and operation of ships and
for pollution prevention.
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging/trenching can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Sediments can have elevated levels of nutrients and organic matter locked
within them (for example near aquaculture facilities or estuaries) and activities disturbing the sediment will release these nutrients making them available [4899].
During cable installation and when ground preparation pre-sweep dredging is conducted, dredged sediments can be disposed of within the limits of the activity licence area resulting in high siltation rate changes [4347].
The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable laying protection measures alternative to burial are used to avoid cable damage resulting in habitat loss. These can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156], for example when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or where the rock
is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, on-board machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3101; 3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128;
3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity (e.g., location and timing of operation).
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow) and the possible formation of scour pits around the structure. The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345]. Non-backfilled trenches dug for cable burial will result in
localised flow speed changes until the trench is backfilled. The backfill usually occurs soon after ploughing but in some ground conditions this can take longer. These will have limited impact and depend on the water depth and overall water depth change, similar to what has been modelled for marine aggregate extraction [4009].
If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors
cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156]. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The frequency of the activity will be low.
If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels comparable to those used in some cable repair operations have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to
approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance resulting in sediment re-suspension and deposition will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will
depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].
Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Electromagnetic fields have the potential to disrupt migratory routes of species that use earth magnetic field to navigate [4345; 4346]. For example, in Kentish Flats the modelled magnetic and induced electric fields emitted at normal operating wind speeds were expected to be at detectable levels (even attractant) at sediment surface for certain sensitive species (e.g. elasmobranchs, Atlantic salmon, European eel) [4995].
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most
likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc. [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the intensity of the activity, the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases
short lived and localised [4891; 4899].
Power cables have the potential to emit electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the range of detection of sensitive species In a study modelling 24 submarine cable projects assuming 1 m burial depth, the average predicted magnetic field intensity was a function of voltage. Out of the 10 AC cables included (ranging from 33 to 345 kV) the average maximum magnetic field value directly over the cable was 7.85 μT and decreased rapidly with vertical and horizontal distance. The average
for DC cables (ranging from 75 to 500 kV) DC cables showed a maximum average value directly above the cable of 78.27 μT declining again with vertical and horizontal distance from the cable. However, as pointed by the authors “the magnetic field from DC cables can influence the intensity of the local geomagnetic field, as well as its inclination and declination, thus the orientation of the cable relative to the geomagnetic field should be accounted for when considering
the effects of DC cables” [4347]. Five AC cables were modelled (10–145 kV, 100–500 A) and their emitted and induced fields estimated. The maximum magnetic field was 2–35μT, and the induced electric field was 0.3–4mV/m depending on cable setup and current load. These field strengths decrease rapidly with the distance from the cable. For example, a maximum of 35 μT immediately above the cable will be reduced to 2.2μT at a distance of 2 m from the cable [5013].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Moreover, thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160]. Litter should not be a licensing issue as all vessels adhere to MARPOL requirements, managed under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which provides an International standard for the safe management and operation of ships and
for pollution prevention.
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging/trenching can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Sediments can have elevated levels of nutrients and organic matter locked
within them (for example near aquaculture facilities or estuaries) and activities disturbing the sediment will release these nutrients making them available [4899].
The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable maintenance additional protection measures alternative to reburial are used to avoid cable damage resulting in habitat loss. These can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156], for example when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or
where the rock is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Operation of the cables will result in some heat being emitted from the cable and subsequent warming of the surrounding environment, reducing the efficiency. Therefore, the cables have been designed to minimise thermal loss. Heating effects will be localised to the proximity of the cable and quickly dissipate though the water column [4926; 4345]. Thermal emission and its impacts will depend on the type of cables, transmission rate and the receiving environment [3156]. For example, cable thermal emissions have been empirically measured in the Nysted wind farm in Denmark. The maximum temperature increase measured in the sediment was 2.5°C at 25cm directly above the cable (132KV buried at 1 m)
[4346].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, on-board machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3101; 3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128;
3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity (e.g., location and timing of operation).
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow) and the possible formation of scour pits around the structure. The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345].
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used [4926; 4345; 4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels
have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable
protection are either removed or left buried [4926; 4345]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by
anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition [4926; 4345; 4344]. Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair
or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156].
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most
likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc. [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the intensity of the activity, the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases
short lived and localised [4891; 4899].
The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried. If removal is required, then the habitat that was created by the structure through time will be removed [4926; 4345; 4344].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Moreover, thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160]. Litter should not be a licensing issue as all vessels adhere to MARPOL requirements, managed under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which provides an International standard for the safe management and operation of ships and
for pollution prevention.
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging/trenching can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Sediments can have elevated levels of nutrients and organic matter locked
within them (for example near aquaculture facilities or estuaries) and activities disturbing the sediment will release these nutrients making them available [4899].
Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users, and in some circumstances this means just the disconnection of the cable and leaving it buried [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156; 4344].
Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance might occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users [4926; 4345; 4344].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, on-board machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3101; 3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128;
3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity (e.g., location and timing of operation).
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow). The impact of this is expected to be very localised and limited [4345]. The removal if required during decommissioning will result in reversed impact.
The laying of cables will lead to seabed abrasion and disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed in any circumstance, either if the cable is buried, protected or not [3156]. Ploughing, trenching, rock placement, and anchor placement will all result in abrasion and disturbance. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the seabed disturbed by telecommunication cable installation machinery could be between 5-10 m wide per cable trench for
ploughing and trenching [4926; 4345]. Cables laid at the surface can result in some degree of abrasion mainly where there is high wave activity (in shallow waters of <20 m marks ranged from 6-45 cm wide) [4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, low intensity physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon engaging, dragging and embedding. The chain also causes abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by
anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Direct penetration and disturbance of habitat will occur as a result of ploughing, trenching, rock placement and anchor placement. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the seabed disturbed by telecommunication cable installation machinery could be between 5-10 m wide per cable trench for ploughing and trenching. On average, the marine cables will be buried to a depth between 1 to 2 m [4926; 4345]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep
penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction, the equipment used and background levels [3156]. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700 m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases
measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas the depth-averaged and near bed concentration increases modelled for ploughing in sand at Goodwin Knoll (which has less than 3 % fines) were significantly less, being < 0.5 mg/l above background [4345].
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most
likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc. [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the intensity of the activity, the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases
short lived and localised [4891; 4899].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Moreover, thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160]. Litter should not be a licensing issue as all vessels adhere to MARPOL requirements, managed under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which provides an International standard for the safe management and operation of ships and
for pollution prevention.
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging/trenching can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Sediments can have elevated levels of nutrients and organic matter locked
within them (for example near aquaculture facilities or estuaries) and activities disturbing the sediment will release these nutrients making them available [4899].
Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156].
The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable laying protection measures alternative to burial are used to avoid cable damage resulting in habitat loss. These can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156]. For example, when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or where the
rock is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.
During cable installation sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions and the sediment particle size distribution. A greater sediment dispersion distance means the sediment will be more thinly dispersed over a wider area, whilst a smaller sediment dispersion distance gives a high deposition depth over a smaller distance. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas at South Falls the impact was only predicted to extend to 500 m but with predicted deposition levels of <0.1 mm [4345]. For the Western HVDC Link the calculation of sediment dispersion predicted that all the displaced sediment will settle to form an even layer 50 m
either side of each cable trench This would produce a temporary sedimentation layer 3 mm thick for trenching, which is the methodology most likely to be used in shallow high energy environments, and 0.75 mm for ploughing, which is most likely to be used for the majority of the deeper, low energy environments [4926]. For telecommunication cables the magnitude of the pressure is expected to be smaller due to the smaller size of the operation.
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, on-board machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3101; 3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128;
3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity (e.g., location and timing of operation).
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow). The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345]. Non-backfilled trenches dug for cable burial will result in localised flow speed changes until the trench is backfilled. The
backfill usually occurs soon after ploughing but in some ground conditions this can take longer. These will have limited impact and depend on the water depth and overall water depth change, similar to what has been modelled for marine aggregate extraction [4009].
If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors
cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels comparable to those used in some cable repair operations have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to
approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.
Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156]. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The frequency of the activity will be low.
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most
likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Moreover, thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160]. Litter should not be a licensing issue as all vessels adhere to MARPOL requirements, managed under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which provides an International standard for the safe management and operation of ships and
for pollution prevention.
The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable maintenance laying cables might need to be reburied or protected if they become unburied. Protection measures can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156]. For example, when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or where the
rock is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.
If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance resulting in sediment re-suspension and deposition will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will
depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, on-board machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3101; 3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128;
3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity (e.g., location and timing of operation).
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow). The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Collisions with vessels can occur particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas and when visibility is poor.
Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890].
Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum
water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum
water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. [3223].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]
Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
Abrasion and physical disturbance can result in sediment re-suspension and deposition. [3101]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases short lived and localised [4891].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Fish farming generates large amounts of particulate organic waste products, and
surrounding sediments are affected by this surplus of organic matter. The extent of impacts is determined from the quantity and quality of the input and environmental conditions at the location [4939]. Deposition of faeces and pseudo-faeces may lead to organic enrichment of seabed. Nutrient waste may be generated through excretion by reared organisms or direct enrichment by or remineralisation of feed inputs. However, magnitude of pressure would depend on intensity/scale of activity and hydrographic conditions [2834; 3276; 3198; 4939]. Disposal of waste material into the marine environment includes the regulated discharge of wastewater and the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous
waste [4915].
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Fish farming generates large amounts of particulate organic waste products, and
surrounding sediments are affected by this surplus of organic matter. The extent of impacts is determined from the quantity and quality of the input and environmental conditions at the location [4939]. Deposition of faeces and pseudo-faeces may lead to organic enrichment of seabed. Nutrient waste may be generated through excretion by reared organisms or direct enrichment by or remineralisation of feed inputs. However, magnitude of pressure would depend on intensity/scale of activity and hydrographic conditions [2834; 3276; 3198; 4939]. Disposal of waste material into the marine environment includes the regulated discharge of wastewater and the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous
waste [4915].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide [3223]
Placement of structure(s), including moorings, can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum
water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Placement of structure(s), including moorings, can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Propellers from ships can cause localised scour of the seabed around the berth pockets in Port locations [5174]. Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].
Propellers from ships can cause localised scour of the seabed around the berth pockets in Port locations [5174]. Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases short lived and localised [4891].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Propellers from ships can cause localised scour of the seabed around the berth pockets in Port locations [5174]. Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Fish farming generates large amounts of particulate organic waste products, and
surrounding sediments are affected by this surplus of organic matter. The extent of impacts is determined from the quantity and quality of the input and environmental conditions at the location [4939]. Deposition of faeces and pseudo-faeces may lead to organic enrichment of seabed. Nutrient waste may be generated through excretion by reared organisms or direct enrichment by or remineralisation of feed inputs. However, magnitude of pressure would depend on intensity/scale of activity and hydrographic conditions [2834; 3276; 3198; 4939]. Disposal of waste material into the marine environment includes the regulated discharge of wastewater and the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous
waste [4915].
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum
water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure can result from surface disturbance caused by contact between the nets or lines themselves and any footropes and anchors. This is most likely to happen during retrieval of the gear if it is dragged along the seabed before ascent, although disturbance of the seabed can occur while the gear is fishing if movement (particularly of any anchors) occurs during rough weather, for example, or otherwise. Such physical disturbance can result in epifauna, especially
emergent species such as erect sponges and coral, being dislodged (including snagged in the net) or damaged, although there are limited studies of such effects [3168; 3172; 1436; 4458; 4875].
Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food
resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Anchored nets and lines including gill and trammel nets and longlines can result in the entanglement and bycatch of a range of fauna including mammals, turtles, fish, elasmobranchs, crustaceans and other invertebrates and birds [1419; 3130; 3202; 4455; 4354; 5125], the consequences of which can be significant to species and populations [4453; 4454; 2786].
Anchored nets and lines are used to target pelagic, demersal and benthic fish and crustacean species. They can result in the targeted removal of features of conservation importance (e.g. spiny lobster ( Palinurus elephas), salmon (Salmo salar) and also species which form part of the community composition of features or sub-features e.g. species such as crab and lobster ( Homarus gammarus) which may be associated with reef features and other species such as whelks
[1419; 1436; 4362].
Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707]
may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.
This pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barriers or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The likelihood of impact will depend on factors such as the spatial/temporal scale of the activity and its location in relation to migratory routes, and so the pressure will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to a given feature/site. Whilst it is considered that examples of the association between this sub-activity and pressure will be rare, potential causes include fixed fishing gear in confined water bodies/estuaries, or behavioural effects from the use of acoustic deterrents [3121; 3152; 4921; 4445]. However,
the impacts from the latter may be better considered by the pressure 'Underwater noise changes'.
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at
times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by
contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localised hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter with the same effect [5103; 5123].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the
Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985].
Pressure relates to vessels and potentially gear associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195; 4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates,
amphibians and fish [4444].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177].
Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in
UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34 % of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such
litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].
In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
The pressure is likely to be associated with any anchors, which can cause damage to the seabed surface and subsurface layers upon deployment/recovery and due to dragging. The anchors of large vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed up to 1 m, but of course depth of penetration by smaller inshore vessel anchors (or indeed those associated with static fishing gear) is expected to be less [4971]. Small vessel anchors have been found to cause surface ‘scars’ of
typically 1-4 m2 [5175].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the
Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in
heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the
Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in
heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985].
Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and
echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1 μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Acoustic deterrents/harassing devices are an additional potential source of underwater noise [3152; 3096; 4921]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074; 3069; 3121; 4445; 4869]
The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 2497; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707;
5106; 4977].
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Benthic seines are generally of lighter construction as there are no trawl doors or warps, resulting in less disturbance of the seabed than trawling [3172; 4359; 4458]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance
and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material and its spatial and temporal persistence will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Turbid plumes can reduce light levels and smother feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition through suspension and transport of finer material. There are also concerns over resuspension of phytoplankton cysts and copepod eggs [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further
effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Benthic seines are generally of lighter construction as there are no trawl doors or warps, resulting in less disturbance of the seabed than trawling [3172; 4359; 4458]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance
and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food
resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. As with other benthic towed gears, discarding of fish species from demersal seine net fisheries can be significant [3172; 4358]. There are relatively few studies of the non-fish bycatch composition, however, it is probably similar to that of demersal trawls e.g. crustaceans and other invertebrates, etc, although quantities of such bycatch are likely to be lower than that of other gear types such as beam
trawls [4458; 4358; 4359; 4360].
Demersal seines, including the use of anchor/Danish seines and Scottish seines, target commercially valuable species including demersal fish and flatfish. Incidental non target catch may also be retained as part of targeted fisheries due to its commercial value e.g. lobster (Homarus gammarus) and crabs. These species may be considered part of the wider community associated with features or sub-features of designated sites [1419; 1436; 4362].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components and subsequent siltation [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material, its spatial and temporal persistence and subsequent patterns of deposition will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Sediment remobilisation and deposition can affect
the settlement, feeding, and survival of biota through smothering of feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure of an area to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707]
may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at
times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by
contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. Resuspension of organic rich sediments in the wake of towed gears can result in
localised removal of oxygen in the water column or more anoxic conditions in the remaining substrate [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4448; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers or conversely anaerobic sediments may be exposed to aerobic conditions by such mixing [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localized
hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any
impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195;
4399]. However, there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates, amphibians and fish [4444].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177].
Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in
UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34 % of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such
litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].
This pressure may result from disturbance and resuspension of the sediment in the wake of towed gears [3186; 4407; 4446], which can trigger considerable productivity pulses due to the rate of release of dissolved and particulate nutrients and have consequences for biogeochemical cycling [3172; 4448; 4449; 4450]. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance and
primary production, and the type/composition of the substrate and biota (including abundance of filter feeders) [4446; 5121; 4449; 4450].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear
could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
Mobile fishing gear is one of the best known sources of anthropogenic degradation of seabed habitat and associated benthic communities (see 'Abrasion' pressure). Whilst the physical damage caused by persistent interaction with bottom towed gear could result in loss of certain sensitive habitats such as seagrass, the change is unlikely to be permanent if the activity were to cease, although recovery rates may be slow in some cases. Therefore there may be few examples of
where the association between the activity and this particular pressure is actually realised, but it should be taken into consideration [3137; 4448].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels [3152; 3096; 4921]. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1 μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074;
3069; 4869]
The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 2497; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707;
5106; 4977].
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. As a relative comparison of gear types, otter trawls tend to have less physical impact on the seafloor than the notoriously damaging beam trawls (and dredges) with their heavy tickler chains, although the doors of an otter trawl do create recognisable scour of the seabed [4452; 3172; 3168; 4364]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly
according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material and its spatial and temporal persistence will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Turbid plumes can reduce light levels and smother feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition through suspension and transport of finer material. There are also concerns over resuspension of phytoplankton cysts and copepod eggs [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further
effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. As a relative comparison of gear types, otter trawls tend to have less physical impact on the seafloor than the notoriously damaging beam trawls (and dredges). The heavy tickler chains of
beam trawls can penetrate up to 8 cm into the seabed, whereas it is the trawl door of an otter trawl that creates the greatest amount of scour of the seabed [4452; 3172; 3168; 4364]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471;
4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food
resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Mixed-species and shrimp/prawn demersal trawl fisheries are associated with the highest rates of discarding and pose the most complex problems to resolve [4408; 4464; 4465]. Benthic trawls most frequently result in bycatch of fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates and less frequently turtles and birds [1419; 1436; 3130; 4354; 4462; 4463; 4361].
Demersal trawls target a range of demersal fish species and also remove species which may themselves be of conservation importance or may form part of the biotope (e.g. Norway lobster - Nephrops norvegicus) or wider community composition associated with designated features/sub-features. As part of targeted fisheries, incidental non target catch may also be retained and landed due to its commercial value (e.g. spiny lobster ( Palinurus elephas), lobsters (Homarus gammarus), crabs, scallops (Pecten spp.), etc). These species may be considered part of the wider community composition associated with features or sub-features of designated sites or may themselves be of conservation importance (e.g.
crawfish) [1419; 1436; 4362].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components and subsequent siltation [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material, its spatial and temporal persistence and subsequent patterns of deposition will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Sediment remobilisation and deposition can affect
the settlement, feeding, and survival of biota through smothering of feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure of an area to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707]
may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at
times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by
contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. Resuspension of organic rich sediments in the wake of towed gears can result in
localised removal of oxygen in the water column or more anoxic conditions in the remaining substrate [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4448; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers or conversely anaerobic sediments may be exposed to aerobic conditions by such mixing [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localized
hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any
impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195;
4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates, amphibians and fish [4444].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177].
Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in
UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34 % of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such
litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].
This pressure may result from disturbance and resuspension of the sediment in the wake of towed gears [3186; 4407; 4446], which can trigger considerable productivity pulses due to the rate of release of dissolved and particulate nutrients and have consequences for biogeochemical cycling [3172; 4448; 4449; 4450]. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance and
primary production, and the type/composition of the substrate and biota (including abundance of filter feeders) [4446; 5121; 4449; 4450].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear
could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
Mobile fishing gear is one of the best known sources of anthropogenic degradation of seabed habitat and associated benthic communities (see 'Abrasion' pressure). Whilst the physical damage caused by persistent interaction with bottom towed gear could result in loss of certain sensitive habitats such as seagrass, the change is unlikely to be permanent if the activity were to cease, although recovery rates may be slow in some cases. Therefore there may be few examples of
where the association between the activity and this particular pressure is actually realised, but it should be taken into consideration [3137; 4448].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels [3152; 3096; 4921]. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1 μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074;
3069; 4869]
The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 2497; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707;
5106; 4977].
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. The reduced towing speed and replacement of tickler chains with electrodes reduces the physical disturbance and penetration depth of the seafloor by electrotrawls compared to other
gears such as beam trawls [2784; 3172]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material and its spatial and temporal persistence will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Turbid plumes can reduce light levels and smother feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition through suspension and transport of finer material. There are also concerns over resuspension of phytoplankton cysts and copepod eggs [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further
effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
Pressure results from the electric fields and pulses created by the gear. Electrotrawling, for example, uses electrodes to produce electric pulses rather than using the mechanical stimulation of tickler chains. This will result in spatially and temporally restricted electromagnetic field changes, the nature of which will depend on the gear and species targeted [3108; 2784; 3172; 4357]. There is uncertainty over mortality rates of escapees (e.g. small fish not retained in the net of electrotrawls or benthos not entering the net) due to exposure to the electric field. Further, effects on development, growth and reproduction of surviving discarded catch or escapees are possible [2784; 3172; 3131; 4356]. Similar potential
impacts could result from electrofishing for razor clams (currently illegal), although limited field studies have suggested such effects on non-target (non-retained) species may be minimal and short-lived [3108; 3201; 4357].
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. The reduced towing speed and replacement of tickler chains with electrodes reduces the physical disturbance and penetration depth of the seafloor by electrotrawls compared to other
gears such as beam trawls [2784; 3172]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Studies of the impacts of electrotrawling are relatively limited, however similarly to conventional beam trawling bycatch of fish, elasmobranchs, crustaceans and invertebrates occurs, although at notably reduced rates due to the lack of tickler chains, lower towing speeds and other potential factors [2784; 3172; 3131]. Limited field studies of electrofishing for razor clams (currently illegal) have
suggested low rates of bycatch [3108].
Electrofishing can be used to catch a variety of fish, shellfish and crustacean species. Electro or pulse trawling are similar to conventional beam trawling although the gear is lighter, towed at slower speeds and does not use tickler chains [2784]. As part of targeted fisheries, incidental non target catch may also be retained and landed due to its commercial value. These species may be considered part of the wider community composition associated with features or sub-
features of designated sites or may themselves be of conservation importance. Similarly, bivalves such as razor clams (Ensis spp.) may be targeted by electrofishing (currently illegal) and may themselves be features of conservation importance or may be associated with designated features/sub-features, for example as part of the associated biotope [4357].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components and subsequent siltation [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material, its spatial and temporal persistence and subsequent patterns of deposition will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Sediment remobilisation and deposition can affect
the settlement, feeding, and survival of biota through smothering of feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure of an area to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707]
may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at
times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by
contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. Resuspension of organic rich sediments in the wake of towed gears can result in
localised removal of oxygen in the water column or more anoxic conditions in the remaining substrate [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4448; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers or conversely anaerobic sediments may be exposed to aerobic conditions by such mixing [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localized
hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any
impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195;
4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates, amphibians and fish [4444].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177].
Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in
UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34 % of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such
litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].
This pressure may result from disturbance and resuspension of the sediment in the wake of towed gears [3186; 4407; 4446], which can trigger considerable productivity pulses due to the rate of release of dissolved and particulate nutrients and have consequences for biogeochemical cycling [3172; 4448; 4449; 4450]. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance and
primary production, and the type/composition of the substrate and biota (including abundance of filter feeders) [4446; 5121; 4449; 4450].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear
could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
Mobile fishing gear is one of the best known sources of anthropogenic degradation of seabed habitat and associated benthic communities (see 'Abrasion' pressure). Whilst the physical damage caused by persistent interaction with bottom towed gear could result in loss of certain sensitive habitats such as seagrass, the change is unlikely to be permanent if the activity were to cease, although recovery rates may be slow in some cases. Therefore there may be few examples of
where the association between the activity and this particular pressure is actually realised, but it should be taken into consideration [3137; 4448].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482]. For electrofishing specifically, the action of electrolysis on the electrodes used in the electric fishing gears will release copper and metal ions into the
marine environment. The fate of these metals is poorly understood, although the deleterious effects of copper and other metals on marine organisms is well established [4357].
Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels [3152; 3096; 4921]. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1 μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074;
3069; 4869]
The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 2497; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707;
5106; 4977].
Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Pelagic/mid water trawls, drift nets, pelagic seines and long lines can result in the entanglement and bycatch of a range of fauna including mammals, turtles, fish,
elasmobranchs, crustaceans and other invertebrates and birds [1419; 3130; 3202; 4455; 4354], the consequences of which can be significant to species and populations [4453; 5125; 4454; 2786].
Pelagic fishing' includes a wide range of activities that are not intended to interact with the seabed including drift nets, longlines and rod and line angling. These activities can result in the direct removal of features of conservation importance e.g. salmon (Salmo salar) and other species of conservation concern [1419; 1436; 4362].
Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707]
may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.
This pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barriers or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The likelihood of impact will depend on factors such as the spatial/temporal scale of the activity and its location in relation to migratory routes, and so the pressure will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to a given feature/site. Whilst it is considered that examples of the association between this sub-activity and pressure will be rare, potential causes include fixed fishing gear in confined water bodies/estuaries, or behavioural effects from the use of acoustic deterrents [3121; 3152; 4921; 4445]. However,
the impacts from the latter may be better considered by the pressure 'Underwater noise changes'.
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at
times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by
contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localised hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter with the same effect [5103; 5123].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the
Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985].
Pressure relates to vessels and potentially gear associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195; 4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates,
amphibians and fish [4444].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177].
Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in
UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34 % of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such
litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].
In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the
Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in
heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the
Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in
heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985].
Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and
echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Acoustic deterrents/harassing devices are an additional potential source of underwater noise [3152; 3096; 4921]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074; 3069; 3121; 4445; 4869]
The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 2497; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707;
5106; 4977].
During decommissioning, abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional rock protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried structures or enable removal of structures at or below seabed level [4387]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the oil and gas installation, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion
and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].
During decommissioning it may be necessary to clear the redundant foundation and well templates of any overlying cuttings material to enable removal operations
This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
any overlying cuttings material to enable removal operations.
The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. Excavation around jacket legs from the seabed and excavation at the pipeline ends will physically disturb the sediment in the local area. Depending on methods used, the removal of structures and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985]. Cuttings arise from drilling operations and these cuttings are often discharged at the location of the well in piles. Cuttings may contain traces of the drilling fluids used in the wells from which they are derived. Drilling fluids are categorised into either water-based or organic-phase fluids. Old cuttings piles may contain organic-phase drilling fluids and have been identified as
possible sources of hydrocarbon releases into the marine environment, due to remobilisation of residues of oil still found in the piles and natural leaching into the water column [5004] although evidence indicates that disturbance of cuttings piles does not appear to lead to increased impacts on the marine environment.
Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. Additional rock may be placed on the seabed during decommissioning to cover exposed structues or provide a stable rock berm for the placement of jack-up legs [4387].
The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. The settling out of suspended sediments is only expected to cause negligible increases in siltation. Excavation around jacket legs from the seabed and excavation at the pipeline ends will physically disturb the sediment in the local area. Depending on methods used removal of turbines foundations and scour protection
may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985]. Cuttings arise from drilling operations and these cuttings are often discharged at the location of the well in piles. Cuttings may contain traces of the drilling fluids used in the wells from which they are derived. Drilling fluids are categorised into either water-based or organic-phase fluids. Old cuttings piles may contain organic-phase drilling fluids and have been identified as
possible sources of hydrocarbon releases into the marine environment, due to remobilisation of residues of oil still found in the piles and natural leaching into the water column [5004] although evidence indicates that disturbance of cuttings piles does not appear to lead to increased impacts on the marine environment.
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985]. Cuttings arise from drilling operations and these cuttings are often discharged at the location of the well in piles. Cuttings may contain traces of the drilling fluids used in the wells from which they are derived. Drilling fluids are categorised into either water-based or organic-phase fluids. Old cuttings piles may contain organic-phase drilling fluids and have been identified as
possible sources of hydrocarbon releases into the marine environment, due to remobilisation of residues of oil still found in the piles and natural leaching into the water column [5004] although evidence indicates that disturbance of cuttings piles does not appear to lead to increased impacts on the marine environment.
Sources of underwater noise from decommissioning activities include vessel movements/ operations, well plugging and abandonment activities, pipeline and jacket cutting (including explosives), pipeline rock-placement, lifting and removal operations, as well as helicopter traffic [4387]. Vessel noise is thought to be the main source of persistent noise during decommissioning activities [4387]. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard
machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of
underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Bird collision with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent under poor visibility [4337].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. Machinery, vessels, explosives and people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164],
pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity. In offshore windfarm environmental statements decommissioning noise is considered to be similar to that of construction although levels will be lower overall as it is assumed that percussive piling will not be used [e.g. 4386]. Above and underwater noise may come from cutting and lifting operations [4387].
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration
routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision
may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds [4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Removal of structures during decommissioning should reduce light levels as lighting on infrastructure will be removed, however during decommissioning activities there will be lighting associated with decommissioning vessels. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and
structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Cuttings can build up into piles around the platforms in areas where currents are generally weak. Cuttings may contain traces of the drilling fluids used in the wells from which they are derived.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164]. There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of
which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The oil and gas industry provides a direct and indirect pathways for alien invasive species, through vessel movements and structures [5000].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Vibration may occur due to decommissioning of oil and gas installations depending on the methods used to remove turbines and foundations.
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity. Removal of structures will remove any visual disturbance to bird species.
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Removal of structures during decommissioning will allow local currents to return to those of the surroundings environment, unaffected by interaction with structures.
The seabed currents and the type of sediment will affect the accumulation and scouring of the sediment around the pipeline
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum
water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase
noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. Coastal defences can also result in barrier to species by restricting access to rivers/streams/estuaries or to species adapted to sea level rise and coastal change [2817; 3096; 3154]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when
occurring on or in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
The discharge of drill cuttings and water-based fluids may cause some smothering in the near vicinity of the well location. The impacts from such discharges are localised and transient, but may be of concern in areas with sensitive benthic fauna, for example corals and sponges.
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The seabed currents and the type of sediment will affect the accumulation and scouring of the sediment around the pipeline
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum
water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase
noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. Coastal defences can also result in barrier to species by restricting access to rivers/streams/estuaries or to species adapted to sea level rise and coastal change [2817; 3096; 3154]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when
occurring on or in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases short lived and localised [4891].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
Data on low level radioactive discharges from non-nuclear sources, including the oil and gas industry, are collated annually by OSPAR. The main source of discharge is associated with produced water. Other sources are descaling operations and use of radioactive tracers. It has been calculated that 7.4 Tbq of alpha activity and 4.9 Tbq of beta activity were discharged in 2007.
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The seabed currents and the type of sediment will affect the accumulation and scouring of the sediment around the pipeline
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Suspended aquaculture structures or pens have the potential of altering flow rates [4891; 4887]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local flow
conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].
The width of this disturbance zone is assessed to be at maximum 100 m on each side of the pipelines. Beyond this, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the pipeline. [4998]
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The seabed currents and the type of sediment will affect the accumulation and scouring of the sediment around the pipeline
Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]
Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.
The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum
water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds
[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].
The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases short lived and localised [4891].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
The seabed currents and the type of sediment will affect the accumulation and scouring of the sediment around the pipeline
If the installation of a pipeline crosses an intertidal habitat, the trenching operation will cause temporary loss of habitat.
Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Fish farming generates large amounts of particulate organic waste products, and
surrounding sediments are affected by this surplus of organic matter. The extent of impacts is determined from the quantity and quality of the input and environmental conditions at the location [4939]. Deposition of faeces and pseudo-faeces may lead to organic enrichment of seabed. Nutrient waste may be generated through excretion by reared organisms or direct enrichment by or remineralisation of feed inputs. However, magnitude of pressure would depend on intensity/scale of activity and hydrographic conditions [2834; 3276; 3198; 4939]. Disposal of waste material into the marine environment includes the regulated discharge of wastewater and the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous
waste [4915].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.
Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Suspended aquaculture structures or pens have the potential of altering flow rates [4891; 4887]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local flow
conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity. In offshore windfarm environmental statements decommissioning noise is considered to be similar to that
of construction although levels will be lower overall as it is assumed that percussive piling will not be used [e.g. 4386]. Above and underwater noise may come from cutting and lifting operations [4387].
During decommissioning, abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed level [4387]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour
whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].
Decommissioning is likely to require removal of all structures including foundations and cables and leaving the seabed in a similar state to that found before the project was started. Dredging may be required and removal of other material including habitats within a localised area that may have developed during the lifetime of the project. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate
[3122].
During decommissioning penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery
[3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Temporary
excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed level [4387].
Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. Additional rock may be placed on the seabed during decommissioning to cover exposed structues or provide a stable rock berm for the placement of jack-up legs [4387].
The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. The settling out of suspended sediments is only expected to cause negligible increases in siltation. Depending on methods used removal of turbines foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387], although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower
than during construction [4388].
Vessel noise is thought to be the main source of persistent noise during decommissioning activities [4387] Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have
the potential of impacting larger areas. Above and underwater noise may also come from cutting and lifting operations [4387]. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Offshore wind farms can have a potential visual effect on birds, whereby birds change behaviour by avoiding the vicinity of the turbines as a response to a visual stimulus [5162]. Species such as red-throated diver are particularly sensitive to disturbance at sea, displacement from windfarms [2430; 4389] and usually avoid vessels [2496]. Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine
mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity. Removal of wind turbines will remove any visual disturbance to bird species.
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. The presence of offshore wind farms can lead to a behavioural response (displacement from habitat and extension of flights) for seabirds,
effectively causing a barrier to movement [5162; 5166]. This pressure will continue until turbines are fully removed and therefore remains present during the decommissioning process as this may take place over several months/ years. Offshore windfarms may represent a barrier to movement of migrating or feeding birds and may potentially result in displacement of migration routes and displacement of feeding birds. Such displacements may incur heavier energetic costs,
which may ultimately affect survival or breeding success [3125]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096;
3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].
The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. Depending on methods used removal of turbines foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387] although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower than during construction [4388].
The collision risk of offshore wind farm structures is well recognised, although often difficult to assess/quantify and predominantly for seabird receptors. Several reports have concluded that offshore wind farms pose a collision risk, particularly at migratory “bottleneck” locations, to a range of bird receptors (e.g. 4954; 5161; 5164; 5165], and therefore could require mitigation measures. The collision risk of marine birds is deemed to be higher at night than during the
day, but overall is deemed to be low because of their high visibility even in poor light conditions [3098]. Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision
may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds [4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Removal of wind turbines during decommissioning should reduce light levels as lighting on turbines will be removed, however during decommissioning activities there will be lighting associated with decommissioning vessels. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant
levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164]. There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of
which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that
the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Vibration may occur due to decommissioning of offshore windfarms depending on the methods used to remove turbines and foundations.
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Removal of structures during decommissioning will allow local currents to return to those of the surroundings environment, unaffected by interaction with structures.
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
Installation of turbine foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to abrasion and disturbance of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion
and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations can lead to both the removal and addition of sediment within a localised area [4384; 3127; 3148]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of
factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
Installation of turbine foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to penetration and abrasion of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Turbine foundations (e.g. monopiles or pin piles for jacket/ tripod foundations) penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Typical pile diameter for offshore wind farms currently installed in
the OSPAR area is between 4 and 5 m [3125]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne
anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].
Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including turbine foundations, meterological masts, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. The habitat may be changed to steel, concrete, rock or other substances depending on the type of foundation or scour protection. Piles are driven into the seabed (buried) and can change the seabed type within the footprint of the piling works from soft sediment to an artificial substratum
[4898; 4997; 4890; 4892].
Habitat loss will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including turbine foundations, meterological masts, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083]. Turbine foundations penetrate into the seabed (e.g. monopiles) to provide a sound structure base. Typical pile diameter for offshore wind farms currently installed in the OSPAR area is between 4 and 5 m; construction can potentially lead to temporary and permanent habitat loss [3125].
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in siltation rate [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors
including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
The construction and operation of an offshore wind farm can create noise that may impact marine mammals and fish spawning and other sensitive life cycle stages. Important parameters are peak pressure, received energy (received sound pressure level), signal duration, spectral type, frequency (range), duty cycle, directionality and signal rise times. Possible effects on marine mammals can be divided into behavioural disturbance (including displacement), masking, and injury either as temporary threshold shift (TTS), permanent threshold shift (PTS) or other injuries such as tissue damage and, in extreme cases, death if the animal very close to pile-driving activities [3125]. One of most significant activities during windfarm construction is foundation installation, with measurements available of pile installation using both impact and vibro pile hammers. The most relevant of these is a measurement of wind turbine monopile foundation installation,
giving Source Levels of 215 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m. Both physical and behavioural effects on marine wildlife have been noted [4906]. The available information indicates an average figure for ambient noise in the marine environment of approximately 70 dB. The available information also indicates that pile driving noise (for 4 to 5 m diameter piles) can be as high as of 260 to 270 dB re 1 μPa at source [4964] at a range of 20 Hz to > 20 kHz with most energy around 100 to 200 Hz [4906; 5166]. However, factors such as pile diameter, water depth, geology and sea bed topography can all influence noise generation and propagation so values are likely to vary from site to site [3125].Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry,
acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Offshore wind farms can have a potential visual effect on birds, whereby birds change behaviour by avoiding the vicinity of the turbines as a response to a visual stimulus [5162]. Species such as red-throated diver are particularly sensitive to disturbance at sea, displacement from windfarms [2430; 4389] and usually avoid vessels [2496]. Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine
mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The presence of offshore wind foundations and structures may cause a barrier to species movement that can be temporary or longer term [3125; 3148]. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or
military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when occurring on or in
proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in suspended solids within the water column [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact
depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
The collision risk of offshore wind farm structures is well recognised, although often difficult to assess/quantify and predominantly for seabird receptors. Several reports have concluded that offshore wind farms pose a collision risk, particularly at migratory “bottleneck” locations, to a range of bird receptors [4954; 5162; 5164; 5165], and therefore could require mitigation measures. The collision risk of marine birds is deemed to be higher at night than during the day, but overall is deemed to be low because of their high visibility even in poor light conditions [3098]. Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more
frequent also under poor visibility [4337].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision
may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds [4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].
During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area,
established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164]. There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of
which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that
the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in siltation rate [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors
including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area,
established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area,
established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for dredging (which may be used in seabed preparation) as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154]. Note most vibration transmitted into the water column will radiate as
underwater noise, most vibration is transmitted through the ground/seabed [4366].
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The physical presence of a wind turbine could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960]. This may lead to the development of scour pits adjacent to turbine foundations or secondary scour around scour protection [3148]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local
flow conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. The presence of offshore wind farms can lead to a behavioural response (displacement from habitat and extension of flights) for seabirds,
effectively causing a barrier to movement [5162; 5166]. They may represent a barrier to movement of migrating or feeding birds and may potentially result in displacement of migration routes and displacement of feeding birds. Such displacements may incur heavier energetic costs, which may ultimately affect survival or breeding success [3125]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality
and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].
Maintenance works can require dredging/extraction, which results in the pressure [2838; 4890].
Habitat loss will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed. During operation and maintenance the placement of additional scour protection where needed could lead to habitat loss [3122; 3127; 3083].
The collision risk of offshore wind farm structures is well recognised, although often difficult to assess/quantify and predominantly for seabird receptors. Several reports have concluded that offshore wind farms pose a collision risk, particularly at migratory “bottleneck” locations, to a range of bird receptors (e.g. 4954; 5161; 5164; 5165], and therefore could require mitigation measures. The collision risk of marine birds is deemed to be higher at night than during the
day, but overall is deemed to be low because of their high visibility even in poor light conditions [3098]. Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337].
During operation penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Turbine foundations (e.g. monopiles or pin piles for jacket/ tripod foundations) penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Typical pile diameter for offshore wind farms currently installed in the OSPAR area is between 4 and 5 m [3125]. Damage to
the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintanance of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft
sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].
Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. Additional scour protection may be added where needed during operation and maintenance. The habitat may be changed to concrete, rock or other substances depending on the type of scour protection
Scour will occur around the base of the foundations during operation due to hydrological changes caused by the turbine foundation which will lead to the liberation of sediment to the water column and formation of sediment plumes. Once the foundations have been scoured to their equilibrium depth, they are unlikely to refill and there will be therefore be an absence of sediment for further scouring under typical conditions in the future. [4388] The dragging of anchors used by
vessels involved in maintenance and repair activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223].
Offshore wind farms can have a potential visual effect on birds, whereby birds change behaviour by avoiding the vicinity of the turbines as a response to a visual stimulus [5162]. Species such as red-throated diver are particularly sensitive to disturbance at sea, displacement from windfarms [2430; 4389] and usually avoid vessels [2496]. Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine
mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The physical presence of a wind turbine could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960]. This may lead to the development of scour pits adjacent to turbine foundations or secondary scour around scour protection [3148]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local
flow conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].
Noise from wind turbines comes in two forms: the first is aerodynamic noise from the blades slicing through the air leading to the characteristic swish-swish noise; the second is mechanical noise associated with machinery housed in the nacelle of the turbine. The majority of noise in the marine environment due to wind turbines is related to mechanical vibration in the drive train [4958]. By far the longest phase of a windfarm's lifecycle is the operational phase. Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149],
vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
During operation abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintenance of the windfarm, the subsequent
dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].
Scour will occur around the base of the foundations during operation due to hydrological changes caused by the turbine foundation which will lead to the liberation of sediment to the water column and formation of sediment plumes. Once the foundations have been scoured to their equilibrium depth, they are unlikely to refill and there will be therefore be an absence of sediment for further scouring under typical conditions in the future. [4388] The dragging of anchors used by
vessels involved in maintenance and repair activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223].
This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
Although there are no significant discharges associated with wind farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still
occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper
wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light emissions associated with offshore wind turbines could have a potential impact through attraction of birds due to illumination by navigational lights and subsequent increase in the risk of collision [3125]. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity
occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these
new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385]. Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as
biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in siltation rate [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors
including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
Although there are no significant discharges associated with wind farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still
occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper
wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Although there are no significant discharges associated with wind farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still
occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper
wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The physical presence of a wind turbine could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960].
The majority of noise in the marine environment due to wind turbines is related to mechanical vibration in the drive train. Monopile turbines produced the highest sound pressure level (SPL) of the foundations at lower frequencies (<200 Hz), with levels of 149 dB re 1 μPa within 5 m of the foundation at 560 Hz. The jacket produced the highest SPL at high frequencies (>500 Hz) with 177 dB re 1 μPa at 700 Hz and 191 dB re 1 μPa at 925 Hz within 5 m of the jacket. These high SPL at
high frequency produced by the jacket are associated with structural resonances for which the high SPL is strongly localised to volumes very close to the jacket and dissipate rapidly moving away from the foundation. [4958]. By far the longest phase of a windfarm's lifecycle is the operational phase. Two measurements of offshore wind turbine noise show low frequency sound levels, with a Source Level spectra showing a maximum of 153 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m at 16 Hz. The measurements are of individual turbines of a relatively low power (less than 1 MW). Despite the low level, low frequency nature of the sound, behavioural reactions have been observed in a study of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) response to the reproduction of wind turbine noise [4906]. Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can
also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas. Small sea going vessels typically produce broadband noise at source levels of 160-180 dB re 1μPa-m (RMS) [4915; 4908].Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic
deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. The majority of noise in the marine environment due to wind turbines is related to mechanical vibration in the drive train [4958]. Note most vibration transmitted into the water column will radiate as underwater noise, most vibration is transmitted through the ground/seabed [4366].
During decommissioning, abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed
level [4387]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the device/ array, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].
As energy generating devices are decommissioned, there is a risk of vessels and other structures presenting a collision risk to mobile species. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures.
The response of animals will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures [5084; 5194; 5195].
Decommissioning is likely to require removal of all structures including foundations and cables and leaving the seabed in a similar state to that found before the project was started. Dredging may be required and removal of other material including habitats within a localised area that may have developed during the lifetime of the project. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate
[3122].
Habitats which may have developed during the lifetime of a project may be removed as part of the decommissioning process [5197].
During decommissioning penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the devices/array, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery
[3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].
Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed level [4387].
Habitat change will occur due to removal of structures on the seabed including foundations, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. The seabed type within the footprint of the works may be changed from artificial substratum to a more natural pre-exisiting habitat [4898; 4997; 4890; 4892; 5197].
Vessel noise is thought to be the main source of persistent noise during decommissioning activities [4387]. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have
the potential of impacting larger areas. Above and underwater noise may also come from cutting and lifting operations [4387]. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity. In offshore renewable environmental statements decommissioning noise is considered to be similar to that of construction although levels will be lower overall as it is assumed that percussive piling will not be used [e.g. 4386]. Above and underwater noise may come from cutting and lifting operations [4387].
The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. Depending on methods used removal of foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387] although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower than during construction [4388].
The collision risk of wave and especially tidal stream structures is well recognised for marine mammals, birds and fish, and although often difficult to assess/quantify could require mitigation measures [3098; 5083]. Bird (and mammal) collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. The main collision risk is, however, underwater
The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
Removal of structures, scour protection and cables will temporarily create increased siltation. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
The pressure is potentially associated with decommissioning activities. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light emissions associated with offshore structures could have a potential impact through attraction of birds due to illumination
by navigational lights and subsequent increase in the risk of collision [3125]. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these
new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385]. Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as
biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. The settling out of suspended sediments is only expected to cause negligible increases in siltation. Depending on methods used removal of foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387], although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower than
during construction [4388].
Although there are no significant discharges associated with wave/tidal farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still
occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper
wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Although there are no significant discharges associated with wave/tidal farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still
occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper
wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Vibration may occur due to decommissioning of arrays depending on the methods used to remove devices and foundations.
Vessels, devices, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Removal of structures during decommissioning will allow local currents to return to those of the surroundings environment, unaffected by interaction with structures.
Installation of device foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to abrasion and disturbance of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion
and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The presence of vessels and structures as they are installed may cause a barrier to species movement that can be temporary or longer term [3125; 3148]. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given
feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Development near the coast can result in barriers to species movement through increased noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when occurring on or
in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in suspended solids within the water column [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised
hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122]. Probably only temporarily and localised during construction.
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations can lead to both the removal and addition of sediment within a localised area [4384; 3127; 3148]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised
hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
Installation of device foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to penetration and abrasion of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Foundations will penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m
in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].
Habitat loss will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including foundations, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 5083]. Foundations penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base.
Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including foundations, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. The habitat may be changed to steel, concrete, rock or other substances depending on the type of foundation or scour protection. Foundations can change the seabed type within the footprint of the piling works from soft sediment to an artificial substratum [4898; 4997; 4890; 4892].
The construction and operation of wave or tidal energy projects can create noise that may impact marine mammals and fish spawning and other sensitive life cycle stages. Important parameters are peak pressure, received energy (received sound pressure level), signal duration, spectral type, frequency (range), duty cycle, directionality and signal rise times. Possible effects on marine mammals can be divided into behavioural disturbance (including displacement), masking, and injury either as temporary threshold shift (TTS), permanent threshold shift (PTS) or other injuries such as tissue damage and, in extreme cases, death if the animal is very close to pile-driving activities [3125]. One of most significant activities during construction is foundation installation, with measurements available of pile installation using both impact and vibro pile hammers. The most relevant of these is a measurement of wind turbine monopile foundation installation, giving Source Levels of 215 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m. Both physical and behavioural effects on marine wildlife have been noted [4906]. The available information indicates an average figure for ambient noise in the marine environment of approximately
70 dB. The available information also indicates that pile driving noise (for 4 to 5 m diameter piles) can be as high as of 260 to 270 dB re 1 μPa at source [4964] at a range of 20 Hz to > 20 kHz with most energy around 100 to 200 Hz [4906; 5166]. However, piles for wave and tidal projects are likely to be smaller than this. Also, factors such as pile diameter, water depth, geology and sea bed topography can all influence noise generation and propagation so values are likely to
vary from site to site [3125].Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different parts of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of
impacting larger areas. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;
3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
The collision risk of wave and especially tidal stream structures is well recognised for marine mammals, birds and fish, and although often difficult to assess/quantify could require mitigation measures [3098; 5083]. Bird (and mammal) collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. During construction, there is a risk of collision as structures are
installed and as a result of vessel movement.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area,
established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953].
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern
where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in siltation rate [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics,
type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area,
established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur
annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. For tidal stream, impacts are unlikely to be significant given open and exposed nature of sites. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water
mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover,
antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for dredging (which may be used in seabed preparation) as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].
Vessels, devices, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
During operation abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintenance of the array, the subsequent
dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].
The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. The presence of tidal/ wave farms can lead to a behavioural response (displacement from habitat and extension of flights/movement) for
mobile species, effectively causing a barrier to movement [5162; 5166]. They may represent a barrier to movement of migrating or feeding animals and may potentially result in displacement of migration routes and displacement of feeding animals. Such displacements may incur heavier energetic costs, which may ultimately affect survival or breeding success [3125]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military
activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increased noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].
The collision risk of wave and especially tidal stream structures is well recognised for marine mammals, birds and fish, and although often difficult to assess/quantify could require mitigation measures [3098; 5083]. Bird (and mammal) collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. The main collision risk is, however, underwater.
Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
Operational noise of any of these installations is unlikely to be ecologically significant although there is very little information on the sound levels produced by the operation of tidal stream farms or wave energy farms. There are also very few (if any) directed studies of the response of fish and marine mammals to noises and vibrations produced by operational [5195]. In the case of tidal stream farms the operational noise from a small number of units may not exceed threshold
levels, but the cumulative noise production from large numbers of units has the potential to mask the communication and echolocation sounds produced by aquatic organisms in the vicinity of the structures. Resolution of the significance or otherwise of noise impacts will require information about the device's acoustic signature (e.g., sound pressure levels across the full range of frequencies) for both individual units and multiple-unit arrays, similar characterization of ambient noise in the vicinity of the farm, the hearing sensitivity of fish and marine mammals that inhabit the area, and information about the behavioural responses to anthropogenic noise (e.g., avoidance, attraction, changes in schooling behaviour
or migration routes) [ 5194]. Underwater noise impacts may result from vessel movement [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].
The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. The operation of marine devices will cause vibration which may lead to the disturbance and potential displacement of marine wildlife or seabirds. [5195]
Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The physical presence of an energy generating device could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960]. This may lead to the development of scour pits adjacent to foundations or secondary scour around scour protection [3148]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local flow
conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].
The physical presence of wave and tidal turbines which pierce the surface/ near surface could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960].
Operation of wave devices at or very close to the shoreline have the potential to create small, localised changes to the tidal regime through alteration of the energy reaching the shore [5195].
This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].
The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of
pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.
The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light emissions associated with offshore
structures could have a potential impact through attraction of birds due to illumination by navigational lights and subsequent increase in the risk of collision [3125]. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].
There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these
new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385]. Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as
biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].
Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.
Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].
During operation penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Foundations penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintanance, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing
abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents
deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].
Operation and maintenance of energy generating devices may require cable and foundation scour protection and has potential to interrupt or change local siltation rates as well as the operation fo the devices themselves. [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].
Although there are no significant discharges associated with wet renewable arrays, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the
North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of
incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Although there are no significant discharges associated with wave/tidal farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still
occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper
wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].
Offshore energy arrays can have a potential visual effect on mobile species , whereby they change behaviour by avoiding the vicinity of the turbines as a response to a visual stimulus [5162]. Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Due to their penetrative nature and close contact with the seabed, scallop dredges cause substantial physical disruption to the seafloor by ploughing sediments and damaging organisms. The Newhaven dredges used by the UK king scallop fishery are likely to be one of the most damaging types of scallop dredge due to the effect of their long teeth, which can penetrate 3-10 cm into the seabed [4927; 4452]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance
and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material and its spatial and temporal persistence will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Turbid plumes can reduce light levels and smother feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition through suspension and transport of finer material. There are also concerns over resuspension of phytoplankton cysts and copepod eggs [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further
effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Due to their penetrative nature and close contact with the seabed, scallop dredges cause substantial physical disruption to the seafloor by ploughing sediments and damaging organisms. The Newhaven dredges used by the UK king scallop fishery are likely to be one of the most damaging types of scallop dredge due to the effect of their long teeth, which can penetrate 3-10 cm into the seabed [4927; 4452]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance
and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food
resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Dredging can result in bycatch of fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates, turtles and even marine mammals [1419; 1436; 4412; 4452; 5109]. Of all the fishing gears, scallop dredges are considered to be the most damaging to non-target benthic communities [4927].
Dredges are used to collect a variety of shellfish species. Examples of species that can be directly removed from intertidal and subtidal habitats as result of a targeted fishery include oysters (Ostrea edulis), mussels (Mytilus edulis), scallops (Pecten spp.), cockles (Cerastoderma edule), and razor clams (Ensis spp.). These may themselves be features/sub-features of designated sites (e.g. mussel beds/oyster beds/biogenic reefs), or may be species forming part of the biotope (e.g.
bivalves in sediment features) or wider community composition associated with the designated feature [1419; 1436; 4362].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components and subsequent siltation [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material, its spatial and temporal persistence and subsequent patterns of deposition will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Sediment remobilisation and deposition can affect
the settlement, feeding, and survival of biota through smothering of feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure of an area to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 2497; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707;
5106; 4977].
Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707;
1436; 3186] may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at
times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by
contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. Resuspension of organic rich sediments in the wake of towed gears can result in
localised removal of oxygen in the water column or more anoxic conditions in the remaining substrate [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4448; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers or conversely anaerobic sediments may be exposed to aerobic conditions by such mixing [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localized
hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any
impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195;
4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates, amphibians and fish [4444].
Bivalve parasites such as Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae can devastate populations of species such as Ostrea edulis with diseases marteiliosis and bonamiosis. The methods of infection transmission are not well understood. Direct transmission can occur but it is likely that secondary, intermediary, agents (such as zooplankton) are also required. Environmental conditions also play a key role in determining disease prevalence [4349; 4411]. Therefore, shellfish fisheries
occurring in areas of parasite prevalence have the potential of transmitting the disease to infection free areas, although the likelihood of this is probably quite low.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. In addition, this pressure could result from intentional or accidental release of seed stock associated with shellfishery activities [4348].
Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in
UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34 % of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such
litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].
This pressure may result from disturbance and resuspension of the sediment in the wake of towed gears [3186; 4407; 4446], which can trigger considerable productivity pulses due to the rate of release of dissolved and particulate nutrients and have consequences for biogeochemical cycling [3172; 4448; 4449; 4450]. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance and
primary production, and the type/composition of the substrate and biota (including abundance of filter feeders) [4446; 5121; 4449; 4450].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are
spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].
Mobile fishing gear is one of the best known sources of anthropogenic degradation of seabed habitat and associated benthic communities (see 'Abrasion' pressure). Whilst the physical damage caused by persistent interaction with bottom towed gear could result in loss of certain sensitive habitats such as seagrass, the change is unlikely to be permanent if the activity were to cease, although recovery rates may be slow in some cases. Therefore there may be few examples of
where the association between the activity and this particular pressure is actually realised, but it should be taken into consideration [3137; 4448].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels [3152; 3096; 4921]. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074;
3069; 4869]
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Hydraulic dredging fluidises the seabed which can persist over many weeks after dredging, whereas the trenches created by the dredge can remain visible over a number of years [3108;
4460]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material and its spatial and temporal persistence will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Turbid plumes can reduce light levels and smother feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition through suspension and transport of finer material. There are also concerns over resuspension of phytoplankton cysts and copepod eggs [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further
effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing
speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target
species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Hydraulic dredging fluidises the seabed which can persist over many weeks after dredging, whereas the trenches created by the dredge can remain visible over a number of years [3108;
4460]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].
Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food
resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Hydraulic dredging can result in high rates of invertebrate bycatch, along with other benthic species such as small fish [1419; 1436; 3108; 4355; 4460; 4461].
Species that are directly removed from intertidal and subtidal habitats as result of a targeted fishery using hydraulic dredges include cockles (Cerastoderma edule), razor clams (Ensis spp.), mussels (Mytilus spp.) and a range of other bivalve species. These may themselves be features/sub-features of designated sites (e.g. mussel beds/biogenic reefs), or may be species forming part of the biotope (e.g. bivalves in sediment features) or wider community composition associated
with the designated feature [1419; 1436; 4362].
This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components and subsequent siltation [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material, its spatial and temporal persistence and subsequent patterns of deposition will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Sediment remobilisation and deposition can affect
the settlement, feeding, and survival of biota through smothering of feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure of an area to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.
The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707; 5106;
4977].
Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707;
1436] may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at
times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].
Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by
contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. Resuspension of organic rich sediments in the wake of towed gears can result in
localised removal of oxygen in the water column or more anoxic conditions in the remaining substrate [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4448; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers or conversely anaerobic sediments may be exposed to aerobic conditions by such mixing [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localized
hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any
impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure relates to vessels and potentially gear associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195; 4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates,
amphibians and fish [4444].
Bivalve parasites such as Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae can devastate populations of species such as Ostrea edulis with diseases marteiliosis and bonamiosis. The methods of infection transmission are not well understood. Direct transmission can occur but it is likely that secondary, intermediary, agents (such as zooplankton) are also required. Environmental conditions also play a key role in determining disease prevalence [4349; 4411]. Therefore, shellfish fisheries
occurring in areas of parasite prevalence have the potential of transmitting the disease to infection free areas, although the likelihood of this is probably quite low.
Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. In addition, this pressure could result from intentional or accidental release of seed stock associated with shellfishery activities [4348].
Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in
UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34% of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such
litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].
This pressure may result from disturbance and resuspension of the sediment in the wake of towed gears [3186; 4407; 4446], which can trigger considerable productivity pulses due to the rate of release of dissolved and particulate nutrients and have consequences for biogeochemical cycling [3172; 4448; 4449; 4450]. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance and
primary production, and the type/composition of the substrate and biota (including abundance of filter feeders) [4446; 5121; 4449; 4450].
This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are
spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].
Mobile fishing gear is one of the best known sources of anthropogenic degradation of seabed habitat and associated benthic communities (see 'Abrasion' pressure). Whilst the physical damage caused by persistent interaction with bottom towed gear could result in loss of certain sensitive habitats such as seagrass, the change is unlikely to be permanent if the activity were to cease, although recovery rates may be slow in some cases. Therefore there may be few examples of
where the association between the activity and this particular pressure is actually realised, but it should be taken into consideration [3137; 4448].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically
from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of
contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].
Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels [3152; 3096; 4921]. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1 μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074;
3069; 4869].
Author Year
1 P. E. Yalden and D. W. Yalden 19902 2007
3 2009
4 J. W. Pearce-Higgins and D. W. Yalden 2003
5 J. W. Pearce-Higgins and D. W. Yalden 2004
6 M. J. Whittingham, S. M. Percival and A. F. Brown 20007 D. A. Ratchliffe 19768 M. B. Usher and D. B. A. Thompson 1993
9 R. D. Gregory 1987
10 S. Gillings, R. J. Fuller and W. J. Sutherland 2007
11 2002
12 D. H. Worrall 198413 G. Nehls and R. Tiedemann 1993
14 N. O. M. Ravenscroft and C. H. Beardall 200315 P. M. Lourenço, J. P. Granadeiro and J. M. Palmeirim 2005
16 J. Smart, J. A. Gill, W. J. Sutherland and A. R. Watkinson 200617 1997
18 2000
19 2001
20 J. D. Goss-Custard, D. G. Kay and R. M. Blindell 1977
21 M. Ausden, A. Rowlands, W. J. Sutherland and R. James 2003
22 D. Liley and W. J. Sutherland 2007
23 T. Bregnballe, J. Madsen and P. A. F. Rasmussen 200424 P. Nummi and H. Poysa 199525 N. E. Buxton and C. M. Young 198126 P. H. Becker, D. Frank and S. R. Sudmann 1993
Activity Pressure justification
comment reference ID
J. W. Pearce-Higgins, S. K. Finney, D. W. Yalden and R. H. W. LangstonJ. W. Pearce-Higgins, L. Stephen, R. H. W. Langston, I. P. Bainbridge and R. Bullman
N. H. K. Burton, M. J. S. Armitage, A. J. Musgrove and M. M. Rehfisch
J. A. Vickery, W. J. Sutherland, M. O'Brien, A. R. Watkinson and A. YallopT. P. Milsom, S. D. Langton, W. K. Parkin, S. Peel, J. D. Bishop, J. D. Hart and N. P. MooreJ. A. Vickery, J. R. Tallowin, R. E. Feber, E. J. Asteraki, P. W. Atkinson, R. J. Fuller and V. K. Brown
27 S. Wanless, M. P. Harris and S. P. R. Greenstreet 1998
28 2012
29 G. R. Hosey and F. Goodridge 198030 J. Calladine 1997
31 J. C. Coulson and B. A. Coulson 2008
32 B. Hjernquist and M. B. Hjernquist 201033 J. A. Vickery and J. A. Gill 199934 J. K. Larsen and J. Madsen 2000
35 J. Madsen 198536 P. Mayhew and D. Houston 198937 2007
38 M. F. Leopold, C. Swennen and L. L. M. De Bruijn 1989
39 K. B. Briggs 198441 T. E. Holm and K. Laursen 2009
42 H. Schekkerman, W. Teunissen and E. Oosterveld 2008
43 O. W. Jacobsen 199344 European Commission (EC) 2011
45 M. Avery and J. Cadbury 1990
46 J. Van der Meer 198547 R. E. Green 198648 H. Boyd and T. Piersma 2001
49 W. J. Wolff, P. J. H. Reijenders and C. J. Smit 198250 K. Norris, T. Cook, T. O'Dowd and C. Durdin 1997
51 M. Ausden, J. Badley and L. James 2005
52 G. J. Thomas 198053 G. Thomas 1976
54 G. J. Thomas 198155 A. Tamisier 198556 T. Bregnballe, C. Speich, A. Horsten and A. D. Fox 2009
57 P. Nummi and H. Poysa 199558 D. B. A. Thompson 1982
59 D. M. Bryant and J. Leng 197560 J. Uttley, P. Monaghan and S. White 1989
C. B. Thaxter, B. Lascelles, K. Sugar, A. S. C. P. Cook, S. Roos, M. Bolton, R. H. W. Langston and N. H. K. Burton
R. A. Stillman, A. D. West, R. W. G. Caldow and S. E. A. l. V. d. Durell
61 P. C. Smith and P. R. Evans 1973
62 1991
63 E. C. Rees, J. M. Bowler and J. H. Beekman 199764 J. H. Beekman, M. R. van Eerden and S. Dirksen 1991
65 S. Dirksen, J. H. Beekman and T. H. Slagboom 1991
67 E. Rees, O. Einarsson and B. Laubek 199768 B. Laubek 1995
69 A. D. Fox, C. Mitchell, J. Madsen and H. Boyd 199770 J. Madsen 198571 O. W. Jacobsen 1991
72 R. Mathers, S. Watson, R. Stone and W. I. Montgomery 2000
73 T. Bregnballe, K. Aaen and A. D. Fox 200974 D. A. Cadwalladr, M. Owen, J. V. Morley and R. S. Cook 1972
75 M. Owen and G. J. Thomas 197976 O. W. Jacobsen 199277 K. B. Briggs 198178 M. W. Pienkowski 1982
79 M. W. Pienkowski 198380 A. J. Prater 1972
81 K. Thomas, R. G. Kvitek and C. Bretz 198082 C. D. Hutchinson and J. O'Halloran 199483 R. E. Green, C. J. Cadbury and G. Williams 198784 R. E. Green and C. J. Cadbury 198785 J. B. Buker and N. M. Groen 198986 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 199787 C. J. Cadbury 199288 C. Newbold 199789 J. Kirby, N. Davidson, N. Giles, M. Owen and C. Spray 200490 C. J. Barnard and D. B. A. Thompson 198591 J. del Hoyo, A. Elliot and J. Sargatal 199692 1987
93 W. J. Sutherland and D. A. Hill 199594 J. del Hoyo, A. Elliot and J. Sargatal 199295 J. Kear 200596 M. Owen, G. L. Atkinson-Willes and D. G. Salmon 198697 D. W. Snow and C. M. Perrins 199898 N. Giles 199299 A. S. Gilburn and J. S. Kirby 1992100 S. Cramp, W. R. P. Bourne and D. Saunders 1974
J. D. Goss-Custard, R. M. Warwick, R. Kirby, S. McGorty, R. T. Clarke, B. Pearson, W. E. Rispin, S. E. A. le V. dit. Durrell and R. J. Rose
D. A. Stroud, T. M. Reed, M. W. Pienkowski and R. A. Lindsay
101 R. Hume 1993102 J. G. van Rhijn 1991103 D. A. Stroud, G. P. Mudge and M. W. Pienkowski 1990
104 J. Kear 2005105 P. Lack 1986106 R. E. Green 1986107 J. A. Swift 1982108 M. J. Whittingham 1996109 J. M. Bowler 1997110 S. Cramp and K. E. L. Simmons 1983
111 G. M. Tucker, S. M. Davies and R. J. Fuller 1994112 S. Cramp and K. E. L. Simmons 1977
113 D. A. Still, N. A. Calbrade and C. A. Holt 2013
114 2014
115 W. J. Langston, B. S. Chesman and G. R. Burt 2006116 2013
117 Z. Allcock, S. O'Briend and M. Parsons 2013
118 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 2011
119 DONG Energy UK Ltd. 2012120 Natural England 2011121 Natural England 2004122 English Nature 2001123 APEM Aquatic Scientists 2007
124 J. H. Allen and S. J. Boyes 2008125 Fylde Borough Council 2011126 Natural England 2001
127 MRL Safety Ltd. 2011128 R. Tomlinson 1997129 A. Dixon and B. Kind 2010130 Royal Haskoning 2006131 APEM Aquatic Scientists 2013
133 C. Scott 2002
134 C. P. Fairhurst and N. E. Buxton 1982135 K. A. Rice and P. D. Putwain 1987136 F. Burd 1986137 D. P. M. Comber and J. Hansom 1993138 The Environment Partnership 2009139 K. Pye and S. J. Blott 2004
G. E. Austin, W. J. Read, N. A. Calbrade, H. J. Mellan, A. J. Musgrove, W. Skellorn, R. D. Hearn, D. A. Stroud, S. R. Wotton and C. A. Holt
V. H. Ross-Smith, N. A. Calbrade, L. J. Wright and G. E. Austin
140 English Nature 2001
141 A. Dixon and B. Kind 2011142 URS Scott Wilson 2011143 J. S. Kirby, S. Cross, J. E. Taylor and I. H. Wolfanden 1989144 B. Cook and M. Davies 2002145 D. Norman 2008146 2001
147 M. S. Curtis and M. Baker-Schommer 2003148 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2014149 Natural England 2013150 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001151 The Wildlife Trusts 2014152 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001153 BirdLife International 2014154 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014155 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014156 Sefton Coast Partnership 1996157 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001158 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014159 Natural England 2008160 D. Norman and P. Coffey 1994161 P. H. Smith and M. E. Greenhalgh 1977162 K. Derrett and R. Smith 2001163 2013
164 P. I. Mitchell, S. F. Newton, N. Ratcliffe and T. E. Dunn 2004165 2002
166 2009
167 A. J. Prater 1989168 1995
169 R. A. Robinson 2005170 BirdLife International 2013171 BirdLife International 2013172 BirdLife International 2013173 BirdLife International 2013174 BirdLife International 2013175 BirdLife International 2013176 BirdLife International 2013177 BirdLife International 2013178 BirdLife International 2013179 BirdLife International 2013180 BirdLife International 2013181 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013182 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013
D. A. Stroud, D. Chamber, S. Cook, N. Buxton, B. Fraser, P. Clement, P. Lewis, I. McLean, H. Baker and S. Whitehead
D. E. Balmer, S. Gillings, B. J. Caffrey, R. L. Swann, I. S. Downie and R. J. Fuller
C. V. Wernham, M. P. Toms, J. H. Marchant, J. A. Clark, G. M. Siriwardena and S. R. BaillieM. A. Eaton, A. F. Brown, D. G. Noble, A. J. Musgrove, R. Hearn, N. J. Aebischer, D. W. Gibbons, A. Evans and R. D. Gregory
C. J. Stone, A. Webb, C. Barton, N. Ratcliffe, T. C. Reed, M. L. Tasker, C. J. Camphuysen and M. W. Pienkowski
183 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013184 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013185 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013186 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013187 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013188 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013189 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013190 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013191 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013192 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013193 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013194 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013195 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013196 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
198 C. Lacambra, N. Cutts, J. Allen, F. Burd and M. Elliot 2004201 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
204 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
205 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
206 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
208 Natural England 2013
209 European Nature Information System (EUNIS) 2013210 R. N. Bamber 2010213 L. A. Boorman 2003
216 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
217 A. Maddock 2008218 2008
219 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014220 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014
221 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014222 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014
223 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014224 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014225 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014226 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
227 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2015
228 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014229 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014231 2001
232 BirdGuides 2003-2006233 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014
234 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014
235 British Government 2010236 European Commission 1979237 British Government 2010238 British Government 2010239 Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) 2012
240 European Commission 2012241 Natural England 2013242 J. R. Mitchell, M. E. Moser and J. S. Kirby 1988243 P. Holden and T. Cleeves 2002244 Lancashire & Cheshire Fauna Society 2014245 Centre for Ecology & Hydrology 2014246 C. Barton and C. Pollock 2005247 2004
248 English Nature 2001
249 Natural England 2002250 Natural England 2010251 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2005252 2009
253 Natural England 2011254 Cheshire & Wirral Ornithological Society 2014255 F. J. Varela, A. G. Palacios and T. M. Goldsmith 1993256 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014257 2013
258 2004
259 OSPAR Commission 2008260 OSPAR Commission 2009261 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001262 2012
263 Natural England 2014
J. Davies, J. Baxter, M. Bradley, D. Connor, J. Khan, E. Murray, W. Sanderson, C. Turnbull and M. Vincent
M. J. S. Armitage, G. E. Austin, A. N. Banks, N. H. K. Burton, P. A. Cranswick, C. Hall, S. J. Holloway, S. F. Jackson, H. J. Mellan, M. S. Pollitt, M. M. Rehfisch, J. A. Robinson, R. M. Ward and J. Worden
S. J. White, D. A. Bickerton, G. Clarkson, S. Dunstan, R. Harris, C. Liggett, B. McCarthy, P. J. Marsh, S. J. Martin, T. Vaughan and J. F. Wright
The Wildlife Trust for Lancashire Manchester & North MerseysideD. W. Connor, J. H. Allen, N. Golding, K. L. Howell, L. M. Lieberknecht, K. O. Northen and J. B. Reker
C. A. Holt, G. E. Austin, N. A. Calbrade, H. J. Mellan, R. Hearn, D. A. Stroud, S. R. Wotton and A. J. Musgrove
264 2001
265 Natural England 1986266 Natural England 2013267 2001
268 Natural England 2010269 Natural England 2014270 P. R. Evans, D. M. Brearey and L. R. Goodyer 1980271 Merseyside Environmental Advisory Service (MEAS) 2014272 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013273 Natural England 2014274 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2014275 2011
276 BirdLife International 2014277 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014278 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014279 BirdLife International 2014280 BirdLife International 2014281 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014282 BirdLife International 2014283 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014284 BirdLife International 2014285 BirdLife International 2014286 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014287 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014288 BirdLife International 2014289 BirdLife International 2014290 BirdLife International 2014291 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014292 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014293 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014294 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014295 BirdLife International 2014296 BirdLife International 2014297 BirdLife International 2014298 BirdLife International 2014299 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014300 BirdLife International 2014301 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014302 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014303 BirdLife International 2014304 BirdLife International 2014305 BirdLife International 2014306 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014307 BirdLife International 2014308 BirdLife International 2014309 Rare Breeding Birds Panel (RBBP) 2014
D. A. Stroud, D. Chamber, S. Cook, N. Buxton, B. Fraser, P. Clement, P. Lewis, I. McLean, H. Baker and S. Whitehead
J. D. Goss-Custard, A. D. West, R. A. Stillman, S. E. A. L. V. D. Durell, R. W. G. Caldow, S. McGrorty and R. Nagarajan
S. Nagy, N. Petkov, E. Rees, A. Solokha, G. Hilton, J. Beekman and B. Nolet
310 BirdLife International 2014311 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014312 BirdLife International 2014313 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014314 BirdLife International 2014315 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014316 BirdLife International 2014317 BirdLife International 2014318 BirdLife International 2014319 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014320 BirdLife International 2014321 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014322 BirdLife International 2014323 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014324 BirdLife International 2014325 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014326 BirdLife International 2014327 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014328 BirdLife International 2014329 BirdLife International 2014330 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014331 BirdLife International 2014332 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014333 BirdLife International 2014334 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014335 BirdLife International 2014336 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014337 BirdLife International 2014338 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014339 BirdLife International 2014340 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014341 BirdLife International 2014342 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014343 BirdLife International 2014344 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014345 BirdLife International 2014346 BirdLife International 2014347 BirdLife International 2013348 BirdLife International 2014349 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014350 BirdLife International 2014351 H. Skov, J. Durinck, M. F. Leopold and M. L. Tasker 1995352 L. Svensson, K. Mullarney and D. Zetterstrom 2010353 2002
354 K. Taylor and J. B. Reid 1981355 M. L. Arsuaga 2006
356 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014357 BirdLife International 2014
E. Magnusdottir, E. H. K. Leat, S. Bourgeon, H. Strøm, A. Petersen, R. A. Phillips, S. A. Hanssen, J. O. Bustnes, P. Hersteinsson and R. W. Furness
358 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014359 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014361 2003
364 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
366 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
367 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
368 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
370 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
371 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
372 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
373 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
374 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
375 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
377 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
378 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
379 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
380 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
381 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
383 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
384 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
M. W. Aprahamian, C. D. Aprahamian, J. L. Baglinière, R. Sabatié and P. Alexandrino
385 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
386 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
387 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
388 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
389 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
391 P. S. Maitland and T. W. Hatton-Ellis 2003392 P. S. Maitland 2003393 Natural England 2011394 Natural England 2013
396 Natural England 2013
397 Natural England 2013
398 Natural England 2013
399 OSPAR Commission 2009400 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 2012403 R. N. Bamber, P. M. Gilliland and M. E. A. Shardlow 2001404 A. Crawford 2010405 P. A. Henderson 2003406 2008
407 2008
408 2008
409 2008
410 2008
411 2008
412 2008
413 2008
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
414 2008
415 2008
416 2008
417 2008
418 2008
419 2008
420 2008
421 2008
422 C. Taverny 1991423 2012
424 P. S. Maitland and A. A. Lyle 2005425 P. Doody and R. Randall 2003426 2008
427 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
428 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
429 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
430 2008
432 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
433 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
434 2008
435 European Commission (EC) 1992
436 J. Houston 2008
437 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2004438 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. WayC. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
M. T. Jolly, M. W. Aprahamian, S. J. Hawkins, P. A. Henderson, R. Hillman, N. O’Maoiléidigh, P. S. Maitland, R. Piper and M. J. Genner
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
439 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
440 2008
441 Natural England 2013
442 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
443 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
444 2008
445 Natural England 2013
447 2004
448 2004
449 2004
450 B. J. McConnell, M. A. Fedak, P. Lovell and P. S. Hammond 1999
451 P. M. Thompson 1993
452 2004
453 2004
454 R. Irving 2009
455 H. Tyler-Walters 2007
456 2010
457 2008
458 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
D. W. Connor, J. H. Allen, N. Golding, K. L. Howell, L. M. Lieberknecht, K. O. Northen and J. B. RekerD. W. Connor, J. H. Allen, N. Golding, K. L. Howell, L. M. Lieberknecht, K. O. Northen and R. J.B.D. W. Connor, J. H. Allen, N. Golding, K. L. Howell, L. M. Lieberknecht, K. O. Northen and R. J.B.
D. W. Connor, J. H. Allen, N. Golding, K. L. Howell, L. M. Lieberknecht, K. O. Northen and J. B. RekerD. W. Connor, J. H. Allen, N. Golding, K. L. Howell, L. M. Lieberknecht, K. O. Northen and R. J.B.
D. S. Limpenny, R. L. Foster-Smith, T. M. Edwards, V. J. Hendrick, M. Diesing, J. D. Eggleton, W. J. Meadows, Z. Crutchfield, S. Pfeifer and I. S. Reach
C. R. McLeod, M. Yeo, A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way
459 Natural England 2013
460 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2004461 K. R. Dyer and D. A. Huntley 1999462 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
463 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013
464 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2004
465 A. N. Banks and G. E. Austin 2004
466 D. Crawshaw 2012467 Suffolk Ornithologists' Group 1996468 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2013469 Little Tern Group 2013470 I. Paradine 2002
471 Natural England 2012472 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2011473 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2011474 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2007475 M. Wright and P. Hemphill 2012476 T. R. Abrehart and R. L. Jackson 2013
477 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2013478 APEM 2013479 Environment Agency 2011480 V. H. Ross-Smith, N. A. Calbrade and G. E. Austin 2011481 R. W. Jessop, S. Hinni, J. Skinner and J. R. Woo 2010482 E. K. Urban, C. H. Fry and S. Keith 1986483 M. Taylor and J. H. Marchant 2011484 R. Ward and N. Gates 2009485 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001486 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2012487 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2013488 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001489 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2012490 BirdLife International 2014491 European Science Foundation 2009492 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2009493 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2011494 G. Gutherie and R. Cottle 2002495 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
496 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007497 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001499 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2006
500 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001501 English Nature 2001
502 J. T. Cayford and R. J. Waters 1996503 N. D. Burgess and G. J. M. Hirons 1992504 M. A. Ogilvie and The Rare Breeding Birds Panel (RBBP) 1998505 2011
506 M. Holling 2013507 R. A. Irving 2005
508 S. Westcott 2009509 R. A. Irving 2011
510 T. Mercer, C. Howson and F. Bunker 2004511 Natural England 2012512 The Landmark Trust 2014513 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001514 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014515 The Landmark Trust 2014516 The Landmark Trust 2014518 Lundy Field Society 2014519 Natural England 2013520 Natural England 2013
521 R. Ross 2011
523 Royal Haskoning 2008
525 H. Sugden, N. Mieszkowska and T. Vance 2013526 Natural England 2011
527 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2014528 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 1998529 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014530 2011
531 Natural England 2014532 Ramsar 1999533 Natural England 2004534 European Environment Agency (EEA) 2006535 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2013536 A. J. Houghton, A. J. Brooks and H. M. Tillin 2011537 Natural England 2014538 Natural England 2014539 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2004540 European Environment Agency (EEA) 2014541 E. Mayr and P. D. Ashlock 1991542 Great Britain Non-Native Species Secretariat (GB NNSS) 2014
A. J. Musgrove, R. D. Austin, C. A. Hearn, D. A. Stroud and S. R. Wooton
Natural England and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)
543 Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) 2012
544 M. A. Huston 1994545 L. Griffin, E. Rees and B. Hughes 2011546 2008
547 2010
548 C. Bennett 2014549 2012
550 Ramsar Convention Secretariat 2010
551 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014552 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014554 2006
556 R. G. Jefferson and P. V. Grice 2000
557 Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (MarBEF) 2011
558 P. Benstead, P. José, C. Joyce and M. Wade 1999559 Buglife 2011560 Buglife 2013561 T. C. Dargie 1993562 C. M. Drake 2004563 2010
564 2002
565 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2011567 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2011568 J. O. Mountford, J. M. Cooper, D. B. Roy and E. A. Warman 1999
569 S. Martin and J. M. Hall-Spencer 2014570 BirdLife International 2014572 J. M. Hall-Spencer, J. Kelly and C. A. Maggs 2010580 L. Baldock and J. Bass 2012581 A. Graham 1988
582 J. Hill, B. Pearce, L. Georgiou, J. Pinnion and J. Gallyot 2010
583 S. Wilkinson and L. Baldock 2013584 B. Baldock 2006585 Devon Wildlife Trust 2007587 L. Munro 2001588 L. Munro 2004590 S. Sharrock 2013
D. A. Bickerton, G. Clarkson, S. Dunstan, R. Harris, C. Liggett, B. McCarthy, P. J. Marsh, S. J. Martin, T. Vaughan and W. J.F.
K. Kober, A. Webb, I. Win, S. O'Brien, L. J. Wilson and J. B. Reid
L. J. Wright, V. H. Ross-Smith, G. E. Austin, D. Massimino, D. Dadam, A. S. C. P. Cook, N. A. Calbrade and N. H. K. Burton
J. O. Mountford, D. B. Roy, J. M. Cooper, S. J. Manchester, R. D. Swetnam, E. A. Warman and J. R. Treweek
C. M. Drake, N. F. Stewart, M. A. Palmer and V. L. KindembaD. J. G. Gowing, J. R. B. Tallowin, N. B. Dise, J. Goodyear, M. E. Dodd and R. J. Lodge
592 C. Wood 2005595 B. Chapman 2011597 K. Hiscock, D. Bayley, N. Pade, E. Cox and C. Lacey 2011600 B. Baldock 2004601 S. L. Fowler and G. M. Pilley 1992602 R. A. Irving 2008603 R. A. Irving 2011604 R. A. Irving 2012
605 R. A. Irving and K. O. Northen 2004606 Seasearch 2004607 Seasearch 2007608 Seasearch 2008609 Seasearch 2010610 S. Sharrock 2009611 C. Wood 2007612 R. J. H. Herbert, W. Farnham, T. Farnham and R. Luxton 2012613 R. A. Irving, H. R. and D. Moss 1995
616 L. M. Irvine and Y. M. Chamberlain 1994617 R. L. Manuel 1988618 C. Wood 2005619 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2010620 European Environment Agency (EEA) 2014621 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014622 Arkive 2013623 A. Jackson 2008624 W. H. Adey and D. L. McKibbin 1970
625 2014
626 J. Grall, F. Le Loc'h, B. Guyonnet and P. Riera 2006
627 J. M. Hall-Spencer 2005628 J. M. Hall-Spencer and R. Bamber 2007629 N. A. Kamenos, P. G. Moore and J. M. Hall-Spencer 2004
630 2004
631 N. A. Kamenos, P. G. Moore and J. M. Hall-Spencer 2004
632 S. Martin, M. D. Castets and J. Clavier 2006
J. Brodie, C. Williamson, D. Smale, N. Kamenos, N. Mieszkowska, R. Santos, M. Cunliffe, M. Steinke, C. Yesson, K. Anderson, V. Asnaghi, C. Brownlee, H. Burdett, M. Burrows, S. Collins, P. Donohue, B. Harvey, A. Foggo, F. Noisette, J. Nunes, F. Ragazzola, J. A. Raven, D. Schmidt, D. Suggett, M. Teichberg and J. Hall-Spencer
N. A. Kamenos, P. G. Moore, J. M. Hall-Spencer and D. Donnan
633 V. Pena, R. Barreiro, J. M. Hall-Spencer and J. Grall 2013
634 R. Bamber 1992
635 A. Mallia and P. J. Schembri 1995
636 D. Laffoley and S. Fowler 1992
637 D. F. Hoeksema and W. Segers 1993
638 C. Little, D. Morritt, D. R. Seaward and G. A. Williams 1989639 C. Pain, S. Wilkinson and J. Light 2009
640 D. R. Seaward 1987641 D. R. Seaward 1987642 D. R. Seaward 1988
643 D. R. Seaward 1989644 J. J. Van Aartsen and H. J. Hoenselaar 1984
645 J. E. Whittaker 1980
646 F. Lorenz and C. Melaun 2011647 C. D. Munro and L. Munro 2003
648 C. D. Munro and L. Munro 2003649 W. I. Beaumont 1900
650 E. T. Browne 1895651 K. Hiscock 2008652 G. Jarms and H. Tiemann 1996
653 A. S. Kahn, G. I. Matsumoto, Y. M. Hirano and A. G. Collins 2010
654 A. Kowalevsky 1884655 R. A. Irving 2004
656 R. A. Irving and K. Hiscock 2010657 P. W. Carter 1927658 2007
659 J. M. Price, I. Tittley and W. D. Richardson 1979
660 2003
661 S. Wilson, C. Blake, J. A. Berges and C. A. Maggs 2004
A. Gom'ez-Garetta, J. Rull-Lluch, M. C. Barcelo'Marti and M. A. Ribera Siguan
C. Barbera, C. Bordehore, J. A. Borg, M. Glémarec, J. Grall, J. M. Hall-Spencer, C. de la Huz, E. Lanfranco, M. Lastra, P. G. Moore, J. Mora, M. E. Pita, A. A. Ramos-Esplá, M. Rizzo, A. Sánchez-Mata, A. Seva, P. J. Schembri and C. Valle
663 J. Grall and J. M. Hall-Spencer 2003
665 N. A. Kamenos, P. G. Moore and J. M. Hall-Spencer 2004
666 D. Bosence and J. Wilson 2003
667 J. M. Hall-Spencer and P. G. Moore 2000
668 J. M. Hall-Spencer and P. G. Moore 2002
669 M. Devlin, S. Painting and M. Best 2007
670 J. M. Hall-Spencer and R. J. A. Atkinson 1999
671 2006
672 C. Hauton, J. M. Hall-Spencer and P. G. Moore 2003
673 N. A. Kamenos, P. G. Moore and J. M. Hall-Spencer 2003
674 2013
675 2013
676 2014
677 2014
678 2012
679 2001
680 J. M. Hall-Spencer, J. Pike and C. B. Munn 2007
681 M. Berrill 1962682 P. G. Corbin 1979
683 2013
684 D. Lobelle, E. J. Kenyon, K. J. Cook and J. C. Bull 2013
685 L. S. Miranda, A. C. Morandini and A. C. Marques 2009
686 L. S. Miranda, A. G. Collins and A. C. Marques 2010
687 L. S. Miranda, A. C. Morandini and A. C. Marques 2012688 J. J. Otto 1976
J. Hall-Spencer, N. White, E. Gillespie, K. Gillham and A. Foggo
N. A. Kamenos, H. L. Burdett, E. Aloisio, H. S. Findlay, S. Martin, C. Longbone, J. Dunn, S. Widdicombe and P. Calosi
C. Pascelli, P. Riul, R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, F. Scherner, M. Nunes, J. M. Hall-Spencer, E. C. d. Oliveira and P. Horta
V. Peña, I. Bárbara, J. Grall, C. A. Maggs and J. M. Hall-SpencerV. Peña, J. J. Hernández-Kantún, J. Grall, C. Pardo, L. López, I. Bárbara, L. L. Gall and R. BarreiroS. Teichert, W. Woelkerling, A. Rüggeberg, M. Wisshak, D. Piepenburg, M. Meyerhöfer, A. Form, J. Büdenbender and A. Freiwald
N. C. Eno, D. S. MacDonald, J. A. M. Kinnear, S. C. Amos, C. J. Chapman, R. A. Clark, F. S. P. D. Bunker and C. Munro
K. Hiscock, D. Bayley, N. Pade, C. Lacey, E. Cox and R. Enever
730 W. Weitrzykowski 1912
741 C. J. Zagal 2004
742 C. J. Zagal 2004
743 P. G. Corbin 1978
744 S. Goffredo, V. Airi, J. Radetić and F. Zaccanti 2006
745 2011
746 L. Iveša, D. M. Lyons and M. Devescovi 2009
747 J. P. Richardson 1979
748 I. S. Robinson 1983749 I. S. Robinson, L. Warren and J. F. Longbottom 1983750 A. Blanc and J. Daguzan 1999
751 J. Lythgoe and G. Lythgoe 1971752 P. J. Miller and M. J. Loates 1997753 2011
754 EMU Ltd. 2008755 2010
756 R. A. Irving 1999757 C. Williams and R. Clark 2010
758 2012
759 R. Irving 1996760 C. Wood 1984761 Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) 2013
763 2004
764 M. G. Pawson 1995
765 Sussex Seasearch and Marine Conservation Society 2012766 2012
767 R. Clark 2012
768 N. Godsell, B. Meakins and M. Fraser 2013
M. A. Coleman, J. Chambers, N. A. Knott, H. A. Malcolm, D. Harasti, A. Jordan and B. P. Kelaher
J. W. C. James, B. Pearce, R. A. Coggan, M. Leivers, R. W. E. Clark, J. F. Plim, J. M. Hill, S. H. L. Arnott, L. Bateson, A. De-Burgh Thomas and P. A. Baggaley
J. W. C. James, B. Pearce, R. A. Coggan, S. H. L. Arnott, R. W. E. Clark, J. F. Plim, J. Pinnion, C. Barrio Frojan, J. Gardiner, A. Morando, P. A. Baggaley, G. Scott and N. Bigourdan
S. Fletcher, J. Saunders, R. Herbert, C. Roberts and K. Dawson
W. D. Connor, H. J. Allen, N. Golding, L. K. Howell, M. L. Lieberknecht, O. K. Northen and B. J. Reker
S. Fletcher, S. Rees, S. Gall, E. Jackson, L. Friedrich and L. Rodwell
769 Sussex Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authority (IFCA) 2010770 R. Clark and C. James Undated771 R. Clark, C. James and R. Irving Undated772 Fugro EMU Ltd. 2013773 C. Allen, M. Axelsson, S. Dewey and S. S. Ltd. 2013
774 Fugro EMU Ltd. 2013775 C. Allen, M. Axelsson, S. Dewey and S. S. Ltd. 2013
776 EMU Ltd. 2009
777 EMU Ltd. 2008
778 EMU Ltd. 2009
779 EMU Ltd. 2011
780 R. W. E. Clark and B. J. Vause 2010781 EMU Ltd. 2008
782 EMU Ltd. 2007
783 EMU Ltd. 2007
784 EMU Ltd. 1999
785 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 2011786 2010
787 2010
788 South East England Biodiversity Forum (SEEBF) 2010
789 Sussex Seasearch 2010790 Sussex Seasearch 2011791 Sussex Sea Fisheries Committee 2010
792 C. Williams 2010793 Southern Science 1995794 V. J. Chapman 1976795 N. Garrick-Maidment 1997796 Natural England 2014797 Natural England 2014798 Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) 2014
799 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014800 Natural England 2014801 Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) 2014
B. Seeley, S. Higgs, D. Lear, J. Evans, M. Neilly, M. Campbell, P. Wilkes and L. Adams
B. Seeley, D. Lear, S. Higgs, M. Neilly, J. Bilewitch, J. Evans, P. Wilkes and L. Adams
802 Natural England 2014803 D. McGrath, P. A. King and E. M. Gosling 1988804 R. A. Maas Geesteranus 1942805 A. C. J. Vincent and L. M. Sadler 1995806 R. Seed 1969807 N. Maidment-Garrick 1998
808 2007
809 K. Cole 2011
810 English Nature 1999811 Balanced Seas 2011812 2012
814 C. Wood 1992
815 Balanced Seas 2011816 R. Covey 1998
817 P. Davidson 1976818 N. Garrick-Maidment and L. Jones 2004819 S. A. Lourie, A. C. J. Vincent and H. J. Hall 1999820 Marine Ecological Surveys Limited 2013
821 I. Tittley, C. J. H. Spurrier, T. J. Fererr and P. J. Chimonides 2010
822 The Wildlife Trust 2013
823 L. Browning 2002824 P. Belden and P. Millmore 2011
825 S. Colclough 2002826 East Sussex County Council 2010827 Environment Agency 2010828 1987
829 Sussex Biodiversity Records Centre undated830 Sussex Biodiversity Records Centre undated831 Marine Ecological Surveys Limited (MESL) 2014832 2000
833 Royal Haskoning 2006834 D. King 2010836 A. L. Marsden and J. C. Chesworth 2014837 BirdLife International 2014838 BirdLife International 2014839 BirdLife International 2014840 BirdLife International 2014841 BirdLife International 2014
J. Brodie, D. M. John, I. Tittley, M. J. Holmes and D. B. Williamson
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and Natural England
Seven Sisters Voluntary Marine Conservation Area (VMCA) Working Group
J. Ball, C. Hill, N. Thomas, A. Kenny, K. Collins, J. Mallinson, M. Sheader and A. Jenson
842 BirdLife International 2014843 BirdLife International 2014844 BirdLife International 2014845 BirdLife International 2014846 BirdLife International 2014847 2000
849 M. Cork and P. Gaches 2008851 M. Axelsson, S. Dewey, S. Chaddock and S. Duke 2006
854 2011
855 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2014856 P. Adam 1981857 P. Adam 1990858 Buglife 2014859 Buglife 2014860 H. Tyler-Walters 2002
861 J. S. Rodwell 1995862 J. A. Edgington 2004863 C. Stace 1997864 Fugro EMU Ltd. 2013
865 J. Murray and P. Whomersley 2014866 C. Jenkins and J. Eggleton 2014867 2013
868 E. V. Sheehan, S. L. Cousens, S. C. Gall and M. J. Attrill 2013869 L. Baldock 2013870 2014
871 L. Evans 2013872 B. MacDonald 2013873 R. Nunny and P. Smith 2008874 L. Mascorda and E. Veryan 2014
875 H. Jensen, P. J. Wright and P. Munk 2003
876 A. E. Joyce 2006
877 National Oceanography Centre 2014878 P. J. Hayward and J. S. Ryland 1990879 W. Riesen and K. Reise 1982880 C. L. George and R. M. Warwick 1985
881 E. C. Rees 1990882 D. R. Neumann 1999
J. S. Rodwell, J. C. Dring, A. B. G. Averis, M. C. F. Proctor, A. J. C. Malloch, J. N. J. Schaminée and D. T.C.D.
L. M. Lieberknecht, T. E. J. Hooper, T. M. Mullier, A. Murphy, M. Neilly, H. Carr, R. Haines, S. Lewin and E. Hughes
E. V. Sheehan, S. L. Cousens, S. C. Gall, D. R. Bridger, S. Cocks and M. J. Attrill
E. V. Sheehan, S. L. Cousens, S. N. Nancollas, L. Holmes, S. C. Gall, E. Hooper and M. J. Attrill
883 D. Thompson, M. Lonergan and C. Duck 2005
884 R. W. Vaughan 1978885 P. Watts 1992886 M. Bailey 2005887 R. N. Bamber and N. J. Evans 2006888 R. N. Bamber and R. S. K. Barnes 1995
889 Environment Agency 2012890 English Nature 2000
892 J. Fincham 2013893 R. L. Foster-Smith 2000894 V. Isla, A. Hall and J. Graves 2011895 B. Meadows and C. Frojan 2012896 Natural England 2014897 A. Evans 2011
898 Natural England 2010899 Royal Haskoning 2003900 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 2006901 T. Sykes 2002902 D. Thompson 2012
903 D. Von Schiller 2006
904 R. West 2002
905 S. Wilson 2010906 M. G. Yates, A. Garbutt, E. Rispin and N. Brown 2004
907 M. G. Telfer 2013908 E. C. Rees, J. S. Kirby and A. Gilburn 1997
909 Precision Marine Survey Ltd. 2012910 Otter Trust 2000911 Environment Agency 2010912 APEM 2013
913 P. J. Dare, M. C. Bell, P. Walker and R. C. A. Bannister 2004914 R. West 2010
916 L. Burton, R. L. Foster-Smith and I. S. Reach 2010
917 R. L. Foster-Smith and W. H. White 2001
918 T. J. Holt, R. G. Hartnoll and S. J. Hawkings 1997
919 K. S. Last, V. J. Hendrick, C. M. Beveridge and A. J. Davies 2010
920 National Rivers Authority 1994
923 T. Hill, C. S. Emblow and K. O. Northen 1996925 S. Schmitt 2002926 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2014927 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2007929 R. West, M. F. Grenham and J. S. Kirby 2010
930 2013
931 R. L. Foster-Smith and I. Sotheran 1999
932 D. J. Hughes 1998
933 W. N. Bonner 1989934 S. Gubbay 2007
935 2013
936 L. Patterson and A. Burrows 1998937 D. White 2012
938 R. B. Williams 1987
939 J. S. Rodwell 2000940 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001941 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2006942 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001943 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2006944 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001945 2014
946 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014947 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001948 Buglife 2014949 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014950 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014951 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014952 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2004953 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2010955 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2014956 European Science Foundation 2013957 The Wildlife Trust 2008958 2013
959 2014
960 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2011
R. Bodewes, D. Morick, M. Van de Bildt, N. Osina, A. Rubio Garcia, G. J. Sanchex Contrera, S. L. Smits, A. P. Reperant, T. Kuiken and D. M. E. Osterhaus
B. Pearce, J. M. Hill, C. Wilson, R. Griffin, S. Earnshaw and J. Pitts
Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (EIFCA)
Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (EIFCA)Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (EIFCA)
963 D. A. Birkett, C. A. Maggs and M. J. Dring 1998
965 C. Wood 2003966 C. Wood 2008978 L. Baldock 2011980 Y. M. Hirano 1997
983 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2010996 K. Hiscock 1974997 K. Hiscock 2003998 WFD UKTAG 2012
1000 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20041002 S. Everett 19931003 1998
1004 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2004
1005 S. J. Ware and A. J. Kenny 20111007 K. Hiscock, C. Marshall, J. Sewell and S. J. Hawkins 2006
1008 R. N. Bamber 19971009 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20041010 English Nature 20041011 Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) 2010
1012 A. J. Manning 20121013 WFD UKTAG 2012
1014 WFD UKTAG 2012
1015 OSPAR Commission 20121016 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20041019 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20101020 C. M. Johnson and P. M. Gilliland 2000
1021 H. Burningham and J. R. French 20091022 J. Knauss 19971024 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20131025 Environment Agency 20111026 WFD UKTAG 20141027 European Environment Agency (EEA) 20141028 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20141029 HR Wallingford 20141030 Environment Agency 20091031 Channel Coastal Observatory (CCO) 20131032 A. Klein 20061033 E. Wells, M. Wilkinson, P. Wood and C. Scanlan 2007
1034 M. A. Best, A. W. Wither and S. Coates 2007
M. Elliott, S. Nedwell, N. V. Jones, S. J. Read, N. D. Cutts and K. L. Hemingway
1038 W. A. Nelson 20091044 2011
1046 N. A. Kamenos, P. G. Moore and J. M. Hall-Spencer 2004
1047 P. Berggren, P. R. Wade, J. Carlström and A. J. Read 20021048 D. W. Johnston, A. J. Westgate and A. J. Read 2005
1049 R. A. Kastelein, R. Gransier, L. Hoek and J. Olthuis 2012
1050 R. A. Kastelein, R. Gransier, L. Hoek and C. A. de Jong 20121051 C. Lockyer 19951052 C. Lockyer 20031053 C. Pierpoint 2008
1054 J. B. Reid, G. H. Evans and S. P. Northridge 20031055 M. B. Santos and G. J. Pierce 2003
1056 S.-I. S. C. i. t. E. A. a. N. Sea 20061057 J. H. Barne 1996
1058 J. Davies and J. M. Hall-Spencer 19961059 J. M. Hall-Spencer 19981060 D. W. J. Bosence 19761061 2008
1062 D. J. Hydes, E. McGovern and P. Walsham 20131063 D. W. J. Bosence 19791064 J. Mallatt 1985
1065 K. Arkley and R. Caslake 2004
1066 2012
1067 EMU Ltd. 2012
1068 D. P. Wilson 1958
1069 W. S. Moore 19771070 G. Legg 20141071 Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) 2014
1072 GoBe Consultants 2014
1073 J. F. Tapp and W. Hook 19801074 K. J. Rideout and A. S. Copeland 19981075 K. J. Rideout and S. Patterson 19961076 K. J. Rideout and S. Patterson 19971077 Environment & Resource Technology Ltd. 2000
K. M. Cooper, M. Curtis, W. M. R. Wan Hussin, C. R. S. Barrio Froján, E. C. Defew, V. Nye and D. M. Paterson
S. Martin, R. Rodolfo-Metalpa, E. Ransome, S. Rowley, M.-C. Buia, J.-P. Gattuso and J. M. Hall-Spencer
RSK Environmental Ltd, EON Climate and Renewables UK and Rampion Offshore Wind Limited
1078 Environment Resource Technology (Scotland) Ltd. 2004
1079 SEPA 19991080 A. Nicholson 20071081 A. Lannin 20071082 J. Lancaster 20061083 D. Bennett, J. Nichols and T. Huntington1084 A. F. Coe 20061085 Mott MacDonald 20081086 Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee 20051087 European Commission 20001088 Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee 2001-20021089 Defra
1090 R. L. Foster-Smith and J. Davies
1091 R. L. Foster-Smith, J. Davies, I. Sotheran and R. Walton
1092 1996
1093 Defra 20041094 2006
1095 Defra 20051096 Defra 20041097 D. Kay, S. Kershaw, R. Lee and M. Wyer 20071098 Royal Haskoning 2002
1100 D. J. D. Lawrence, C. L. Vye and B. Young 20041101 C. Marshall and A. Ruiz 2007
1102 2008
1103 C. M. Roberts and L. C. Mason 20081104 Defra 20081105 M. C. Bottrill and R. L. Pressey 2009?1106 D. P. Brazier, J. Davies, R. H. F. Holt and E. Murray 1996
1107 1997
1108 J. Davies 1994
1109 D. R. Seaward 19901110 T. L. Bennett 1991
1111 D. P. Brazier, J. Davies, R. H. F. Holt and E. Murray 1998
1113 Defra 20071114 S. Boyes, L. Warren and M. Elliott 2003
1115 C. Hardie and S. Rushton 2000
R. L. Foster-Smith, I. Sotheran, J. L. Foster-Smith and F. Bunker
K. Hemingway, N. Cutts, S. Boyes, J. Allen, M. Elliot and S. Travers
M. Edwards, D. G. Johns, G. Beaugrand, P. Licandro, A. W. G. John and D. P. Stevens
D. W. Connor, M. J. Dalkin, T. O. Hill, R. H. F. Holt and W. G. Sanderson
1116 MCCIP 20061117 R. A. Mavor, M. Parsons, M. Heubeck and S. Schmitt 20051118 Eastern Seafish Training Association 20001119 House of Commons Science and Technology Committee 2007
1120 Patnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans 2002
1121 Seafish Technology 20021122 R. Bartha 19861123 V. Axiak and J. J. George 1987
1124 R. M. Atlas 19951125 G. A. Mep 19941126 J. M. Acheson 19751127 G. Eiriksson 1994
1128 P. O. Eikeland 19931129 K. Hiscock and H. Tyler-Walters 2006
1130 2004
1131 2007
1132 1996
1133 A. H. Taylor 1995
1134 P. J. Scheuer 19961135 R. P. Mounsey, G. A. Baulch and R. C. Buckworth 19951136 R. Kenchington and C. Bleakley 19941137 A. Karagiannakos 19961138 S. Garthe, K. C. J. Camphuysen and R. W. Furness 1996
1139 C. L. J. Frid and N. V. Huliselan 19961140 C. L. J. Frid, J. B. Buchanan and P. R. Garwood 19961141 C. W. Fowler 19871142 J. P. Ducrotoy 1994
1143 B. Dicks and J. P. Hartley 1982
1144 M. W. Denny 19871145 N. Daan, K. Richardson and J. G. Pope 19961146 W. R. Cullen, L. Xing-Fang and K. J. reimer 1994
1147 R. Cornforth 19941148 C. Romano, J. Widdows, M. D. Brinsley and F. J. Staff 2003
1149 S. M. Evans, M. E. Gill and J. Marchant 1996
1150 M. J. Kaiser and B. E. Spencer 1996
J. D. Goss-Custard, R. A. Stillman, A. D. West, R. W. G. Caldow, P. Triplet, S. E. A. l. V. d. Durrell and S. McGrortyJ. van der Molan, S. I. Rogers, J. R. Ellis, C. J. Fox and P. McCloghrieR. C. Thompson, B. J. Wilson, M. L. Tobin, A. S. Hill and S. J. Hawkins
1151 M. C. Healey 1990
1152 R. Q. Grafton 19961153 H. Gislason 19941154 P. Monaghan 19961155 2006
1156 C. J. Klein, C. Steinback, A. J. Scholz and H. P. Possingham 2008
1157 P. G. H. Evans 19951158 2008
1159 K. Hemingway, J. H. Allen, S. Boyes and P. Brazier 20081160 2009
1161 D. P. Whitfield 2007
1163 J. Cox and N. Ravenscroft 20091165 2002
1166 M. Sullivan 20101167 H. Hotker, K.-M. Thomsen and H. Jeromin 2006
1168 K. Thomas, R. G. Kvitek and C. Bretz 20031169 T. Outlaw 20061170 H. Goudge, E. S. Morris and R. Sharp 2009
1171 D. Lowe 2009
1172 The Royal Society 20051173 Royal Haskoning and Halcrow 20131174 Royal Haskoning and Halcrow 20131175 Royal Haskoning and Halcrow 20121176 Royal Haskoning and Halcrow 20141177 Royal Haskoning and Halcrow 20091178 Royal Haskoning and Halcrow 20131179 2009
1180 2009
1181 2009
1182 Royal Haskoning 20091183 McKenzie Wilson Newtwork Partnership Group 2009
1184 C. Ehler and F. Douvere 20091185 D. Tyldesley 20041186 NAFC Marine Centre 2008
B. Worm, E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. E. Duffy, C. Folke, B. S. Halpern, J. B. C. Jackson, H. K. Lotze, F. Micheli, S. R. Palumbi, E. Sala, K. A. Selkoe, J. J. Stachowicz and R. Watson
C. J. Klein, A. Chan, I. Kircher, A. J. Cundiff, N. Gardner, Y. Hrovat, A. Scholz, B. E. Kendall and S. Airame
R. A. Stillman, J. Cox, D. Liley, N. Ravenscroft, J. Sharp and M. Wells
A. D. West, J. D. Goss-Custard, R. A. Stillman, R. W. G. Caldow, S. E. A. l. V. d. Durell and S. McGrorty
C. Egevang, I. J. Stenhouse, R. A. Phillips, A. Peterson, J. W. Fox and J. R. D. SilkM. P. Harris, F. Daunt, M. Newell, R. A. Phillips and S. WanlessTeesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site Management Group
1187 ABPmer 20091188 ABPmer 20061189 P. J. S. Jones 2007
1190 S. Gubbay 20041191 2006
1192 M. MacGarvin and S. Jones 20001193 2007
1194 2007
1195 C. J. Sweeting and N. V. C. Polunin 2005
1196 2009
1197 2009
1198 T. L. Catchpole 20091199 2002
1200 2006
1201 C. Parmesan and G. Yohe 20031202 2006
1203 D. Coulson and L. Joyce 20061204 C. Parmesan 2006
1205 D. S. Wethey and S. A. Woodin 20081206 P. Moore, S. J. Hawkins and R. C. Thompson 2007
1207 2008
1208 B. Delbaere 20051209 G. Walther, L. Hughes, P. Vitousek and N. C. Stenseth 20051210 W. M. Balch and P. E. Utgoff 2009
1211 2009
1212 A. L. Cohen and M. Holcomb 2009
J. G. Hiddink, B. R. MacKenzie, A. Rijnsdorp, N. Dulvy, E. E. Nielsen, D. Bekkevold, M. Heino, P. Lorance and H. Ojaveer
M. I. O'Connor, J. F. Bruno, S. D. Gaines, B. S. Halpern, S. E. Lester, B. P. Kinlan and J. M. WeissP. D. Eastwood, C. M. Mills, J. N. Aldridge, C. A. Houghton and S. I. Rogers
N. V. C. Polunin, H. J. Bloomfield, C. J. Sweeting and D. T. McCandlessN. V. C. Polunin, H. J. Bloomfield, C. J. Sweeting and D. T. McCandless
G. Walther, E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T. J. C. Beebee, J. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg and F. Bairlein
C. D. G. Harley, A.R.Hughes, K. M. Hultgren, B. G. Miner, C. J. B. Sorte, C. S. Thornber, L. F. Rodriguez, L. Tomanek and S. L. Williams
N. Mieszkowska, M. A. Kendall, S. J. Hawkins, R. Leaper, P. Williamson, N. J. hardman-Mountford and A. J. Southward
E. S. Poloczanska, S. J. Hawkins, A. J. Southward and M. T. Burrows
J. C. Orr, K. Caldeira, V. Fabry, P.-P. Gattuso, P. Haugan, P. Lehodey, S. Pantoja, H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, T. Trull, E. Urban, M. Hood and W. Broadgate
1213 2005
1214 J.-P. Gattuso, L. Hansson and EPOCA Consortium 20091215 F. J. Millero, R. Woosley, B. Ditrolio and J. Waters 20091216 D. K. Gledhill, R. Wanninkhof and C. M. Eakin 20091217 R. A. Feely, S. C. Doney and S. R. Cooley 20091218 2009
1219 P. Tans 20091220 D. A. Hutchims, M. R. Mulholland and F. Fu 20091221 S. C. Doney, W. M. Balch, V. J. Fabry and R. A. Feely 20091222 P. G. Brewer and K. Hester 20091223 L. R. Kump, T. J. Bralower and A. Ridgwell 20091224 S. R. Cooley, H. L. Kite-Powell and S. C. Doney 20091225 A. C. de la Vega-Leinert and R. J. Nocholls 20081226 1997
1227 2008
1228 2007
1229 C. J. Svensson, S. R. Jenkins, S. J. Hawkins and P. Aberg 2005
1230 R. G. Pearson 20061231 A. L. Perry, P. J. Low, J. R. Ellis and J. D. Reynolds 20051232 INCA 20091233 S. M. Percival and P. R. Evans 1997
1234 R. P. a. Development 20101235 2008
1236 2007
1237 2006
1238 A. G. Punt, G. E. Millward and J. R. W. Harris 20031239 R. J. Uncles, P. E. Frickers and C. Harris 20031240 2000
1241 2010
1242 C. L. J. Frid, W. U. Chandrasekara and P. Davey 1999
1243 C. L. J. Frid 2011
J. C. Orr, V. J. Fabry, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, S. C. Doney, R. A. Feely, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A. Ishida, F. Joos, R. M. Key, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, R. Matear, P. Monfray, A. Mouchet, R. G. Najjar, G.-K. Plattner, K. B. Rodgers, C. L. Sabine, J. L. Sarmiento, R. Schlitzer, R. D. Slater, I. J. Totterdell, M.-F. Weirig, Y. Yamanaka and A. Yool
V. J. Fabry, J. B. McClintock, J. T. Mathis and J. M. Grebmeier
W. K. Michener, E. R. Blood, K. L. Bildstein, M. M. Brinson and L. R. GardnerN. K. Dulvy, S. I. Rogers, S. Jennings, V. Stelzenmuller, S. R. Dye and H. R. SkjoldalF. P. Lima, P. A. Ribeiro, N. Queiroz, S. J. Hawkins and A. M. Santos
J. M. E. Ahad, J. A. C. Barth, R. S. Ganeshram, R. G. M. Spencer and G. UherR. G. M. Spencer, A. Baker, J. M. E. Ahad, G. L. Cowie, R. Ganeshram, R. C. Upstill-Goddard and G. UherJ. M. E. Ahad, R. S. Ganeshram, R. G. M. Spencer, G. Uher, R. C. Upstill-Goddard and G. L. Cowie
R. J. Uncles, N. J. Bloomer, P. E. Frickers, M. L. Griffiths, C. Harris, R. J. M. Howland, A. W. Morris, D. H. Plummer and A. D. Tappin
R. L. H. Dennis, L. Dapporto, T. H. Sparks, S. R. Williams, J. N. Greatorex-Davies, J. Asher and D. B. Roy
1244 P. Duvivier 19981245 R. L. Foster-Smith 19981246 Environment Agency 20121247 2009
1248 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 20101249 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 20111250 2003
1251 20061252 2009
1253 2010
1254 P. Morrison, W. Davies, H. Brooker-Carey and L. Morris 20111256 20101257 20111258 20121259 W. Davies and P. Morrison 20111260 20101261 20061262 V. Booth and P. Morrison 2010
1264 D. Steel and J. Walton 2005
1265 D. Steel and J. Walton 2006
1266 D. Steel and J. Walton 2009
1270 20041272 P. Hawkey 19821273 National Trust 20111274 National Trust 20121276 J. Eggleton, D. Stephens, M. Diesing, S. Ware and M. Curtis 2012
1277 J. L. Foster-Smith and R. L. Foster-Smith 19961279 Aquatic Environments 2003
1280 Natural England 20121281 2003
1282 2004
1283 2005
1284 2006
1285 2007
1286 2008
G. Guthrie, N. Cooper, D. Howell, T. Cooper, J. Gardiner, P. Lawton, A. Gregory and R. Stevens
L. A. Jones, H. Davies, M. D. Coyle, D. Evans, P. M. Gilliand, R. Irving and A. R. Murray
P. Morrison, Z. Tapping, J. Key, L. Morris and H. Brooker-CareyP. Morrison, Z. Tapping, J. Key, L. Morris and H. Brooker-Carey
M. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. RehfischM. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. RehfischM. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. RehfischM. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. RehfischM. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. RehfischM. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. Rehfisch
1287 2009
1288 L. Large 20121289 W. U. Chandrasekara and C. L. J. Frid 1996
1290 F. Fortune and M. Quigley 19991291 20021293 N. H. K. Burton and A. P. Goddard 2007
1294 EnviroCentre Limited 20101295 T. Cadwallender and I. Robson 2009
1296 J. Lawson and M. Parsons 2013
1297 T. Cadwallender and M. Cadwallender 2010
1298 2012
1299 Royal Haskoning 20131300 Bullen Consultants 20031301 S. M. Percival 2010
1302 T. McGarry 2006
1303 K. Simpson 20101304 M. Elliott, S. J. Boyes and D. Burdon 2008
1305 Atkins 2011
1306 K. Smith 20101307 R. Linaker 2012
1308 S. Schmitt 20031309 S. Schmitt 20061310 S. Schmitt 20071311 S. Schmitt 20091312 S. Schmitt 20101313 S. Schmitt 20101314 S. G. Wilson 20071315 S. G. Wilson 20071316 S. G. Wilson 20071317 T. Cadwallender and M. Cadwallender 2012
1318 S. Tansley 2003
1319 P. R. Evans, R. M. Ward, M. Bone and M. Leakey 1999
1321 M. Davies 20041322 2006
M. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. Rehfisch
L. J. Wilson, C. J. Bingham, J. Black, K. Kober, R. A. Mavor, O. B. S.H., M. Parsons, I. Win, S. Allen and J. B. Reid
Department of Trade and Industry Energy Development Unit
1323 S. M. Percival 20051324 E3 Ecology Ltd. 2008
1325 E3 Ecology Ltd. 20101326 Entec UK Limited 2007
1327 S. Percival, T. Percival and C. Hartley 2003
1329 INCA 20041330 Scott Wilson Group 20091331 R. Staniland 20031332 INCA 20101333 INCA 20091334 D. B. Broughton, C. 20081335 A. Milton 20081336 B. Huntley, R. M. Ward, S. Wilbourn and M. Bone 2002
1337 P. R. Evans, R. M. Ward and M. Bone 2001
1338 P. R. Evans, R. M. Ward and M. Bone 2000
1339 P. R. Evans, R. M. Ward and M. Bone 1998
1340 P. R. Evans, R. M. Ward and P. Mitchell 1997
1341 P. R. Evans, R. M. Ward and T. Mercer 1996
1342 P. R. Evans and S. Matthews 1994
1343 P. R. Evans and R. D. Evans 1993
1344 D. Bastreri 2003
1345 Physalia Consultant & Forensic Ecologists 2001
1346 M. A. Simpson 1997
1347 M. Wilkinson and E. Wells 2006
1348 Atkins 20041349 A. R. Brown 19991350 A. R. Brown 19971351 V. Sweeney 20051352 2000
1353 1999
1354 2002
A. R. Brown, R. E. Lewis, A. M. Riddle, R. D. Stanley and J. WiddowsR. E. Lewis, S. P. Rumford, G. M. Jordinson, J. O. Lewis, D. S. Morris, A. M. Riddle and J. R. SnapeR. Bevan, J. Foster-Smith, B. Foster-Smith, C. Redfern and S. Rushton
1355 S. M. Evans, S. Arnott and R. I. Wahju 1994
1356 Environment Agency 20021357 M. A. Simpson 1997
1358 2004
1359 2013
1360 N. H. K. Burton, P. R. Evans and M. A. Robinson 1996
1361 Scott Wilson Group 20081362 C. Bonnington 20091363 S. Parr 2009
1364 C. C. Upjohn, H. 20081365 HR Wallingford Ltd. 20021366 Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
1367 J. Green 2011
1368 J. Green and J. Royle 2012
1369 Environment Agency 20121373 Martin Wright Associates 20111374 Martin Wright Associates 20111375 HR Wallingford Ltd. 2005
1376 Environment Agency 20111377 Tweed Forum 20011378 North East Coastal Observatory on-going1379 Geomatics 20131380 Geomatics 20131381 Environment Agency 20111382 2003
1383 L. Shearer 20121384 G. Duncan 20121385 B. Marshall 20081386 J. Green 2008
1387 J. Green 2007
1388 J. Lancaster 2005
1389 J. Green and J. Royle 2013
1390 National Trust 19971391 National Trust 19981392 National Trust 20001393 National Trust 2004
D. N. M. Donoghue, Y. Zong, R. Dunford, P. Watt and Environmental Tracing Systems Ltd.North Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority
S. Jarvis, K. Mazik, J. Allen, S. Thomson, D. Burdon and N. Cutts
1394 D. Steel 20051395 ABPmer 20111396 ABPmer 20111397 Y. Zong and D. N. M. Donoghue 2005
1398 Port of Berwick Harbour Commissioners 20071399 D. A. Birkett, C. A. Maggs, M. J. Dring and P. J. S. Boaden 1998
1400 R. A. Turner, M. H. Hardy, J. Green and N. V. C. Polunin 20091401 N. Cooper 20101402 S. Wind 2013
1403 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 20121405 Environment & Resource Technology Ltd. 1997
1406 R. N. B. Campbell and P. Corson 2004
1407 P. R. Evans, Ward, R.M. and Bone, M. 1999
1408 B. Huntley, R. M. Ward, S. Wilbourn and M. Bone 2003
1409 A. C. Birchenough and S. M. Evans 20031410 B. Huntley, R. M. Ward, S. Wilbourn and M. Bone 2003?
1411 INCA 20021412 J. Moore 20031413 J. Foster-Smith 2006
1414 C. J. Garside, P. M. Edwards and C. L. J. Frid 2003
1415 I. Dixon 20001416 T. Mercer, C. Howson and F. Bunker 20041417 T. Mercer and F. Bunker 2005
1418 C. Grieve, N. Sporrong, C. Coffey, S. Moretti and N. Martini 2003
1419 S. Gubbay and P. A. Knapman 19991420 E. Woodfield and R. Langston 20041421 BMT Cordah Limited 20041422 L. Stockdale 2004-2005
1423 S. Percival, G. Anderson and M. Denny 19961424 T. Mercer 2003
1425 Royal Haskoning 20041426 2003D. d. a. Laffoley, J. Burt, P. Gilliland, J. Baxtor, D. W. Connor,
J. Davies, M. Hill, J. Breem, M. Vincent and E. Maltby
1427 K. S. E. Bull and D. d. a. Laffoley 2003
1428 S. Gubbay 20061429 K. Brown, C. Hambidge and A. Matthews 20031430 Y. Allen, V. Hurrell, C. Jones, J. Reed and P. Matthiessen 20011431 L. Jones 20051433 C. Hill, J. H. Ball, T. Dargie, D. Tantram and G. Boobyer 20021434 J. T. Smith 20061435 2001
1436 J. Sewell and K. Hiscock 20051437 The Wildlife Trusts 2004
1438 Marine Conservation Society 20071439 Atkins 20051440 S. Gubbay, J. Ashworth, K. Bull and R. Earll 2007
1441 S. L. Fowler 1999
1442 English Nature, SNH, CCW, E. (DoE(NI), JNCC and SAMS 2001
1443 N. Brodin 20011444 E. L. Jackson, K. Hiscock, J. Evans, B. Seeley and D. Lear 2008
1445 M. T. Smith, M. G. Pawson and A. Bailey 2009
1446 Entec 20091447 T. F. Stevens, P. J. S. Jones, K. Howell and L. Mee 2006
1448 D. Symes and S. Boyes 20051449 Natural England1450 Natural England and EPOCA1451 J. L. Foster-Smith, R. L. Foster-Smith and J. M. Hills 2010
1452 D. Thompson and C. Duck 20101453 J. L. Foster-Smith, B. Foster-Smith and A. Benson 2011
1454 J. L. Foster-Smith, B. Foster-Smith and A. Benson 2011b1455 T. Mercer 20121456 2004
1457 L. J. Wilson, J. Black, A. Kuepfer and I. Win 20131458 J. Foster-Smith 2006
1460 F. Fortune 20051462 R. Ward, P. Evans and M. O'Connell 20031463 B. Foster-Smith, J. Foster-Smith and A. Benson 20111464 Teesmouth Bird Club 2003
A. D. West, S. E. A. l. V. d. Durell, J. D. Goss-Custard and R. A. Stillman
L. A. Jones, H. Davies, M. D. Coyle, D. Evans, P. M. Gilliand, R. Irving and A. R. Murray
1465 R. Goodchild 2013
1466 R. Turner1467 O. J. Dawes and S. M. Thompson 2011
1468 GeoPerspectives Ltd. 2003
1469 GeoPerspectives Ltd. 20061470 A. Callaway 2013
1471 T. M. Worsfold, S. Pears and M. F. Dyer 2010
1472 A. Mill 2009
1473 C. Howson, T. Mercer and F. Bunker 2006
1474 S. Ware and A. Callaway 2012
1475 2010
1476 Marine Biological Association 20101477 N. Mieszkowska 2011
1478 T. Mercer and F. Bunker 2005
1479 J. Allen, N. Cutts, M. Elliot, K. Hemingway and N. Proctor 1999
1480 M. P. Quigley and C. L. J. Frid 19981482 J. Foster-Smith 19981483 C. L. Scott, C. Watts and A. Craggs 2010
1484 S. Watts 2010
1485 BMT Cordah Limited 20041486 R. L. Foster-Smith and J. Davies 1994
1487 R. N. B. Campbell 20131488 M. D. R. Field 20131489 M. Hubble, S. Pears and R. Perez-Dominguez 20131490 K. Gillham 20051491 D. Steel and J. Walton 20061492 Royal Haskoning 2003
1493 R. Seaton 20011494 ABPmer 20091495 Able UK 20111496 Able UK 20111497 ABP 20091498 Environment Agency 20131499 ABPmer 2011
T. Brereton, C. MacLeod, M. Kitching, A. Tait, D. Steel, M. Quigley and C. Scott
1500 2004
1501 D. C. Bradley 2005
1502 T. Hardy and G. Wong 20061503 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 20021504 Unknown 20101505 ABPmer 20111506 R. K. A. Morris 20131507 2010
1508 T. Fujii 2007
1509 S. M. Thomson, M. Elliott, N. D. Cutts and K. Mazik 20041510 S. Colclough 20101511 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 2003
1512 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 2004
1513 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 20051514 J. H. Allen, S. J. Boyes and N. D. Cutts 2008
1515 2006
1516 J. E. Andrews, G. Samwaysc and G. B. Shimmield 2008
1517 C. Bastone 20111518 L. Batty 20091519 T. Coddington and A. Leighton 20101520 O. Dawes, T. Coddington and S. Thomson 20101521 M. Elliott and S. Boyes 20031522 G. Heritage 20111523 D. Keiller 20111524 R. Pérez-Dominguez 2008
1525 D. Burdon, K. Mazik and R. Perez-Dominguez 2010
1526 ABP 20091527 ABP 20091528 N. J. Frost 2004
1529 ABPmer 20051530 M.-H. Jang and M. C. Lucas 20051531 R. Ferris 2009
1532 L. Mander, N. Cutts and S. Thomson 20061533 N. Cutts, A. Phelps and D. Burdon 20081534 G. E. Austin, N. A. Calbrade, M. R. Rehfisch and L. J. Wright 2008
M. J. Bloxham, M. B. Jones, T. S. Galloway, D. M. Lowe, M. A. Browne and M. H. Depledge
K. Mazik, W. Musk, O. Dawes, K. Solyanko, S. Brown, L. Mander and M. Elliott
J. E. Andrews, D. Burgess, R. R. Cave, E. G. Coombes, T. D. Jickells, D. J. Parkes and R. K. Turner
1535 2005
1536 M. D. Wright, P. Goodman and T. C. Cameron 20101537 2010
1538 G. Garner, G. Cook and C. Pendlebury 2012
1539 J. Ashton-Booth 2006
1540 J. Ashton-Booth 2007
1541 N. Pickering 20081542 M. McNaughten 20091543 S. Elliott 20101544 P. Henderson and C. Moore 20111545 E. Bruce and K. Newton 20121546 C. Davies 20111547 L. Parry 20121548 N. A. Calbrade 20131549 L. Mander 2010
1550 V. H. Ross-Smith, N. A. Calbrade and G. E. Austin 2013
1551 N. Cutts and J. Allen 19991552 H. Fearnley, D. Liley and K. Cruickshanks 20121553 L. Mander 20121554 P. Robertson 2004
1555 A. Coates 20111556 M. G. Stoyle 2002
1557 G. Catley 20101558 G. Catley 20081559 G. Catley 20091560 M. Harding, J. Stone and B. Williamson 20081561 C. McParland and T. Folland 20091562 ABPmer 20071563 Black & Veatch Ltd. 20051564 N. Cutts 2008
1565 I. Shepherd Various1566 Spurn Bird Observatory Trust 20121567 N. Cutts Various1568 Environment Agency 2007
1569 M. Clegg, H. Richardson, N. Beech and F. Spencer 20071570 ERM 2011
R. A. Stillman, A. D. West, J. D. Goss-Custard, S. McGrorty, N. J. Frost, D. J. Morrisey, A. J. Kenny and A. L. Drewitt
K. Cruickshanks, D. Liley, H. Fearnley, R. Stillman, P. Harvell, R. Hoskin and J. Underhill-Day
1571 M. Kerman 2003
1572 R. Butcher 2004
1573 J. Lawson and S. M. Parsons 2012
1574 Nyctea Ltd. 20081575 RPS 2006
1576 Just Ecology 20061577 Ove Arup & Partners Ltd. 20051578 C. Consulting 20051579 N. Cutts 2004
1580 N. Cutts 2005
1581 N. Cutts 2005
1582 N. Cutts 2005
1583 N. Cutts 2006
1584 N. Cutts 2006
1585 N. Cutts 2007
1586 N. Cutts 2007
1587 N. Cutts 2007
1588 N. Cutts 2007
1589 B. Munro 20081590 2013
1591 E3 Ecology Ltd. 2007
1592 P. Short 2004 - 20101593 L. Mander and N. D. Cutts 20031594 S. Percival 2011
1595 A. Coates 2011
1596 L. Mander and S. M. Thomson 20111597 ABPmer 20051598 J. Walsh 2005
1599 ERM 1998
K. Mazik, A. Franco, S. Brown, R. Perez-Dominguez, W. Musk, O. Dawes, K. Smyth, S. Thomson, M. Alvarez and A. Leighton
1600 L. Mander and N. Cutts 20081601 L. Mander and N. Cutts 20071602 L. Mander and N. Cutts 20021603 N. Cutts and L. Mander 20051604 RWE NPower Renewables 20091605 BE Brooks Ecological Ltd. 2006
1606 BE Brooks Ecological Ltd. 2006
1607 BE Brooks Ecological Ltd. 2006
1608 RSK Carter Ecological Ltd. 20081609 N. J. Frost 20041610 L. Mander, N. D. Cutts, J. Allen and K. Mazik 20071611 L. Mander, L. Marie-Orleach and M. Elliott 20131612 B. A. Swig 20091613 L. Large 20111614 G. Catley 2009
1615 G. Catley 2011
1616 I. Shepherd Various1617 L. Mander, R. Eades and N. Cutts 20071618 L. Mander, R. Eades and N. Cutts 20081619 L. Mander and R. Eades 20091620 L. Mander 2011
1621 L. Mander 2012
1622 L. Mander 2013
1623 Various Various1624 I. Shepherd Various1625 I. Shepherd Various1626 I. Shepherd Various1627 G. Catley 20061628 G. Catley 20111629 T. Reid 20061630 ABP Research & Consultancy Ltd. 20001631 ABP Research & Consultancy Ltd. 20001632 ABP Research & Consultancy Ltd. 2001
1633 ABPmer 2002
1634 ABPmer 20051635 G. P. Catley 2009
1636 C. Mitchell Various1637 2002
1638 Environment Agency 2012
M. J. S. Armitage, N. H. K. Burton, P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. A. Clark, H. J. Mellan and M. M. Rehfisch
1639 2000
1640 SMart Wind Ltd. 2013
1641 Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust 20071642 Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust 20071643 J. H. Allen 2007
1644 M. J. Smedley 20061645 Environment Agency 20061646 Environment Agency 20061647 Environment Agency 20061648 Environment Agency 20101649 Environment Agency 20071650 Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust 20111651 P. R. Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust (Nicholl 20081652 K. L. Hemingway, N. D. Cutts, J. H. Allen and S. Thomson 20081653 N. O’Keeffe, S. Clough and C. Cesar 20111654 2013
1655 R. R. Cave, J. E. Andrews, T. Jickells and E. G. Coombe 2005
1656 S. S. Costa 2013
1657 D. Keiller 2011
1658 W. L. Foulds 2013
1659 M. Hammond 20111660 2008
1661 J. Allen and M. Elliot 19991662 S. Read, N. Cutts and J. Allen 20011663 2011
1664 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 20051665 Channel Coastal Observatory 20151666 A. D. Nunn, J. P. Harvey, R. A. A. Noble and I. G. Cowx 2008
1667 Environment Agency 20131668 ABPmer 20091669 ABPmer On-going1670 ABPmer 20111671 ABPmer 20131672 L. J. Adams 20061673 L. J. Adams 20011674 2007
1675 J. H. Allen 2007
D. E. Walling, P. N. Owens, B. D. Waterfall, G. J. L. Leeks and P. D. Wass
K. Mazik, R. Perez-Dominguez, E. Solyanko and S. I. Thomson
K. A. Hudson-Edwards, M. G. Macklin, P. A. Brewer and I. A. Dennis
J. García-Alonso, G. M. Greenway, A. Munshi, J. C. Gómez, K. Mazik, A. W. Knight, J. D. Hardege and M. Elliott
C. Adnitt, D. Brew, R. Cottle, M. Hardwick, S. John, D. Leggett, S. McNulty, N. Meakins and R. Staniland
1676 J. H. Allen and M. Mazik 2005
1677 S. Boyes and J. H. Allen 20061678 S. Boyes and J. H. Allen 20071679 S. Boyes and M. Elliott 20061680 S. Boyes and N. Cutts 20051681 S. J. Boyes and J. H. Allen 2007
1682 H. Carlyle and A. Khalil 20061683 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 2008
1684 N. Chapman 20081685 J. Clapp 20091686 H. Davies and C. Neal 2004
1687 A. M. C. Edwards and P. S. J. Winn 20061688 Environment Agency 20071689 Environment Agency 20101690 Environment Agency 20091691 Environment Agency 20121692 Environment Agency 20131693 Environment Agency 20091694 Environment Agency 20021695 W. L. Foulds and M. C. Lucas 2013
1696 Halcrow Group Ltd. 20051697 Halcrow Group Ltd. 20061698 M. Hammond 20041699 M. Hammond 20031700 M. Hammond 20051701 M. Hammond 2007
1702 M. Hammond 2009
1703 M. Hammond 2010
1704 M. Hammond 2008
1705 M. Hammond 2011
1706 M. Hammond 2012
1707 K. L. Hemingway, N. C. Cutts and R. Pérez-Dominguez 20081708 W. M. Herman 2004
1709 D. Hopkins 20081710 Humber Management Scheme On-going1711 2010
1712 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies 2001
I. H. Townend, K. Rossington, M. A. F. Knappen and S. Richardson
1713 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies on-going1714 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies 19871715 2000
1716 M. Lonergan 20121717 2006
1718 K. Mazik 2004
1719 K. Mazik, J. E. Smith, A. Leighton and M. Elliott 2007
1720 P. Murby 20011721 2010
1722 N. I. Pontee and N. J. Frost 20031723 N. I. Pontee, P. A. Whitehead and C. M. Haye 20041724 I. J. Russon, P. S. Kemp and M. C. Lucas 20111725 Shell UK Ltd. 19871726 Simon Storage Group Ltd. 19981727 SMart Wind Ltd. 2013
1728 SMart Wind Ltd. 2013
1729 SMart Wind Ltd. 2013
1730 SMart Wind Ltd. 2013
1731 SMart Wind Ltd. 2013
1732 J. C. Stoutt 20131733 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 20081734 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 20091735 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 20101736 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 2011
1737 The Wildlife Trusts on-going1738 L. Thomas 2012
1739 2007
1740 I. Townend, J. Pethick, P. Balson, B. Roberts and R. Young 2000
1741 I. H. Townend, Z. B. Wang and J. G. Rees 20071742 R. J. Uncles, J. A. Stephens and C. Harris 2006
1743 R. J. Uncles, J. A. Stephens and D. J. Law 2006
1744 T. Yamanaka, D. Raffaelli and P. C. L. White 2013
1745 Yorkshire Wildlife Trust 2013
N. V. Jones, M. Elliot, K. L. Hemingway, J. Allen and N. Proctor
J. E. G. Masters, M.-H. Jang, K. Ha, P. D. Bird, P. A. Frear and M. C. Lucas
C. Neal, H. P. Jarvie, P. J. A. Withers, B. A. Whitton and M. Neal
S. Thomson, M. Elliott, N. Cutts, S. Travers, J. Hardisty and H. Nimmo
1746 J. J. Gilroy, T. Charlton and M. R. Perrow 20091747 D. Lombard and R. Baines 20101748 D. Lombard and R. Baines 20111749 R. Baines, D. Lombard and M. Pearson 20121750 D. Aitken, I. Kendall, K. Clarkson and S. Wightman 20111751 R. H. W. Langston and E. Teuten 2012
1752 R. H. W. Langston, E. Teuten and A. Butler 2013
1753 2007
1754 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20091755 K. Clarkson 20081756 K. Clarkson 2011?1757 SMart Wind Ltd. 2013
1758 High Peak Access Services 20031759 E. Wood 19881760 I. Tittley 19881761 J. D. George, I. Tittley, J. H. Price and A. A. Fincham 1988
1762 J. Davies and I. Southern 19951763 20021764 C. Toop and R. Barnard 2010
1765 J.-L. Solandt and P. Lightfoot 20101766 Marine Management Organisation 2010
1767 T. Hill 20101768 R. Crawford 2010?1769 2010
1770 Environment Agency 20121771 S. Marshall and M. Elliot 19981772 R. K. Greaves, D. H. Bub and M. C. Lucas 2007
1773 T. E. Jacklin 20061774 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 2005
1775 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 2006
1776 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 2003
1777 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 2004
1778 A. M. C. Edwards 1988
1779 N. Proctor, M. Elliot and J. Allen 20001780 N. Proctor and W. Musk 20011781 Wind Prospects Development Ltd. 20081782 M. Hammond 2006
S. Bolam, R. Rumney, T. Bolam, C. Mason, J. Barber and V. Nye
1783 I. Shepherd Various1784 D. Beririo and A. Goodall 2007
1785 D. Beririo and A. Goodall 20071786 ABPmer 20081787 N. J. Frost, C. R. Scott and S. C. Hull 20101788 S. Pears, T. Worsfold and M. Dyer 20101789 L. Mander, Cutts, N and Thomson, S 20061790 English Nature 20041791 T. Worsford 20011792 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19861793 T. Dargie 20011794 ABP 2011
1795 J. Harvey and I. Cowx 2003
1796 M. A. Sheader 19981797 C. L. Scott and T. Page 20121798 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 2012
1799 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 2005
1800 M.-H. Jang, K. Ha, D. Bubb and M. C. Lucas 2003
1801 L. Mander and L. Cutts 20051802 L. Mander, N. Cutts and R. Eades 20061803 J. Johnston 1991
1804 N. Jones 20111805 E. Kemp, T. Stephenson and C. Bealey 20081806 T. Dargie 20021807 A. Darwell 20081808 J. Denyer, A. Jukes and K. Doidge 2009
1809 2003
1810 Natural England 20131811 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 2007
1812 2003
1813 S. Baylis 20101814 S. Baylis 20131815 F. Berry, S. Bourel, J. Redhead, E. Hawthorne and T. Page 2009
1816 2003
1817 G. Catley 2000
1818 L. Chalk 2012
M. C. J. L. Jeuken, Z. B. Wang, D. Keiller, I. H. Townend and G. A. Liek
J. H. Allen, S. Boyes, D. Burdon, N. Cutts, E. Hawthorne, K. Hemingway, S. Jarvis, K. Jennings, L. Mander, P. Murby, N. Proctor, S. Thomson and R. Waters
N. H. K. Burton, T. E. Jones, G. E. Austin, G. A. Watt, M. M. Rehfisch and C. J. Hutchins
1819 Bullen Consultants 20011820 N. Cutts, S. Thomson, A. Franco and K. Hemingway 20121821 B. Fraser 2004
1822 2004
1823 D. Aitken 20121824 D. Aitken, K. Clarkson, I. Kendall and S. Wightman 20121825 R. Porter, I. Kendall, K. Clarkson and S. Whiteman 20101826 R. Irving 20101827 C. Howson 20011828 W. A. Musk, T. Smith and S. Thomson 20101829 C. Howson 20001830 S. L. Fowler and I. Tittley 19931831 C. Howson, T. Mercer and F. Bunker 20021832 CEFAS 2000
1833 P. J. Fox 20031834 The Bellflask Ecological Survey Team 20131835 R. N. Bamber and R. S. Robbins 20101836 2013
1837 K. Jennings 20071838 Black & Veatch Ltd. 20081839 Black & Veatch Ltd. 20081840 English Nature Undated1841 D. Long 20061842 OSPAR Commission 20091843 P. E.H., T. R.C. and H. S.J. 2008
1844 The Wildlife Trusts Undated1845 Natural England 20141846 Natural England 20141847 Natural England 20141848 Natural England 20141849 G. Liles 2003
1850 R. Hillman 20031851 A. Brown and P. Grice 20051852 D. Liley and H. Fearnley 20121853 J. del Hoyo, A. Elliot and J. Sargatal 19941854 R. Forrester and I. Andrews 20071855 2004
1856 S. Cramp 19851857 P. Reay and P. Kent 20111858 British Government 19701859 B. T. Hepper 19711860 Environment Agency 20101861 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2014
L. A. Jones, M. D. Coyle, D. Evans, P. M. Gilliland and A. R. Murray
E. V. Sheehan, L. A. Holmes, S. L. Cousens, S. Nancollas, E. Hooper and M. J. Attrill
M. Pennington, K. Osborn, P. Harvey, R. Riddington, D. Okill, P. Ellis and M. Heubeck
1862 2006
1863 M. S. D. Hunnybun and J. Hart 20111864 A. Cox 20111865 I. M. Arzul, L; Blanchet, E; Garcia, C; Francois, C; Joly, J.P 20061866 B. M. 19971867 C. D. N. Buxton, R.C; Field, J.G. 1981
1868 P. N. J. Chipperfield 1951
1869 H. A. Cole 1941
1870 S. C. M. Culloty, M.F; 20071871 J. K. Haelters, F. 20091872 D. A. Hancock 1955
1873 S. H. Hutchinson, L.E. 1992
1874 J. Wiggins 20141876 I. S. Laing, B.E; 20061877 I. Laing, P. Walker and F. Areal 20051878 I. W. Laing, P; Areal, F; 20061879 U. M. B. S. Millport 2007
1880 P. R. Walne 1958
1881 P. R. Walne 1963
1882 J. E. Gardner, M; 20021883 E. W. T. B. O. s. Association 2012
1884 Precision Marine Survey Ltd (PMSL) 20131885 Natural England 2013
1886 J. W. Talbot 19671887 D. R. Bridgland 19941888 M. W. Aprahamian, S. M. Lester and C. D. Aprahamian 19981889 T. J. Holt, E. I. Rees, S. J. Hawkins and R. Seed 1998
1890 A. Jackson and C. Wilding 2009
1891 S. A. Lourie, S. J. Foster, E. W. T. Cooper and A. C. J. Vincent 2004
1892 J. M. R. Curtis and A. C. J. Vincent 2005
1893 L. C. Woodall, H. J. Koldewey and P. W. Shaw 2011
1894 N. Garrick-Maidment 20071896 S. J. Foster and A. C. J. Vincent 2004
T. G. Gunnarsson, J. A. Gill, P. W. Atkinson, G. Gelinaud, P. M. Potts, R. E. Croger, G. A. Gudmundsson, G. F. Appleton and W. J. Sutherland
1897 J. M. R. Curtis and A. C. J. Vincent 2006
1898 P. A. Anderson 2009
1899 2011
1900 2008
1901 I. R. Caldwell and A. C. J. Vincent 2013
1902 A. C. J. Vincent 19941903 M. M.A. and V. A.C.J. 2004
1904 2007
1906 2012
1907 J. M. R. Curtis 20041908 L. C. Woodall 2009
1909 K. Arnold, N. Godsell and C. Miller 20141910 J. G. Pajuelo and J. M. Lorenzo 1999
1911 C. Faria and V. C. Almada 20061912 R. N. Gibson 19701913 1997
1914 M. H. Horn and R. N. Gibson 1990
1915 2006
1916 A. C. Wheeler 19601917 A. Wheeler 19931918 2014
1919 L. Baldock and P. Kay 20121920 P. J. Miller and M. Y. El-tawil 1974
1921 A. Borja, J. Franco and V. Pérez 2000
1922 U. N. E. A. U. NEA) 2011
1923 C. Duck 2010
1924 R. MacDonald 20141925 N. Edwards 20141926 R. Clark 2012
P. A. Anderson, I. K. Berzins, F. Fogarty, H. J. Hamlin and L. J. Guillette JrM. S. Kitsos, T. Tzomos, L. Anagnostopoulou and A. Koukouras
I. L. Rosa, T. P. R. Oliveira, A. L. C. Castro, L. E. de Souza Moraes, J. H. A. Xavier, M. C. Nottingham, T. L. P. Dias, L. V. B. Bruto-Costa, A. M.E., A. B. Birolo, A. C. G. Mai and C. Monteiro-Neto
L. C. Woodall, R. Jones, B. Zimmerman, S. Guillaume, T. Stubbington, P. Shaw and H. J. Koldewey
M. F. Gil, E. J. Gonçalves, C. Faria, V. C. Almada, C. Baptista and H. Carreiro
A. Pérez-Ruzafa, J. A. Garc a-Charton, E. Barcala and C. ı ́Marcos
J. Prkic, G. Furfaro, P. Mariottini, L. Carmona, J. L. Cervera, M. V. Modica and M. Oliverio
1929 1999
1930 1991
1931 E. S. Morris, D. Cocks and H. Goudge 20101933 K. R. Jensen 20101934 J.-L. Solandt 2004
1935 UK Biodiversity Group 19991936 A. Gallego, F. M. Gibb, D. Tulett and P. J. Wright 20131938 P. S. Maitland 20031939 S. Colclough and S. Coates 20131940 J. Scholle, B. Schuchardt, S. Schulze and J. Veckenstedt 2007
1941 B. Leslie and R. L. Shelmerdine 2012
1942 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20051943 Defra 20141944 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20101945 A. J. Downie 19961946 P. S. Maitland and R. N. Campbell 19921947 C. O. Hermans 19661948 G. W. Rouse and F. Pleijel 20011949 AquaSense 2001
1950 R. Witbaard 1997
1951 L. M. Kamphausen 2012
1952 P. Dolmer 1998
1953 A. Tamaki 1984
1954 A. R. Gates 2006
1955 L. Brix 20131956 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20141957 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20141959 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20101960 K. Riley 2005
1961 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20101962 N. White 2007
1963 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20101964 N. White 2002
1965 A. Jackson, C. Marshall and C. Wilding 2009
C. R. Scott, K. L. Hemingway, M. Elliot, V. N. de Jonge, J. S. Penthick, S. Malcom and M. WilkinsonN. C. Davidson, D. Laffoley, J. P. Doody, L. S. Way, J. Gordon, R. Key, C. M. Drake, M. W. Pienkowski, R. Mitchell and K. L. Duff
1966 S. A. Woodin 1974
1967 C. Hand and K. R. Uhlinger 1992
1968 M. Sheader, A. M. Suwailem and G. A. Rowe 1997
1969 P. M. Gilliland and W. G. Sanderson 2000
1970 W. H. Wilson 19911971 V. J. Cummings, S. F. Thrush, J. E. Hewitt and S. J. Turner 1998
1972 J. Ellis, V. Cummings, J. Hewitt, S. Thrush and A. Norkko 2002
1973 M. Gibbs, G. Funnell, S. Pickmere, A. Norkko and J. Hewitt 2005
1974 J. Hewitt, S. Thrush, M. Gibbs, D. Lohrer and A. Norkko 2006
1975 T. Brey, W. E. Arntz, D. Pauly and H. Rumohr 1990
1976 2012
1977 V. L. Loosanoff 19531978 D. Munro and P. U. Blier 2012
1979 A. C. Taylor 1976
1980 I. Thompson, D. S. Jones and J. W. Ropes 19801981 I. Thompson, D. S. Jones and D. Dreibelbis 1980
1982 G. G. Thorarinsdóttir 2000
1983 R. Witbaard and R. Klein 1994
1984 R. Witbaard and M. J. N. Bergman 2003
1985 M. Correia, J. Palma, H. Koldewey and J. P. Andrade 2014
1986 C. R. Kight and J. P. Swaddle 20111987 P. Hutchinson and D. H. Mills 1987
1988 A. A. Lyle and P. S. Maitland 1997
1989 D. T. G. Quigley, F. Igoe and W. O'Connor 2004
1990 I. K. Voellmy, J. Purser, S. D. Simpson and A. N. Radford 2014
1991 B. T. Hepper 1977
G. B. Karney, P. G. Butler, S. Speller, J. D. Scourse, C. A. Richardson, M. Schröder, G. M. Hughes, J. T. Czernuszka and C. R. M. Grovenor
1992 2001
1993 E. Hunter 19991996 P. S. Smith and F. N. Haynes 19851997 R. N. Bamber and R. S. Robbins 20141999 A. Sheader and M. Sheader 19882000 R. Crabbe and J. Whiteman 20102002 D. Longley 20112003 D. Longley 20082004 R. A. Stillman, A. D. West, R. T. Clarke and D. Liley 2012
2005 R. N. Bamber and R. S. Robbins 20102006 A. P. Cope, S. N. Bradbury and M. Gorczynska 20082008 English Nature 19922009 N. Ball 19852010 E. Kruba and E. Pattullo 2003
2011 P. Williams 20042013 S. L. Fowler 1995
2014 English Nature 20012015 J. Cox 20062016 2013
2017 G. Watson, J. M. Murray, M. Schaefer and A. Bonner 20132018 N. S. Thomas, M. B. M. Culley and A. Auckland 19892019 R. Hollins 19892020 B. D. Haynes and F. N. Haynes 19872021 W. Fojt 19852022 C. R. Tubbs 19752023 Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust 20042024 University of Portsmouth 20002025 A. Sheader and M. Sheader 19892026 I. Udal, S. Rees-Jones, K. Robinson and S. Schroeder 2014
2027 Environment Agency 2005
2028 English Nature 1992
2029 R. Bayliss 20042030 Natural England 20142037 J. Cox 19912038 P. G. Soulsby and D. Lowthion 19762039 A. L. Buck 19972040 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 20142041 P. Potts 20142042 I. Stone 20142043 P. Bershick, C. R. Bridges and M. K. Grieshaber 1987
2044 C. Faria and V. Almada 1999
C. Lockyer, M. P. Heide-Jørgensen, J. Jensen, C. C. Kinze and T. B. Sørensen
G. Watson, J. M. Murray, M. Schaefer, A. Bonner and M. Gillingham
2045 1998
2046 R. N. Gibson 19722047 E. Macpherson 19942048 J. Neider and C. D. Zander 1993
2049 M. Kovacic 20012050 R. N. Bamber and N. J. Evans 2003
2051 H. S. Carson and B. T. Hentschel 2006
2052 A. Tamaki 19852053 2009
2055 1979
2056 M. Sheader and A. L. Sheader 19852057 M. Sheader and A. L. Sheader 19872058 R. B. Williams 1976
2059 L. Amoureux and B. Elaïm 1972
2060 R. S. K. Barnes 1991
2061 C. Cazaux 19822062 A. Chaouti and A. Bayed 2006
2063 M. Nausch 1984
2064 G. Thorson 19462065 V. J. Cummings, S. F. Thrush, J. E. Hewitt and G. A. Funnell 2001
2066 W. Landers 19762067 R. Oeschger 1990
2068 J. W. Ropes 19852069 V. I. Zatsepin and Z. A. Filatova 1961
2070 H. D. Masonjones and S. M. Lewis 19962071 A. Hawkins and A. Popper 20142072 G. Sprengel and H. Luchtenberg 1991
2073 R. Goñi and D. Latrouite 20052074 2007
C. Faria, V. C. Almada, E. J. Goncalves, M. F. Gil, C. Baptista and H. Carreiro
A. Anthony, J. Atwood, P. August, C. Byron, S. Cobb, C. Foster, C. Fry, A. Gold, K. Hagos, L. Heffner, D. Q. Kellogg, K. Lellis-Dibble, J. J. Opaluch, C. Oviatt, A. Pfeiffer-Herbert, N. Rohr, L. Smith, T. Smythe, J. Swift and N. Vinhateiro
H. Janssen, M. Scheepmaker, M. Van Couwelaar and S. Pinkster
B. L. Southall, A. E. Bowles, W. T. Ellison, J. J. Finneran, R. L. Gentry, C. R. Greene Jr., D. Kastak, D. R. Ketten, J. H. Miller, P. E. Nachtigall, W. J. Richardson, J. A. Thomas and P. L. Tyack
2075 1998
2076 R. B. Williams 19832077 R. B. Williams 1991
2078 E. I. S. Rees, A. Nicholaidou and P. Laskaridou 19772079 1998
2080 EMU Ltd. 20042081 English Nature 2005
2082 M. Taylor, M. Seago, P. Allard and D. Dorling 19992083 H. Tyler-Walters 2001
2084 K. R. Dyer 19972085 M. A. Hemminga and C. M. Duarte 20002086 I. Townend 20052087 1994
2088 R. A. Hughes and J. J. Stachowicz 20112089 M. S. Fonesca and S. S. Bell 19982090 K. Collins, A. Suonpaa and J. Mallinson 20102091 2009
2092 C. Den Hartog 19942093 1998
2094 A. R. Hughes and J. J. Stachowicz 2004
2095 T. B. H. Reusch, A. H. Ehlers, A. and B. Worm 2005
2096 1994
2097 C. A. Moncrieff, m. J. Sullivan and A. E. Daehnick 1992
2098 M. Shaw and G. P. Jenkins 1992
2099 B. Oleson and K. Sand-Jensen 19932100 P. L. A. Erftemeijer and R. R. Lewis III 20062101 E. Koch 2001
2102 A. W. A. M. De Cock 1981
G. J. Piet, A. D. Rijnsdorp, M. J. N. Bergman, J. W. van Santbrink and J. A. Craeymeersch
H. Rumohr, S. Ehrich, R. Knust, T. Kujawsik, C. J. M. Philippart and A. Schroeder
S. Agustí, S. Enríquez, H. Frost-Christensen, K. Sand-Jensen and C. M. Duarte
M. Waycott, C. M. Duarte, T. J. B. Carruthers, R. J. Orth, W. C. Dennison, S. Olyarnik, A. Calladine, J. W. Fourqurean, K. L. Heck, A. R. Hughes, G. A. Kendrick, W. J. Kenworthy, F. T. Short and S. L. Williams
J. Dalla Via, C. Sturmbauer, G. Schonweger, E. Stoz, S. Mathekowitsch, M. Stifter and R. Rieger
C. M. Duarte, N. Marbã, N. Agawin, J. Cebrian, S. Enriquez, M. D. Fortes, M. E. Gallegos, M. Merino, B. Olesen and K. Sand-Jensen
2104 S. Rees 20142105 Natural England 20142106 European Commission 2002
2107 Defra 2005
2108 N. C. Davidson and A. L. Buck 19972109 I. Townend and A. Wright 20052110 EMPHASYS Consortium 2000
2111 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20042112 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20142113 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20142114 F. McBreen, N. Askew and A. Cameron 20102115 B. Cleator 19932116 E. L. Jackson, C. A. Griffiths and O. Durkin 2013
2117 2009
2118 D. M. Davidson and D. J. Hughes 1998
2119 C. Den Hartog 19772120 C. P. McRoy 19662121 2006
2122 J. Lee, A. B. South and S. Jennings 2010
2123 J. Berkenhagen and M. W. Ebeling 2010
2124 M. R. Perrow, J. J. Gilroy, E. R. Skeate and A. Mackenzie 2010
2125 2011
2127 R. M. Ward 20142129 J. A. Gill 19962130 2013
2131 2006
2132 A. Stoddart 2010
2133 A. Stoddart 2011
2134 A. Stoddart 2012
2135 G. Dunmore 2001
2136 G. Dunmore 2004
C. Wilding, E. L. Jackson, O. Langmead, K. Hiscock, J. Evans, J. Sewell, J. Oakley and H. Tyler-Walters
M. S. Fonesca, P. E. Whitfield, A. Malhotra, P. Clinton, L. Wood and N. M. Kelly
C. B. Thaxter, A. S. C. P. Cook, A. Johnston and N. H. K. Burton
A. Musgrove, N. Aebischer, M. Eaton, R. Hearn, S. Newson, D. Noble, M. Parsons, K. Risely and D. StroudM. R. Perrow, E. R. Skeate, P. Lines, D. Brown and M. L. Tomlinson
2137 G. Dunmore 2005
2138 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 20142139 Centrica 20142140 Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership 20142141 Lundy MCZ 20142142 2011
2143 2014
2144 K. Hiscock 1981
2145 K. Hiscock 19862146 1972
2147 R. D. M. Nash and K. Hiscock 1978
2148 N. A. Willcox 19882149 D. Fox 20122150 R. A. Irving 1996
2151 2011
2152 D. Evans and M. Arvela 2011
2153 2010
2154 M. Kettunen, A. Terry, G. Tucker and J. A. 2007
2155 2010
2156 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20132157 A. J. Davy, A. P. Grootjans, K. Hiscock and J. Petersen 2006
2158 2010
2159 G. P. Radley 19942160 P. A. Hesp 1989
2161 M. L. M. Jones, A. Sowerby and H. Wallace 2007
2162 J. R. Packham and A. J. Willis 19972163 M. A. Maun 20092164 N. Psuty 20042165 K. Plassmann 20092166 2002
Devon and Severn Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authority (D&SIFCA)Devon and Severn Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authority (D&SIFCA)
D. E. G. Irvine, R. M. Smith, I. Tittley, R. L. Fletcher and W. F. Farnham
S. Wotton, R. McIntyre, S. Schmitt, R. Gregory and A. Brown
J. H. Lawton, P. N. M. Brotherton, V. K. Brown, C. Elphick, A. H. Fitter, J. Forshaw, R. W. Haddow, S. Hilborne, R. N. Leafe, G. M. Mace, M. P. Southgate, W. A. Sutherland, T. E. Tew, J. Varley and G. R. Wynne
A. Prutsch, T. Grothmann, I. Schauser, S. Otto and S. McCallum
A. J. Davy, K. M. Hiscock, M. L. M. Jones, R. Low, N. S. Robins and C. Stratford
M. L. M. Jones, F. Hayes, S. A. Brittain, S. Haria, P. D. Williams, T. W. Ashenden, D. A. Norris and B. Reynolds
2167 P. J. Rooney, J. A. Houston and G. Weaver 2011
2168 V. J. May and J. D. Hansom 20032169 Defra/Environment Agency 20022170 A. T. Whitehouse 20072171 Natural England 20132172 T. N. Belyanina 19692173 P. Dando 20132174 N. B. N. Hynes 19702175 C. P. Mainstone 19992176 English Nature 1999
2177 S. M. Turk and D. R. Seaward 19972178 H. Tyler-Walters and C. Wilding 2009
2179 C. M. Howson, L. Clark, T. S. Mercer and B. James 2012
2180 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20102181 C. Marshall and A. Jackson 2007
2182 C. E. Mills and Y. M. Hirano 20072183 T. Hatton-Ellis, M. Aprahamian and C. P. Mainstone 2012
2184 M. Sabatini, P. Pizzolla and C. Wilding 2008
2185 OSPAR Commission 20092186 1999
2187 J. W. Ropes and S. Murawski 19832188 G. G. Thórarinsdóttir 1999
2189 D. R. Seaward 2000
2190 K. Hiscock 2007
2191 N. White 1999
2192 M. Sheader 19962193 E. M. O. a. D. Network 20142194 N. Giles 20072195 N. Giles 2006
2196 C. P. Mainstone 20102197 C. P. Mainstone 2007
2198 S. J. Ramchunder, L. E. Brown and J. Holden 2009
2199 S. J. Ramchunder, L. E. Brown and J. Holden 20122200 2009
L. M. Cargnelli, S. J. Griesbach, D. B. Packer and E. Weissberger
A. C. Johnson, M. C. Acreman, M. J. Dunbar, S. W. Feist, A. M. Giacomello and R. E. Gozlan
2201 C. P. Mainstone and T. Hatton-Ellis 2011
2202 P. Giles 20112203 A. Jackson 2008
2204 H. d. Lacaze-Duthiers 1897
2205 J. M. Hall-Spencer 19942206 S. Martin and J. M. Hall-Spencer In Press2208 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20102209 N. A. Kamenos and A. Law 20102210 M. Avery and A. del Nevo 19912211 S. F. Newton and O. Crowe 20002212 Environment Agency Marine Monitoring Service 20142213 Environment Agency Marine Monitoring Service 2014
2214 A. J. Musgrove, R. H. W. Langston, H. Baker and R. M. Ward 2003
2215 P. J. Reay and S. Geary 1994
2216 Tamar Estuaries Consultative Forum 20122217 Natural England 20142218 I. Crowe and S. Waite 2013
2219 English Nature 20052220 English Nature 20052221 English Nature 20042222 L. A. Curtis 20102223 L. A. Curtis 20102224 T. Noble 20132225 Cornwall Bird-Watching and Preservation Society 19902226 2003
2227 English Nature 19962229 Devon Birdwatching and Preservation Society (DBWPS) 2012
2230 Devon Birdwatching and Preservation Society (DBWPS) 2011
2231 Devon Birdwatching and Preservation Society (DBWPS) 2010
2232 2010
2233 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) 2014
2234 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) 2014
2235 Environment Agency Unknown2236 L. Curtis 2013
2237 English Nature 20022238 H. Bennett and K. Claiden-Yardley 2013
W. J. Langston, B. S. Chesman, G. R. Burt, S. J. Hawkins, J. Readman and P. Worsfold
E. V. Sheehan, R. A. Coleman, M. J. Attrill and R. C. Thompson
2239 N. Cutts 20142240 C. Howson, F. Bunker and T. Mercer 20052241 English Nature 2000
2242 A. J. Downie and P. M. Gilliland 19972243 K. Hiscock and J. Moore 1986
2244 J. Moore and B. James 1999
2245 L. A. Curtis 20122246 G. Black and D. Kochanowska 20042247 R. A. Irving 20102248 R. A. Irving, H. Cole and E. Jackson 20072249 S. Ware and B. Meadows 20112250 T. Vance 2014
2251 F. Bunker, M. J. and J. Perrins 2002
2252 R. Foster-Smith and F. Bunker 19972253 M. D. R. Field 20122254 2003
2255 S. Sharrock 20122256 E. Murray 20012257 R. G. Thomas 20012258 E. J. Darbyshire and J. R. West 19932259 2004
2260 J. Moore, J. Smith and K. O. Northen 1999
2261 Kent Wildlife Trust 20132262 T. M. Worsfold, N. C. Grist and P. Hunter 2004
2263 Natural England 20132265 Balanced Seas 20112266 Natural England 2013
2267 RPS Group PLC 20112268 A. Cooke 20082269 D. Jones and T. M. Worsfold 20052270 Halcrow Group Limited 20102271 D. Long 20062272 2007
2273 R. Kirby 20132274 K. L. Spencer, C. L. MacLeod, A. Tuckett and S. M. Johnson 2006
2275 J. R. Wharfe, R. A. Dines and L. A. Bird 1986
2276 K. L. Spencer 2002
W. Langston, B. Chesman, G. Burt, S. Hawkins, J. Redman and P. Worsfold
J. Coyer, O. Diekmann, E. Serrão, G. Procaccini, N. Milchakova, G. Pearson, W. Stam and J. Olsen
J. Deloffre, V. Romaric, R. Lafite, P. Lesueur, S. Lesourd and A. Cundy
2277 2008
2278 C. Rooks, M. C. Schmid, W. Mehsana and M. Trimmer 2012
2279 J. N. Aldridge and M. Trimmer 20092280 J. R. Wharfe and W. L. F. Van Den Broek 19772281 J. R. Wharfe 19772282 J. R. Wharfe 19772283 2005
2284 R. Kirby 19902285 Medway Swale Estuary Partnership 20142286 Natural England 20142287 Natural England 20142288 Natural England 20142289 Natural England 20142290 Natural England 20142291 European Environment Agency (EEA) 2012
2292 OSPAR Commission 20092293 OSPAR Commission 20102294 N. H. Kenyon and B. Cooper 20052296 Natural England and Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) 2009
2297 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20142298 Marine Biological Association (MBA) 20142299 C. Collop 20112300 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies 19942301 Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust 20132303 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20142304 1992
2306 J. Buckley and T. J. C. Beebee 2004
2307 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2007
2308 T. Dargie and M. Dargie 20002309 T. Smith 19992310 T. J. C. Beebee and J. Buckley 2001
2311 G. Weaver 20022312 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 2002, 2005 - 20062313 M. Owen 19762314 T. J. Ysebaert, P. M. Meire and A. A. Dhondt 19882315 P. A. Atkinson 1998
B. Ouddane, N. Mikac, A. B. Cundy, L. Quillet and J. C. Fischer
A. B. Cundy, L. Hopkinson, R. Lafite, K. Spencer, J. A. Taylor, B. Ouddane, C. M. Heppell, P. J. Carey, R. Charman, D. Shell and S. Ullyott
R. N. Bamber, S. D. Batten, M. Sheader and N. D. Bridgwater
2316 A. F. Raine 2006
2317 D. W. Gibbons, J. B. Reid and R. A. Chapman 19932318 B. Taylor and B. van Perlo 19982319 1938
2320 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 19942321 G. M. Tucker and M. I. Evans 19972322 D. Ratcliffe 19932323 H. Mikkola 19832324 N. Smart and J. Andrews 19852325 English Nature 19942326 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 19942327 S. Niemann 19952328 English Nature 19942329 English Nature 19942330 S. J. Petty 1995
2331 C. G. R. Bowden and R. E. Green 19912332 English Nature 19972333 R. T. Clarke, D. Liley and J. Sharp 2008
2334 D. Liley, R. T. Clarke, J. W. Mallord and J. M. Bullock 2006
2336 H. A. McGhie, A. F. Brown, S. Reeds and S. M. Bates 19942337 English Nature 19972338 J. Orchel 1992
2339 C. J. Bibby 19822340 J. Wilson and W. Peach 2006
2341 C. J. Bibby 19792342 2007
2343 S. J. Ormerod, M. A. Boilstone and S. J. Tyler 1985
2344 S. J. Parr 19852345 2007
2346 2001
2348 A. Tye 1992
2349 T. Wesolowski 19852350 C. G. R. Bowden 19902351 1996
2352 2007
H. F. Witherby, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and B. W. Tucker
G. Murison, J. M. Bullock, J. Underhill-Day, R. Langston, A. F. Brown and W. J. Sutherland
I. M. W. Sim, I. J. Burfield, M. C. Grant, J. W. Pearce-Higgins and M. d. L. BrookeA. P. Tharme, R. E. Green, D. Baines, I. P. Bainbridge and M. O'Brien
H. P. Sitters, R. J. Fuller, R. A. Hoblyn, M. T. Wright, N. Cowie and C. G. R. BowdenJ. W. Mallord, P. M. Dolman, A. F. Brown and W. J. Sutherland
2353 2007
2354 C. J. Bibby 19812355 D. W. Yalden 19862356 D. W. Yalden 19862357 R. E. Green, G. Rocamora and N. Schäffer 19972358 P. E. Corbett and M. D. Hudson 20102359 T. J. Stowe and A. V. Hudson 19882360 C. J. Bibby and C. R. Tubbs 19752361 C. J. Bibby 19792362 M. Robins and C. J. Bibby 19852363 D. Westerhoff and C. R. Tubbs 1991
2364 S. J. Ormerod 1985
2365 S. J. Ormerod 19852366 R. D. Gregory, S. P. Carter and S. R. Baillie 1997
2367 D. E. Glue 19902368 G. Gilbert 20122369 R. J. Clements and E. C.M. 20122370 S. J. Roberts, J. M. S. Lewis and I. T. Williams 19992371 E. Wiseman 20122372 S. Roberts and M. Coleman 20012373 P. Raven 19862374 P. F. Haworth and A. Fielding 1988
2375 B. Little and M. Davidson 19922376 N. J. Crockford 19932377 R. Berry 19792378 F. C. Gribble 19832379 N. Burgess, C. Evans and J. Sorensen 19902380 N. D. Burgess, C. E. Evans and J. Sorensen 19902381 2007
2382 G. Verstraeten, L. Baeten and K. Verheyen 20112383 C. J. Feare 19662384 K.-B. Straan and R. W. Summers 19902385 R. W. Summers, S. Smith, M. Nicoll and N. K. Atkinson 19902386 V. Dierschke 1993
2387 1998
2388 S. Wotton, D. W. Gibbons, M. Dilger and P. Grice 19982389 2003
2390 2013
2391 2013
R. H. W. Langston, S. R. Wotton, G. J. Conway, L. J. Wright, J. W. Mallord, F. A. Currie, A. L. Drewitt, P. V. Grice, D. G. Hoccom and N. Symes
R. Langston, D. Liley, G. Murison, E. Woodfield and R. Clarke
J. C. Guyomarc'h, O. Combreau, M. Puigcerver, P. Fontoura, N. Aebischer and D. M. Wallace
G. M. Buchanan, J. W. Pearce-Higgins, S. R. Wotton, M. C. Grant and D. P. WhitfieldI. M. W. Sim, S. C. Ludwig, M. C. Grant, J. L. Loughrey, G. W. Rebecca and S. RedpathI. M. W. Sim, S. C. Ludwig, J. L. Loughrey, G. W. Rebecca and J. M. Reid
2392 2010
2393 J. M. Neto 20062394 G. Shaw 19952395 D. E. Glue 19772396 J. L. Roberts and N. Bowman 19862397 D. W. Yalden 19852398 C. Sperring 19942399 A. J. Green 19982400 A. N. Hoodless, J. A. Ewald and D. Baines 2007
2401 J. Cadbury 19932402 G. Gilbert 20022403 M. Davis 19882404 A. F. Brown, H. Q. P. Crick and R. A. Stillman 1995
2405 N. I. Wilkinson and J. D. Wilson 20102406 P. Middleton 20072407 B. Kalejta-Summers 19972408 J. Dierschke 2002
2409 R. J. Fuller and D. E. Glue 19772410 2006
2411 J. W. Pearce-Higgins and M. C. Grant 20062412 J. Calladine and J. Bray 2012
2413 C. J. Bibby 19892414 2012
2415 M. Maziarz and T. Wesolowski 2010
2416 C. Bowden and R. Hoblyn 1990
2417 2007
2418 J. W. Mallord, P. M. Dolman, A. Brown and W. J. Sutherland 2007
2419 M. Bayliss 19852420 R. K. B. Jenkins and S. J. Ormerod 20022421 A. Berg 19922422 M. Grant 19972423 A. Berg 19932424 C. J. Bibby and J. Lunn 19822425 G. Gilbert, G. A. Tyler, C. J. Dunn and K. W. Smith 2005
2426 G. Gilbert, G. Tyler and K. W. Smith 20052427 A. Brown, G. Gilbert and S. Wotton 20122428 J. M. Black 1997
I. M. W. Sim, C. Rollie, D. Arthur, S. Benn, H. Booker, V. Fairbrother, M. Green, K. Hutchinson, S. Ludwig, M. Nicoll, I. Poxton, G. Rebecca, L. Smith, A. Stanbury and P. Wilson
R. J. Fuller, P. W. Atkinson, M. C. Garnett, G. J. Conway, C. J. Bibby and I. G. Johnstone
J. W. Mallord, E. C. Charman, A. Cristinacce and C. J. Orsman
L. J. Wright, R. A. Hoblyn, W. J. Sutherland and P. M. Dolman
2429 W. R. P. Bourne and A. J. M. Smith 19742430 S. Garthe and O. Hüppop 2004
2431 P. A. Buckley and F. G. Buckley 1984
2432 C. J. Cadbury and P. A. Richards 19782433 D. Hill, S. Jongs, J. Cadbury and J. Partridge 19892434 C. J. Cadbury, D. Hill, J. Partridge and J. Sorenson 1989
2435 R. Clarke 19962436 P. Conder 19892437 P. Corkhill 19732438 R. W. Furness 1990
2439 F. Arts 20112440 M. Birkhead and C. Perrins 19862441 M. Brooke 19902442 D. A. Callaghan, J. S. Kirby, M. C. Bell and C. J. Spray 1998
2443 D. Gremillet, H. Liu, Y. Le Maho and D. N. Carss 20032444 M. Gromadzki and J. Gromadzka 19972445 P. Ulenaers, J. V. Vessem and A. A. Dhondt 19922446 P. Ulenaers and J. van Vessem 19942447 J. Fjeldså 20042448 English Nature 19942449 R. A. A. Noble, J. P. Harvey and I. G. Cowx 2004
2450 2007
2451 D. A. Hill 19842452 J. A. Kushlan and J. A. Hancock 20052453 C. Marechal 19932454 J. B. Nelson 2005
2455 P. Nummi, J. Elmberg and K. Sjoberg 19952456 P. Ulenaers and A. A. Dhondt 1991
2457 S. Cramp and K. E. L. Simmons 1980
2458 N. Sills 1984
2459 J. C. Underhill-Day 19852460 A. J. Cave, J. Visser and A. C. Perdeck 19892461 2012
2462 V. Goutner 1987
2463 M. Hario and K. Selin 19882464 P. J. Reay 19912465 F. Moreira 1995
G. Gilbert, G. A. Tyler, C. J. Dunn, N. Ratcliffe and K. W. Smith
L. S. Chivers, M. G. Lundy, K. Colhoun, S. F. Newton and N. Reid
2466 T. Salathe 19862467 P. Davis 19572468 C. Lloyd, M. L. Tasker and K. Partridge 19912469 J. D'Elbee and G. Hemery 1998
2470 2006
2471 J. S. Kirby, R. J. Evans and A. D. Fox 1993
2472 A. Konter 20012473 R. H. Dennis 19872474 G. Gilbert, A. F. Brown and S. R. Wotton 2010
2475 English Nature 19942476 English Nature 19952477 M. Nipkow 19902478 R. E. Green and C. R. Taylor 1995
2479 R. E. Green, G. A. Tyler and C. G. R. Bowden 2000
2480 J. D. Wilson, M. J. Whittingham and R. B. Bradbury 2005
2481 P. N. Ferns, G. H. Green and P. D. Round 1979
2482 A. D. Fox, T. A. Jones, R. Singleton and A. D. Q. Agnew 1994
2483 2000
2484 V. Goutner 19862485 R. E. Green and G. H. Griffiths 1994
2486 M. P. Harris 19842487 S. Wanless, M. P. Harris and J. A. Morris 1990
2488 D. Hill 19882489 D. B. Jackson 2003
2490 D. Heinrich and H. W. Schafstall 2009
2491 P. A. Johnsgard 19932492 S. Wanless, M. P. Harris and J. A. Morris 19912493 V. Keller 1989
2494 T. E. Holm, K. Laursen and P. Clausen 2011
2495 J. Larsen and B. Laubek 20052496 2006
2497 2011
A. De Leon, E. Minguez, P. Harvey, E. Meek, J. E. Crane and R. W. Furness
K. C. Hamer, R. A. Phillips, S. Wanless, M. P. Harris and A. G. Wood
M. J. Kaiser, M. Galanidi, D. A. Showler, A. J. Elliott, R. W. G. Caldow, E. I. S. Rees, R. A. Stillman and W. J. Sutherland
P. Schwemmer, B. Mendel, N. Sonntag, V. Dierschke and S. Garthe
2498 C. P. Lavers, R. H. Haines-Young and M. I. Avery 1996
2500 H. V. McKay, J. D. Bishop and C. J. Feare 19962501 1998
2502 2002
2503 1989
2504 D. Moss and G. M. Moss 19932505 P. Musil and J. Janda 19972506 I. Newton, V. M. Thom and W. Brotherston 19732507 S. Madge and H. Burn 19882508 L. Nilsson 19802509 A. Fox 20032510 P. J. S. Olney 19632511 S. J. Marsden and G. S. Bellamy 2000
2512 M. Marquiss and K. Duncan 1993
2513 I. J. Winfield and D. K. Winfield 1994
2514 V. E. Phillips 19912515 D. A. Scott and P. M. Rose 19962516 1997
2517 2006
2518 S. Percival 20102519 P. V. Player 19712520 O. Rad 1980
2521 D. A. Ratcliffe 19762522 A. Richards 19902523 R. O. B. Sheldon, M. Bolton, S. Gillings and A. Wilson 20042524 2008
2525 2010
2526 2013
2527 2009
2528 R. D. Sheldon, K. Chaney and G. A. Tyler 2007
2529 T. Beebee and J. Denton 19962530 European Commission 2013
2531 2010
2532 T. E. S. Langton, C. L. Beckett and J. P. Foster 2001
T. P. Milsom, D. C. Ennis, D. J. Haskell, S. D. Langston and H. V. McVayJ. D. Hart, T. P. Milsom, A. Baxter, P. F. Kelly and W. K. ParkinP. Monaghan, J. D. Uttley, M. D. Bins, C. Thaine and J. Blackwood
M. R. Perrow, J. H. Schutten, J. R. Howes, T. Holzer, F. J. Madgwick and A. J. D. JowittI. K. Petersen, T. K. Christensen, J. Kahlert, M. Desholm and A. D. Fox
S. M. Eglington, J. A. Gill, M. Bolton, M. A. Smart, W. J. Sutherland and A. R. WatkinsonS. M. Eglington, M. Bolton, M. A. Smart, W. J. Sutherland, A. R. Watkinson and J. A. GillJ. Smart, M. Bolton, F. Hunter, H. Quayle, G. Thomas and R. D. GregoryD. Chamberlain, S. Gough, G. Anderson, M. Macdonald, P. Grice and J. Vickery
Amphibian and Reptile Groups of the United Kingdom (ARG UK)
2533 R. Welch and I. Sotheran 20122534 Defra 20132535 N. J. Evans and R. Bayes 20112537 Natural England 2010
2538 I. S. C. Z. R. S. Group 20112539 L. Browning 20112540 WA Marine and Environment 20102541 Environment Agency 20092542 D. J. L. Mills 1998
2543 Halcrow 2004
2544 Royal Haskoning 20062545 Natural England 2000
2546 Lancaster Council 19992547 ABPmer 20062548 ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer) 20052549 Natural England 2013
2550 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20112551 N. Bhatia, K. Mazik, S. Thomson and T. Smith 20132552 Halcrow 20102553 Sefton Council 20132554 Sefton Council 20132555 Sefton Council 20132556 Sefton Council 20132557 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2008
2558 D. C. Mason, T. R. Scott and S. L. Dance 20102559 Sefton Council 20132560 APEM Aquatic Sciences 20092561 English Nature 20032562 MES Ltd. & APEM Aquatic Sciences Ltd. 20132563 A. Amar, B. Arroyo, E. Meek, S. Redpath and H. Riley 20082564 M. Madders 20032565 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20152566 C. Harley 20072567 2008
2568 M. Street 19772569 P. Nummi, H. Pöysä, J. Elmberg and K. Sjöberg 19942570 G. Robson 19982571 G. Robson, S. M. Percival and A. F. Brown 19942572 1996
2573 R. W. Summers and C. Atkins 19912574 M. L. Tasker, P. H. Jones, B. F. Blake and T. J. Dixon 1985
A. N. Banks, W. G. Sanderson, B. Hughes, P. A. Cranswick, L. E. Smith, S. Whitehead, A. J. Musgrove, B. Haycock and N. P. Fairney
J. A. Vickery, W. J. Sutherland, M. O'Brien, A. R. Watkinson and A. Yallop
2575 K. Camphuysen 2011
2576 R. H. W. Langston and S. Boggio 2011
2577 E. C. Taylor, R. E. Green and J. Perrins 2007
2578 J. L. Tella, I. Torre and C. Sanchez 1996
2579 H. Galbraith 19882580 Ausden, W. J. Sutherland and R. James 2001
2581 S. J. Butler and S. Gillings 20042582 G. Tyler 19942583 G. A. Tyler, K. W. Smith and D. J. Burges 19982584 L. Marion, P. Ulenaers and J. van Vessem 20002585 A. Lang and J. Black 2001
2586 R. A. Phillips, D. R. Cope, E. C. Rees and M. J. O'Connell 20032587 J. A. Vickery, W. J. Sutherland and S. J. Lane 19942588 H. V. McKay, S. D. Langton, T. P. Milsom and C. J. Feare 19962589 R. Riddington, M. Hassall and S. J. Lane 1997
2590 C. Voisin 19912591 D. Watson 19772592 S. M. Redpath, S. J. Thirgood and R. Clarke 2002
2593 1998
2594 G. R. Potts 19982595 M. Madders 20002596 R. Clarke, M. Combridge and P. Combridge 1997
2597 S. R. Wotton, R. H. W. Langston and R. D. Gregory 20022598 S. K. Finney, J. W. Pearce-Higgins and D. W. Yalden 2005
2599 L. Zwarts 19792600 D. Aitken, M. Babcock, K. Clarkson and T. Hibbert 20132601 2007
2602 D. Aitken and K. Clarkson 20122603 R. A. Mavor, M. Heubeck, S. Schmitt and M. Parsons 20082604 WWT Consulting, MacArthur Green Ltd. and RPS 20122606 African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) 20122608 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001
2610 2008
2612 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2001
2614 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 2010
S. Redpath, M. Madders, E. Donnelly, B. Anderson, S. Thirgood, A. Martin and D. McLeod
Flamborough Head European Marine Site Management Scheme
B. Mendel, N. Sonntag, J. Wahl, P. Schwemmer, H. Dries, N. Guse, S. Mueller and S. Garthe
2616 Natural England 2012
2618 C. A. McSorley, B. J. Dean, A. Webb and J. B. Reid 20032620 Bird Life International2621 Bird Life International2622 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20132623 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds2624 A. Webb, M. L. Tasker and S. P. R. Greenstreet 1985
2625 2014
2626 Natural England 19962627 Natural England 19962628 J. A. Gill, A. R. Watkinson and W. J. Sutherland 1996
2629 G. Hayes 19942630 Environment Agency 20102631 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20132632 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20102634 S. Wilson 2010
2635 Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust 19992636 I. Sotheran and R. Walton 19972637 2014
2638 Natural England 20132639 F. Burd 19892640 Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority 2013
2641 Natural England 2005
2642 Ecospan Environmental Ltd 2013
2643 Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) Consulting 20062644 A. Garbutt, M. Yates, E. Rispin and D. Norris 2010
2652 A. Evans 2011
2653 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20142654 Natural England 2014
2655 J. Kirby, A. Drewitt, L. Chivers and R. Saunders 2000
2656 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20142657 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20142658 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20142659 Environment Agency 2007
G. E. Austin, N. A. Calbrade, H. J. Mellan, A. J. Musgrove, R. D. Hearn, D. A. Stroud, S. R. Wotton and C. A. Holt
Devon and Severn Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (D&S IFCA)
2660 Birdlife International 20152661 Birdlife International 20152662 Birdlife International 20152663 R. Seebold 2013
2664 Panscape Environmental Consultancy 20142665 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20112666 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20042667 Environment Agency 20152668 R. A. Stillman and J. D. Goss-Custard 20102669 J. D. Goss-Custard and S. E. A. L. E. V. d. Durell 1983
2670 F. Moreira 1995
2671 2007
2672 S. E. A. L. V. Durell and C. P. Kelly 1990
2674 2013
2675 L. Shields 2001
2676 M. Guy and L. Williams 20142677 D. Liley, K. Cruickshanks, J. Waldon and H. Fearnley 20112678 R. A. Stillman, J. D. Goss-Custard and K. A. Wood 20142679 M. R. Hughes 19922680 A. D. Fox 19962681 C. Munro 20012683 Exe Estuary Management Partnership 20142684 P. Salge 20142685 Cornwall Wildlife Trust 20092686 L. Clarke 20112687 C. W. Trust 20062688 C. Jenkins and M. Curtis 20142689 Looe Marine Conservation Group 20142690 K. Hiscock 20142691 J. Sears and M. J. Avery 19932692 Cornwall Wildlife Trust 20132693 M. R. 1986-2013 2013
2694 A. D. West, M. G. Yates, S. McGrorty and R. A. Stillman 20072695 2014
2696 Environment Agency 20142697 Environment Agency 2015
2698 The Wash and North Norfolk Coast EMS 20152699 2015
2700 Natural England 2013
S. E. A. L. V. Durell, R. A. Stillman, S. McGrorty, A. D. West and D. J. Price
A. S. C. P. Cook, C. Barimore, C. A. Holt, W. J. Read and G. E. Austin
S. Duijns, J. A. van Gils, B. Spaans, J. ten Horn, M. Brugge and T. Piersma
Eastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (EIFCA)
2701 Royal Haskoning 20032702 Royal Haskoning 2003
2703 Environment Agency 20092704 East Anglia Coastal Group 20102705 S. J. Bosley 2014
2706 East Anglia Coastal Group 20102707 M. Ruddock and D. P. Whitfield 2007
2708 R. M. Ward and N. Gates 2010
2709 J. D. Goss-Custard and S. E. A. L. V. D. Durell 1988
2710 G. Scheiffarth 2001
2711 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20132712 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20132713 K. M. Wilson 19902714 J. Casey 20142715 Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust 20072716 Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society 20122717 Ecospan Environmental Ltd. 20132718 A. Evans 20102719 Natural England 20092720 Natural England 20142721 English Nature 2005
2723 A. S. C. P. Cook and R. A. Robinson 20102724 Natural England 2014
2725 Natural England 20142726 Alde and Ore Estuary Partnership (AOEP) 20142727 2011
2728 2012
2729 Suffolk Biodiversity Partnership 20062730 S. Warrington, M. Guilliat, G. Lohoar and D. Mason 2014
2731 2014
2732 2014
2733 Environment Agency Marine Monitoring Service 2014
2734 Natural England 20142735 Natural England 19962736 British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) 2015
T. C.B., R.-S. V.H., N. A. Clark, G. J. Conway, M. M. Rechfisch, W. Bouten and N. H. K. BurtonC. B. Thaxter, V. H. Ross-Smith, N. A. Clark, G. J. Conway, M. M. Rechfisch, W. Bouten and N. H. K. Burton
National Trust and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)National Trust and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)
2737 2015
2738 Natural England 20152739 R. S. K. Barnes 19842740 S. Wilson 2006
2741 H. Acosta and B. M. Forrest 2009
2742 H. Acosta, D. Wu and B. M. Forrest 20102743 P. A. Bjørn, B. Finstad and R. Kristoffersen 2001
2744 E. W. Born, F. F. Riget, R. Dietz and D. Andriashek 19992745 2013
2746 D. M. Brosnan and L. L. Crumrine 1994
2747 L. S. Bull 20072748 C. Clarke Murray, E. A. Pakhomov and T. W. Therriault 20112749 M. J. Costello 2009
2750 J. Davenport and J. L. Davenport 20062751 2009
2752 J. G. B. Derraik 20022753 J. E. Dugan and D. M. Hubbard 20102754 A. Frid and L. M. Dill 20022755 D. M. Fry 19952756 E. Gilman, N. Brothers and D. R. Kobayashi 20052757 L. A. Henkel 2006
2758 R. J. H. Herbert, T. P. Crowe, S. Bray and M. Sheader 20092759 1992
2760 T. Hooper and M. Austen 2013
2761 C. Houser, B. Labude, L. Haider and B. Weymer 2013
2762 M. S. Islam and M. Tanaka 2004
2763 J. A. Gill, K. Norris and W. J. Sutherland 20012764 2011
2765 S. Königson, A. Fjälling, M. Berglind and S.-G. Lunneryd 20132766 S. A. L. M. Kooijman 20062767 B. D. López 2012
2768 J. Madsen 19952769 M. Milazzo, F. Badalamenti, G. Ceccherelli and R. Chemello 2004
2770 G. P. Mudge 1983
National Trust and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)
B. Lex, B. Arthur, M. G. Patricia, O. Ciska, P. Marcin, H. Jorge, M. Sandor, Y. Rencheng and Z. Mingjiang
O. Defeo, A. McLachlan, D. S. Schoeman, T. A. Schlacher, J. Dugan, A. Jones, M. Lastra and F. Scapini
D. Hockin, M. Ounsted, M. Gorman, D. Hill, V. Keller and M. A. Barker
J. Shamoun-Baranes, A. M. Dokter, H. van Gasteren, E. E. van Loon, H. Leijnse and W. Bouten
2771 2012
2772 D. P. Nowacek, L. H. Thorne, D. W. Johnston and P. L. Tyack 2007
2773 P. F. Olesiuk, L. M. Nichol, M. J. Sowden and J. K. B. Ford 2002
2774 2002
2775 2002
2776 H. Polet, F. Delanghe and R. Verschoore 20052778 2013
2779 G. Roberts and P. R. Evans 19932780 M.-J. Rochet, I. Péronnet and V. M. Trenkel 2002
2781 2008
2782 T. A. Schlacher and L. Thompson 20122784 2013
2785 V. Stelzenmüller, J. R. Ellis and S. I. Rogers 2010
2786 2000
2787 R. L. Taylor, B. D. Maxwell and R. J. Boik 20062788 A. Turner 20102789 A. Velando and I. Munilla 2011
2790 J. J. Watson-Capps and J. Mann 2005
2791 E. J. West, P. B. Barnes, J. T. Wright and A. R. Davis 2007
2792 E. J. West, A. R. Davis, P. B. Barnes and J. T. Wright 2009
2793 A. Williams and R. Feagin 20102794 2008
2795 2009
2796 L. E. Wysocki, J. P. Dittami and F. Ladich 20062797 R. G. Dwyer, S. Bearhop, H. A. Campbell and D. M. Bryant 2013
2798 K. A. Dafforn, J. A. Lewis and E. L. Johnston 20112799 2010
2800 W. Miles, S. Money, R. Luxmoore and R. W. Furness 2010
K. F. Nordstrom, N. L. Jackson, A. L. Freestone, K. H. Korotky and J. A. Puleo
N. J. Patenaude, W. J. Richardson, M. A. Smultea, W. R. Koski, G. W. Miller, B. Würsig and C. R. GreeneG. J. Pierce, J. Dyson, E. Kelly, J. D. Eggleton, P. Whomersley, I. A. G. Young, B. S.M., J. Wang and N. J. Spencer
N. Rako, C. M. Fortuna, D. Holcer, P. Mackelworth, M. Nimak-Wood, G. Pleslić, L. Sebastianutto, I. Vilibić, A. Wiemann and M. Picciulin
T. A. Schlacher, D. S. Schoeman, J. Dugan, M. Lastra, A. Jones, F. Scapini and A. McLachlan
M. Soetaert, A. Decostere, H. Polet, B. Verschueren and K. Chiers
M. L. Tasker, C. J. Camphuysen, J. Cooper, S. Garthe, W. A. Montevecchi and S. J. M. Blaber
M. Wilson, M. L. Acolas, M. L. Begout, P. T. Madsen and M. WahlbergR. Žydelis, J. Bellebaum, H. Österblom, M. Vetemaa, B. Schirmeister, A. Stipniece, M. Dagys, M. van Eerden and S. Garthe
H. Slabbekoorn, N. Bouton, I. van Opzeeland, A. Coers, C. ten Cate and A. N. Popper
2801 J. L. Kinzelman, K. R. Pond, K. D. Longmaid and R. C. Bagley 2004
2802 P. W. Atkinson, N. A. Clark, S. G. Dodd and D. Moss 2005
2803 S. B. Blackwell and C. R. Greene Jr 2005
2804 L. J. Boren, N. J. Gemmell and K. J. Barton 20022805 J. Burger 19982806 C. E. Eckrich and J. G. Holmquist 2000
2807 A. Codarin, L. E. Wysocki, F. Ladich and M. Picciulin 2009
2808 2010
2809 S. Fitzpatrick and B. Bouchez 19982810 2007
2811 J. Haney and A. Stone 19882812 2007
2813 M. R. Gregory 2009
2814 A. Koolhaas, A. Dekinga and T. Piersma 19932815 B. D. Lopez, B. Shirai and J. Andrea 2007
2816 O. Brine, L. Hunt and M. J. Costello 20132817 D. Paganelli, P. Valle, S. Ercole, C. Teofili and L. Nicoletti 2013
2818 M. W. Pienkowski 19922820 P. Strong and S. R. Morris 2010
2821 J. B. A. Rochard and N. Horton 19802822 2010
2823 R. W. Risebrough 19862824 Marine Work Group Ireland 20072825 BirdLife International 2012
2826 BirdLife International 2012
2827 R. E. Randall 1995
2828 Maritime and Coastguard Agency 2012
2829 2014
2830 R. Seed and T. H. Suchanek 1992
2831 D. C. Miller 2001
I. C. Davidson, C. J. Zabin, A. L. Chang, C. W. Brown, M. D. Sytsma and G. M. Ruiz
K. K. Hammerstrom, W. J. Kenworthy, P. E. Whitfield and M. F. Merello
G. Haviland-Howell, A. S. Frankel, C. M. Powell, A. Bocconcelli, R. L. Herman and L. S. Sayigh
J. D. Rothlisberger, L. W. Chadderton, K. McNulty and D. M. Lodge
J. M. Fariñas-Franco, B. Pearce, J. Porter, D. Harries, J. M. Mair, A. S. Woolmer and W. G. Sanderson
2832 P. J. Dare 19762833 A. Jackson and K. Hiscock 2008
2834 European Commission 20122835 R. B. Clark 1984
2836 1984
2837 I. Udoinyang and M. U. Igboekwe 2011
2838 R. N. Bray 20082839 D. Newsome, D. N. Cole and J. L. Marion 20042841 2003
2842 2004
2843 2003
2844 R. W. G. Caldow 2007
2845 Rare Breeding Birds Panel (RBBP) 20142846 2012
2847 S. Aitken and K. Amery 20142848 I. Lakin 20152849 Ecospan Ltd. 20142850 MESL 20132851 Environment Agency 20092852 APEM 20142853 APEM 20142854 B. Spaans and P. Postma 2001
2855 2000
2856 A. N. Banks, G. E. Austin, N. H. K. Burton and H. J. & Mellan 2005
2857 C. N. Blair-Myers 20032858 English Nature 19932859 English Nature 20012860 English Nature 2003
2861 Environment Agency 2008
2862 A. Gordon 20132864 Kent County Council (KCC) 20122865 Kent Ornithological Society 20142866 D. Liley, S. Lake and H. Fearnley 2012
J. C. Zieman, R. Orth, R. C. Phillips, G. Thayer and A. Thorhaug
R. A. Stillman, A. D. West, J. D. Goss-Custard, R. W. G. Caldow, S. McGrorty, S. E. A. L. V. D. Durell, M. G. Yates, P. W. Atkinson, N. A. Clark, M. C. Bell, P. J. Dare and M. Mander
R. W. G. Caldow, H. A. Beadman, S. McGrorty, R. A. Stillman, J. D. Goss-Custard, S. E. A. l. V. d. Durell, A. D. West, M. J. Kaiser, K. Mould and A. Wilson
P. W. Atkinson, N. A. Clark, J. A. Clark, M. C. Bell, P. J. Dare and P. L. Ireland
H. Latham, E. Sheehan, A. Foggo, M. Attrill, P. Hoskin and H. Knowles
P. W. Atkinson, G. E. Austin, N. H. K. Burton, A. J. Musgrove, M. Pollitt and M. M. Rehfisch
2867 D. Liley and H. Fernley 20112868 Natural England 20142870 T. M. Worsfold 2005
2871 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20012872 Natural England 2014
2873 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20012874 English Nature 19932875 English Nature 19932876 Natural England 20142877 2014
2878 S. Wotton 20142879 B. Hasler and S. B. Smith2880 Joint nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20122881 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20032882 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20052883 2013
2884 BirdLife International 20142885 Natural England 20152886 Dawlish Warren Recording Group 20152887 Natural England 2013
2888 I. Laing, J. Bussell and K. Somerwill 2010
2889 2014
2890 2014
2891 EMU Ltd. 20122892 EMU Ltd. 20082893 R. W. E. Clark and B. J. Vause 20122894 R. M. Gillham 19782895 J. H. Allen and K. L. Hemingway 20052896 P. Elsmere 20112897 Natural England 19982898 Eastern IFCA 20122899 Natural England 20102900 2012
2901 Natural England 20002902 Devon & Severn IFCA 20122903 Natural England 20102904 Natural England 20102905 Natural England 19992906 The Kent Habitat Survey Partnership 20042907 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 20102908 G. Skelcher 2002
Natural England, Elmley Nature Reserve Community Interest Company and KOS
D. Liley, R. Hoskin, S. Lake, J. Underhill-Day and K. Cruickshanks
GoBe Consultants Ltd, Cemex UK Marine Ltd and Lafarge Tarmac Marine Dredging LtdGoBe Consultants Ltd., Cemex UK Marine Ltd. and Lafarge Tarmac Marine Dredging Ltd.
European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet)
2909 R. Covey 19982910 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 20112911 Posford Duvivier Environment 19972912 Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd. 20142913 Natural England 20072914 Environment Agency 20142915 Posford Duvivier Environment 19992917 Hamshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust 20132918 ABPmer 20122919 Posford Duvivier Environment 19972920 Ecospan Environmental Ltd. 20132921 N. England 20102922 J. McCallum 19972923 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19972924 F. Dipper 1983
2925 Oil Pollution Research Unit 19852926 Oil Pollution Research Unit 1986
2927 L. M. Davies 19912928 Marine Nature Conservation Review 19902929 M. Dyer, N. Grist and I. Smith 19912930 National Rivers Authority 19902931 National Rivers Authority 19902932 National Rivers Authority 19902933 National Rivers Authority 19902934 Plymouth Marine Laboratory 19912935 Marine Nature Conservation Review 19912936 J. Davies 19922937 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19952938 Marine Nature Conservation Review 19922939 National Rivers Authority 19922940 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19922941 Marine Nature Conservation Review 19932942 Marine Nature Conservation Review 19932943 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19942944 Sussex Seasearch 19942945 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19952946 A. J. Downie 19962947 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19962948 Marine Nature Conservation Review 19972949 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19992950 Envision Mapping Ltd. 20002951 Envision Mapping Ltd. 20012952 Sussex Seasearch 20042953 Natural England 20052954 Defra 20122955 Natural England 20122956 Seasearch 20122957 Seasearch 20122958 Natural England 2013
2959 Seasearch 20132960 Sussex Seasearch 20132961 Mott MacDonald Group 19962962 EMU Ltd. 20052963 2001
2964 E. J. McDonnell and M. King 20002965 R. Davis 19992966 R. E. Daniels and E. J. McDonnell 19962967 M. King 20062968 Natural England 2010
2969 G. Gilbert, M. Painter and K. W. Smith 19962970 R. S. K. Barnes 19872971 Penny Anderson Associates 20002972 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19992973 Natural England 20132974 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19862975 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19862976 The Kent Habitat Survey Partnership 20032977 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19882978 English Nature 20022979 Lincolnshire Biodiversity Partnership 20072980 Natural England 20152981 Norfolk Wildlife Trust (NWT) 20062983 P. Sneddon and R. E. Randall 19932984 Penny Anderson Associates 20002985 H. Tyler 20102988 Natural England 20082989 Environment Agency 20112990 Natural England 20082991 Natural England 20072992 Hampshire Biodiversity Information Centre 20052993 North Yorkshire County Council 20042994 Norfolk Wildlife Trust (NWT) 20082995 Ordnance Survey 20092996 Peter Brett Associates 20072997 2010
2998 2010
2999 Ordnance Survey 20053000 GeoPerspectives Ltd. 20063001 J. Perrins and F. Bunker 19983002 English Nature 20033004 Environment Agency 20113005 Natural England 20133006 Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) 19873007 Sefton Coast Partnership 20063008 C. Howson, F. Bunker and T. Mercer 20043009 S. Ware and B. Meadows 2012
C. J. Neil, M. P. King, S. B. Evans, R. E. Parslow, I. B. Bennallick and E. J. McDonnell
Yorkshire and Humber Environmental Data Network (YHEDN)Yorkshire and Humber Environmental Data Network (YHEDN)
3010 J. H. Allen and N. V. Proctor 2003
3011 L. Curtis 2011
3013 R. Covey and S. Hocking 19873014 P. E. Tompsett and H.M.V.C.A. Group 2011
3015 T. Russel and H. Selley 20133016 G. W. Potts and S. E. Swaby 19933017 OSPAR Commision 20083018 Royal Haskoning 20093019 Halcrow Maritime 19993020 C. Allen, M. Axelsson, S. Dewey and J. Wilson 20143021 A. Gall 20143022 E. V. Sheehan, S. Cousens and M. J. Attrill 20143023 M. Axelsson, R. Bamber, S. Dewey, S. Duke and R. Hollies 2008
3024 A. Ruiz-Frau, E. Ivor, S. Rees, H. Hinz and M. J. Kaiser 20073025 Wardell Armstrong 20063026 M. Kendell 20063027 T. Baker 1994
3028 N. Roberts and T. Edwards 19963029 C. Stapleton and J. Pethick 19963030 M. Lange 19943031 D. Rostron 19873032 Helford Voluntary Marine Conservation Group 20103033 H. Tyler-Walters 2005
3034 Seasearch 20123035 D. Rostron and Nature Conservancy Council 19863036 2002
3037 1996
3038 1991
3039 2000
3040 D. Mercer 20133041 D. Mercer 20133042 English Nature 20053043 English Nature 20053044 Environment Agency 20143045 Natural England 20143046 Fylde Council 20143047 Natural England 2007
3048 Natural England 20053049 Natural England 20143050 A. Bennet 2010
S. Hocking, P. Tompsett and Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of ScillyC. Stapleton, J. Pethick, English Nature and University of Hull Institute of Estuarine and Coastal StudiesG. W. Potts, S. E. Swaby and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)A. Sutton, P. E. Tompsett and Helford Voluntary Marine Conservation Area Group
3051 R. Covey and J. Davies 19893052 R. Covey 1998
3053 S. Earnshaw and S. Andrew 20143054 Environment Agency 20093055 Environment Agency 20113056 Halcrow Group 2010
3057 Halcrow Group 20133058 T. Harwood 19993059 J. Houston 20083060 2002
3061 2014
3062 Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd. (MESL) 20143063 Marine Ecological Survey Ltd. (MESL) 20133064 M. Woombes 19993065 J. Bussell and I. Saunders 2010
3067 H. Kruuk 20063068 D. B. Largo 20023069 2012
3070 2010
3071 Geomatics 20133072 C. Brown, S. Hull, N. Frost and F. Miller 20133073 J. Huddleston 20103074 2008
3075 B. Wursig and G. A. Gailey 20023077 C. Saunders, J. Selwyn, S. Richardson, V. May and C. Heeps 2000
3078 Associated British Ports (ABP) 2011
3079 ABP Marine Environment Research Ltd 20113080 R. C. Newell and T. A. Woodcock 2013
3081 K. S. Last, V. J. Hendrick, C. M. Beveridge and A. J. Davies 2011
3082 2011
3083 OPSAR 20083084 K. Hendry and D. Cragg-Hine 20033085 J. Rogers, B. Hamer and A. Brampton 20103086 British Energy Estuarine & Marine Studies Expert Panel 2011
M. L. M. Jones, B. Reynolds, P. A. Stevens, D. Norris and B. A. EmmettC. Stratford, L. Jones, N. Robbins, O. Mountford, S. Amy, J. Peyton, L. Hulmes, S. Hulmes, F. Jones, J. Redhead, S. Dean and J. Palisse
A. J. Van der Graaf, M. A. Ainslie, M. André, K. Brensing, J. Dalen, R. P. A. Dekeling, S. Robinson and T. F. Tasker ML, Werner S
Royal Yacht Association (RYA) and British Marine Federation
S. Magill, K. S. Black, D. Kay, C. Stapleton, S. Kershaw, D. Lees, C. Francis, J. Watkins and C. Davies
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and Natural England
3087 1999
3088 Shell Offshore Inc. 2011
3089 A. Mcluskie, R. Langdton and N. Wilkinson 20123091 N. H. K. Burton and N. A. Clark 2000
3092 2002
3093 ABPmer Ltd. 2006
3094 S. J. Dolman, M. P. Simmonds and S. Keith 20033095 P. Chanin 20033096 Defra and UK MMAS 20103097 BMAPA 2013
3098 B. Wilson, R. S. Batty, F. Daunt and C. Carter 20063099 D. Thompson, R. Culloch and R. Milne 2013
3100 A. K. DeLong 2002
3101 Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform 2008
3102 2011
3103 K. Taylor, P. Anderson, R. Taylor, K. Longden and P. Fisher 2005
3104 Environment Agency 20113105 A. W. H. Turnpenny and N. O’Keeffe 20053106 European Commission 2011
3107 European Commission 2009
3108 2014
3109 N. C. Eno, R. A. Clark and W. G. Sanderson 19973110 M. J. Philips 19913111 E&P Forum and UNEP 1997
3112 M. Davison and E. Capasso 2012
3113 A. Curd 20103115 EUROSION Project 2004
3117 T. Svåsand, D. Crosetti, E. García-Vázquez and E. Verspoor 2007
3118 T. Bowmer and P. J. Kershaw 2010
International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA)
N. Burton, E. Paipai, M. Armitage, J. Maskell, E. Jones, J. Struve, C. Hutchings and M. Rehfisch
H. M. Tillin, A. J. Houghton, J. E. Saunders, R. Drabble and S. C. Hull
F. Murray, P. Copland, P. Boulcott, M. Robertson and N. Bailey
3120 E. Gilman, K. Passfield and K. Nakamura 2012
3121 J. Gordon and S. Northridge 20023122 2010
3123 J. E., M. B., S. C. and M. J. 2013
3125 OSPAR Commission 20083126 S. Cole, I. D. Codling, W. Parr and T. Zabel 19993127 ABPmer 2011
3128 A. Hawkins and A. Popper 2012
3129 L. MacCallum 20143130 ICES (International Council for Exploration of the Sea) 20133131 ICES (International Council for Exploration of the Sea) 20113132 ICES (International Council for Exploration of the Sea) 20093134 2012
3136 N. Cutts, A. Phelps, J. Spencer and K. Hemmingway 20133137 M. J. Kaiser, J. S. Collie, S. J. Hall, S. Jennings and I. R. Poiner 2001
3138 N. Pontee, R. Ashby-Crane and L. Batty 20133139 R. Ludwig 19883140 International Maritime Organisation 1983 - 2005
3142 H. Tillin, S. Hull and H. Tyler-Walters 20103143 Marine and Coastguard Agency 2004
3144 2013
3145 ABP Research and Consultancy Ltd. 19993146 S. Northridge, A. Kingston, A. Mackay and M. Lonergan 20113147 D. Solomon 19923148 DECC 2011
3149 UK Government 20073150 S. M. Percival 2001
3151 P. F. Olesiuk, J. W. Lawson and E. A. Trippel 20123152 2009
3153 OSPAR Commission 20083154 A. Govarets and B. Lauwaert 20093155 OSPAR Commission 20113156 OSPAR Commission 20123157 B. Lauwaert 2009
D. Wilhelmsson, T. Malm, R. Thompson, J. Tchou, G. Sarantakos, N. McCormick, S. Luitjens, M. Gullström, J. K. P. Edwards, A. O and A. Dubi
D. Liley, R. K. A. Morris, K. Cruickshanks, C. Macleod, J. Underhill-Day, T. Brereton and J. Mitchell
Royal Navy and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)
F. Thomsen and Intersessional correspondence group on underwater noise (2007 - 2009)
3158 T. Merck and R. Wasserthal 20093159 OSPAR 20093160 R. L. Lozano and J. Mouat 20093161 OSPAR Commission 2008
3163 OSPAR Commission 20083164 K. Ware 20093165 M. Dethier and H. Berry 20113167 Department for Fisheries and Oceans Canada 20103168 W. Lart 2012
3169 PIANC - Working Group 2 EnviCom 20053170 M. Leopold and K. Camphuysen 2009
3171 Water Reuse Association 20113172 H. Polet and J. Depestele 20103173 A. S. Milliken and V. Lee 19903175 EMU Ltd. 20123178 RPS 20113179 C. Roberts, C. Smith, H. Tillin and H. Tyler-Walters 2010
3180 P. Smith 20083181 O. Geertz-Hansen 20023182 R. A. Feagin and A. M. Williams 20083183 1995
3184 Life Nature 20053185 Scottish Environment Protection Agency 20083186 J. Sewell, R. Harris, H. Hinz, S. Votier and K. Hiscock 2007
3189 Shellfish Association of Great Britain 2008
3190 B. J. Vause and R. W. E. Clark 20113191 Natural Resources Wales 20143192 R. Smith 20043193 T. R. Asplund 20003194 The Green Blue 20063195 D. Hill 1992
3196 Royal Haskoning DHV 2012
3197 ABPmer 20133198 W. T. and H. D. 2010
3199 S. a. D. Wilson, A.J. 2003
3200 WODA (World Organisation of Dredging Associations) 20133201 A. Woolmer, E. Maxwell and W. Lart 2011
P. Hammond, H. Benke, P. Berggre, A. Colet, M. Heide-Jorgensen, S. Heimlich-Borna, M. Leopold and N. Oien
3202 Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) Consulting 2012
3203 J. Lancaster 19933204 J. Lancaster 19943205 J. Lancaster 19953206 J. Lancaster 19963207 J. Lancaster 19973208 J. Lancaster 19983209 J. Lancaster 19993210 J. Lancaster 20003211 J. Lancaster 20013212 J. Lancaster 20023213 J. Lancaster 20033214 J. Lancaster 20043215 J. Lancaster 20053216 J. Lancaster 20063217 J. Lancaster 20073218 J. Lancaster 20083219 J. Lancaster 20093220 J. Lancaster 20103221 J. Lancaster 20113222 S. Garthe and O. Hüppop 19943223 The Green Blue 20093224 E. Fernández-Juricic, M. D. Jimenez and E. Lucas 2001
3225 M. L. Pease, R. K. Rose and M. J. Butler 20053226 R. Reijnen, R. Foppen, C. T. Braak and J. Thissen 1995
3227 C. J. Smit and G. J. M. Visser 1993
3228 C. H. Tuite, P. R. Hanson and M. Owen 1984
3229 R. W. Furness, H. M. Wade and E. A. Masden 20133230 R. E. Van der Vliet, J. van Dijk and M. J. Wassen 20103232 A. S. C. P. Cook and N. H. K. Burton 20103233 2005
3234 J. A. Gill 20073235 J. A. Gill, K. Norris and W. J. Sutherland 20013236 English Nature 20043237 Natural England 20093238 Natural England 20133239 English Nature 20043240 Natural England 20093241 Natural England 20133242 Natural England 20133243 Environment Agency 20143244 Environment Agency 2014
3245 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 2006
S. E. A. L. V. dit Durell, R. A. Stillman, P. Triplet, C. Aulert, D. O. dit Biot, A. Bouchet, S. Duhamel, S. Mayot and J. D. Goss-Custard
3246 S. Warrington, M. Guilliatt, G. Lohoar and D. Mason 2014
3247 J. Fincham 20133248 2012
3249 J. Fincham and E. Hay 20133250 J. Fincham and E. Hay 20133251 E. L. Jackson, C. A. Griffiths and O. Durkin 2013
3252 K. Hiscock, J. Sewell and J. Oakley 20053253 D. M. Davison and D. J. Hughes 1998
3254 WFD UKTAG 20143255 F. McNie and C. Pirie 2015
3256 V. Copley 1999
3257 L. Baldock 20143258 WFD UKTAG 20143259 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20043260 S. R. Palumbi 20033261 English Nature 2000
3262 English Nature 2003
3263 English Nature 2000
3264 English Nature 2000
3265 Scottish Natural Heritage and Natural England 2010
3266 C. Little 20003267 J. Gray and M. Elliott 20093268 F. Guichard, E. Bourget and J. Robert 2001
3269 J. A. Rodgers and S. T. Schwikert 2002
3270 S. Komenda-Zehnder, M. Cevallos and B. Bruderer 20033271 2012
3272 2012
3273 1999
3274 2000
3275 OSPAR Commission 20093276 2013
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and National Trust
J. R. Ellis, S. P. Milligan, L. Readdy, N. Taylor and M. J. BrownR. C. Fijn, K. L. Krijgsveld, W. Tijsen, H. A. M. Prinsen and S. DirksenG. L. Hunt, F. Mehlum, R. W. Russell, D. Irons, M. B. Decker and P. H. BeckerA. Linnane, B. Ball, B. Munday, B. van Marlen, M. Bergman and R. Fonteyne
L. Bouwman, A. Beusen, P. M. M. Glibert, C. Overbeek, M. Pawlowski, J. Herrera, S. Mulsow, R. Yu and M. Zhou
3277 H. L. Rees 2005
3278 2011
3279 Z. P.M. 1973
3280 D. Liley and J. Underhill-Day 2013
3281 J. H. Allen, I. Billings, N. Cutts and M. Elliott 2002
3282 Defra 2010
3283 English Nature 2000
3284 Natural England 2013
3285 Natural England 20103286 C. D. Munro and B. M. Baldock 2012
3287 K. Vanstaen and J. Eggleton 20113288 2012
3292 Natural England 2013
3293 W. Drake and L. Bennet 20113294 2004
3295 J. Donnelly, J. Kirby, J. Arnold and S. McMinn 2003
3296 D. Liley, K. Cruickshanks, H. Fearnley and S. Lake 20123297 H. Fearnley, K. Cruickshanks, S. Lake and D. Liley 2013
3298 N. Hopper 20083299 S. J. Morrison 2006
3300 R. J. H. Herbert, K. Ross, R. Huber and R. Stillman 20103301 R. A. Mavor, M. Parson, M. Heubeck and S. Schimitt 20043302 R. A. Mavor, M. Parson, M. Heubeck and S. Schimitt 20053303 G. Bryan, D. Kite, R. Money, P. Jonas and R. Barden 20133304 J. Underhill-Day 20063305 2010
3306 S. J. Morrison 20063307 J. Sewell and K. Hiscock 20053308 S. L. Fowler 1995
3309 S. L. Fowler 2001
3310 Natural England 2010
C. Scott, S. Armstrong, I. Townend, M. Dixon and M. Everard
M. J. Attrill, M. C. Austen, S. L. Cousens, S. C. Gall, C. Hattam, S. Mangi, A. Rees, S. Rees, L. D. Rodwell, E. V. Sheehan and T. F. Stevens
N. S. Thomas, R. W. G. Caldow, S. McGrorty, S. E. A. Le V Dit Durrell, A. D. West and R. A. Stillman
J. Underhill-Day, N. Underhill-Day, J. White and N. Gartshore
3311 Natural England 20103312 I. Dixon, S. Howard and J. Moore 19883313 M. Axelsson, S. Dewey, C. Allen and J. Hawes 2012
3314 Dorset Environmental Records Centre 20113315 A. Sheader and M. Sheader 19893316 B. Edwards 20043317 2008
3318 Environment Agency 20143319 P. Viaroli, M. Bartoli, G. Giordani, P. Magni and D. T. Welsh 2004
3320 C. M. Scanlan, J. Foden, E. Wells and M. A. Best 20073321 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20113322 J. Battersby and Tracking Mammals Partnership 2005
3323 Tracking Mammal Partnership 20093324 S. E. Davis, S. E. Newson and D. G. Noble 20073325 L. Oddy 20143326 The Otter Trust 20033327 The Otter Trust 20053328 Norfolk Wildlife Trust 19973329 R. Yaxley 19973330 C. Mettam, M. E. Conneely and S. J. White 19943331 University of Bristol 19733332 University of Bristol 1973 - 19753333 University of Bristol 1975 - 19783334 South West Britain Sublittoral Survey (SWBSS) 19773335 South West Britain Sublittoral Survey (SWBSS) 19773336 N. S. Thomas and M. B. Culley 1977 - 19803337 South West Britain Sublittoral Survey (SWBSS) 19783338 South West Britain Sublittoral Survey (SWBSS) 1978 - 19793339 F. Dipper 19803340 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19803341 J. G. James 19813342 Marine Biological Association (MBA) 19823343 M. B. North-East 19823344 University of Exeter 19823345 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 1982 - 19973346 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 19833347 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19833348 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19833349 D. Rostron 19833350 N. C. Council 19833351 G. M. Bishop 19843352 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19843353 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19843354 British Museum of Natural History (BMNH) 19853355 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19853356 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19853357 R. Irving 1987
UK Technical Advisory Group on the Water Framework Directive (UKTAG)
3358 C. J. Procter 19873359 G. Bishop 19863360 British Museum of Natural History (BMNH) 19863361 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19863362 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19863363 Portsmouth Polytechnic 19863364 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19873365 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19893366 R. L. Foster-Smith and J. L. Foster-Smith 19873367 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19873368 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19873369 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 19883370 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 19883371 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) 19883372 D. Rostron 19883373 Severn Tidal Power Group (STPG) 19883374 University of Bristol 19883375 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19893376 K. J. Collins and J. J. Mallinson 19903377 National Rivers Authority 19903378 National Rivers Authority 19903379 National Rivers Authority 19903380 National Rivers Authority 19903381 National Rivers Authority 19903382 National Rivers Authority 19903383 National Rivers Authority 19903384 National Rivers Authority 19903385 National Rivers Authority 19903386 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19913387 S. Evans 19913388 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19913389 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19913390 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19913391 National Rivers Authority 19913392 National Rivers Authority 19913393 1991
3394 AERC Ltd. 19923395 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19923396 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19923397 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19923398 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19923399 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19923400 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19923401 Solway River Purification Board (SRPB) 19923402 South West Waters (SWW) 19923403 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 1992 - 19933404 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 1992 - 19943405 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 1992 - 19953406 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 1992 - 19953407 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 1992 - 1997
J. R. Allen, S. B. Wilkinson, S. J. Hawkins, R. G. Hartnoll and G. Russell
3408 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19933409 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 19933410 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19933411 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19933412 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19933413 Natural History Museum (NHM) 19933414 Sussex Seasearch 19933415 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19953416 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19963417 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19943418 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19943419 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19943420 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19943421 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19943422 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19943423 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19943424 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19943425 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 19943426 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19943427 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19943428 Scottish Natural Heritage 19943429 Environment Agency 19953430 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19953431 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19953432 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19953433 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19953434 Sussex Seasearch 19953435 Dorset Wildlife Trust (DWT) 20023436 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 1995 - 19973437 English Nature 19963438 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19963439 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 19963440 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19963441 Sussex Seasearch 19963442 AES 19973443 English Nature 19973444 English Nature 19973445 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19973446 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19973447 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19973448 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19973449 Natural History Museum (NHM) 19973450 Natural History Museum (NHM) 19973451 Scottish Natural Heritage 19973452 Sussex Seasearch 19973453 Ambios Ltd. 19983454 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 19983455 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19983456 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 19983457 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 19983458 Posford Duvivier 1998
3459 Sussex Seasearch 19983460 WA Mar & Env. 19993461 English Nature 19993462 1999
3463 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19993464 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 19993465 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 19993466 WA Mar & Env. 19993467 Seasearch 20003468 Natural History Museum (NHM) 20013469 Seasearch 20013470 Countryside Council for Wales 20023471 Seasearch 20023472 Seasearch 20033473 Seasearch 20033474 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20043475 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20043476 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20043477 Seasearch 20043478 Seasearch 20043479 Seasearch 20043480 Seasearch 20043481 Scottish Natural Heritage 20043482 Royal Haskoning 20053483 English Nature 20053484 English Nature 20053485 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20053486 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20053487 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20053488 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20053489 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20053490 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20053491 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20053492 E. Nature 20053493 Seasearch 20053494 Seasearch 20053495 Seasearch 20053496 Seasearch 20063497 English Nature 20063498 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20063499 Seasearch 20063500 Seasearch 20063501 Seasearch 20063502 Seasearch 20063503 Seasearch 20063504 Seasearch 20063505 Seasearch 20063506 Seasearch 20063507 Seasearch 20063508 Envision Mapping Ltd. 2007
English Nature and The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS)
3509 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20073510 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20073511 Natural England 20073512 Natural England 20073513 Natural England 20073514 Natural England 20073515 Natural England and Seasearch 20073516 Natural England 20073517 Seasearch 20073518 Seasearch 20073519 Seasearch 20073520 Seasearch 20073521 Seasearch 20073522 Seasearch 20073523 Seasearch 20073524 Seasearch 20073525 Seasearch 20073526 Seasearch 20073527 Seasearch 20073528 Kent Seasearch 20083529 Seasearch Devon 20083530 Seasearch Devon 20083531 Seasearch Devon 20083532 Seasearch Devon 20083533 Seasearch Devon 20083534 Seasearch Devon 20083535 Seasearch Devon 20083536 Seasearch Devon 20083537 Seasearch Devon 20083538 Seasearch Devon 20083539 Seasearch Devon 20083540 Seasearch Devon 20083541 Seasearch Devon 20083542 Seasearch Devon 20083543 Seasearch 20083544 Seasearch 20083545 Seasearch 20083546 Seasearch 20083547 Seasearch 20083548 Sussex Seasearch 20083549 Dorset Seasearch 20093550 Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust 20093551 Kent Seasearch 20093552 Seasearch Cornwall 20093553 Seasearch Cornwall 20093554 Seasearch Devon 20093555 Seasearch Devon 20093556 Seasearch Devon 20093557 Seasearch Devon 20093558 Seasearch Devon 20093559 Seasearch Devon 2009
3560 Seasearch Devon 20093561 Seasearch Devon 20093562 Seasearch Devon 20093563 Seasearch Devon 20093564 Seasearch Devon 20093565 Seasearch Devon 20093566 Seasearch Devon 20093567 Seasearch 20093568 Seasearch 20093569 Seasearch 20093570 Seasearch 20093571 Seasearch 20093572 Seasearch 20103573 The Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 20103574 Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust 20103575 Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust 20103576 Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust 20103577 Kent Seasearch 20103578 Natural England 20103579 Seasearch Cornwall 20103580 Seasearch Cornwall 20103581 Seasearch Devon 20103582 Seasearch Devon 20103583 Seasearch Devon 20103584 Seasearch Devon 20103585 Seasearch Devon 20103586 Seasearch Devon 20103587 Seasearch Devon 20103588 Seasearch Devon 20103589 Seasearch Devon 20103590 Seasearch 20103591 Seasearch 20103592 Seasearch 20103593 Seasearch 20103594 Seasearch 20103595 Seasearch 20103596 Sussex Seasearch 20103597 The Wildlife Trusts 20103598 Kent Seasearch 20113599 Natural England 20113600 Natural England 20113602 Natural England and Cefas 20113603 Natural England, Cefas and Cornwall IFCA 20113604 Seasearch Cornwall 20113605 Seasearch Cornwall 20113606 Seasearch Cornwall 20113607 Seasearch Cornwall 20113608 Seasearch Cornwall 20113609 Seasearch Devon 20113610 Seasearch Devon 20113611 Seasearch Devon 2011
3612 Seasearch Devon 20113613 Seasearch Devon 20113614 Seasearch Devon 20113615 Seasearch Devon 20113616 Seasearch Devon 20113617 Seasearch Devon 20113618 Seasearch 20113619 Seasearch 20113620 Seasearch 20113621 Seasearch 20113622 Seasearch 20113623 Cefas 20123624 Dorset Seasearch 20123625 Environment Agency 20123626 Environment Agency 20123627 Kent Seasearch 20123628 Natural England 20123629 Natural England 20123630 2012
3631 Seasearch Cornwall 20123632 Seasearch Cornwall 20123633 Seasearch Cornwall 20123634 Seasearch Cornwall 20123636 Seasearch Cornwall 20123637 Seasearch Cornwall 20123638 Seasearch Cornwall 20123639 Seasearch Devon 20123640 Seasearch Devon 20123641 Seasearch Devon 20123642 Seasearch Devon 20123643 Seasearch Devon 20123644 Seasearch Devon 20123645 Seasearch Devon 20123646 Seasearch Devon 20123647 Seasearch Devon 20123648 Seasearch Devon 20123649 Seasearch Devon 20123650 Seasearch 20123651 Seasearch 20123652 Seasearch 20123653 Seasearch 20123654 Seasearch 20123655 Seasearch 20123656 Seasearch 20123657 Seasearch 20123658 Seasearch 20123659 Cefas 20133660 Cefas 20133661 Cefas 20133662 Dorset Seasearch 2013
Natural England, Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) and Ecospan Environment Ltd.
3663 Environment Agency 20133664 Environment Agency 20133665 Environment Agency 20133666 Kent Wildlife Trust 20133667 Natural England 20133669 Natural England 20133670 Natural England 20133671 Natural England 20133673 Natural England 20133675 Natural England 20133676 Natural England 20133677 Natural England 20133678 Seasearch Cornwall 20133679 Seasearch Cornwall 20133680 Seasearch Cornwall 20133681 Seasearch Cornwall 20133682 Seasearch Cornwall 20133683 Seasearch Cornwall 20133684 Seasearch Devon 20133685 Seasearch Devon 20133686 Seasearch Devon 20133687 Seasearch Devon 20133688 Seasearch Devon 20133689 Seasearch Devon 20133690 Seasearch Devon 20133691 Seasearch Devon 20133692 Seasearch Devon 20133693 Seasearch Devon 20133694 Seasearch Devon 20133695 Seasearch 20133696 Seasearch 20133697 Seasearch 20133698 Seasearch 20133699 English Nature 19943700 Sea Surveys Ltd. South West 20013701 English Nature 19963702 T. Allsop 20133703 T. Allsop 20133704 T. Allsop 20133705 T. Allsop 2013
3706 T. Allsop 20133707 T. Allsop 20133708 T. Allsop 20133709 T. Allsop 20133710 T. Allsop 20133711 Kent Shoresearch 20043712 Kent Shoresearch 20083713 Kent Shoresearch 20093714 Kent Shoresearch 20103715 Kent Shoresearch 2011
3716 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19883717 Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF) 20073718 Royal Haskoning 20063719 English Nature 1998
3720 The Kent Habitat Survey Partnership 20043721 Thames Estuary Partnership (TEP) 20033722 Cornwall Wildlife Trust (CWT) 20043723 Natural England 19983724 Natural England 19983725 T. M. Worsfold 2005
3726 R. Kinnear 2011
3727 Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd. and APEM Ltd. 20133728 Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd. 20133730 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) 19943731 J. Davies and I. Sotheran 19953732 J. Davies and I. Sotheran 19953734 R. Walton 19973735 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) 20133736 Kent Wildlife Trust 20113737 2012
3738 WA Marine & Environment Ltd. 20103739 North Western and North Wales Sea Fisheries Committee 2001
3741 Natural England 20133742 C. C. Observatory 2011
3743 Natural England 20143744 Environment Agency and Natural England 20133745 Emu Ltd. 20063746 Unknown Unknown3747 Unknown 18703748 Unknown Unknown3749 Envision Mapping Ltd. 20123750 Ecospan Environmental Ltd. 20133751 Envision Mapping Ltd. 20143752 1980
3753 Cefas 20073754 S. Cornwall 20123755 exeGesIS and P. Doody 19903756 G. P. Radley and T. C. D. Dargie 19953757 A. S. Hill, S. Cameron and S. J. Hawkins 19873758 C. J. Proctor 20093759 M. Cork, S. McNulty and P. Gaches 20083760 Seasearch 20063761 Torbay Coast and Coutryside Trust (TCCT) 20063762 Torbay Coast and Coutryside Trust (TCCT) 2004
Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)
Scottish Marine Biological Association (SMBA) and M. B. A. o. t. U. K. (MBA)
3764 Environment Agency 20123765 Defra 20123766 Defra 20123767 Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust 20113768 N. Holme 19723769 A. Downie and M. Curtis 20143770 A. Downie and P. Whomersley 20133771 J. S. Collier, S. Gupta, G. Potter and A. Palmer-Felgate 20063772 British Geological Survey (BGS) 19833773 K. Pye 2005
3774 S. Boyes and S. Thomson 2011
3775 T. Haynes and S. Beal 2014
3776 J. Hellon 2014
3777 G. Evans and M. Collins 19873778 F. Burd 19893779 F. Burd 19893780 Coastal Geomorphology Partnership 2000
3781 M. Crew and R. West 1993
3782 Royal Haskoning 2009
3783 Royal Haskoning 2009
3784 V. Goutner 1997
3785 Alde Ore Future for Wildlife 20143786 Natural England 20133787 Natural England 2014
3788 Natural England 20143789 Natural England 20143790 A. Franco, A. Leighton, M. Bailey and W. Musk 20153791 L. Wilson and D. Thompson 20113792 D. Connor 20053793 Biology-Online 20083794 N. C. Davidson and A. L. Buck 19973795 M. Elliott and K. Mazik 20113796 CEFAS 2005
3797 G. Guthrie and R. Cottle 20023798 L. A. Curtis 2014
3799 Envision Mapping Ltd. 2014
3800 F. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 2014
3801 CEFAS 20153802 Environment Agency 20153803 Natural England 20143804 2011
3805 P. K. Dayton, S. F. Thrush, M. T. Agardy and R. J. Hofman 1995
3806 J. B. Jones 1992
3807 2006
3808 A. Saccà 2015
3809 T. Nielsen and P. Prouzet 2008
3810 I. Humphreyes 20143811 Defra 20133812 A. Ricciardi and E. Bourget 19983813 Kent Wildlife Trust (KWT) 2010
3814 Balanced Seas 20113815 P. Whomersley, J. Rance, K. Vanstaen and A. Callaway Unpublished3816 A. Callaway and J. Eggleton Unpublished3817 A. P. Woolmer, M. Syvret and A. FitzGerald 20113818 J. H. Orton 1927
3819 K. Hiscock and M. Breckels 2007
3820 M. Lush, C. Lush and R. Payne 20153821 Halcrow Group Ltd. 2011
3822 M. P. King 1989
3823 E. J. McDonnell 19993824 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) 20133825 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) 20133826 Bradford & Brighton Ltd. 2013
3827 A. Bousher 1999
3828 Halcrow Group 2010
3829 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) 20153830 Environment Agency 20153831 M. Best 2014
3832 P. A. Gainey 19973833 J. Hall-Spencer 20093834 Posford Haskoning 20043835 Natural England (NE) 1997
S. P. Robinson, P. D. Theobald, G. Hayman, L. S. Wang, P. A. Lepper, V. Humphrey and S. Mumford
J. G. Hiddink, S. Jennings, M. J. Kaiser, A. M. Queirós, D. E. Duplisea and G. J. Piet
3836 2003
3837 2014
3838 M. Hoskin 20123839 Environment Agency (EA) 2014
3840 Environment Agency (EA) 20123841 Royal Haskoning 20113842 J. Grall and H.-S. J.M. 2003
3843 2006
3844 Environment Agency (EA) 20093845 A. Jackson 2007
3849 P. S. Maitland 19973850 R. L. Foster-Smith, Hendrick, V.J. 2003
3851 B. Pearce 2008
3852 B. Pearce, Taylor, J., Seiderer, L.J. 20073854 G. S. Bilotta and R. E. Brazier 20083855 2010
3856 F. Ladich and R. R. Fay 20133857 2004
3858 J. Maes, M. Stevens and J. Breine 2008
3859 J. Maes, M. Stevens and J. Breine 2007
3860 G. W. Potts and R. J. Wootton 19843861 Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture (Cefas) 2014
3862 Food Standards Agency (FSA) 20143863 Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust 20143864 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 20143865 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20083866 Royal Haskoning 20153867 Royal Haskoning 20083868 Sussex Seasearch 20033869 Sussex Seasearch 20093870 2014
3871 Environment Agency (Geomatics Group) 20133872 Environment Agency (Geomatics Group) 20133873 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (ICES) 19963874 H. R. Wallingford 20083875 S. Associates 2001
W. J. Langston, B. S. Chesman, G. R. Burt, S. J. Hawkins, J. Readman and P. WorsfoldE. V. Sheehan, D. Bridger, S. L. Cousens, M. J. Attrill and Marine Institute Plymouth Univeristy
W. J. Langston, B. S. Chesman, G. R. Burt, M. Taylor, R. Covey, N. Cunningham, P. Jonas and S. J. Hawkins
C. Delpech, A. Courrat, S. Pasquaud, J. Lobry, O. Le Pape, D. Nicolas, P. Boët, M. Girardin and M. Lepage
J. Maes, A. W. H. Turnpenny, D. R. Lambert, J. R. Nedwell, A. Parmentier and F. Ollevier
Standing Conference on Problems Associated with the Coast Line (SCOPAC)
3876 F. Bunker 20133877 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20153879 C. Wood and J. L. Solandt 20053880 1995
3881 J. Lancaster and S. Norman 20093882 C. Munro and R. Nunny 19983883 In prep
3884 I. Sotheran and R. L. Foster-Smith 20003885 I. Sotheran and R. L. Foster-Smith 19953886 Emu Limited 2007
3887 A. Pearson, P. Carter and B. Baily 20053888 BKS Surveys Ltd 19983889 N. Mieszkowska, H. Sugden and S. Hawkins 2012
3890 R. M. Warwick and J. R. Davies 1977
3891 P. Smith and R. Nunny 20123892 J. Moore, J. Smith, K. O. Northern and M. Little 1998
3893 Environment Agency (EA) 2011
3894 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) 20073895 N. Cutts and K. Hemingway 19963896 S. R. Group 19993897 Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) 20083898 Natural England Unknown3899 Isle of Wight County Council 20043900 Unknown Unknown3901 English Nature 20043902 Unknown 2010
3903 J. D. Eggleton and W. Meadows 2013
3904 2011
3905 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. (CMACS) 20123906 Natural England 20133907 Unknown 20113908 Natural England 20133909 Unknown 20053910 Cox and Crowther 20013911 J. Cox Unknown3912 Unknown Unknown3913 Dorset Seasearch 20113914 Unknown 20113915 2012
J. H. Barne, C. F. Robson, S. S. Kaznowska, J. P. Doody and N. C. Davidson
P. Brazier, K. Birch, A. Brunstrom, A. Bunker, M. Jones, N. Lough, L. Salmon and G. Wyn
E. L. Jackson, S. Higgs, T. Allsop, A. Cawthray, J. Evans and O. Langmead
Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and Environment Agency (EA)
3916 O. Doudoroff and D. L. Shumway 19703917 F. W. H. Beamish 1964
3918 H. Möller and U. Scholz 19913919 A. D. Ansell and L. Robb 19773920 D. Díaz, M. Marí, P. Abelló and M. Demestra 2001
3921 G. W. Potts and R. J. Wootton 19843922 J. O’Dell, Axelsson, M. & Dewey S. 2014
3923 Environment Agency and Natural England 20123924 Environment Agency and Natural England 20123925 Environment Agency and Natural England 20123926 Environment Agency and Natural England 20123927 K. Hiscock 19823929 English Nature 19943930 L. A. Harvey 19503931 L. A. Harvey 19513932 K. Hiscock 1998
3936 New Forest District Council (NFDC) 20103937 Isle of Wight Council 20103938 A. Murdock, A. N. Hill, J. Cox and R. E. Randall 2010
3939 M. Bray and R. Cottle 20033940 M. Bray and R. Cottle 20033941 C. Bealey, J. Cox and A. Markham 2006
3942 I. Udal, S. Rees-Jones and K. Robinson 2014
3943 S. Rees-Jones, K. Robinson and I. Udal 2014
3944 S. Rees-Jones, K. Robinson and I. Udal 2014
3945 S. Rees-Jones, K. Robinson and I. Udal 2014
3946 S. Rees-Jones, K. Robinson, I. Udal and S. Schroeder 2014
3947 S. Schroeder, S. Rees-Jones, K. Robinson and I. Udal 2014
3948 J. Cox and K. Crowther 2001
3949 2014
3950 URS 2014
3951 J. Cox 2001
3952 F. Burd 1989
M. King, S. Lake, J. Underhill-Day, J. White and R. McGibbon
3953 J. Ager, R. Hebert, C. Pope and A. Riley 1999
3954 A. J. Gray, A. F. Raybould and D. Hornby 1999
3955 A. Ricciardi and E. Bourget 19983956 B. Bailey and A. W. Pearson 2007
3957 Channel Coastal Observatory 20153958 Natural England 2015
3959 Wild on Wight 20043960 Natural England 20143961 Natural England 20133962 Environment Agency 20153963 DEFRA 20083967 L. Baldock, Kay, P. 20123968 A. Colenutt and J. Evans 2014
3969 APEM 20123970 Seasearch 20143971 Defra 20133972 B. Ferry, N. Lodge and S. Waters 19903973 P. Sneddon and R. E. Randall 19943974 H. Wallingford, CEFAS, UEA, P. Haskoning and D. B. D'Olier 2002
3975 E. Remke 20103977 R. E. Randall and P. Sneddon 2001
3978 A. J. Plater 2002
3979 R. E. Randall and R. M. Fuller 20013980 A. J. Davy and M. E. Figueroa 19933981 Natural England 20093982 Natural England and RSPB 20143983 Joint Nature Conservation Committee 20043984 Q. O. N. Kay undated3985 C. J.M., N. G. Hodgetts, P. C.D. and S. N.F. 20013986 R. E. Daniels, E. J. McDonnell and A. F. Raybould 1998
3987 S. J. Leach, E. J. McDonnell, S. J. Parker and P. J. Reay 20093988 M. P. King, E. J. McDonnell, S. J. Leach and M. J. Wiggington 1999
3989 F. Bioret and R. Daniels 20053990 M. P. King 2003-20043991 J. N. C. C. (JNCC) 20103992 Plantlife 20063996 D. Ahern and J. Hellon 2014
3998 English Nature 20053999 K. Pye 19954000 M. Sheader 2015
4001 JNCC 20154002 L. Baldock 20154003 S. J. Leach 20134004 D. L. Woodall 2015
4005 I. J. Killeen, & Moorkens, E. A. 2003
4006 H. Kruuk, D. N. Carss, J. W. H. Conroy and M. J. Gaywood 1998
4007 H. Kruuk, D. N. Carss, J. W. H. Conroy and L. Durbin 19934008 C. Holder 19994009 2002
4010 J. Sutherland, D. S. Brew and A. Williams 2002
4011 Cefas 2001
4019 M. I. Hill 19884020 APBmer 2010
4021 APEM 2013
4022 Balanced Seas 20114023 Blackwater fishermen 2011/20134024 EWT and BOA 2012
4025 J. Haelters, & Kerckhof, F. 20094027
4028 K. a. E. I. F. a. C. A. (KEIFCA) 20144029 OSPAR 2009
4032 PMSL 2013
4033 Natural England 20004034 Natural England 20114035 D. R. Bridgland 19944036 P. Korringa 19464037 L. NAYLOR 2000
4038 D. P. Wilson 1970
4039 D. P. Wilson 1970
4040 UKSeaMap 20104041 X. Ke, G. Evans and M. B. Collins 19964042 2011
HR Wallingford, CEFAS/UEA, Posford Haskoning and D. D’Olie
L. A. Jones, Coyle, M.D., Evans, D., Gilliand, P.M., Murray, A.R.,
D. R. Tappin, B. Pearce, S. Fitch, D. Dove, B. Gearey, J. M. Hill, C. Chambers, R. Bates, J. Pinnion, D. Diaz Doce, M. Green, J. Gallyot, L. Georgiou, D. Brutto, S. Marzialetti, E. Hopla, E. Ramsay and Fielding
4043 P. McIlwaine, J. Rance. and C. B. Froján 2014
4044 Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) 20144046 1999
4047 1999
4048 I. Pardo and P. D. Armitage 19974049 A. P.D. and I. Pardo 1995
4050 2004
4051 M. L. M. Jones, A. Sowerby and P. M. Rhind 2009
4052 J. S. Rodwell 19914053 J. S. Rodwell 19914054 J. S. Rodwell 19924055 Natural England 20154056 U. R. o. E. a. A. o. T. E. (UKREATE) 20084057 2011
4058 R. Bobbink and J. P. Hettelingh 20114059 2012
4060 C. Whitfield and N. McIntosh 2014
4061 JNCC 20044062 JNCC 20044063 JNCC 20064064 JNCC 20054065 NBN Gateway 20124066 NBN Gateway 20124067 NBN Gateway 2012
4068 NBN Gateway 20124069 NBN Gateway 20124070 J. Rance and C. Barrio Frojan 20144071 Seasearch 20144072 Seasearch 20074073 Defra 20134074 S. Ashman and H. Towers 2013
4075 R. W. Jessop 20144076 Cefas 2013
4077 J. P. H. D. Richard Cottle 20024078 KEIFCA 20144079 B. S. Chesman, Burt, G.R., Langston, W.J., 2006
F. M. H. Bridgland. D.R., Holmes J.A., McNabb J., Preece R.C., Selby I, Wymer J.J., Boreham S., Irving B.G., Parfitt S.A., Stuart A.J.
F. M. H. Bridgland. D.R., Holmes J.A., McNabb J., Preece R.C., Selby I, Wymer J.J., Boreham S., Irving B.G., Parfitt S.A., Stuart A.J.
M. L. M. Jones, H. L. Wallace, D. Norris, S. A. Brittain, S. Haria, R. E. Jones, P. M. Rhind, B. R. Reynolds and B. A. Emmett
B. A. Emmett, E. C. Rowe, C. J. Stevens, D. J. Gowing, P. A. Henrys, L. C. Maskell and S. M. Smart
A. W. UR and A. I. Natura 2000 Programme Directorate of Ministry of Economic Affairs
4080 Natural England 20114081 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies 2011
4082 Royal Haskoning 20034083 Shoreline Management Plan
4084 M. J. Bray 20074085 M. J. Bray, D. J. Carter and J. M. Hooke 20044086 1996
4087 R. W. Jessop and J. Stoutt 20064088 R. W. Jessop and E. Maxwell 20114089 R. W. Jessop, R. Stringer, S. Thompson and P. R. Welby 20134090 Eastern Sea Fisheries Joint Committee (ESFJC) 20084091 Atkins 20094092 A. Franco, N. Bhatia and Leighton. A. 20144093 J. Fincham 20144094 Natural England 20104095 Natural England 20094096 Natural England 20094097 Natural England 20094098 Natural England 20124099 K. Hiscock and R. Irving 20124100 J. R. Stevens 20144101 G. Black 2015
4102 D. H. Bubb and M. C. Lucas 20064103 A. W. H. Turnpenny and K. E. Liney 20064104 T. R. Binder and D. G. McDonald 2008
4105 F. S. Abou-Seedo and I. C. Potter 19794106 2009
4107 S. Silva, M. J. Servia, R. Vieira-Lanero, S. Barca and F. Cobo 2013
4108 M. F. Docker 20144109 2001
4110 P. Mcllwaine, J. Rance and C. Barrio Frojan 2014
4111 P. W. Atkinson, I. M. D. Maclean and N. A. Clark 20104112 Marine Ecological Surveys Limited (MESL) 20154113 2015
4114 J. M. Hooke and R. C. Riley 1991
4115 A. Velegrakis 2000
4116 C. R. Tubbs 19994117 I. J. Killeen 20034118 M. J. Willing 2010
J. H. Barne, C. F. Robson, S. S. Kaznowska, J. P. Doody and N. C. Davidson
M. C. Lucas, D. H. Bubb, M.-H. Jang, K. Ha and J. E. G. Masters
I. C. Potter, D. J. Bird, P. N. Claridge, K. R. Clarke, G. A. Hyndes and L. C. Newton
A. Garbutt, A. Burden, L. Maskell, S. Smart, S. Hughes, D. Norris and M. Copper
4119 M. J. Willing 19984120 EMU Ltd. 20024121 M. J. Willing 20064122 Environment Agency (EA) 20094123 R. E. Stebbings and I. J. Killeen 19984124 R. Velterop 20134125 F. a. R. A. D. Department for Environment 20134126 2015
4127 1997
4128 E. E. Ltd. 2010
4129 T. N. Belyanina 1969
4130 E. Nature 20034131 Journal of the Marine Biological Associataion (JMBA) 19754132 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20104133 I. McCarthy and N. Jones 2013
4134 P. S. Maitland 20034135 J. Scholle, B. Schuchardt, S. Schulze and J. Veckenstedt 2007
4136 R. J. H. Herbert, C. Roberts, H. J. and F. S. 2012
4137 1998
4138 Seasearch 20124139 Seasearch 20134140 P. Caswell and M. W. Aprahamian 2000
4141 R. Hillman 2003
4142 P. S. Maitland and T. W. Hatton-Ellis 20034143 M. R. Sabatie 1993
4144 Debut 20074145 English Nature & The Environment Agency (EA) 19984146 PMA 20044147 I. Laing, P. Dunn, E. J. Peeler, S. W. Feist and M. Longshaw 2014
4148 J. P. Bignell, G. D. Stentiford, N. G. Taylor and B. P. Lyons 20114149 G. R. Tattersall, A. J. Elliott and N. M. Lynn 20034150 A. E. Howard 1994
4151 P. Korringa 19524152 J. J. Cunningham 1886
4153 D. Doherty and T. K. McCarthy 2004
Cornwall Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (CIFCA)D. W. Connor, D. P. Brazier, M. J. Dalkin, T. O. Hill, R. H. F. Holt, K. O. Northen and W. G. Sanderson
Marine Pollution Monitoring Management Group (MPMMG)
4154 P. Hutchinson and D. H. Mills 1987
4155 P. S. Maitland and A. A. Lyle 19904156 P. S. Maitland and A. A. Lyle 19964157 D. T. G. Quigley, F. Igoe and W. O'Connor 2004
4158 1982
4159 P. Alexandrino 1996
4160 F. Day 1890
4161 S. J. de Groot 19904162 2012
4163 K. E. Limburg and J. R. Waldman 20094164 2008
4165 J. M. Waters, J. M. Epifanio, T. Gunter and B. L. Brown 2000
4166 C. Yonge 19604167 1990
4168 J. W. Readman, R. F. C. Mantoura and M. M. Rhead 1984
4169 Cefas 20144170 N. b. network 20154171 Devon Wildlife Trust (DWT) 20154172 Defra 20134173 N. England 20134174 T. W. Trusts 20154175 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20154176 M. J. Willing 2015
4177 K. Cook 20014178 English Nature 2000
4179 2015
4180 R. A. Mavor, M. Parsons, M. Heubeck and S. Schmitt 20064181 S. J. Morrison 20034182 Natural England (NE) 20154183 B. Pickess 20074184 Natural England (NE) 20144185 Natural England (NE) 2009
4186 W. J. Wolff, P. J. H. Reijenders and C. J. Smit 19824187 J. Humphreys and V. May 2005
J. W. Readman, R. F. C. Mantoura, M. M. Rhead and L. Brown
M. Jolly, M. Aprahamian, S. Hawkins, P. Henderson, R. Hillman, N. O’Maoiléidigh, P. Maitland, R. Piper and M. Genner
S. Dufour, E. Pracvost, E. Rochard, P. Williot, J. Maes, M. Stevens and J. Breine
L. A. Batten, C. J. Bibby, P. Clement, G. D. Elliott and R. F. Porter
C. A. Holt, G. E. Austin, N. A. Calbrade, H. J. Mellan, R. D. Hearn, D. A. Stroud, S. R. Wotton and A. J. Musgrove
4188 G. Bundy 19764189 G. Bundy 19794190 R. W. Summers and R. A. Mavor 19954191 1998
4192 J. A. Hancock, J. A. Kushlan and M. P. Kahl 19924193 R. K. Smith, A. S. Pullin, G. B. Stewart and W. J. Sutherland 2010
4194 R. K. Smith, A. S. Pullin, G. B. Stewart and W. J. Sutherland 2011
4195 UK Government 20064196 Halcrow Group Ltd. 20114197 ABP Plymouth 20104198 P. Dando 20144199 R. Hillman 20154200 E. Sheehan 20074201 D. Sheahan, S. Brook, A. Raffo, C. Smedley and R. Law 2007
4202 Martin Wright Associates 20114203 1995
4204 2003
4205 M. Hubble, S. Pears and R. Perez-Dominguez 20144206 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20154208 R. N. B. Campbell 20024209 H. Maxwell 19094210 Scottish Natural Heritage 20114211 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20114212 Kent Wildlife Trust 20064213 Institute of Offshore Engineering 19864214 Environment Agency 2012
4215 N. R.C., S. L.J., R. J.E. and S. N.M. 20024216 Environment Agency 19994217 Environment Agency 20004218 English Nature 19954219 National WFD 20084220 Swansea University 19934221 MNCR 19954222 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 20064223 Environment Agency 20124224 Natural England 20124225 Environment Agency and WFD 20124226 Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland 20074227 Seasearch 20074228 Kent Wildlife Trust 20124229 Kent Wildlife Trust 20144230 N. Bhatia 2015
M. C. Underhill, T. Gittings, D. A. Callaghan, B. Hughes, J. S. Kirby and S. Delany
J. H. Barne, C. F. Robson, S. S. Kaznowska, J. P. Doody and N. C. DavidsonS. Jarvis, K. Mazik, J. Allen, S. Thomson, D. Burdon and N. Cutts
4231 2003
42324233 D. Chown 2015
4234 E. Pinn and M. Jones 20054235 English Nature 20054236 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144237 2014
4238 R. Bamber and R. Robbins 20104239 C. A. Wood, J. D. D. Bishop and A. L. E. Yunnie 20154240 D. J. Graham and S. P. Rice 2015
4241 R. W. F. Hill 2015
4242 C. Slack 19914243 Cefas 20154244 S. Ware 20134245 N. Mieszkowska, H. Sugden, R. Goodchild and B. Brutto 2013
4246 M. Axelsson and S. Dewey 20114247 2008
4248 R. Pipkin 2012
4249 Natural England 2015
4250 BGS 1996
4251 I. Tittley, C. J. H. Spurrier and P. J. Chimonides 19984252 I. Tittley, B. Chapman, B. Hitchin and C. J. H. Spurrier 20124253 I. Tittley, C. J. H. Spurrier and P. J. Chimonides 20064254 C. Howson, F. Bunker and T. Mercer 20054255 W. McKnight 20154256 2015
4257 W. McKnight 2009
4258 Marine Ecological Services 20134259 L. S. Miranda, A. C. Morandini and A. C. Marques 20124260 R. A. Maas Geesteranus 19424261 Joint Nature Conservation Committee 20114262 D. Aitken, M. Babcock, K. Clarkson and R. Jeavons 20144263 Peel Ports Group 2012
4264 National Biodiversity Network (NBN) 2012-20134265 Natural England 2015
W. J. Langston, B. S. Chesman, G. R. Burt, S. J. Hawkins, J. Readman and P. Worsfold
R. Bamber, C. McLaverty, R. Robbins and R. Pérez-Domínguez
S. N. R. Birchenough, R. A. Coggan, D. S. Limpenny, C. Barrio-Frojan, J. W. C. James, H. Tyler-Walters, S. J. Kirby and S. E. Boyd
E. V. Sheehan, S. L. Cousens, H. L.A., S. Nancollas, E. Hooper and M. J. Attrill
4266 English Nature (EN) 2000
4267 Air Pollution Information System (APIS) 20154270 M. E. Gompper 20134271 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20154273 S. Mitchell, L. Akesson and R. Uncles 20124274 D. Durant, M. Tichit, H. Fritz and E. Kerneis 2008
4275 Environment Agency (EA) 20154276 Joint Nature Conservation Council (JNCC) 20064277 Natural England (NE) 2011
4278 Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture (Cefas) 2012
4279 Environment Agency (EA) 20124280 M. Jack 20154281 Southend on Sea Borough Council 2010
4282 Essex County Council 20124283 English Nature (EN) 2001
4284 D. Liley 2011
4285 Air Pollution Information System (APIS) 20154286 BirdLife International 20154287 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20154288 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144289 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144290 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144291 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144292 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144293 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144294 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144295 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20144296 Natural England (NE) 20104297 Entec UK Ltd. 20084298 UK Hydrographic Office 20064299 UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) 20074300 London Array Ltd. 20054301 Natural England 20154302 UK SPA and Ramsar Scientific Working Group 2014
4303 Natural England 2012
4304 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20064305 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20064306 English Nature 19834307 English Nature 19834308 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20154309 Natural England 2012
4310 GB Non-Native Species Secretariat (NNSS) 20124311 GB Non-Native Species Secretariat (NNSS) 20114312 Natural England 20104313 Natural England 2012
4314 J. Davies 1998
4315 BGS 1996
4316 Allen & Mellon Environmental Ltd. 20154317 N. H. K. Burton, M. M. Rehfisch, N. A. Clark and S. G. Dodd 2006
4318 1998
4319 P. C. F. Shepherd and D. B. Lank 20044320 P. A. Johnsgard 19814321 Natural England (NE) 20144322 Natural England (NE) 19914323 Natural England (NE) 2010
4324 ABP Research and Consultancy Ltd. 20014325 Coastal Channel Observatory Unknown4326 R. Fitzgerald 20124327 National Trust (NT) 20034328 National Trust (NT) 20144329 Natural England (NE) 20154330 Environment Agency (EA) 20074331 Environment Agency (EA) 20084332 S. Rees, S. Angus, P. Rhind and J. P. Doody 20104333 OSPAR Commission 20094334 Royal Haskoning 20114336 2004
4337 F. R. Merkel 20104338 H. Tidbury, N. Taylor, G. Copp, E. Garancho and P. Stebbing 2014
4339 F. Pearce, E. Peeler and P. Stebbing 20124340 R. J. Goldburg, M. S. Elliott and R. L. Naylor 20014341 2008
4342 2004
4343 B. T. Hargrave 19944344 C. L., B. D., D. S., M. G., H. L., B.-M. D. and N. Irvine 20094345 Nemo Link 20134346 K. Meißner, H. Schabelon, J. Bellebaum and H. Sordyl 20064347 Normandeau Associates, Exponent, T. Tricas and A. Gill 20114348 OSPAR Commission 2011
E. Brindley, K. Norris, T. Cook, S. Babbs, C. Forster Brown, P. Massey, R. Thompson and R. Yaxley
R. C. Newell, L. J. Seiderer, J. E. Robinson, N. M. Simpson, B. Pearce and K. A. Reeds
A. Occhipinti Ambrogi, D. Savini, I. G. Cowx, G. Copp and A. Nunn
F. Ottolenghi, C. Silvestri, P. Giordano, A. Lovatelli and M. B. New
4349 ICES 20124350 English Nature 19924351 F. G. O'Neill, K. Summerbell and M. Breen 20084352 Seafish 19884353 S. G. Lunneryd, M. Hemingsson, S. Tärnlund and A. Fjälling 2005
4354 C. Pierpoint 20004355 B. C.M. and W. P. 2005
4356 B. Van Marlen, D. de Haan, A. Van Gool and D. Burggraaf 2009
4357 M. Breen, T. Howell and P. Copland 2011
4358 ICES CM 20114359 A. Donaldson, C. Gabriel, B. J. Harvey and J. Carolsfeld 2010
4360 S. J. Walsh and P. D. Winger 20114361 I. Tulp, G. Piet, F. Quirijns, A. Rijnsdorp and H. Lindeboom 2005
4362 2011
4363 S. F. Walmsley, A. Bowles, N. C. Eno and N. West 20154364 M. Paschen, U. Richter and W. Köpnick 20004365 OSPAR Commission 20094366 Ports North 2015
4367 Ports North 2015
4368 2010
4369 G. B. R. M. P. A. Australia Government 20074370 UK Government - Independent Scientific Advisory Panel. 2014
4371 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1999
4372 2001
4373 R. Allott, D. Copplestone, P. Merrill and S. Oliver 20094374 M. L., M. D. and V. C. 2006
4375 A. R. and C. D. 20094376 Terence O'Rourke Ltd. 20154377 Shell Gulf of Mexico Inc. 20144378 T. D. 20134379 River Engineering & Environment. 20044380 Marine Management Organisation (MMO) 2010
4381 G. C. Boere, C. A. Galbraith and D. A. Stroud 2006
Joint Nature Conservation Council (JNCC) and Natural England (NE)
F. Galgani, D. Fleet, J. Van Franeker, S. Katsanevakis, T. Maes, J. Mouat, L. Oosterbaan, I. Poitou, G. Hanke, R. Thompson, E. Amato, A. Birkun and C. & Janssen
D. Copplestone, S. Bielby, S. R. Jones, D. Patton, P. Daniel and I. Gize
4382 Central Dredging Association (CEDA) 20104383 G. B. R. M. P. A. Australia Government 20104384 Forewind 20134385 F. Kerckhof, S. Degraer, A. Norro and B. Rumes 2011
4386 Navitus Bay Development Limited 20144387 ConocoPhillips 2015
4388 Forewind 2013
4389 B. Furness and H. Wade 20124399 W. A. Montevecchi 20064400 1991
4401 M. J. Kennish 19964402 B. C. J. Marcy, A. D. Beck and R. E. Ulanowicz 19784403 2010
4404 1995
4405 C. E. Nash, P. R. Burbridge and J. K. Volkman 20084406 K. R. Tenore, J. Corral and N. Gonzalez 1985
4407 B. Riemann and H. E 19914408 1994
4409 P. Cullen and K. McCarthy 20024410 H. Hinz, V. Prieto and M. J. Kaiser 20094411 UK Government (GOV.UK) 20154412 NOAA Fisheries 20124413 Seafish 20144414 N. J. Quick, S. J. Middlemas and J. D. Armstrong 20044415 E. M. Hallerman and A. R. Kapuscinski 1995
4416 2009
4417 A. P. Camacho, U. Labarta and R. Beiras 1995
4418 2005
4419 2011
4420 A. G. Murray and E. J. Peeler 20054421 2001
4422 R. S. S. Wu 1995
R. A. Lutz, K. Chalermwat, A. Figueras, R. C. Gustafson and C. Newell
P. J. W. Roberts, H. J. Salas, F. M. Reiff, M. Libhaber, A. Labbe and J. C. ThomsenW. J. Richardson, C. R. Greene Jr., C. I. Malme and D. H. Thomson
D. L. Alverson, M. H. Freeberg, S. A. Murawski and J. G. Pope
F. Piferrer, A. Beaumont, J. Falguière, M. Flajšhans, P. Haffray and L. Colombo
R. Naylor, K. Hindar, I. A. Fleming, R. Goldburg, S. Williams, J. Volpe, F. Whoriskey, J. Eagle, D. Kelso and M. Mangel
M. W. Beck, R. D. Brumbaugh, L. Airoldi, A. Carranza, L. D. Coen, C. Crawford, O. Defeo, G. J. Edgar, B. Hancock, M. C. Kay, H. S. Lenihan, M. W. Luckenbach, C. L. Toropova, G. Zhang and X. Guo
J. Chamberlain, T. F. Fernandes, P. Read, T. D. Nickell and I. M. Davies
4423 H. F. Kaspar, P. A. Gillespie, I. C. Boyer and A. L. MacKenzie 1985
4424 1990
4425 J. Matisson and O. Lindén 1983
4439 B. Dahlbäck and L. Å. H. Gunnarsson 19814440 K. Farley 19904441 2007
4442 P. J. Kershaw, D. McCubbin and K. S. Leonard 19994443 T. M. Missimer, T. W. Hogan and T. Pankratz 2015
4444 M. H. Depledge, C. A. J. Godard-Codding and R. E. Bowen 2010
4445 2015
4446 A. C. Dale, P. Boulcott and T. J. Sherwin 20114447 R. Howell 1985
4448 M. J. Kaiser, J. S. Collie, S. J. Hall, S. Jennings and I. R. Poiner 2002
4449 J. I. Allen and K. R. Clarke 20074450 C. H. Pilskaln, J. H. Churchill and L. M. Mayer 1998
4451 F. G. O’Neill and K. Summerbell 20114452 H. Hinz, L. G. Murray, F. R. Malcolm and M. J. Kaiser 20124453 R. R. Reeves, K. McClellan and T. B. Werner 20134454 R. W. Furness 20034455 2009
4456 S. Murray, S. Wanless and M. P. Harris 1994
4457 2015
4458 2012
4459 2014
4460 2000
4461 C. Hauton, R. J. A. Atkinson and P. G. Moore 2003
4462 M. Bergmann and P. G. Moore 2001
4463 T. L. Catchpole, C. L. J. Frid and T. S. Gray 2005
D. Baudinet, E. Alliot, B. Berland, C. Grenz, M. R. Plante-Cuny, R. Plante and C. Salen-Picard
Y. D. P. Ruso, J. A. D. la Ossa Carretero, F. G. Casalduero and J. L. S. Lizaso
L. A. Kyhn, P. B. Jørgensen, J. Carstensen, N. I. Bech, J. Tougaard, T. Dabelsteen and J. Teilmann
R. Žydelis, J. Bellebaum, H. Österblom, M. Vetemaa, B. Schirmeister, A. Stipniece, M. Dagys, M. van Eerden and S. Garthe
S. Königson, J. Lövgren, J. Hjelm, M. Ovegård, F. Ljunghager and S. G. LunnerydP. Suuronen, F. Chopin, C. Glass, S. Løkkeborg, Y. Matsushita, D. Queirolo and D. RihanC. K. Pham, E. Ramirez-Llodra, C. H. S. Alt, T. Amaro, M. Bergmann, M. Canals, J. B. Company, J. Davies, G. Duineveld, F. Galgani, K. L. Howell, V. A. I. Huvenne, E. Isidro, D. O. B. Jones, G. Lastras, T. Morato, J. N. Gomes-Pereira, A. Purser, H. Stewart, I. Tojeira, X. Tubau, D. Van Rooij and P. A. Tyler
I. D. Tuck, N. Bailey, M. Harding, G. Sangster, T. Howell, N. Graham and M. Breen
4464 J. Feekings, V. Bartolino, N. Madsen and T. Catchpole 20124465 T. L. Catchpole, C. L. J. Frid and T. S. Gray 2005
4466 F. R. Merkel and K. L. Johansen 20114467 2014
4468 S. Jennings and M. J. Kaiser 19984469 2007
4470 A. Bartholomew and J. A. Bohnsack 20054471 J. S. Collie, S. J. Hall, M. J. Kaiser and I. R. Poiner 20004472 P. Boulcott, C. P. Millar and R. J. Fryer 2014
4473 2006
4474 2013
4475 A. Alexandre, R. Santos and E. Serrao 20054476 P. G. Ryan 1991
4477 S. Cabaco, A. Alexandre and R. Santos 20054478 M. J. Kaiser, G. Broad and S. J. Hall 20014479 2010
4480 2007
4481 J. Eggleton and K. V. Thomas 2004
4482 D. A. Roberts 2012
4483 1990
4484 A. J. Poole, D. J. Allington, A. J. Baxter and A. K. Young 1995
4485 H. Winters, I. R. Isquith and R. Bakish 19794486 2013
4487 2003
4488 R. Irving 1996
4489 Balanced Seas 20114490 Royal Haskoning 20134491 ABP Marine Environment Research Ltd 20154492 ABP Marine Environment Research Ltd 20154493 ABP Marine Environment Research Ltd 20154494 Environment Agency (EA) 20154495 Natural England (NE) 20144496 Environment Agency (EA) 20084497 Environment Agency (EA)
M. R. Heath, R. M. Cook, A. I. Cameron, D. J. Morris and D. C. Speirs
R. Arlinghaus, S. J. Cooke, J. Lyman, D. Policansky, A. Schwab, C. Suski, S. G. Sutton and E. B. Thorstad
M. J. Kaiser, K. R. Clarke, H. Hinz, M. C. V. Austen, P. J. Somerfield and I. KarakassisR. A. Coleman, M. G. Hoskin, E. von Carlshausen and C. M. Davis
E. V. Sheehan, R. A. Coleman, R. C. Thompson and M. J. AttrillF. Rossi, R. M. Forster, F. Montserrat, M. Ponti, A. Terlizzi, T. Ysebaert and J. J. Middelburg
P. J. Kershaw, D. S. Woodhead, S. J. Malcolm, D. J. Allington and M. B. Lovett
K. B. Oke, P. A. H. Westley, D. T. R. Moreau and I. A. FlemingC. M. Kemper, D. Pemberton, M. Cawthorn, S. Heinrich, J. Mann, B. Wursig, P. Shaughnessy and R. Gales
4498 East Head Coastal Issues Advisory Group 20154499 C. Joyce, P. Teasdale and C. Waller 2009
4500 C. Joyce, P. Teasdale and C. Waller 2009
4501 S. N. Cope and C. Wilkinson 20144502 J. Evans and A. COLENUTT 20154503 Environment Agency (EA) 20134504 Teesmouth Bird Club 2010-20134505 English Nature (EN) 20004506 Wetlands International Wageningen 20124507 Ecology Consulting Mitchell 20154508 British Trust of Ornithology (BTO) 2009 - 20104509 British Trust of Ornithology (BTO) 2013 - 20144510 RWE Channel Energy Limited 2013
4511 Environment Agency (EA) 20124512 Environment Agency (EA) 20124513 Environment Agency (EA) 20124514 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20144515 Natural England (NE) 20134516 Environment Agency (EA) 20114517 Seastar 20124518 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20134519 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20134520 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20134521 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20134522 Cornwall Wildlife Trust (CWT) 2014
4523 Seasearch 20124524 Seasearch 20124525 Seasearch 20114526 Seasearch 20104527 Seasearch 20094528 Seasearch 20074529 Kent Wildlife Trust (KWT) 20074530 Seasearch 20074531 Seasearch 20064532 Seasearch 20054533 Seasearch 20034534 Seasearch 20024535 Seasearch 20004536 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 20004537 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19934538 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19924539 G. J. Bird and E. Morris 1992
4540 B. J. Harbot, P. A. King and P. S. Ripton 19854541 C. Wood and E. Jones 1986
4542 M. J. Waldock and D. Miller 1983
4543 Marine Conservation Society (MCS) 19904544 Unknown 19714545 Unknown 19714546 Unknown 19614547 Unknown 19554548 Emu Ltd. 2007
4549 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20134550 British Geological Society (BGS) and ABPmer 20034551 Unknown 20094552 Mott Macdonald Group 19964553 Environment Agency (EA) 20014554 Environment Agency (EA) 20084555 Environment Agency (EA) 19914556 Environment Agency (EA) 19964557 Environment Agency (EA) 19954558 Environment Agency (EA) 20004559 Emu Ltd. 20054560 Unknown 20084561 H. L. Rees, R. Waldock, P. Matthiessen and M. A. Pendle 2001
4562 R. M. Warwick and J. R. Davies 1977
4563 Industry Nature Conservation Association (INCA) 2010-20144564 2012
4565 Natural England (NE) 20134566 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 2013
4567 2010
4568 M. Hubble, S. Pears and R. Perez-Dominguez 20144569 Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust 20144570 Curtis. 20134571 Fugro EMU Limited 20134572 Marine Institute 20134573 ERT Ltd Marine Environmental Consultants 20054574 Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) 2012
4575 N. Mieszkowska and H. Sugden 20134576 Seastar 20134577 Ecospan Environmental Ltd. 20154578 Lundy Conservation Warden 20134579 Envision Mapping Ltd. 20144580 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20134581 2014
4582 Environment Agency (EA) and Natural England (NE) 20134583 Environment Agency (EA) and Natural England (NE) 2013
Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (ERCCIS)
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and Natural England (NE)
Kent and Essex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (KEIFCA)
4584 Seastar Unpublished4585 A. Franco, A. Leighton, M. Bailey, S. Thomson and W. Musk 2015
4586 L. A. Curtis 20144587 Seastar 2015
4588 Seastar 20144589 Cemax Lafarge Tarmac 20144590 R. W. Jessop 20144591 L. Baldock 20154592 Environment Agency (EA) 20144593 Precision Marine Survey Ltd. 20134594 Marine Institute 20144595 Unicomarine Ltd. 20104596 Marine Biological Association (MBA) 20144597 Ahern Ecology Ltd. 20134598 NatureBureau 20134599 Unknown4600 Medway and Swale Estuarine Partnership 20044601 Medway and Swale Estuarine Partnership 20044602 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 19994603 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20004604 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20014605 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20024606 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20034607 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20044608 Unknown 20034609 Environment Agency (EA) 20044610 Environment Agency (EA) 19954611 Environment Agency (EA) 20004612 Environment Agency (EA) 20054613 Environment Agency (EA) 20074614 Unknown 20014615 Unknown 20044616 Unknown 20084617 Environment Agency (EA) 20044618 Environment Agency (EA) 20074619 English Heritage4620 Environment Agency (EA) 20094621 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 19874622 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20054623 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 19884624 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 19894625 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 19924626 H. I. o. W. W. Trust 20114627 2013
4628 Seahorse Trust 20084629 Unknown 20014630 Unknown4631 Dorset Wildlife Trust (DWT) 2009
Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd. (MESL) and Natural England (NE)
4632 Unknown 20104633 Unknown4634 Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust 20104635 DONG Energy 20094636 Natural England (NE) 20054637 Natural England (NE)4638 Unknown 20064639 Marine Aggregate Levy & Sustainability Fund (MALSF)4640 Marine Aggregate Levy & Sustainability Fund (MALSF)4641 Unknown4642 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20084643 Seasearch and Cornwall Wildlife Trust (CWT) 20114644 Cornwall Wildlife Trust (CWT) 20114645 The Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS) 20154646 Ecology Land and People 20114647 Alde & Ore Wildfowlers Association 2011
4648 Environment Agency (EA) 20124649 APEM 20134650 MESL 20134651 J. Evans and A. Colenutt 2015
4652 Environment Agency (EA) and Cefas 20144653 Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust 20144654 Envision Mapping Ltd 20144655 Environment Agency (EA) 20154656 Environment Agency (EA) 20154657 2011
4658 Aquatic Survey and Monitoring Ltd 20094659 WA Marine & Environmental Ltd. 19994660 Channel Coastal Observatory (CCO) 20144661 2014
4662 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20144663 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20144664 Dorset Wildlife Trust 2012
4665 Channel Coastal Observatory (CCO) 20154666 Holme 19724667 Holme 19734668 MNCR and JNCC 19774669 McGuigan 1984-19854670 University of Bristol 19854671 Unknown 19774672 Mann 19854673 S. Widdicombe 19904674 Unicomarine 19934675 English Nature (EN) 19954676 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 1997
Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (ERCCIS)
Cornwall Wildlife Trust, Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust, Devon Seasearch, Kent Seasearch and K. W. Trust
4677 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20094678 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20104679 R. Goodchild and D. Brutto 20154680 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20114681 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20114682 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20134683 Seasearch 20144684 Seasearch 20144685 Seasearch 20144686 Seasearch 20144687 Seasearch 20144688 Seasearch 20144689 Seasearch 20144690 Seasearch 20144691 Seasearch 20144692 Seasearch 20144693 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20124694 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20124695 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20134696 2014
4697 Seasearch 20144698 K. Mortimer and H. Wilson 20094699 Coastal Channel Observatory (CCO) 20104700 M. A. L. S. F. (MALSF) 20074701 Unknown 20104702 2010
4703 Boatmans Oyster Association (BOA) 20124704 T. Alsop 2013
4705 Rees 19694706 Rees 19714707 Rees 19734708 Rees 19744709 Rees 19764710 Rees 19974711 Welsh Water Authority (WWA) 19804712 Lumb 19824713 Rees 19824714 J. Moore 19834715 Anglian Water Authority (AWA) 19854716 Field Studies Council Research Centre (FSCRC) 19894717 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19924718 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) 19944719 Rees 19954720 Seasearch 19984721 Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) 19974722 Rees 19974723 1998
F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment and Environment Agency (EA)
Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (ERCCIS)
Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) and University of Wales Bangor (UWB)
4724 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and English Nature (EN) 19994725 Environment Agency (EA) 20004726 2001
4727 2002
4728 Seasearch 20024729 Seasearch 20034730 Seasearch 20034731 Seasearch 20034732 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) 20034733 Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) 20054734 Seasearch 20064735 2007
4736 Seasearch 20074737 Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) 20134738 Seasearch 20084739 Seasearch 20084740 Seasearch 20094741 Seasearch 20094742 Seasearch 20094743 Seasearch 20104744 Seasearch 20104745 Seasearch 20104746 Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) 20114747 Seasearch 20114748 Seasearch 20114749 Seasearch 20114750 Seasearch 20114751 Seasearch 20124752 Seasearch 20124753 Bangor University 20134754 Seasearch 20134755 Natural England (NE) 20144756 Seasearch 20144757 Unicomarine Ltd. 20054758 Environment Agency (EA) 20124759 Environment Agency (EA) 20124760 2012
4761 I. Titley, C. J. H. Spurrier, T. J. Fererro and C. R.J. 2010
4762 Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF)4763 EMU Ltd. 20064764 B. R. Howell 19694765 L. Baldock and P. Kay 20124766 A. E. Brown, A. J. Burn, J. J. Hopkins and S. F. Way 19974767 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20114768 English Nature (EN) 2005
Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) and National Museum of WalesCountryside Council for Wales (CCW) and L. M. C. Coastal Assessment
Countrside Council Wales (CCW) and Environment Agency (EA)
Kent and Essex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (KEIFCA)
4769 English Nature (EN) 20014770 Natural England (NE) 20144771 English Nature (EN) 19884772 2014
4773 I. Lang, T. Callaway, P. Hughes, A. Thomas and J. Atkinson 2015
4774 A. Thomas, N. Brooks, R. Carver and I. Lang 20134775 S. Rees-Jones 20154776 R. Hoskin, D. Liley and J. Underhill-Day 2010
4777 English Nature (EN) 2001
4778 2003
4779 I. Carter 19934780 Natural England (NE) 2000
4781 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20164782 Langstone Harbour Board 19974783 Unicomarine. and S. Rees-Jones 2004
4784 P. G. Soulsby, D. Lowthion and M. Houston 19824785 Environment Agency (EA) 20154786 W. F. Farnham and G. M. Bishop 19844787 J. Perrins, F. Bunker and G. Bishop 19924788 K. J. Cook 19994789 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20094790 A. White 20044791 English Nature (EN) 19994792 Marine Biodiversity and Climate Change (MarClim) 20104793 ABPMer 20084794 University of Plymouth 2011
4795 Miezkowska, Sugden and Hawkins 20124796 Solenvo 20094797 Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS) 2002
4798 Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust 20114799 Emu Ltd. 20064800 K. N Bhatia, S. Mazik, Thomson. and T. Smith 20124801 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20104802 EMU Ltd. 20074803 2014
4804 2007
4805 D. Worsfold 19984806 SeaStar Survey Ltd. and Natural History Museum (NHM) 20074807 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 2014-20154808 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 2013
I. Lang, K. Hampson, T. Callaway, A. Thomas, K. Hampson, K. Eels and D. Barnes
W. J. Langston, B. S. Chesman, G. R. Burt, S. J. Hawkins, J. Readman and P. Worsfold
F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment and Natural England (NE)Cornwall Sea Fisheries Committee (CSFC) and Centre of Applied Marine Sciences University of Wales Bangor
4809 The Wildlife Trusts (WT) 20154810 Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) 2007-20134811 University of Brighton 2009
4812 University of Brighton 2008
4813 MarineSpace 2012
4814 Seasearch 20104815 Seasearch 20064816 Seasearch 20064817 Seasearch 20094818 Seasearch 20114819 Seasearch 20084820 Envision Mapping Ltd. 19934821 Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS) 19914822 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 19924823 Pain, Wilkinson and Light 2007
4824 Wigham 1996
4825 Seasearch 20104826 Seasearch 20064827 Seasearch 20054828 Seasearch 20124829 Seasearch 20034830 Anglian Water Authority 19874831 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20064832 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20084833 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20074834 Coutryside Council for Wales (CCW) 19884835 R. Coggan, M. Diesing and Vanstaen K. 2009
4836 Unknown 19954837 R. J. H. Herbert 2002
4838 Centrica 20024839 EMU Ltd. 2011
4840 Envision Mapping Ltd. 20114841 A. Pearson, P. Carter and B. Baily 2005
4842 D. Flint 20064843 BKS Surveys Ltd. 19984844 English Nature (EN) Unknown4845 English Nature (EN) Unknown4846 EMU Ltd. 2004
4847 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd. 20054848 D. P. Brazier, R. H. F. Holt, E. Murray and D. M. Nichols 1999
4849 2007
4850 Environment Agency (EA) 20144851 Marine Aggregate Levy & Sustainability Fund (MALSF) 2009
4852 Environment Agency (EA) and Cefas 20144853 GARDLINE ENVIRONMENTAL LTD. 2010
4854 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20094855 J. Bussell and I. Saunders 2010
4856 Kent Wildlife Trust 20144857 Seasearch 20144858 Seasearch 20144859 1998
4860 Natural England (NE) and Environment Agency (EA) 20124861 Cornwall IFCA 20144862 Environment Agency (EA) 20134863 Devon & Severn IFCA 20144864 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 2014
4865 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20144866 D. Key and P. E. Davidson 19814867 2014
4868 2008
4869 1995
4870 M. J. Kennish 19974871 A. S. Witzig and J. W. Day 19834872 D. Ross 19764873 A. Bradbury and D. Picksley 2013
4874 W. J. R. Gardner 19964875 A. P.J. and L. R.W. 1998
4876 M. W. Lasalle 1990
4877 H. L. Windom 19754878 N. H. Burton, M. M. Rehfisch, N. A. Clark and S. G. Dodd 2006
4879 X. Lurton and S. Deruiter 2011
4880 M. M. Kamath 20014881 O. B. Akpor and M. Muchie 20114882 S. Baran and P. Oleszczuk 2003
P. Brazier, K. Birch, A. Brunstrom, A. Bunker, M. Jones, N. Lough and L. W. Salmon, G.
Tittley, Spurrier, Chimonides, George, Moore, Evans and Muir
Southern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (SIFCA)J. G. Ibanez, M. Hernandez-Esparza, C. Doria-Serrano, A. Fregoso-Infante and M. M. SinghW. J. Richardson, G. J. C.G., C. I. Malme and D. H. Thompson
4883 2012
4884 A. R. Knowlton and K. S.D. 2001
4885 I. Bárbara, J. Cremades and A. J. Veiga 20044886 S. D. Utting and B. E. Spencer 19924887 J. B. Grant, C 2001
4888 S. T. Mead, C. Blenkinsopp, A. Moores and J. Borrero 20114889 S. M. McCarthy and F. M. Khambathy 1994
4890 ABPmer 20084891 ABPmer 20084892 ABPmer 20094893 ABPmer 20104894 ABPmer 20144895 ABPmer 20154896 ArcelorMittal 20084897 Buro Happold 20104898 BSI British Standards 20094899 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 2011
4900 2012
4901 Environment Agency (EA) 2010
4902 Environment Agency (EA) 20124903 Environment Agency (EA) 20134904 J. Lonsdale, S. Manson and J. T 2013
4905 Marine Management Organisation (MMO) 20144906 J. Nedwell and D. Howell 20044907 J. R. Nedwell and B. Edwards 2004
4908 J. R. Nedwell, S. J. Parvin, A. G. Brooker and D. R. Lambert 2008
4909 S. J. Parvin, J. R. Nedwell and E. Harland 20074910 A. R. G. a. R. Price, J.W. 2013
4911 QinetiQ 20054912 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) 20004913 2007
4914 F. Thomsen, S. R. McCully, D. Wood, P. White and F. Page 2009
4915 2010
A. H. Altieri, M. D. Bertness, T. C. Coverdale, N. C. Herrmann and C. Angelini
C. Chambers, L. McAlesse, S. Hull, P. Barham, R. Goodchild, D. Cooper, A. Pearson, D. Brutto, J. Pitts, J. A. Bussell, A. Fawcett and T. Woodcock
J. Sutherland, A. H. Brampton, C. Obhrai, S. Dunn and R. J. S. Whitehouse
UK Marine Monitoring and Assessment Strategy Community (UKMMAS)
4916 D. Urquhart and C. Hall 20054917 British Energy Estuarine and Marine Studies (BEEMS) 20114918 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20144919 Environment Agency (EA) 20104920 European Commission (EC) 20014921 OSPAR Commission 20094922 OSPAR Commission 20144923 M. Owili 20034924 Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) 20104925 Surfers Against Sewage 20144926 Aecom Intertek. 20114927 L. M. Howarth and B. D. Stewart 2014
4928 International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 2014
4929 E. B. May 19744930 B. D. R. Michael, W.D. 1995
4931 R. J. Livingston 1996
4932 J. R. Nedwell. and A. G. Brooker 2008
4933 C. D. O'Loughlin, M. F. Randolph and M. Richardson 20044934 J. L. Taylor and C. H. Saloman 19694935 T. P. Crowe, F. J.E., C. L. J. Frid and P. J. Somerfield 20114936 C. N. Eno, R. A. Clark and W. G. Sanderson 19974937 T. Svåsand, D. Crosetti, E. García-Vázquez and E. Verspoor 2007
4938 R. J. Gowen, H. Rosenthal, T. Makinen and I. Ezzi 1990
4939 M. Holmer 1992
4940 2006
4941 OSPAR Commission 20094942 P. Ragot 20094943 T. Wilding and D. Hughes 2010
4944 J. Bonardelli 20134945 G. Macfadyen, Huntington, T. & Cappell, R. 2009
4946 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 2008
4947 C. Dickerson, K. J. Reine, D. G. Clarke and R. M. Engler 20014948 R. S. Koss, A. M. Knights, A. Eriksson and L. A. Robinson 20114949 1988
T. Huntington, Roberts H., Cousins N., Pitta V., Marchesi N., Sanmamed A., Hunter-Rowe T., Fernandes T., Tett P., McCue J. & Brockie N.
The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure (PIANC)
4950 T. Pankratz 2004
4951 2005
4952 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) 2005
4953 DONG Energy 20134954 K. M. Exo, O. Huppop and S. Garthe 20034955 A. B. Gill and H. Taylor 2001
4956 Gregg Drilling 20104957 M. T. Guerra and R. Freitas 2012
4958 2013
4959 A. E. McCluskie, R. H. W. Langston and N. I. Wilkinson 20134960 Metoc Plc 20104961 MeyGen Ltd. 20124962 National Geological Records Centre (NGRC) 20064963 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 2013
4964 J. Nedwell, J. Langworthy and D. and Howell 2003
4965 Shell UK Ltd 20144966 OSPAR Commission 20104967 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) 2012
4968 Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) 2013
4969 Department for Transport 2008
4970 S. Dolman, V. Williams-Grey, A.-S. R. and S. Isaac 20064971 D. Luger and M. Harkes 20134972 E. Mamaca, M. Girin, S. le Floch and R. Zir 20094973 Marine and Coastguard Agency (MCA) 20094974 T. Potts and E. Hasting 20114975 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 20134976 Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) 20144977 N. Cutts, A. Phelps and D. Burdon 20094978 International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 2012
4979 D. Liley, R. Stillman and H. Fearnley 2010
4980 2009
4981 M. Mazik and K. Smyth 2013
4982 Marine Management Organisation (MMO) 2013
Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)
B. Marmo, I. Roberts, M. P. Buckingham, S. King and C. Booth
International Maritime Organization (IMO) / United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
4983 New Civil Engineer (NCE) 20104984 StantonBonna 20144985 The Green Blue 20094986 UK CEED 20004987 Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) 20094988 ESS Group 2011
4989 J. A. Lewis 19964990 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20104991 AT&T 20084992 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CMACS) 20034993 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CMACS) 2011
4994 ISLES Project EU 20124995 A. B. Gill and M. Bartlett 2010
4996 J. W. Lawson, C. I. Malme and J. W. Richardson 20014997 2007
4998 Nord Stream 2009
4999 Npower Renewables 20055000 Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) 20105001 Oil and Gas UK 20135002 Oil and Gas UK 20135003 OSPAR Commission 20095004 OSPAR Commission 20095005 OSPAR Commission 2009
5006 SVT Engineering Consultants 2010
5007 Talisman Energy 20045008 The Green Blue 20085009 2010
5010 2013
5011 F. Thomsen, K. Lüdemann, R. Kafemann and W. Piper 2006
5012 T. Tricas and A. Gill 20115013 Vattenfall 20105014 Environment Agency (EA) 2011
5015 E.ON 2010
5016 Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS) 20145017 Shell UK Ltd 20145018 K. Broughton 20125019 R. Fikes 20135020 R. M. Martore, T. D. Mathews and M. Bell 1988
J. Nedwell, Parvin, S.J., Edwards, B., Workman, R., Brooker, A.G., and Kynoch, J.E
D. Thompson, S. Bexton, A. Brownlow, D. Wood, A. Patterson, K. Pye, M. Lonergan and R. MilneS. C.E., C. A.J., M. B., D. Thompson, H. K. R. and S. P. Northridge
5021 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 2007
5022 The Green Blue 20085023 International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 20145024 Nature Conservancy Council (NCC) 19875025 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19875026 Lincolnshire Biodiversity Partnership 20095027 Unknown 20075028 Forestry Commission 20145029 T. Dargie 20015030 Natural England (NE) 19925031 Unknown 19945032 Natural England (NE)5033 Ordnance Survey (OS)5034 Natural England (NE) 20135035 Environment Agency (EA) 20025036 Isle of Wight Council 20125037 Unknown 20105038 Unknown 20135039 Unknown 20055040 Channel Coastal Observatory (CCO) 20085041 Environment Agency (EA) 20045042 R. N. Bamber 19895043 M. Sheader and A. Sheader 19865044 B. P. Smith and D. Laffoley 19925045 Natural England (NE)5046 Unknown5047 Unknown 20075048 Unknown 20035049 Unknown 20085050 Unknown 20085051 Unknown5052 Downs and Harbours Clean Water Partnership 20165053 2016
5054 2004
5055 ABP Marine Environment Research Ltd 20115056 2004
5057 Dredging Research 20105058 ABP Marine Environment Research Ltd 2012
5059 A. L. Marsden and J. C. Chesworth 2015
5060 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20155061 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20145062 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20155063 EnviroCentre Ltd. 20145064 C. M. Atkinson 20125065 Black & Veatch Ltd. 2011
Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas)Cowes Harbour Commission and The Isle of Wight Estuaries Project
Yarmouth Harbour (Isle of Wight) Commissioners and Isle of Wight Estuaries Project
5066 ABP Research and Consultancy Ltd. 2000
5067 S. B. Mitchell, H. M. Burgess, D. J. Pope and A. Theodoridou 2008
5068 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20065069 K. Cruickshanks and D. Liley 2012
5070 Associated British Ports (ABP) 2011
5071 INSITE 20105072 D. Clarke, C. Dickerson and K. Reine 2003
5073 M. C. Badjeck 2008
5074 M. Holmer 1992
5075 T. L. S. Bay. 20145076 P. G. Allan 19985077 2000
5078 A. M. E. R. Ltd 2015
5079 S. Koschinski 2008
5080 Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) 20165081 B. C. Pepper, A. M. Nascarella and J. R. Kendall 2003
5082 Hovercraft Club of Great Britain Ltd. 20165083 Perpetus tidal energy centre (PTEC) 20145084 DP Marine Energy Ltd. 2009
5085 2011
5086 2012
5087 D. H. Wilber, D. G. Clarke and M. H. Burlas 2006
5088 J. A. Alves, W. J. Sutherland and J. A. Gill 2012
5089 A. Balasubramani, N. L. Howell and H. S. Rifai 2014
5090 K. Fent and M. D. Mueller 1991
5091 A. G. Glover and C. R. Smith 2003
5092 1994
5093 W.-J. Lee, M.-C. Liow, P.-J. Tsai and L.-T. Hsieh 2002
E. C. M. Parsons, I. Birks, P. G. Evans, J. G. Gordon, J. H. Shrimpton and S. Pooley
M. Fettweis, M. Baeye, F. Francken, B. Lauwaert, D. Van den Eynde, V. Van Lancker, C. Martens and T. MichielsenM. Frédéric, J. C. Elizabeth, M. Dan, B. Katrin, M. Adrian and A. M. Christine
S. J. Harrad, A. P. Sewart, R. Alcock, R. Boumphrey, V. Burnett, R. Duarte-Davidson, C. Halsall, G. Sanders, K. Waterhouse, S. R. Wild and K. C. Jones
5094 B. Michalzik, G. Ilgen, F. Hertel, S. Hantsch and B. Bilitewski 2007
5095 2004
5096 P. V. Silva, A. R. R. Silva, S. Mendo and S. Loureiro 20145097 2003
5098 C. M. G. Vivian 19865099 S. Beverly, D. Curran, M. Musyl and B. Molony 2009
5100 M. J. Bradburn and A. A. Keller 2015
5101 C. L. Brown and C. Robert 19685102 C. G. Brown 1982
5103 J. Brown and G. Macfadyen 20075104 S. L. Brown, D. Reid and E. Rogan 20135105 G. Carbines and R. G. Cole 2009
5106 T. A. Chatwin, R. Joy and A. E. Burger 2013
5107 Y. H. Cheung and M. H. Wong 19935108 S. J. Cooke and I. G. Cowx 20045109 H. R. Craven, A. R. Brand and B. D. Stewart 2013
5110 R. W. D. Davies, S. J. Cripps, A. Nickson and G. Porter 20095111 2004
5112 2012
5113 2014
5114 M. A. Hall, D. L. Alverson and K. I. Metuzals 20005115 R. C. Harrel and M. A. Hall 1991
5116 2010
5117 2010
5118 J. B. Jones 1992
5119 M. J. Kaiser, J. S. Collie, S. J. Hall, S. Jennings and I. R. Poiner 2002
5120 2001
5121 A. M. Lohrer and J. J. Wetz 2003
5122 2013
5123 T. Matsuoka, T. Nakashima and N. Nagasawa 2005
C. Plagellat, T. Kupper, F. L. de Alencastro, D. Grandjean and J. Tarradellas
J. L. Stevens, G. L. Northcott, G. A. Stern, G. T. Tomy and K. C. Jones
T. A. DelValls, A. Andres, M. J. Belzunce, J. L. Buceta, M. C. Casado-Martinez, R. Castro, I. Riba, J. R. Viguri and J. Blasco
T. I. M. Gerrodette, R. Olson, S. Reilly, G. Watters and W. PerrinJ. H. Grabowski, M. Bachman, C. Demarest, S. Eayrs, B. P. Harris, V. Malkoski, D. Packer and D. Stevenson
M. Heino, F. M. Porteiro, T. T. Sutton, T. Falkenhaug, O. R. Godø and U. PiatkowskiO. E. Jansen, M. F. Leopold, E. H. W. G. Meesters and C. Smeenk
D. W. Laist, A. R. Knowlton, J. G. Mead, A. S. Collet and M. Podesta
K. Lyons, E. T. Jarvis, S. J. Jorgensen, K. Weng, J. O'Sullivan, C. Winkler and C. G. Lowe
5124 1999
5125 S. Oliver, M. Braccini, S. J. Newman and E. S. Harvey 20155126 2001
5127 S. R. Stephens, B. J. Alloway, J. E. Carter and A. Parker 2001
5128 R. R. Stickney and D. Perlmutter 19755129 H. L. Windom and R. R. Stickney 1976
5130 A. Wulff, K. Sundbäck, C. Nilsson, L. Carlson and B. Jönsson 1997
5131 R. N. Zajac and R. B. Whitlatch 20015132 2003
5133 R. G. Newell, A. B. Jaffe and R. N. Stavins 19995134 T. Dalsgaard and D. Krause-Jensen 20065135 2002
5136 2005
5137 2005
5138 W. E. Odum 19745139 M. Rius, K. G. Heasman and C. D. McQuaid 20115140 F. A. S. Berchez, R. T. L. Pereira and N. F. Kamiya 1993
5141 T. Pickering, P. Skelton and R. Sulu 20075142 S. Gianluca 20075143 H. R. Craven, A. R. Brand and B. D. Stewart 2013
5144 2013
5145 2007
5146 2008
5147 2011
5148 G. F. Birch and S. E. Taylor 2000
5149 N. D. Christie 19755150 2008
5151 K. M. Cooper 2013
5152 2013
5153 M. Desprez 2000
Y. Morizur, S. D. Berrow, N. J. C. Tregenza, A. S. Couperus and S. Pouvreau
Y. Stratoudakis, R. J. Fryer, R. M. Cook, G. J. Pierce and K. A. Coull
C. Bordehore, A. A. Ramos-Esplá and R. Riosmena-Rodríguez
T. La Rosa, S. Mirto, E. Favaloro, B. Savona, G. Sara, R. Danovaro and A. MazzolaA. Machias, I. Karakassis, M. Giannoulaki, K. N. Papadopoulou, C. J. Smith and S. SomarakisR. Naylor, K. Hindar, I. A. Fleming, R. Goldburg, S. Williams, J. Volpe, F. Whoriskey, J. Eagle, D. Kelso and M. Mangel
J. D. Howarth, S. J. Fitzsimons, G. E. Jacobsen, M. J. Vandergoes and R. J. NorrisC. Kraan, T. Piersma, A. Dekinga, A. Koolhaas and J. van der MeerC. R. S. Barrio Froján, S. E. Boyd, K. M. Cooper, J. D. Eggleton and S. WareC. R. S. Barrio Froján, K. M. Cooper, J. Bremner, E. C. Defew, W. M. R. Wan Hussin and D. M. Paterson
K. M. Cooper, C. R. S. Barrio Froján, E. Defew, M. Curtis, A. Fleddum, L. Brooks and D. M. Paterson
K. Cooper, D. Burdon, J. P. Atkins, L. Weiss, P. Somerfield, M. Elliott, K. Turner, S. Ware and C. Vivian
5154 J. M. Elliott and C. M. Drake 19815155 R. C. Newell, D. R. Hitchcock and L. J. Seiderer 1999
5156 R. Rosenberg 19775157 2006
5158 Y. Kawagoshi, I. Fukunaga and H. Itoh 1999
5159 J. Foden, S. I. Rogers and A. P. Jones 20115160 2003
5161 M. Desholm and J. Kahlert 20055162 2006
5163 2010
5164 O. Hüppop, J. Dierschke, K.-M. Exo, E. Fredrich and R. Hill 2006
5165 J. K. Larsen and M. Guillemette 2007
5166 2006
5167 2009
5168 2012
5169 B. Antizar-Ladislao 2008
5170 2012
5171 J. K. Jansen, P. L. Boveng, S. P. Dahle and J. L. Bengtson 20105172 M. F. McKenna, S. M. Wiggins and J. A. Hildebrand 2013
5173 M. F. McKenna, D. Ross, S. M. Wiggins and J. A. Hildebrand 2012
5174 D. Ryan and G. A. Hamill 2011
5175 2002
5176 K. J. Collins, A. M. Suonpää and J. J. Mallinson 20105177 2010
5178 T. M. Glasby, S. D. Connell, M. G. Holloway and C. L. Hewitt 2006
5179 R. J. H. Herbert, T. P. Crowe, S. Bray and M. Sheader 2009
S. G. Bolam, H. L. Rees, P. Somerfield, R. Smith, K. R. Clarke, R. M. Warwick, M. Atkins and E. Garnacho
J. Stronkhorst, F. Ariese, B. van Hattum, J. F. Postma, M. de Kluijver, P. J. den Besten, M. J. N. Bergman, R. Daan, A. J. Murk and A. D. Vethaak
A. D. Fox, M. Desholm, J. Kahlert, T. K. Christensen and I. B. Krag PetersenW. J. Grecian, R. Inger, M. J. Attrill, S. Bearhop, B. J. Godley, M. J. Witt and S. C. Votier
P. T. Madsen, M. Wahlberg, J. Tougaard, K. Lucke and P. TyackE. A. Masden, D. T. Haydon, A. D. Fox, R. W. Furness, R. Bullman and M. DesholmM. J. Witt, E. V. Sheehan, S. Bearhop, A. C. Broderick, D. C. Conley, S. P. Cotterell, E. Crow , W. J. Grecian, C. Halsband , D. J. Hodgson, P. Hosegood, R. Inger, P. I. Miller, D. W. Sims, R. C. Thompson, K. Vanstaen, S. C. Votier, M. J. Attrill and B. J. Godley
S. Bexton, D. Thompson, A. Brownlow, J. Barley, R. Milne and C. Bidewell
K. J. Collins, A. C. Jensen, J. J. Mallinson, V. Roenelle and I. P. Smith
I. C. Davidson, C. J. Zabin, A. L. Chang, C. W. Brown, M. D. Sytsma and G. M. Ruiz
5180 W. D. Heyman, L. M. Carr and P. S. Lobel 2010
5181 O. Langhamer 20125182 B. Luna, C. V. Pérez and J. L. Sánchez-Lizaso 2009
5183 E. Rendle and M. Davidson 20125184 D. J. Sheehy and S. F. Vik 20105185 K. J. Wyles, S. Pahl and R. C. Thompson 2014
5186 L. Citro and R. V. Gagliardi 20125187 D. Delille and E. Delille 2000
5188 2008
5189 T. J. Holt 19955190 M. J. Bray, D. J. Carter and J. M. Hooke 20045191 D. Picksley 20085192 M. Stratton 20085193 Project Seagrass 20165194 2012
5195 Department of Fisheries and Ocean (DFO) 20095196 2010
5197 Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC) 20115198 S. J. Blott and K. Pye 20045199 M. Wolters, A. Garbutt and J. P. Bakker 20055200 2002
5212 Royal Society for the Proctection of Birds (RSPB) 2003
5213 Howe. A., Lohoar. G., Mason. D. and Warrington. S. 20145214 Natural England (NE) 20135215 Natural England (NE) 20155216 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20065217 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20145218 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 20155219 Royal Society for the Proctection of Birds (RSPB) 2010
S. N. R. Birchenough, R. A. Coggan, D. S. Limpenny, C. Barrio-Frojan, J. W. C. James, H. Tyler Walters, S. J. Kirby and S. E. Boyd
C. Frid, E. Andonegi, J. Depestele, A. Judd, D. Rihan, S. I. Rogers and E. Kenchington
B. Polagye, A. Copping, K. Kirkendall, G. Boehlert, S. Walker, M. Wainstein and B. Van Cleve
C. J. Reading, A. J. Gray, O. A. L. Paramor, R. A. Garbutt, C. W. Watts, J. R. Spearman, D. R. Barratt, T. Chesher, R. Cox, R. G. Hughes, J. L. Mann, D. G. Myhill, P. Rothery, J. Semmence and M. Wolters
Title
Recreational disturbances of breeding golden plovers Pluvialis apricariusTesting the effects of recreational disturbance on two upland breeding waders
The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms
Time budgets and foraging of breeding golden plover Pluvialis apricariaObservations on the Breeding of the Golden Plover in Great BritainVariation in the upland heathlands of Great Britain: Conservation importance
Impacts of Man-Made Landscape Features on Numbers of Estuarine Waterbirds at Low Tide
Diet of the Dunlin Calidris alpina in the Severn Estuary
The importance of freshwater flows over estuarine mudflats for wintering waders and wildfowl
Grassland-breeding waders: identifying key habitat requirements for managementManaging coastal grazing marshes for breeding waders and over wintering geese: Is there a conflict?
Habitat models of bird species' distribution: an aid to the management of coastal grazing marshes
Effects of temporal and spatial hunting control in waterbird reservesBreeding success of ducks in relation to different habitat factorsThe food of the Shelduck in north-east ScotlandTemporal and spatial pattern of common tern (Sterna hirundo) foraging in the Wadden Sea
Variation in the use of pasture by breeding European Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria in relation to prey availabilityHabitat selection, diet, arthropod availability and growth of a moorland wader: the ecology of European Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria chicks
Comparative winter feeding ecology of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus and Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria on cereals and grasslands in the Lower Derwent Valley, North YorkshireWinter field use and habitat selection by Eurasian Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria and Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus on arable farmland
What determines the densities of feeding birds on tidal flats? A case study on dunlin, Calidris alpina, in the Wadden Sea
Importance of drainage channels for waders foraging on tidal flats: relevance for the management of estuarine wetlands
The management of lowland neutral grasslands in Britain: effects of agricultural practices on birds and their food resourcesThe density of migratory and overwintering redshank, Tringa totanus (L.) and curlew, Numenius arquata (L.), in relation to the density of their prey in south-east EnglandDiet of breeding Lapwing Vanellus vanellus and Redshank Tringa totanus on coastal grazing marsh and implications for habitat management: Capsule Management of coastal grazing marshes for these breeding wading birds should prescribe maintaining shallow pools in May and June instead of until the end of April as currently set out in most coastal grazing marsh ESA agri-environment schemes
Predicting the population consequences of human disturbance for Ringed Plovers Charadrius hiaticula: a game theory approach
Summer sandeel consumption by seabirds breeding in the Firth of Forth, south-east Scotland
Seabird foraging ranges as a preliminary tool for identifying candidate Marine Protected Areas
Establishment of territories in two species of gull on Walney Island, Cumbria
The effects of quantity and quality of prey on population fluctuations in three seabird speciesManaging grassland for wild geese in Britain: a review
Impact of disturbance on field utilization of pink-footed geese in West Jutland, DenmarkFeeding site selection by Wigeon Anas penelope in relation to waterPredicting the effect of disturbance on coastal birds
The breeding ecology of coastal and inland Oystercatchers in north Lancashire
The effect of ‘mosaic management’ on the demography of black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa on farmland
Use of feeding habitats by breeding Eurasian wigeon
De verstoring van vogels op de slikken van de Oosterschelde.Breeding waders of the Somerset Moors: Factors affecting their distribution and breeding success.
The effects of recreation on the Wadden Sea ecosystem: many questions but few answers.
The ecology of breeding waterfowl at the Ouse Washes, England."
Field feeding by dabbling ducks around the Ouse Washes, England.Some considerations on the social requirements of ducks in winter.
Habitat use by different-aged duck broods and juvenile ducks.
Feeding distribution and behaviour of Shelduck in relation to food supply.Differential. effects of reduced Sandeel availability on 2 sympatrically breeding species of tern.
A comparison of Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus nest sites: their characteristics and relationships with breeding successLesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus nesting in an inland urban colony: the importance of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in their diet: Capsule Earthworms can be an important food of birds breeding inland and on the coast
Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective
Experiments on selection of feeding site and food size in oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, of different social status
Experimental disturbance by walkers affects behaviour and territory density of nesting Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa
Links between the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) and Natura Directives (Birds Directive 2009/147/EC) and Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC).The Roseate tern Sterna dougalli in the east Atlantic. Proceedings of a workshop held at the Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, England, 3 October 1987.
Changing balance between survival and recruitment explains population trends in Red Knots Calidris canutus islandica wintering in Britain, 1969 - 1995.
The density of Redshank Tringa totanus breeding on the salt marshes on the Wash in relation to habitat and its grazing management.The effect of introducing cattle grazing to saltmarsh on densities of breeding redshank Tringa totanus at Frampton Marsh RSPB Reserve, Lincolnshire, England.
Habitat usage of wintering ducks at the Ouse Washes, England. Wildfowl Ecology Symposium, Norwich 1975.
An experimental study of numerical and behavioural responses of spring staging dabbling ducks to human pedestrian disturbance.
The abundance and distribution of intertidal invertebrates, and an estimation of their selection by Shelduck.
Towards predicting wading bird densities from predicted prey densities in a post-barrage Severn estuary.
Cygnus colombianus Bewick’s Swan and Whistling Swan.
Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan.
Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose.Habitat selection of farmland feeding geese in west Jutland, Denmark: an example of niche shift.
Escape distances from human pedestrians by staging waterbirds in a Danish wetland.
The feeding ecology and conservation of wigeon wintering at the Ouse Washes, England.Factors affecting selection of nitrogen-fertilized grassland by breeding wigeon, Anas penelope.Nest-site selection in riverside nesting oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus.
The effects of environmental conditions on feeding rates and prey selection of shore plovers.
Studies on Sanderling at Teesmouth, NE England.The ecology of black-tailed godwits at an Irish south coast estuary.Floods threaten Black-tailed godwits breeding at the Ouse Washes.Breeding waders of lowland grasslands.Verspreiding van Grutto's Limosa limosa over verschillende typen grasland in het broedseizoen.The Wet Grassland Guide: Managing Floodplain and Coastal Wet Grasslands for Wildlife.Grazing and other management of upland vegetation: a review with special reference to birds.Water level requirements of wetland plants and animals.Waterbirds & Wetland Recreation Handbook: A review of issues and management practice.The Ecology and Behaviour of Mixed Species Groups - Gulls and Plovers.Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol 3: Hoatzin to Auks.Birds, Bogs and Forestry: the Peatlands of Caithness and Sutherland.
Managing Habitats For Conservation.Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol 1: Ostrich to Ducks.Ducks, geese and swans Volume 2: species accounts (Cairina to Mergus).Wildfowl in Great BritainThe Birds of the Western Palearctic. Concise EditionWildlife After GravelWinter status, distribution and habitat use by Teal in the United Kingdom.The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland.
Studies of shorebirds at Lindisfarne, Northumberland. 1. Feeding ecology and behaviour of the Bar-tailed Godwit.
Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii utilising the changing resources of Potamogeton pectinatus during autumn in the Netherlands.Bewick's swans, Cygnus columbianus bewickii, in the Netherlands: numbers, distribution and food choice during the wintering season.
Habitat use by Whooper swans Cygnus cygnus and Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering in Denmark: increasing agricultural conflicts.
Feeding behaviour of breeding wigeon, Anas penelope, in relation to seasonal emergence and swarming behaviour of chironomids.A study of the impact of human disturbance on wigeon Anas penelope and Brent geese Branta bernicla hrota on an Irish sea loch.
Wigeon conservation and salting pasture management at Bridgewater Bay National Nature Reserve, Somerset.
Diet and energy intake of grey and ringed plovers, Pluvialis squatorola and Charadrius hiaticula, in the non-breeding season.
The ecology of the Morecambe Bay III. The food and feeding habits of the knot (Caldris canutus) in Morecambe Bay.
The Common TernThe Ruff: Individuality in a Gregarious Wading Bird.
Ducks, geese and swans Volume 1: general chapters; species accounts (Anhima to Salvadorina).The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland.The Management of Lowland Wet Grassland for Breeding Waders.Construction of rafts and islandsHabitat requirements of breeding Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria.Feeding strategies of Bewick's Swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in winter.
The Ecology and Conservation of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus.
Waterbirds in the UK 2011/12: The Wetland Bird Survey.
Site Characterisation of European Marine Sites - The Mersey Estuary SPA
Ornithological Technical Report: Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind FarmDepartmental Brief Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore pSPA and pRamsarMersey Estuary SPA citation version 1.1 UK9005131 (updated May 2004)Ribble & Alt Estuaries Regulation 33 Advice Package - DRAFT
Condition Assessment of the Ribble Estuary SSSI: Littoral SedimentsLytham St Annes Beach Management Plan 2011/2020 - Draft.
Event Management Plan: European Sandyachting Championships.The Urban Mersey Basin Natural Area: A nature conservation profile.Draft report of the condition of bird species using the Mersey Narrows and North Wirral ForeshoreMersey Narrows and North Wirral Foreshore pSPA Compensation Study
Saltmarsh vegetation of the Mersey EstuaryThe Dee & Mersey Estuaries - Environmental BackgroundSaltmarsh survey of Great Britain; Merseyside and Cheshire county reportEstuaries Management Plans Coastal Processes and Conservation - Mersey EstuaryThornton to Switch Island Link, Merseyside. Winter Bird Survey 2007-08 and 2008-09Speke Garston Coastal Reserve: Soft Cliff Erosion Study.
Protecting Internationally Important Bird Sites: A Review of the EEC Special Protection Area Network in Great Britain.
Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 3: Waders to Gulls
Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks.Review and analysis of changes in water-bird use of the Mersey Estuary SPA, Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore SPA and Ribble & Alt Estuaries SPA (BTO Research Report No. 648)
Analysis of waterbird population trends in the Mersey Estuary SPA, Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore pSPA and Ribble & Alt Estuaries SPA (BTO Research Report No. 640)Assessment of the number and distribution of little gulls in and around the Outer Thames SPA, Liverpool Bay/Bae Lerpwl SPA and in the Greater Wash Area of SearchNorth West Region European Marine Sites Monitoring of Littoral Features: Intertidal Survey Technical Report.
Southport & Crosby Marine Lakes: Water Quality & Ecological Monitoring to develop a long term management strategy.
New Ferry SSSI – potential extension to the Mersey Estuary Special Protection Area and proposed extension to the Mersey Estuary Ramsar site.
Mersey Narrows feasibility study: To explore and determine the possibilities of restoring turnstone habitat on the Mersey Narrows with a focus at Egremont Foreshore.Mersey Estuary baseline survey. Analysis of macroinfaunal samples, literature review and database production.
Draft report of the condition of bird species using the Mersey Estuary SPAMersey Tidal Power Feasibility Study: Stage 3. Feasibility Study ReportThe distribution and abundance of waders wintering on the Alt Estuary, Merseyside, England.Wet dredge cockle harvesting: trials in the Ribble Estuary.Birds in Cheshire and Wirral: A Breeding and Wintering AtlasThe UK SPA network: its scope and contents. Volume 2: Species Account.
The Mersey Estuary - Naturally OursThe Wetland Bird SurveyMersey Narrows and North Wirral Foreshore SPA citation UK9020287 (updated July 2013)A6.70b Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa islandica (non- breeding)Seaforth Nature ReserveA6.74b Redshank Tringa totanus (non-breeding)Species factsheet: Larus minutus.Seaforth Nature Reserve - a local treasure.Common TernThe Common Tern - far from common.A6.90 Common Tern Sterna hirundoJNCC Seabird Monitoring ProgrammeMersey Narrows and North Wirral Foreshore Boundary MapThe importance of the Mersey estuary for waders in the cold weather of February 1991A Four-year Census of Wading Birds on the Ribble Estuary, Lancashire/MerseysideThe status of Icelandic Redshank Tringa totanus robusta in north Kent during autumnBird Atlas 2007-11: The breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland
Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland: results of the Seabird 2000 census (1998-2002)The Migration Atlas: Movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland
Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula breeding population of the United KingdomAn atlas of seabird distribution in north-west European waters.
BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407).Species factsheet: Anas acutaSpecies factsheet: Anser brachyrhynchusSpecies factsheet: Calidris albaSpecies factsheet: Charadrius hiaticulaSpecies factsheet: Cygnus columbianusSpecies factsheet: Haematopus ostralegusSpecies factsheet: Hydrocoloeus minutusSpecies factsheet: Larus fuscusSpecies factsheet: Philomachus pugnaxSpecies factsheet: Sterna hirundoSpecies factsheet: Calidris canutusKnot Calidris canutusBar-tailed godwit
Mersey Estuary - European marine site - English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994, as amended.
Birds of Conservation Concern 3: The population status of birds in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man
Bewick's swanBlack-tailed godwitDunlinGolden ploverGrey ploverKnotOystercatcherPink-footed gooseRedshankRuffSanderlingShelduckWigeon
Spartina anglica: a review of its status, dynamics and management.
Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats, version EUR 28.Coastal Saline Lagoons and the Water Framework Directive.
UK Biodiversity Action Plan; Priority Habitat Descriptions.The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.
Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1130 EstuariesHabitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae)
Vertebrate species - fish: 1102 Allis shad (Alosa alosa)
Vertebrate species - mammals: 1355 Otter (Lutra lutra)Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1170 ReefsVertebrate species - mammals: 1364 Grey seal (Halicoerus grypus)Habitat Account - Rocky habitats and caves: 8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1320: Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1310: Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Peterborough: JNCC. Conservation status assessment for: H1160: Large shallow inlets and bays.
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1160: Large shallow inlets and bays.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for H1130: Estuaries.Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1130 – Estuaries.
Saltmarsh Review. An overview of coastal saltmarshes, their dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation and management.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H1140 – Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide
Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1420 Mediterranean And Thermo-Atlantic Halophilous Scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi)
Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats; 1150 Coastal lagoons.Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays.Marine Monitoring Handbook
BWPi: Birds of the Western Palearctic interactive (Version 2.0)
The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birdsThe Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 - Regulation 35The Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) (Amendment) Regulations 2010Report of the Habitats and Wild Birds Directives Implementation Review.
Commission note on setting conservation objectives for Natura 2000 sites.Natural England Standard: Conservation Objectives for European Sites in EnglandDeclines in midwinter counts of waders roosting on the Dee estuaryRSPB Handbook of British BirdsLancashire & Cheshire Fauna SocietyAir Pollution Information SystemReview of overwintering swans and geese in the SEA 6, 7 & 8 areas.
Ribble and Alt Estuaries SPA Citation November 2002 Version 0.7 UK9005103Ribble Estuary National Nature Reserve Management Plan 2010.RSPB Marshide Reserve 5 year Management Plan.Lancashire Bird Report 2009: The Birds of Lancashire and North Merseyside. Publication No. 113.
The Ribble & Alt Estuaries SPA/Ramsar and SSSI Conservation Objectives.Cheshire & Wirral Ornithological Society Bird Reports (2004-2009)Vision, brain and behaviour in birds.SPA bird species accounts.Places to see - Seaforth Nature Reserve
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05
Case reports for the OSPAR list of threatened and/or declining species and habitatsBackground document for Zostera beds, seagrass beds.Mersey Estuary SPA descriptionWaterbirds in the UK 2010/11: The Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS).
RE: Site Lead Knowledge.
Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide
Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand
Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 2 Interpretation. BTO Research Report No. 347.
Ribble and Alt Estuaries European Marine Site Draft Advice Regulation 33 (2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994, as amended May 2001
The UK SPA network: its scope and contents.
Newton Marsh SSSI citationWet grassland and breeding waders: additional guidance for HLS agreements.Density-dependent starvation in a vertebrate without significant depletion
December 2010 SSSI Condition AssessmentRibble Estuary SSSI UnitsStudies on the sanderling at Tessmouth, NE England.Pink-footed goose extent and distributionRSPB Ribble Reserves Management PlanRE: Senior Reserve Manager KnowledgeMersey Estuary WeBS counts 2014
Species factsheet: Acrocephalus paludicola.Aquatic warbler.Arctic Tern.Species factsheet: Recurvirostra avosettaSpecies factsheet: Puffinus mauretanicus.Balearic shearwater.Species factsheet: Branta leucopsis.Barnacle goose.Species factsheet: Anser fabalis.Species factsheet: Botaurus stellaris.Bittern.Black-headed gull.Species factsheet: Podiceps nigricollis.Species factsheet: Numenius arquataSpecies factsheet: Branta berniclaBrent goose.White-fronted goose.Gadwall.Gannet.Species factsheet: Bucephala clangula.Species factsheet: Larus marinus.Species factsheet: Podiceps cristatus.Species factsheet: Gavia immer.Great skua.Species factsheet: Tringa nebulariaGreenshank.Greylag goose.Species factsheet: Circus cyaneus.Species factsheet: Larus argentatus.Species factsheet: Rissa tridactyla.Kittiwake.Species factsheet: Vanellus vanellus.Species factsheet: Egretta garzetta.RBBP Reports Online – Little Egret.
International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Northwest European population of Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii.
Species factsheet: Sterna albifrons.Little tern.Species factsheet: Clangula hyemalis.Mallard.Species factsheet: Puffinus puffinus.Manx shearwater.Species factsheet: Larus melanocephalus.Species factsheet: Circus pygargus.Species factsheet: Cygnus olor.Mute swan.Species factsheet: Aythya ferina.Pochard.Species factsheet: Fratercula arcticaPuffin.Species factsheet: Calidris maritimaRazorbill.Species factsheet: Mergus serrator.Red-breasted merganser.Species factsheet: Gavia stellata.Species factsheet: Sterna dougalliiRoseate tern.Species factsheet: Sterna sandvicensis.Shag.Species factsheet: Anas clypeata.Shoveler.Species factsheet: Podiceps auritus.Slavonian grebe.Species factsheet: Mergellus albellus.Smew.Species factsheet: Platalea leucorodia.Spoonbill.Species factsheet: Tringa erythropus.Spotted redshank.Species factsheet: Hydrobates pelagicus.Storm petrel.Species factsheet: Aythya fuligula.Species factsheet: Arenaria interpresMelanitta fusca. In: IUCN (2013). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2.Species factsheet: Rallus aquaticus.Water rail.Species factsheet: Numenius phaeopus.Important bird areas for seabirds in the North Sea including the Channel and the Kattegat.Collins Birds Guide 2nd EditionWintering areas of Great Skuas Stercorarius skua breeding in Scotland, Iceland and Norway
Earlier colony attendance by guillemots and razorbills.
CootSpecies factsheet: Fulica atra
Conservation biology of the critically endangered Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus: bridging the gaps between breeding colonies and marine foraging grounds.
CurlewTurnstoneAlosa alosa and Alosa fallax spp. Literature review and Bibliography.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1150: Coastal lagoons.Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1160: Large shallow inlets and bays.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1170: ReefsSecond Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1310: Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1330: Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae).
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1420: Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi).
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H8330: Submerged or partially submerged sea caves.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: S1102: Alosa alosa – Allis shad.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: S1355: Lutra lutra – Otter.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1150: Coastal lagoons.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H8330: Submerged or partially submerged sea caves.
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1102: Allis shad (Alosa alosa).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: 1355: Otter (Lutra lutra).Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1130: Estuaries.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1170: Reefs.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1320: Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1330: Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae).
Ecology of the Allis and Twaite shad.Ecology of the River, Brook and Sea Lamprey.Otter: European Protected Species. Species Information Note SIN006 – 2nd edition January 2011.
Background document for Allis shad Alosa alosa.Scientific Advice on matters relating to the management of seals.Saline lagoons: a guide to their management and creation (interim version).Fifth Otter Survey of England 2009–2010.Background information on species of shad and lamprey.Habitat Account - Estuaries
Habitat Account - Spartina swards
Species Account - Allis shad
Habitat Account - Atlantic salt meadows
Habitat Account - Coastal lagoons
Habitat Account - Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic Halophilous scrubs
Species Account - Otter
Habitat Account - Reefs
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1420: Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1095: Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1364: Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1365: Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1103: Twaite shad (Alosa fallax).
Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1103 – Twaite shad (Alosa fallax).
Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1095 – Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).
Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1102 – Allis shad (Alosa alosa).
Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1355 – Otter (Lutra lutra).
Habitat Account - Sea lamprey
Species Account - Twaite shad
Species Account - Grey seal
Species Account - Harbour seal
Habitat Account - Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand
Habitat Account - Submerged or partially submerged sea caves
Habitat Account - Large shallow inlets and bays
Habitat Account - Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide
Pêche biologie ecologie des Aloses dans le Systeme Gironde-Garonne-DordognePopulation genetic structure of protected allis shad (Alosa alosa) and twaite shad (Alosa fallax)
Ecology of allis shad Alosa alosa and twaite shad Alosa fallax in the Solway Firth, Scotland.A Guide to the Management and Restoration of Coastal Vegetated Shingle. Habitat Account - Annual Vegetation of Drift Lines
Habitat Account - Dunes With Hippophae Rhamnoides
Habitat Account - Embryonic Shifting Dunes
Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Sand dune Habitats. Version August 2004.
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H1210 - Annual vegetation of drift lines.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1210: Annual vegetation of drift lines.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2160: Dunes with Hippophae rhamnoides.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2110: Embryonic shifting dunes.
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H2110: Embryonic shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’)
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and floraManagement of Natura 2000 habitats. 2130 *Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2130: Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).
Habitat Account - Fixed Dunes With Herbaceous Vegetation (“Grey Dunes”)
Habitat Account - Shifting Dunes Along The Shoreline With Ammophila Arenaria (“White Dunes”)
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Sublittoral Sediment Section.
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Infralittoral Rock Section.
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Circalittoral Rock Section.
Movements and foraging areas of grey seals in the North Sea
Harbour seal movement patterns.
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Littoral Sediment Section.
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Littoral Rock Section.
Species Account - River lamprey
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H2130 - Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).
Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H2130: Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2120: Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (`white dunes`).
Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H2120 - Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’).
Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H2120 - Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (`white dunes`).
The identification of the main characteristics of stony reef habitats under the Habitats Directive. Summary report of an inter-agency workshop 26-27 March 2008.Modiolus modiolus. Horse mussel. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.Best methods for identifying and evaluating Sabellaria spinulosa and cobble reef. Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund Project MAL0008.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: S1099: Lampetra fluviatilis - River lamprey.
Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Sea Caves. Version August 2004.The origin, classification and modelling of sand banks and ridges - Ord River, Western Australia
Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Inshore Sublittoral Sediment Habitats. Version August 2004
Orfordness NNR Bird ReportSuffolk Birds: Records of breeding Sandwich TernHavergate and Orfordness aggregated bird counts 1983-2013Annual ReportA rationale for the need to control large gulls predating avocet chicks. Havergate Island RSPB Reserve.
Orfordness NNR breeding summary for birds 2012WeBS Counts 2007-2011 five year meanWeBS data for sector 12(33926) of Butley Creek 2011WeBS Alde-Ore CountEcological Assessment Hinterland of the Alde & Ore Estuaries
Natural England aggregated WeBs Core Counts; the Wash baseline to 2010The Wash and North Norfolk Coast SAC: Intertidal mud and sand flats assessment.Hunstanton Heacham Beach Management Ecological Monitoring Annual Report 2010-2011Analysis of wetland bird survey (WEBS) data for the WASH SSSI/NNREIFCA Research Report 2010The birds of Africa vol. II.The Norfolk Bird Atlas: Summer and Winter Distributions 1999-2007Assessing the disturbance of birds by aircraft in The Wash: Part 1Alde-Ore Estuary SPA descriptionSeabird Population Trends and Causes of ChangeBird facts - Little ternSPA Species Accounts – SPA Review PagesAvocetSpecies factsheet: Circus aeruginosusRaptors – a field guide for surveys and monitoring - Marsh HarrierCommon redshank Tringa totanus factsheetAlde, Ore and Butley Estuaries Natura 2000 Standard Data FormSuffolk Coast and Estuaries Coastal Habitat Management Plan
Alde, Ore and Butley EstuariesMarine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1150 coastal lagoons The Wash Standard Natura 2000 Data Form Version 1.1
Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1099 - River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatalis).
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1110: Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time.
Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats - 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time
Statistical comparisons of waterbird site trends with regional and national trends for incorporation within the WeBS Alerts system.
An NVC of the Alde-Ore Estuary SSSI, Suffolk. An ecological survey including flora and fauna observations undertaken for Natural England by Abrehart Ecology.
Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the Implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006
The Wash SPA Description
Population estimates for waders Charadrii wintering in Great Britain, 1987/88 - 1991/92Creation and management of artificial nesting sites for wetland birdsRare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 1996Overwinter population estimates of British waterbirds.
Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2011
The status of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) at Lundy, 2008-2009Lundy Diving Monitoring Studies 2010. 31 August - 3 September 2010. Final report to Natural England
Lundy European Marine Site Sublittoral Monitoring 2003-2004Lundy SAC Regulation 33 Conservation Advice PackageLundy Marine Conservation ZoneLundy Natura 2000 Standard Data FormLundy: Site details and General site characterLundy Marine Conservation Zone - Sea CavesLundy Marine Conservation Zone - SealsLundy Island - SealsLundy Marine Conservation Zone Factsheet
Skerries Bank and Surrounds rMCZ Intertidal Rock Sediment Survey
About the Wetland Bird SurveyGlossary of terms used in Common Standards Monitoring and ReportingProtected Sites Monitoring - What is Common Standards Monitoring?Marine Conservation Zone Project - Conservation Objective Guidance
Conservation Advice document for the Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore, SPA, UK9020287.The Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International ImportanceNational Nature ReservesThe changing faces of Europe's coastal areas UK Biodiversity Indicators - C2. Habitat ConnectivityGeogenic Reefs and the Marine Aggregate IndustryWhat Are Ramsar Sites?England's Biodiversity - SpeciesCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for BirdsEnvironmental Terminology and Discovery Service (ETDS) - Marine HabitatsPrinciples of Systematic ZoologyWhat are invasive non-native species? - Definition of terms
Alde-Ore Estuary European Marine Site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994.
Literature Review for the Lundy Candidate Speial Area of Conservation (cSAC) and Marine Nature Reserve (MNR)
Natural England's advice to Defra on proposed Marine Conservation Zones for designation in 2013 (MCZ027) - MCZ advice Annex 5 site specific advice November 2013South Devon Reef Video Baseline Surveys for the Prawle Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone cSAC and Surrounding Areas.Acquisition of survey data and preparation of site briefing statement for draft marine special areas of conservation within the 0-12 Nautical Mile Zone
Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Start Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone. Incorparating Prawle Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone cSAC and Prawle Point to Start Point cSAC. SAC Selection Assessment
Biological Diversity: The coexistence of species.Migration routes of Whooper Swans and geese in relation to wind farm footprints: Final report. Lancashire Bird Report 2008: The birds of Lancashire and North Merseyside.
Pink-footed goose seasonality
The Birds Directive - Selection guidelines for Special Protection AreasSeabirds and Seaduck
The conservation of lowland wet grassland in England.
Marine Biodiversity Wiki - Coastal Grazing Marsh
European Wet Grassland: Guidelines for management and restoration.Coastal grazing marsh fact sheets 1-5Promoting habitat mosaics for invertebrates: coastal grazing marshes (Buglife)The distribution of lowland wet grassland in EnglandGrazing marsh assemblages and site classification using invertebrates
A review of the ecology, hydrology and nutrient dynamics of floodplain meadows in England
UK Biodiversity Action PlanPriority Habitat Descriptions: Coastal and Floodplain Grazing MarshTargeting areas for the restoration and re-creation of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh
Chapter 4. Effects of ocean warming and acidification on rhodolith/maerl bedsSpecies factsheet: Sterna paradisaeaBackground document for Maerl BedsChesil & the Fleet EMS: Survey of shingle springline communities.
Survey for Caecum armoricum in Pagham HarbourPink sea fans in Lyme Bay, 29-31 July 2006Lyme Bay Reefs - a 16 year search for sustainabilityEast Tennants Reef Seafan Study: a report to Project Aware.Determining the reproductive cycle of Eunicella verrucosaRosehill sea fan anemone project, 2006 - 2012
The Habitats and Wild Birds Directives in England and its seas. Core guidance for developers, regulators & land/marine managers
An analysis of the numbers and distribution of seabirds within the British Fishery Limit aimed at identifying areas that qualify as possible marine SPAs.
Assessing the risk of offshore wind farm development to migratory birds designated as features of UK Special Protection Areas (and other Annex 1 species) Project SOSS-05.
Designating Ramsar Sites: Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance
Methods for targeting the restoration of grazing marsh and wet grassland communities at a national, regional and local scale
The ecological status of ditch systems: an investigation into the current status of the aquatic invertebrate and plant communities of grazing marsh ditch systems in England and Wales
Molluscs: Prosobranchs and Pyramidellid Gastropods. Keys and notes for the identification of the species.Meeting the MPA Network Principle of Viability. Feature specific recommendations for species and habitats of conservation importance.
Pink sea fan surveys in Devon, June/July 2005: Bigbury Bay and LundyKent's Marine Wildlife.A recovery / conservation programme for marine species of conservation importance.Marine Conservation Society Seasearch Dives in Lyme Bay 14/15 August & 16/17 October 2004Report on the Lundy and Isles of Scilly marine monitoring programmes, 1984-1991.Survey of Leptopsammia pruvoti populations at Lundy, 4-6 September 2007.Lundy Diving Monitoring Studies, 31 August – 3 September 2010.
Report of the MCS Diving Working Parties to Lundy, 1997-2001Isles of Scilly survey, September 2004 - Summary ReportIsles of Scilly survey, May 2007 - Summary ReportIsles of Scilly survey, September 2008 - Summary ReportIsles of Scilly survey, May 2010 - Summary ReportPlymouth Drop-Off Survey, 2006-2009Seasearch surveys in Lyme Bay, June 2007Status and sensitivity of the BAP marine alga Padina pavonicaSelected Reports from the Marine Conservation Society's Diving Working Party to Lundy, 3-10 June 1995.
Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Rhodophyta, Part 2B Corallinales, Hildenbrandiales.British Anthozoa - Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 18 (revised)Seasearch Guide to Sea Anemones and Corals of Britain and IrelandUK priority species pages – Version 2 Cruoria cruoriaeformisEUNIS habitat types and descriptionsBiotope classification - maerl biotopesArkive on-line resource - Sea-fan anemone (Amphianthus dohrnii)Amphianthus dohrnii - Sea fan anemone.
The future of the NE Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO2 world.
Ban on maerl extractionEffects of salmon farming on benthic crustacea.
Maerl; its value as a habitat for commercial species.
A short report on the current status of the yellow cup coral Leptopsammia pruvoti at the Knoll Pins Cave site at Lundy, October 2012.
Studies on the maerl species Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) nov. comb. and Lithothamnion corallioides Crouan in the Ria de Vigo.
Community structure and food web based on stable isotopes (15N and 13C) analyses of a North Eastern Atlantic maerl bed.
The importance of maerl grounds for recruitment of queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) and other invertebrates.
Attachment of the juvenile queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis (L.)) to maerl in mesocosm conditions; juvenile habitat selection.Primary production, respiration and calcification of the temperate free-living coralline alga Lithothamnion corallioides.
Detecting low-level sewage pollution using rocky shore communities as bio-indicators
Congratulations! It's an anthozoan
Distribution of intertidal molluscs in lagoonal shingle (the Fleet, Dorset, UK).
Lasaea rubra in an unusual habitat, the Fleet, Dorset.A new addition to the British marine mollusc fauna living in the Fleet, Dorset.
Caecum armoricum (Prosobranchia: Rissoacea) new to the British marine fauna.European marine Mollusca: notes on less well-known species. VIII: Caecum armoricum De Folin, 1869.
The Fleet, Dorset - a seasonal study of the watermass and its vegetation.
A new species of Simnia from England (Caenogastropoda: Ovulidae)Eunicella verrucosa: investingating growth and reproduction from a population ecology perspective
Climate change impacts of seafan populationsThe fauna and flora of Valencia Harbour on the west coast of Ireland. IX. - Report on the Lucernaridae.
On the variation of Haliclystus octoradiatus.Rocky shores of Lundy, sixty years on: the records of L.A. Harvey and initial comparisons.
Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Lucernaria.Leptopsammia pruvoti at Lundy - teetering on the brink?
The status of the sunset cup coral Leptopsammia pruvoti at LundyThe life-history of Padina pavonica (1) The structure and cytology of the tetrasporangial plant
Conservation and management of northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean maerl beds
Lithophyllum spp. form unusual maerl beds in the North East Atlantic: the case study of L. fasciculatum in Brittany.Porcupine autumn field trips to Marazion/St Michael's Mount and Castle Beach, Falmouth. The records from Cornwall.
On the systematics and distribution of the marine gastropod Caecum armoricum de Folin, 1869 (Prosobranchia, Caecidae).
Two further UK sites for Caecum armoricum, de Folin, 1869, formerly known only in the Fleet, Dorset, as a member of the interstitial ""spring"" community.
Caecum armoricum de Folin 1869, new to the British marine molluscan fauna, living in the Fleet, Dorset, within an unusual habitat.
A new hydropolyp without tentacles, Microhydrula limopsicola n. sp., epibiotic on bivalve shells from the Antarctic.Haliclystus californiensis, a "new" species of stauromedusa (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) from the northeast Pacific, with a key to the species of Haliclystus.
On the presence of fertile gametophytes of Padina pavonica (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) from the Iberian coasts.The distribution of Padina pavonica (L.)Lamour. (Phaeophyta: Dictyotales) on British and adjacent European shores
Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae (maerl): implications for European marine conservation
Problems facing maerl conservation in Brittany
Maerl growth, carbonate production rates and accumulation rates in the ne atlantic
Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl habitats
Limaria hians (Mollusca: Limacea): a neglected reef-forming keystone species
Upogebia deltaura (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) in Clyde Sea maerl beds, Scotland
Impact of fish farms on maerl beds in strongly tidal areas
An experimental study of the ecological impacts of hydraulic bivalve dredging on maerl
Substratum heterogeneity of dredged vs un-dredged maerl grounds
Coralline algal structure is more sensitive to rate, rather than the magnitude, of ocean acidification
The diversity of seaweeds on maerl in the NE Atlantic
Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna
Diseases affect cold-water corals too: Eunicella verrucosa (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) necrosis in SW England
The biology of three New England stauromedusae, with a description of a new species.The seasonal abundance of four species of Stauromedusae (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae) at Plymouth
Do Staurozoa bloom? A review of stauromedusan population biologyEarly Development and Planula Movement in Haliclystus (Scyphozoa: Stauromedusae)
Maerl grounds provide both refuge and high growth potential for juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis L.)
Setting nutrient thresholds to support an ecological assessment based on nutrient enrichment, potential primary production and undesirable disturbance
Seasonal and depth-driven changes in rhodolith bed structure and associated macroalgae off Arvoredo island (southeastern Brazil)
Detection of Gametophytes in the Maerl-Forming Species Phymatolithon calcareum (Melobesioideae, Corallinales) Assessed by DNA BarcodingRhodolith beds (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) and their physical and biological environment at 80°31 N in ′Nordkappbukta (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway)
Prioritizing action for recovery and conservation of marine species: a case study based on species of conservation importance around EnglandLocal Competition and Metapopulation Processes Drive Long-Term Seagrass-Epiphyte Population DynamicsTaxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863Molecules Clarify a Cnidarian Life Cycle – The “Hydrozoan”Microhydrula limopsicola Is an Early Life Stage of the Staurozoan Haliclystus antarcticus
Recherches sur le developpment des Lucernaires.
Diet of the stauromedusa Haliclystus auricula from southern Chile
Population biology and habitat of the stauromedusa Haliclystus auricula in southern Chile
A New Species of the Stauromedusan Genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae)
Connectivity within and among a Network of Temperate Marine Reserves
A tidal flushing model of the Fleet—an English tidal lagoonSea-level fluctuations in the fleet, an English tidal lagoon
Fishes of the SeaCollins Pocket Guide: Fish of Britain and Europe.
South Coast Regional Environmental Assessment. Fisheries Activity Survey. Draft Report.The South Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation.P. British Geological Survey Open Report
Report of the Sussex Seasearch Project, 1992-1998.
Marine Sites of Nature Conservation Importance.Sussex Sublittoral Survey: Selsey Bill to Beachy Head.
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05
Kingmere draft MCZ, Sussex dive survey report
Kingmere rMCZ Survey Report (C5784A).
Sexual reproduction of the solitary sunset cup coral Leptopsammia pruvoti (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae) in the Mediterranean. 2. Quantitative aspects of the annual reproductive cycle
Assessment of the ecological status of north-eastern Adriatic coastal waters (Istria, Croatia) using macroalgal assemblages for the European Union Water Framework DirectiveOverwintering of dictyota dichotoma (phaeophyceae) near its northern distribution limit on the east coast of North America.
Young cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Sepiidae) in the Morbihan Bay (south Brittany, France): accessory prey of predators
The MALSF Synthesis Study in the Central and Eastern English Channel. British Geological Survey Open Report.
Report on the Chalk Reefs of Sussex, Exemplified by the Recreational Dive Sites: South West Rocks (mSNCI), Looe gate (mSNCI) and Ship Rock (mSNCI). Descriptions of the ecosystem services provided by broadscale habitats and features of conservation importance that are likely to be protected by Marine Protected Areas in the Marine Conservation Zone Project area
Marine Conservation Zones: Consultation on proposals for designation in 2013. Annex A1 – Part 1. – Balanced Seas - Sites proposed for designation in 2013
Biogeographical identification of English Channel fish and shellfish stocks, Fisheries Research Technical Report (#99)
Securing the benefits of the Marine Conservation Zone Network: A case study of Kingmere rMCZ. A report to The Wildlife Trusts by the Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University
Report to provide details and further information and comment on the FOCI and broadscale habitats in the Kingmere rMCZs.
Survey DetailsBlack bream nesting habitat in the English Channel, U.K. Poster. Kingmere recommended Marine Conservation Zone. Poster.Area 435/396 Monitoring Report 2013.
Area 453 and Area 488 Geophysical Survey 2013.
The Sussex Inshore Fisheries.
Regional Report 2: Balanced Seas Region: May 2009 - February 2011.
South West Rocks Complex : Recommendation for Designation as a Broad Area of Interest.Notes to Balanced Seas Regional Stakeholders Group: South West Rocks Complex Proposed MCZ.
Sussex Coastline and Sites of InterestA study of the black bream spawning ground at Littlehampton. Report No: 95/2/1147.Coastal Vegetation, 2nd edition. Seahorses Conservation and CareBroad habitats: Intertidal coarse sediment.Features Catalogue: Littoral chalk communitiesSussex Habitats
Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) bedsBlue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) bedsNative oyster - Ostrea edulis - Reproduction and longevity.
Areas 396 and 435, Owers Region: Benthic Monitoring Survey 2013. A report to MarineSpace Ltd by Seastar Survey Ltd.
Benthic and epibenthic characterisation survey of aggregate areas 453 and 488 - Benthic grab sampling survey 2013. A report to GoBe Consultants Ltd by Seastar Survey Ltd. 72 pages.Area 435/396 Inner Owers Benthic Ecological Monitoring Study. A Report for: Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Draft Report. Report No. 09/J/1/03/1384/0892. October 2009. Job No. J/1/03/1384.
Area 488 Geophysical Survey for United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No 08/J/1/02/1170/0771 May 2008 Job No J/1/02/1170.Area 435/396 Seabed Monitoring Survey. A Report to: Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No. 09/1/02/1377/0899. October 2009.Area 435/396 Monitoring Report 2011. A Report for: Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group & Tarmac. Emu 11/J/1/02/1843/1184 & 11/J/1/06/1850/1232.
Area 435/396 Annual monitoring report for Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No. J/1/06/12140860. September 2008 Job No. J/1/06/1214.Area 435/396 Annual monitoring report for Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No.07/J/1/02/0711. December 2007 Job No. J/1/02/1071.Area 435/396 Annual monitoring report for Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No.06/J/1/02/0951/0641. February 2007 Job No. J/1/02/0951.Inner Owers Environmental Assessment for Aggregate Extraction from Inner Owers, English Channel. Fisheries Formal Response.
Accessing and Developing the Required Biophysical Dataset and Data Layers for Marine Protected Areas Network Planning and Wider Marine Spatial Planning Purposes. Report No 16: Mapping of Protected Habitats (Task 2C).
Accessing and Developing the Required Biophysical Dataset and Data Layers for Marine Protected Areas Network Planning and Wider Marine Spatial Planning Purposes: Mapping of species with limited mobility (Benthic species). (Task 2B).
Key Inshore Biodiversity Areas in the Balanced Seas Region for Recommendation as Marine Conservation Zones.
Sussex Sea Fisheries Committee Recommendation to the Regional Stakeholder Group (RSG) re Kingmere Reef.
Native Oyster Beds
On the formation of banks of Mytilus edulisFaithful pair bonds in wild seahorses, Hippocampus whiteiThe ecology of Mytilus edulis L. (Lamellibranchiata) on exposed rocky shoresA Note on the Status of Indigenous Species of Sea Horse
Seaford to Beachy Head Site of Special Scientific Interest Citation.Balanced Seas Marine Conservation Zone Project: Final Recommendations.JNCC and Natural England’s advice to Defra on recommended Marine Conservation Zones.
Beachy Head West 13.2: Marine Conservation Zone : Selection Assessment Document
Oyster Fisheries of England and WalesBritish Seahorse Survey Report 2004
Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Beachy Head West rMCZ. Final Report July 2013
The Marine Biodiversity of south east England.
Marine Fish Nursery Function in the Adur Estuary.Seven Sisters Voluntary Marine Conservation Area Visitor GuideMarine juvenile fish in estuaries - a contribution to Balanced SeasFirst Annual Report
SNCI citations for the Ouse and CuckmereOuse and Cuckmere bird species listPortsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition AssessmentSolent and South Wight Mapping of Intertidal and Subtidal Marine cSACs
Coastal Squeeze, Saltmarsh Loss and Special Protected AreasSolent Waders and Brent Goose Strategy.Inventory of eelgrass beds in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (Version 6) Section OneSpecies factsheet: Limosa limosaSpecies factsheet: Calidris alpinaSpecies factsheet: Pluvialis apricariaSpecies factsheet: Tringa totanusSpecies factsheet: Tadorna tadorna
Evidence for the direct settlement of Mytilus edulis L. larvae on adult mussel beds.
Important Plant Areas for algae: a provisional review of sites and areas of importance for algae in the United KingdomCuckmere Pathfinder Project – Options Impact Assessment (Ecology). Ecological Interest within the Cuckmere Estuary and the Potential Implications of Proposed Changes in Estuary Management.
Sublittoral Chalk Habitats in southern England. Report of the Marine Conservation Society, SE Group Chalk Cliffs project 1985-1991.
Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic
Seahorses: an identification guide to the world's species and their conservation.
Biological survey of the intertidal chalk reef at Seaford to Beachy Head and Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) to set a baseline for SSSI condition assessment. Contract No FST20/75/026. Draft v1.1 January 2010.
Summary of evidence of feature presence and extent from The Widlife Trusts: response to Defra's Marine Conservation Zone Consultation: Beachy Head West rMCZ.
Beachy Head West Extension – Estuaries (Cuckmere & Ouse) and SSVMCA boundary. Recommendation to the Regional Stakeholder Group
Species factsheet: Anas creccaSpecies factsheet: Limosa lapponicaSpecies factsheet: Pluvialis squatarolaSpecies factsheet: Cygnus cygnusSpecies factsheet: Anas penelopeReview of coverage of the National Vegetation Classification
Site Selection Report for the Inshore Marine SACs Project - Salcombe to the Yealm & EddystoneSurvey of the reef habitat around Eddystone Rocks, Plymouth. Sea Star Survey Marine Data Acquisition
Finding Sanctuary final report and recommendations
Breeding abundance of ruff.The Vegetation of British SaltmarshesSaltmarsh EcologyManaging BAP habitats for invertebrates: reedbedsManaging BAP habitats for invertebrates: saltmarsh
British plant communities volume 4: Aquatic communities, swamps and tall-herb fens.Sagina maritima Don (Caryophyllaceae) and other halophytes in London.New flora of the British Isles 2nd Edition.
Assessment of the Torbay Biogenic Reef within the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSACUpdate of Annex 1 habitat mapping in the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSAC
Condition assessment of the Lyme Bay Annex I reef habitats in the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSAC.Lyme Bay Rocky Reefs - A Report on Four Seasearch Dives, October 2013.
Lyme Bay Underwater Video Survey ReportAtlantic Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) at Lundy, 2006-2013Marine Benthic Biotope Mapping of Sedimentary Environments, Lundy Marine Protected Area.
The National Tidal and Sea Level Facility,The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and Western EuropeMacrobenthos of the subtidal Wadden Sea: revisited after 55 yearsAnnual Macrofauna Production in A Hard-Bottom Reef Community
Bewick's Swans: Their Feeding Ecology and Coexistence with Other Grazing AnatidaeAgonistic behaviour in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in relation to the availability of haul-out space.
Phragmites australis swamp and reed beds. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
Pilot Study to Develop Monitoring Methodologies and Establish a Baseline Survey for the Submerged or Partially Submerged Sea Caves in the Lyme Bay and Torbay Candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)
Lyme Bay - A case study: Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of towed demersal fishing gear in Lyme Bay; 4 years after the closure
Lyme Bay – A case study: Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of towed demersal fishing gear in Lyme Bay; 5 years after the closure, March 2014.
Lundy 2011 Intertidal Biotope Monitoring Survey Report 2013 - A Survey Comparison: 2000, 2010 and 2011Vertical distribution of pre-settled sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North Sea in relation to size and environmental variables. The coastal temperature network and ferry route programme: long-term temperature and salinity observations.
A study of Common seals in the WashThermal constraints on hauling out by harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)Wash littoral grab survey report 1991, 1993, 1999, 2002Saline lagoon survey, Snettisham Lagoons, Norfolk, November 2006
North Norfolk Coastal Trends Analysis. Anglian Coastal Monitoring Programme
Nematostella vectensis in North Norfolk.Establishing a monitoring baseline for The Wash sub-tidal sandbanks.Research on the population structure of harbour seals. Report to Natural England November, 2011.Baseline monitoring survey of large shallow inlet and bay for The Wash and North Norfolk.Condition Assessment for Gibraltar Point 27.05.08
Position of harbour seal haul-outs in The Wash 2007-2009NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in The Wash European Marine Site Vol 11.Scientific advice on matters related to the management of seal populations.Little terns in Britain and Ireland: 2002 Little Tern Newsletter
Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan Non-technical Summary.
Invertebrate survey of lagoons at Orford Ness. Version 2: 2nd April 2013.
Survey of Stubborn and Ferrier Sand cockle beds, The Wash 2012. Report to Natural England.Otters; The Journal of Otter Trust Vol. 3-4Fifth otter survey of England 2009-2010
Historical and current status of cockle and mussel stocks in The Wash.
Population dynamics of harbour seals Phoca vitulina in England: monitoring growth and catastrophic declines
Coastal lagoons. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region Six Eastern England - Flamborough Head to Great Yarmouth
Wash and North Norfolk Coast European marine site, English Nature's advice for the Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994
Natural England survey of coastal lagoon habitat within the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, 2009-2010.
Distribution and abundance of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) during the breeding season in the Wash and along the Essex and Kent coasts. Report to Natural England covering surveys carried out in 2004 to 2012.
Benthic diversity and spatial patterns of macrofaunal assemblages of coastal lagoons at Cley Marshes NWT, North Norfolk.Survey of eelgrass species (Zostera sp.) in the intertidal habitats on the North Norfolk coast within the Wash and North Norfolk Coast marine SAC. Report to Natural England
Low Tide Survey of The Wash Special Protection Area. Final report of the winter 2002-2003 shorebird survey.
Site selection by swans wintering in Britain and Ireland; the importance of geographical location and habitat
Analysis of Invertebrate Communities and Sediment Composition of the Subtidal Sandbanks of The Wash and North Norfolk Coast.
Survey of Eelgrass species (Zostera spp.) on intertidal habitats within The Wash and North Norfolk Coast Marine Special Area. Just Ecology Limited Report.Proceedings from The Wash Sabellaria spinulosa reef workshop, 10th November 2009. Natural England, Peterborough.Sabellaria spinulosa in The Wash and north Norfolk cSAC and its approaches: Part I: Mapping techniques and ecological assessment.The sensitivity and vulnerability to man-induced change of selected communities:intertidal brown algal shrubs, Zostera beds and Sabellaria spinulosa reefs.
Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 6. Inlets in Eastern England: Area SummariesLittle Tern NewsletterWeBS counts for bar-tailed godwit at Gibraltar PointWeBS counts for grey plover at Gibraltar Point
The Natural History of SealsDefining and managing Sabellaria spinulosa reefs: Report of an inter-agency workshop 1-2 May 2007.
Sabellaria spinulosa Reef Ecology and Ecosystem Services.
Grazing The WashNorfolk Mammal Report 2012
The current status of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis in England
British plant communities Volume 5: maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats.SPA description Gibraltar PointNorth Norfolk Coast - Natura 2000 Standard Data FormSPA description North Norfolk CoastGibraltar Point - Natura 2000 Standard Data FormNorth Norfolk Coast Site details
List of lagoonal specialistsSPA Species Accounts; A6.68b Ruff Philomachus pugnax (non-breeding)Saline LagoonsOrfordness Shingle Street SACThe Wash and North Norfolk CoastDistribution of SAC/SCIs/cSAC containing habitat 1170 ReefsCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for MammalsVertebrate Species: Mammals,Orfordness - Shingle StreetMarsh Harrier - Circus aeruginosusOtters and stillwater fisheriesInshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority Research Report 2012
Fisheries mapping project.
The Wash and North Norfolk Coast SAC Natura 2000 Standard Data Form
Measuring the effects of suspended particulate matter and smothering on the behaviour, growth and survival of key species found in areas associated with aggregate dredgingWash Zone Report Part 2: Analysis of macroinvertebrate samples from a survey of The Wash in August 1991.
Survey of Eelgrass species (Zostera spp.) on intertidal habitats within the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Marine Special Area of ConservationPrevalence of phocine distemper virus specific antibodies: bracing for the next seal epizootic in north-western Europe Emerging Microbes & Infections
Broad scale remote survey and mapping of sub-littoral habitats and biota of The Wash and the Lincolnshire and the North Norfolk coastsSubtidal brittlestar beds (volume IV). An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.
Proposed new fisheries management measures for The Wash and North Norfolk Coast Special Area of Conservation
Pink Sea Fan Survey 2001/02. A report for the Marine Conservation SocietySeasearch sea fan surveys 2004 - 2006Records of Stauromedusae made at Kimmeridge, Dorset.A review of the supposedly circumboral species of stauromedusa, Halyclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806).
Lucernariopsis cruxmelitensis version 2 updated on 15/12/2010.The marine fauna of Lundy: CoelenterataChanges in the marine life of Lundy
Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for LagoonsWidewater Lagoon Management Plan.
Guidelines for the Conduct of Benthic Studies at Marine Aggregate Extraction Sites. 2nd edition.
Assessment of saline lagoons within Special Areas of Conservation (SACs).Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for EstuariesHumber Estuary SSSI Notification Package Part 1 & 2Charting Progress 2 - 3.7 Suspended Particulate Matter and Turbidity
Enhanced UK Estuaries database: Explanatory notes and metadata.
Co-ordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme (CEMP) 2011 Assessment Report.Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Littoral Sediment HabitatsUK priority species data collation – Version 2 Cruoria cruoriaeformis.
Historical seabed mobility in an outer estuary - sea basin environment.Introduction to physical oceanographySpartina anglicaThe estuary guide. Chapter 3: Estuary setting - CharacterisationWater Framework Directive Monitoring ProgrammeEUNIS - Factsheet for maerl bedsMaerl beds - Marine habitat classification.Estuary Processes Research ProjectShoreline Management Plans (SMPs)Strategic Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammesIdentification of submarine banks in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea with the aid of TIN modelling
Dissolved oxygen as a physico-chemical supporting element in the Water Framework Directive
Maerl (V) - An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.
Practitioners Guide to the Infaunal Quality Index - Water Framework Directive: Transitional and Coastal Waters.
Volume II Intertidal Sand and Mudflats & Subtidal Mobile Sandbanks. An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Littoral Rock and Inshore Sublittoral Rock Habitats. Version August 2004.
The structure and functioning of marine ecosystems: an environmental protection and management perspective.
Practitioners Guide to the Coastal Water Phytoplankton Tool, Water Framework Directive: Coastal WatersPractitioners Guide to the Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooming Tool - Water Framework Directive: Transitional and Coastal Waters.
Investigating and managing water quality in saline lagoons based on a study of nutrients in the Chesil and the Fleet European Marine Site.
The use of macroalgal species richness and composition on intertidal rocky seashores in the assessment of ecological quality under the European Water Framework Directive
Calcified macroalgae – critical to coastal ecosystems and vulnerable to change: a review
Small-scale distribution of juvenile gadoids in shallow inshore waters; what role does maerl play?
Potential limits to anthropogenic mortality for harbour porpoises in the Baltic region
The hearing threshold of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) for impulsive sounds (L)Aspects of the biology of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, from British watersHarbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Atlantic: Biological parameters.
Atlas of cetacean distribution in north-west European waters.The diet of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Northeast Atlantic
The Quarterly Newsletter for the Project: Issue 8 - September 2006
Mapping of the benthic biotopes in the proposed Sound of Arisaig Special Area of Conservation.Conservation issues relating to maerl beds as habitats for molluscs.Ecological studies on two unattached coralline algae from western IrelandEffects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts.
Chemical aspects of ocean acidification monitoring in the ICES marine area.Live and dead faunas from coralline algal gravels, Co. Galway.Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: a statistical review.
Rampion Offshore Wind Farm; ES Section 8 - Fish and Shellfish Ecology; Document 6.1.8.
Notes from the Plymouth Aquarium. III.
An evaluation of narrow hybrid zones in vertebrateWorthing Lumps
Marine Monitoring for Cleveland Potash Ltd. 1979-1980St. Abbs Head Seabird ReportSt. Abbs Head National Nature Reserve Seabird ReportSt. Abbs Head NNR Seabird Report
Implications of dredging induced changes in sediment particle size composition for the structure and function of marine benthic macrofaunal communities
Effects of fine-scale oceanographic features on the distribution and movements of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Bay of Fundy.Temporary threshold shifts and recovery in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after octave-band noise at 4 kHz
Harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena) foraging strategy at a high energy, near-shore site in south-west Wales, UK
Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 10 South-west England: Seaton to the Roseland Peninsula.
'Off-bottom' trawling techniques for the sustainable exploitation of non-pressure stocks in Cornish inshore waters. Defra Cornish Objective 1 Programme; Project reference No. FEP 592
Black Bream in the Eastern English Channel off the Sussex Coast. Final report for RSK Group PLC. Rampion Offshore Wind Farm; ES Section 8 - Fish & Shellfish Ecology - Appendix 8.1.
'Drafting of the site specific conservation objective for Kingmere' 9th July 2014 Shoreham-by-Sea (NE, IFCA, CEFAS)'Presentation for Areas 453 and 488' 23rd July 2014 London (NE, Larfarge Tarmac, Cemex, GoBe Consultants)
1997 Survey, assessment and mapping of submerged and partly submerged sea caves in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC
Water quality standards along the Berwickshire CoastBerwick Marine: Habitat StudyBeach litter monitoring project report: Berwickshire and North Northumberland CoastStock assessment of the littoral mussel (Mytilus edulus) beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island)NESFC Lobster FisheryAn insight into the fisheries throughout the Committee's districtPilot shellfish fisheries strategic environmental assessment: Scoping ReportLobster V - Notching ReportManaging Natura 2000 Sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the 'Habitats' Directive 92/43/EECAn insight into the fisheries throughout the committee's district
Mapping survey of the sublittoral and littoral biotopes of the Berwickshire coast: Appendix
Review of Marine Nature Conservation
Charting Progress: An integrated assessment of the state of UK seasReview of marine fisheries and environmental enforcementImpact of intermittent discharges on the microbiological quality of shellfish
Durham Geodiversity Audit
Ecological status report: results from CPR survey 2006/2007
Return to abundance: A case for marine reserves in the North SeaManaging our marine resources - licensing under the Marine BillDesigns for nature: Regional conservation planning, implementation and management
Marine biological survey of the coastline of south-east Scotland from North Berwick to the River Tweed.
Distribution of the marine molluscs of north west Europe
UK ship recycling strategy
The tides of time: Archaeology on the Northumberland Coast
Site Condition Monitoring: Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast (BNNC) littoral and sublittoral caves, June 2003
Safeguarding our Seas: A strategy for the conservation and sustainable development of our marine environmentThe BIOMAR programme at the University of Newcastle: An introduction to the methodology used for mapping marine benthic biotopesIs the RoxAnn ground discrimination system a useful tool for remote sensing and mapping of subtidal benthic marine biotopes?
Marine species protection: A review of risk and considerations for improvement - Building the evidence base for the Marine Bill
Flood and coastal defence R&D programme: Guidance notes for assessing morphological change in estuaries
Report of the 1st UK Marine Protected Areas Centre workshop, 28 February 2007, York. Uk Marine Protected Areas Centre
Marine nature conservation review sector 5. South-east Scotland and north-east England: Biotope classificationMarine Nature Conservation Review: marine biotope classification for Britain and Ireland. Volume 2. Sublittoral biotopes. Version 97.06
Benthic marine ecosystems in Great Britain: a review of current knowledge. Orkney, north Scotland, east Scotland and north east England (MNCR coastal sectors 2 to 5)Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 5. South-east Scotland and north-east England: area summaries
Deficiencies in the current legislation relevant to nature conservation in the marine environment in the United Kingdom
Marine Climate Change Impacts Annual Report Card 2006Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2004Training Manual: An introduction to shellfish aquaculture - an east coast perspectiveInvestigating the Oceans: Tenth report of session 2006-07 Volume 1 Report together with formal minutes
The Science of Marine Reserves
Basic Fishing MethodsBiotechnology of petroleum pollutant biodegradation
Petroleum biodegradation and oil spill bioremediationFisheries and the environment: Introductory statementThe lobster fiefs: Economic and ecological effects of territoriality in the Maine lobster industry
Distributional aspects of multispecies management: The Barents Sea large marine ecosystemAssessing the sensitivity of seabed species and biotopes - The Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN)
When enough is not enough: shorebirds and shellfishing
Dispersal patterns of the eggs and larvae of spring-spawning fish in the Irish Sea, UK
Marine Natural Products: Diversity in molecular structure and bioactivtyDevelopment of a trawl efficiency device (TED) for Australian prawn fisheries. I. The AusTED designIdentifying priorities for Marine Protected Areas in the Insular PacificTotal Allowable Catch (TAC) and quota management system in the European UnionAmounts of discards by commercial fisheries and their significance as food for seabirds in the North Sea
Far-field control of long-term changes in Northumberland (NW North Sea) coastal zooplanktonVariability and stability in benthos: twenty-two years of monitoring off NorthumberlandMarine debris and northern fur seals: a case study
The effects of repeated small oil spillages and chronic discharges
Life in the Maelstrom: The biomechanics of wave-swept rocky shoresChanges in the North Sea ecosystems and their causes: Arhus 1975 revisited
Integrated coastal zone management: The Pacific wayImpact of Enteromorpha intestinalis mats on near-bed currents and sediment dynamics: flume studies
The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on iunfaunal communities in different habitats
Bioenergetic responses of the marine bivalve Venus verrucosa on long-term exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons
Future challenges for international management of ocean resources sustainable yield of fish stocks: Future international management
Biologically generated habitat provision and diversity of rocky shore organisms at a hierarchy of spatial scalesNorth-South shifts of the Gulf Stream and their climatic connection with the abundance of zooplankton in the UK and its surrounding seas
Environmental crisis management: The role of a scientific organisation in relation to the North Sea from 1987 to 1993
Degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene by microorganisms isolated from marine sediment and seawater
Schoolchildren as educators: the indirect influence of environmental education in schools on parents' attitudes towards the environment
Implications of climate change for fisheries management policy
Individual transferable quotas: theory and practiceEcosystem effects of fishing activities in the North SeaRelevance of the behaviour of seabirds to the conservation of marine environmentsImpacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services
Guide to the identification of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises in European Seas
Intertidal monitoring of a muddy gravel community (VsenMtru) in Pen Llyn a'r Sarnau in 2004Solent disturbance and mitigation project: Phase 1 report. Report to the Solent Forum
Solent recreation and disturbance project: Winter bird survey, first year reportPredicting the impacts of disturbance on shorebird mortality using a behaviour-based model
North Shields Fish Quay Bird Surveys
Effects of human activity on the foraging behavior of sanderlings Calidris albaWintering bird and disturbance survey, North Sands, Hartlepool, County DurhamNorth Wales Recreational Sea Angler (RSA) pilot surveys: Winter results December 2007 to March 2008
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxideCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Coastal Monitoring Programme Update Report 1: 'Partial Measures' Survey 2009Cell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeTracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest animal migration
Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site Management Scheme
Sandhaven Beach: Phase 1 Habitat Survey
Marine Spatial Planning: a step-by-step approach toward ecosystem-based managementCoastal and Marine Spatial Planning Framework for the Irish Sea Pilot ProjectA Marine Spatial Plan for the Shetland Islands Part Two: Marine Atlas Consultative Draft
Effectiveness of marine reserve networks in representing biodiversity amd minimizing impact to fisherman: a comparison of two approaches used in California
Striking a balance between biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic viability in the design of marine protected areas
The effects of wind farms on shorebirds (waders: Charadrii), especially with regard to wintering golden plovers
Impacts on biodiversity of exploitation of renewable energy sources: the example of birds and bats - facts, gaps in knowledge, demands for further research, and ornithological guidelines for the development of renewable energy exploitation
The Rame Head Study: The impact of offshore sediment dumping activity on the health of the mussel population in Whitsand Bay, Cornwall
Wintering areas of adult Atlantic puffins Fratercula artica from a North Sea colony as revealed by geolocation technology
Sailing Tourism in North East England Feasibility Study: A Market Assessment, Economic Impact Study and Action Plan
Marine Spatial Planning Literature ReviewMarine Spatial Planning Pilot Final Report
Marine Protected Areas in the context of Marine Spatial PlanningImportance of fish biodiversity for the management of fisheries and ecosystems
Choose or Lose: A recovery plan for fish stocks and the UK fishing industry
Human activities in UK offshore waters: an assessment of direct, physical pressure on the seabed
The effect of small prohibited trawling areas on the abundance of fishes
Effective discard reduction in European fisheries: Options for fishers and fisheries managersEcological responses to climate change
The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems
A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systemsChanges in the range of some common rocky shore species in Britain - a response of climate change?
Indexing variability: A case study with climate change impacts on ecosystemsEcological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change
Ecological hindcasting of biogeographic responses to climate change in the European intertidal zone
Modelling the response of populations of competing species to climate change
European Policy Review: Biodiversity and climate changeConsensus on climate change
Why corals care about ocean acidification: Uncovering the mechanism
Point-of-View: Arguments for conventional fisheries management and against no-take marine protected areas: only half the story?
Tempeature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation
Marine Protected Areas for Management of Temperate North Atlantic Fisheries: Lessons learned in MPA use for sustainable fisheries exploitation and stock recoveryDeveloping indicators of MPA effectiveness: finfish abundance and diversity in a Yorkshire prohibited trawl area
Role of biological habitat amelioration in altering the relative responses of congeneric species to climate change
Potential interactions among ocean acidification, coccolithophores, and the optical properties of seawater Research priorities for understanding ocean acidification: Summary from the second symposium on the Ocean in a High -CO2 World
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms
European project on ocean acidification (EPOCA): Objectives, products, and scientific highlightsEffect of ocean acidification on the speciation of metals in seawaterObserving ocean acidification from spaceOcean acidification: Present conditions and furture changes in a high-CO2 worldOcean acidification at high latitudes: The Bellwether
An accounting of observed increase in oceanic and atmospheric CO2 and an outlook for the furtureNutrient cycles and marine microbes in a CO2-enriched oceanOcean acidification: A critical emerging problem for the ocean sciencesOcean acidification and the increasing transparency of the ocean low-frequency soundOcean acidification in deep timeOcean acidification's potential to alter global marine ecosystem servicesPotential impacts of sea-level rise for Great-BritainClimate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands
Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: a biotic indicator of warming seas
Do distributional shifts of northern and southern species of algae match the warming pattern?
Population resistence to climate change: modelling the effects of low recruitment in open populations
Climate change and the migration capacity of species Climate change and distribution in marine fishesTees Seals Research Programme: Monitoring Report No. 21 (1989-2009)
3D Environmental Survey on Behalf of Cleveland Potash Controls on carbon cycling in two contrasting temperate zone estuaries: The Tyne and Tweed, UK
Discriminatory classification of natural and anthropogenic waters in two UK estuaries
Modelling solute transport in the Tweed Estuary, UK using ECoSDissolved nutrients in the Tweed Estuary, UK: inputs, distributions and effects of residence timeSeasonal variability of salinity, temperature, turbidity and suspended chlorophyll in the Tweed Estuary
Temporal variability in the benthos: Does the sea floor function differently over time?
Brent Geese Branta bernicula and Zostera: factors affecting the exploitation of a seasonally declining food source
Evaluating the sources and fate of anthropogenic dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in two contrasting North Sea estuaries
Turnover and trends in butterfly communities on two British tidal islands: stochastic influences and deterministic factorsThe restoration of mud flats invaded by common cord-grass (Spartina anglica, CE Hubbard) using mechanical disturbance and its effects on the macrobenthic fauna
St. Abbs Head to River Tyne Shoreline Management Plan Broadscale mapping of the reefs of the Berwickshire and Northumberland. EA 2012 Benthic Infauna Quality Index
Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2010Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2011
Coquet Island yearly breeding totals 1975 – 2006Coquet Island Reserve. Annual Report for 2008/09. Management Plan Year 3
Coquet Island Reserve. Annual Report for 2009/10. Management Plan Year 4
Coquet Island Reserve. Annual Report for 2010/11. Management Plan Year 5Coquet Island Season 2010 Species InformationCoquet Island Season 2011 Species InformationCoquet Island Season 2012 Species InformationRSPB Coquet Island Management PlanCapt’n Coquet’s Special Edition – The Final 2010 CountdownEider data summary
Eider Population on Farne Islands 1970-2004Breeding Populations of the Farne Islands from Bird Reports of P. Hawkey, Warden NaturalistFarne Islands Newsletter Issue 3Farne Islands Newsletter Issue 5Farnes East rMCZ Post-survey Site Report
Intertidal Biotopes of the Farne Islands: A conservation assessment and monitoring exercise
EA WFD Zostera and Macroalgae extents
Northumberland and North Tyneside Shoreline Management Plan 2. Northumbrian Coastal Authority Group
The Mid North Sea Marine Natural Area: A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England
Effectiveness of disturbance methods and egg removal to deter large gulls Larus spp. from competing with nesting terns Sterna spp. on Coquet Island RSPB reserve, Northumberland, EnglandThe Farne Islands: Property Manager/Head Warden Report to the Farne Islands Advisory Committee - 2005The Farne Islands: Head Warden/Property Manager Report to the Farne Islands Advisory Committee - 2006The Farne Islands: Property Manager/Head Warden Report to the Farne Islands Advisory Committee - 2008
Monitoring of the BNNC Sands and Mud Flats – with respect to the size and location of the Zostera spp. beds, the Enteromorpha spp.
Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation.Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1
Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2012Effects of human trampling on tidal flat infauna
Managing The Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast European Marine SiteWader Population Data - Peak Counts 1997-2002
North Shields Fish Quay Development Co. Ltd: North Shields Fish Quay Bird Surveys
Identifying important marine areas for terns: JNCC 3rd interim report
Maintenance Dredging Baseline Document Port of TyneNorthumbria Coast SPA Habitats Directive Site Characterisation
A study into recreational disturbance at the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine SiteA scientific understanding of the Tees Estuary to determine the cause of macroalgal mats at Seal Sands
Preliminary Ornithological Report: Bird Use of Bran Sands Lagoon and Dabholme Gut
Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2002Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2005Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2006Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2008Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2009Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2010Ornithological report: Bransands lagoon and riverfront, South Tees 2006/2007Ornithological report: Dabholm Gut, South Tees 2006/2007Bransands Lagoon Breeding Bird Survey 2007
The impact of seacoaling activity on the shore wildlife at HartlepoolAppropriate Assessment with regard to Teesside offshore wind farm
Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation.
Impacts of changes in sewage disposal on waterbirds wintering on the Northumbrian coast - final report: BTO Research Report No. 442
Report on waders using North Sunderland Harbour during breakwater construction: 1st -10th December 2008Proposed methodology for identifying important marine areas for the little tern Sternula albifrons: Little tern SPA sites in EnglandReport on over-winter bird activity at Littlehaven, South Shields for Royal Haskoning: October 2009 – March 2010
Mobile oil rig project and the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coasta SPA/SSSI: A review of the evidence of disturbance effects on key bird Supporting ecological information for re-development of former Britmag site, Hartlepool: Addendum to the Environmental Statement
Air Products Tees Valley Renewable Energy Facility - Information to support a Habitats Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening
Recreational Disturbance at the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site: Bird disturbance field work - Winter 2011/2012
A study of over-wintering waterbirds of the Durham Coast for Durham County Council: December 2011 - March 2012Site Characterisation: A review of existing information relating to the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA and Ramsar siteCreation of temperate-climate intertidal mudflats: factors affecting colonisation and use by benthic invertebrates and their predators
Report to inform an appropriate assessment for the proposed Teesside offshore wind farm
Redcar vertical pier. Assessment of impacts on tessmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA and Ramsar site
Bird and sound monitoring during piling operations at the ConocoPhillip jetties, Seal Sands, 2004Seaton Channel Rig Storage Bird CountsTERRC Dry Dock – environmental assessment. Final ReportINCA Bird Surveys 2010Seal Sands Low Tide Counts 2003-2009Estuarine Bird Monitoring - TERRC FacilityEstuarine Bird Monitoring - TERRC Facility
Environmental Impacts of Revetments on the Teesmouth & Cleveland Coast SPAEcological Monitoring in the Lower Tees Estuary: September 1999Tees Estuary: Ecological Monitoring 1997Seaton Channel Macroinvertebrate SamplingLower Tees Estuary: A Scoping Study of the Intertidal Ecosystem
Tees Upper Estuary: Investigation of the Causes of Dissolved Oxygen Depletion
Marine Landscape Ecology of the Farne Islands: A Holistic Approach to Conservation Management
Redcar flood alleviation scheme. Assessment of impact on Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA and Ramsar site
Teesside offshore wind farm - technical note of observations of the responses of birds to cable percussive drillingTeesside proposed offshore wind farm: Progress report no. 2 on ornithological surveys, October 2002- February 2003
A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 2001 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 2000 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1999 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising From the River Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1997 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1995 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990An Overview of the Results of the Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990 for the Years 1990 - 1994 Before Commissioning of the Barrage
An Overview and Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1990 to 1993 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising From the River Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990An Overview and Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1990 - 1992 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising From the River Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990Biological Effects of Metals Associated with Contaminated Sediments on Estuarine Benthic Organisms: Whole Sediment Bioassays of Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site - SPA
Assessment of the Communities of Larger Invertebrate Species in Seaton Channel: Intertidal and Subtidal AssemblagesAssessment of the Communities of Larger Invertebrate Species in Seaton Channel: Intertidal and Subtidal AssemblagesA Review of Some Factors Involved in Macroalgal Blooms on Tidal Flats and Comments on the Possible Causes of Macroalgal Blooming at Seal Sands
A Review of Investigative Work Undertaken Since the Commissioning of the Tees Barrage
Assessment of the spatial distribution of tyres in the Bran Sands littoral zone for bait gathering
Estuarine Bird Monitoring TERRC Facility: Bird Flight Plot FiguresEstuarine Bird Monitoring TERRC Facility: Final Report
Tees Maintenance Dredging Baseline DocumentTeesmouth Sediment StudyUse of Action Levels in Dredged Material Assessments
Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2011.
Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2011.
What’s in your backyard?Berwick upon Tweed Estuary Study: Stage 1 'Conceptual Understanding' Report.Berwick upon Tweed Estuary Study: Stage 2 - Estuary Modelling Study Report
Fish Data for the Tweed: 2008-2011The Tweed Invaisives ProjectNorth East Coastal Observatory websiteRiver Tweed elevation change (2003-2009) - InnerRiver Tweed elevation change (2003-2009) - OuterSalinity, Particle Size Analysis and benthic invertebrate data for the Tweed: 2008 and 2011Survey of the Littoral Sediments of the Tweed Estuary cSAC.
Farne Island Marine Report 2012Farne Islands Cetacean Report 2012Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast SAC Appropriate AssessmentStock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2008
Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2007
Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2013.
The Farne Islands The Grey Sea (Halichoerus grypus)l Breeding Season - 1997The Farne Islands The Grey Sea (Halichoerus grypus)l Breeding Season - 1998The Farne Islands The Grey Sea (Halichoerus grypus)l Breeding Season - 2000The Farne Islands The Grey Seal Breeding Season - 2004
Evidence of Change in the Macrofauna of Tidal Flats Subject to Anthropomorphic Impacts in North-East England
An Investigation into the Causes, Effects and Implications of the Growth of the Green Macroalga Enteromorpha spp. on Seal Sands, TeesmouthAn Investigation of Sediment Budget, the Fate of Contaminants, and Dating Sediment Contamination in the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA
Effect on shorebird numbers of disturbance, the loss of a roost site and its replacement by and artificial island at Hartlepool, Cleveland.
Information to Support Appropriate Assessment: Storage of One Mobile Offshore Unit (MOU) within Able Seaton Port (ASP) Holding Basin
Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast SAC: An assessment of concentrations and sources of nutrients in near-coastal waters
Stock assessment of the littoral mussel (Mytilus edulis) beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). Report for Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority
The Farne Islands The Grey Seal Breeding Season - 2005Chowderness Realignment monitoring - Changes to intertidal invertebratesChowderness topographic survey
Leisure Marina Feasibility Study – Tweedmouth Harbour
Defining the Northumberland Lobster Fishery.Northumberland and North Tyneside Rocky Foreshore ‘Coastal Squeeze’ Study
Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2012
Bran Sands Bait Collection Project Phase 2
Bran Sands bait collection studyBerwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC, Rocky shore monitoring sites
Fishing effort in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site in 2001 - 2003
Establishing a monitoring programme on caves in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland cSACBerwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC sublittoral monitoring 2002/3
Review and gap analysis of environmental indicators for fisheries and aquaculture
A review of the effects of fishing within UK European Marine SitesLiterature review on the impact on bird populations of disturbance due to human access on footIdentification of marine habitats relevant to Special Areas of Conservation
Lindisfarne NNR: Survey of the Zostera and other intertidal vegetation
Intertidal Survey: Northumbria Coast SPA bird food availability study
An Investigation of Sediment Budget, the Fate of Contaminants, and Dating Sediment Contamination in the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA - Work Package 2: Analysis of Sediment Cores from North Tees Mudflats
Infralittorral reef biotopes with kelp species. An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.4.1 Marine Mammal Technical Report.
Survey, Assessment and Mapping of Submerged and Partly Submerged Sea caves in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSACThe Assessment of lamprey distribution and abundance in the River Tweed candidate Special area of Conservation/ Site of Special Scientific Interest. Summer 2004.A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1998 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A preliminary evaluation of the results of the 2001 monitoring programmes related to nature conservation concerns arising from the River Tees barrage and Crossing Act 1990
A preliminary evaluation of the results of the 2002 monitoring programmes related to nature conservation concerns arising from the River Tees barrage and Crossing Act 1990
The Farne Islands Marine Monitoring Schemes - The use of the sea area in Farne Island waters: 10 years of boating activity (1996 - 2005)
Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC sub-tidal monitoring: A targetted study of diving and anchoring impacts on the Farne Islands
Utilisation of Geographical Information System software to record fishing and enforcement activity within the district of North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee
Monitoring of the BNNC sands and mudflats with respect to the size and location of the Zostera spp. beds, the Enteromorpha spp. mats, the mussel beds and the seaward boundary of the Spartina sp zone
Adopting an ecosystem approach for the improved stewardship of the maritime environment: some overarching issues
Marine Protected Areas: A review of their use for delivering marine biodiversity benefitsThe development of remote sensing techniques for marine SAC monitoringEndocrine disrupters and European Marine Sites in EnglandIdentification of marine habitats relevant to Special Areas of ConservationMaritime cliffs and slope inventoryAssessment of risks posed by toxic contamination to waterbirds on Special Protection Areas (SPAs)Estuary Special Protection Areas: Establishing baseline targets for shorebirds
Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: Guidance for nature conservation agencies
Marine LBAP guidance manual for EnglandThe role of Regional Development Agencies in sustainable development in the marine environment
A biodiversity audit of the North East
Planning at the Coast
Review of fisheries management regimes and relevant legislation in UK watersSea Fisheries: steps to sustainabilityOcean Acidification: The Facts
Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site: Grey Seal Population Status
Rocky Shore Survey: An Analysis of Bird Food AvailabilityBerwickshire and North Northumberland Coast: sublittoral monitoring 2011
Identifying possible marine SPAs for terns breeding on Coquet Island SPA
Intertidal survey: Northumbria Coast SPA bird food availability studyStudy of long term changes in bird usage of the Tees EstuaryTeesmouth and Cleveland Coast rocky shore survey: an analysis of bird food availabilityTeesside offshore wind farm, Redcar: seabird count details
Networks of protected areas in the maritime environment. A report for the review of marine nature conservation and the marine stewardship process on a stakeholder workshop held in London on 19th June 2003.
Giving fresh momentum to marine Biodiversity Action Planning in south east England: The case for change
Towards a coherent network of Marine Protected Areas. Report conference held on the 2-4th October, 2007, Scarborough, UK.Guidelines for managing the collection of bait and other shoreline animals within UK European Marine SitesEuropean Marine Sites - ecological sensitivity and management requirements. Managing activities and impacts within the UK's networks of marine Special Areas of Conservation (SACs)
Investigating the existing coverage and subsequent gaps in protection and providing guidance on representativity and replication for a coherent network of Marine Protected Areas in England’s territorial waters.
A baseline study of Recreational Sea Anglers: the species and areas targeted, techniques used and acceptability of proposed Marine Conservation Zones
Methods for managing Marine Protected Areas: Options for establishing and managing a marine protected area system in the UK
Condition Monitoring of the Intertidal Reefs Reature: Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast Special Area for Conservation (European Marine Site)
Berwickshire and North Northumberland European Marine Site Survey of the Intertidal Sand and Mud flats, Characterisation of the Large Shallow Inlets and Bays.
The Mid North Sea Marine Natural Area: A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England
The Mid North Sea Marine Natural Area: A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England
Tees Seals Research Programme Monitoring Reports no 14
EPOCH 2. MAPS(R) imagery sourced from GeoPerspectives (c) Infoterra Ltd - Geoperspectives
Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site (BNNC EMS) Survey Report 2012
MarClim Report 2009/10
The Ecological Impacts Of The Collection Of Animals From Rocky Intertidal ReefsFarne Islands Marine Monitoring Programme: Report of the 1997 Season
Tweed Estuary SAC lamprey assessment 2013. Report.Tees Estuary Inter-tidal Project 2013Tweed Estuary SAC: Biotope Survey 2013.Condition monitoring form -- SNHFarne Islands head Warden/ Property Manager report to the Farne Island Advisory Committee
Survey Humberstone Fitties Lagoon (part of RSPB Tetney Marshes Reserve).Immingham Oil Terminal Approach Channel Dredging Environmental StatementAble Marine Energy Park - HRA ReportAMEP - ES ReportGrimsby RoRo (Grimsby River Terminal) - ESHumber Estuary Managed Realignments: Summary Lessons for the FutureABPmer Green Port Hull - ES
Water Framework Directive (WFD) Tees Estuary Intertidal Project – Nutrient level and benthic habitat monitoring
Berwickshire and North Northumberland European Marine Site - Survey of the intertidal sand and mud flats.EPOCH 1. MAPS(R) imagery sourced from UK Perspectives c) Copyright UK Perspectives - Infoterra Limited 1999 - 2003.
Acoustic and Video Survey of transects within the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine SiteAnalysis of the results from benthic sampling in Embleton Bay and Beadnell Bay (Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site), April 2009Assessing the ecological impact of nutrient stripping from a coastal sewage treatment plant and its effects on the ecosystem of a designated site (Budle Bay area of Lindisfarne SPA)Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast SAC Sub-tidal Monitoring: The impacts of diving and anchoring on the Farne islands
Importance of the Farne Deeps and surrounding waters off the Northumberland coast for White-beaked Dolphin and other cetaceans and seabirds of Conservation Concern
Marine Biodiversity and Climate Change Monitoring in the UK: Establishing a baseline for the rocky intertidal coastline within the Berwickshire and Northumberland Coast Special Area for Conservation
Subtidal Monitoring Surveys 2005 for English Nature: Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast cSAC. Sub-tidal Monitoring. A targeted study of diving and anchoring impacts on the Farne Islands .Survey of the Littoral Sediments at Lindisfarne NNR & Budle Bay on the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast. Draft Report.
An observational study of bird responses to a novel disturbance on the Holy Island Sands, Lindisfarne NNR site, September 2010A baseline assessment of wildfowl summer disturbance at Fenham Flats, Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve
Survey of the Marine Environment of North Northumberland : An assessment of the conservation interest of the marine biotopes. A Biomar report prepared for English Nature and the National Trust
A study of the availability of the intertidal food resource for birds using the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast Special Protection Area
Ecosystem Management Bioindicators (ECOMAN)
Environment Agency Review of Information on Lamprey Populations in the Humber Basin. Final Report.
Humber European Marine Site Water Quality Appropriate Assessment: Organic Loading Part A-DScientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2002Subtidal Condition Assessment 21st Dec 2010Case Study on the Welwick Realignment SchemeManaged realignment as a tool for compensatory habitat creation - A re-appraisal
Site Characterisation of European Marine Sites - Humber Estuary pSAC, pSPA, RamsarMarine Fish Nursery Function in the Humber Estuary
Survey of adult river lamprey, migration, spawning and habitat availability in the River Ure 2005.
Biogeochemical value of managed realignment, Humber estuary, UK.
Able Marine Energy Park Estuary Modelling Studies ReportHumberston Fitties Coastal Defence Refurbishment. Phase One Habitat Survey 2009.Annex 7.2 South Humber Channel Marine Studies: Water & Sediment QualityAnnex 9.1 South Humber Channel Marine Studies: Bathymetry & Hydrography Survey ReportTrophic and Organic Status of the Humber Estuary - Phase 2Review of the Geomorphological Dynamics of the Humber Estuary. Final Report.Cherry Cobb Sands Compensation Site. Evolution of the existing foreshore.
Annex 10.1 South Humber Channel Marine Studies: Intertidal and Subtidal Benthic and Fish Surveys 2010
Coastal and Estuarine ProcessesMarine Ecology and Nature Conservation
Immingham Gas Jetty Appropriate Assessment Reproductive ecology of the river lamprey
Review of High Tide Waterfowl Roosting and Foraging Sites on the Humber Estuary (IECS)Construction and Waterfowl: Defining Sensitivity, Response, Impacts and Guidance
Managed realignment as compensation for the loss of intertidal mudflat: A short term solution to a long term problem?Spatial patterns of benthic macrofauna in relation to environmental variables in an intertidal habitat in the Humber estuary, UK: Developing a tool for estuarine shoreline management
Survey of adult and river sea lamprey spawning and habitat avaiability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe and Nidd 2003.Survey of adult river and sea lamprey spawning and habitat availability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe and Nidd 2004.
Cleethorpes Beach Monitoring: Assessment of Saltmarsh Development and Intertidal Biodiversity in Relation to Possible Future Management Targets. 2007 Baseline Report
Historical storage budgets of organic carbon, nutrient and contaminant elements in saltmarsh sediments: Biogeochemical context for managed realignment, Humber Estuary, UK.
Fish Pilot Studies in the Humber Estuary, UK. Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, UK. Report produced as part of the European Interreg IIIB HARBASINS project.
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Immingham Outer Harbour, Quay 2005 and Accompanying Habitat Creation and Enhancement Proposals
Supporting Factual Data Appendix. Geophysical survey report. 'South Humber Channel Marine Studies. Geophysical & Geotechnical report' in Annex 7.3 - Report on a ground investigation for South Humber Channel Marine Studies.
Humber Estuary SPA Waterbird populations: Trend Analyses by Count Sector - BTO Research Report No. 497
Predicting site quality for shorebird communities: a case study on the Humber Estuary, UK
Exploring behavioural responses of shorebirds to impulsive noiseRecreational disturbance to birds on the Humber Estuary
The 2008 Little Tern Project: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East Yorkshire2009 Little Tern Breeding Season Report: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireLittle Tern Protection Scheme: Beacon Lagoons 2010 Breeding ReportEasington Little Tern Protection Scheme: Breeding Report 2011Easington Little Tern Protection Scheme: Breeding Report 2012Temporal and Age-specific Limitations upon Reproductive Success of Little Terns, Sterna albifronsNest site selection and its impact on the reproductive success of Little Terns, Sterna albifronsHumber Estuary Low Tide Programme 2011/2012
Avifaunal Disturbance Assessment: Flood Defence Work, SaltendHumber Management Scheme Visitor SurveyWaterbird Monitoring at Paull Holme Strays: Interim Findings - October 2011 to March 2012 (Year 9)
Able Marine Energy Park: Habitats Regulations Assessment Information
Alkborough Flats Annual Bird Report for 2010Alkborough Flats Bird and Wildlife Surveys 2007Alkborough Flats Winter Wildfowl and Wader Surveys: October 2008 - March 2009Maintaining Favourable Condition at Read's IslandSouth Humber Bank Zone Final Report: Field Usage by Bird Species from the Humber Estuary SPAHumber Estuary Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan: Data 2007Humber Estuary Coastal Habitat Management Plan
Immingham Outer Harbour Development: Bird Monitoring ReportsLittle Tern Feeding Flight Lines 2012Ornithological Monitoring Surveys at Saltend
Unravelling Coastal Nature Conservation Policy: Managing Change on the HumberAble Marine Energy Park Draft Environmental Statement: Chapter 11 - Ecology and Nature Conservation
Humber Gateway OWF, EON Climate & Renewables: Little Tern Foraging & Prey Preference Survey Report; Humber Gateway OWF: Addendum to the Little Tern Foraging and Prey Preference Survey Report
A Report on the 2006 Little Tern Breeding Season: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireA Report on the 2007 Little Tern Sterna albifrons Breeding Season: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East Yorkshire
Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2009 to March 2010Updated Analysis of Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) Data for the Humber Estuary SSSI, SAC, SPA and Ramsar site - BTO Research Report No. 636
Habitat Mapping and Development at the Paull Holme Strays Managed Realignment Site on the Humber Estuary
A Report on the 2002 Breeding Season at the Little Tern colony, Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East Yorkshire
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #32: October 2006 to December 2006, Early Winter
Natura 2000 Risk Assessment: A review of the risk to the international designated avifauna population at Easington Lagoons
Winter Bird Survey of Land in Goxhill Marshes, North Lincolnshire
Able Humber Ports Facility, Killingholme: 'Area E' Breeding Bird SurveyHull Waste Water Treatment Works: Wintering Bird Survey - Final ReportMonitoring of the Hull WwTW Outfall, Saltend - Summary ReportOrnithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #25 April 2004 to June 2004, Spring Passage
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #28 January 2005 to March 2005, Late Winter
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #29 April 2005 to June 2005, Spring Passage
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #32 January 2006 to March 2006, Late Winter
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #33 April 2006 to June 2006, Spring Passage
Monitoring of the Hull WwTW Outfall, Saltend - Summary Report: Final
Blacktoft Sands Annual Reports 2004 - 2010Ornithological Monitoring, Thorngumbald: Annual Report #1 January to December 2002
Breeding Bird Survey Results: Cherry Cobb Sands (fields)Inland Bird Usage on the Humber Estuary
A Report on the 2003 Breeding Season at the Little Tern colony, Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireA Report on the 2004 Breeding Season at the Little Tern colony, Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireIdentifying Important Marine Areas for the Little Tern Sternula albifrons: JNCC little tern interim report 2012
Environmental Impact Statement Accompanying an Application for Temporary Planning Consent for Port Related Storage Facilities on Land East of Roper Road, South Killingholme, known as Area E: Supplementary Report on Non-Breeding (Migratory) Birds
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #26 July 2004 to September 2004, Autumn Passage Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #27 October 2004 to December 2004, Early Winter
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #30 July 2005 to September 2005, Autumn PassageOrnithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #31 October 2005 to December 2005, Early Winter
Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #34 July 2006 to September 2006, Autumn Passage
Ecological Development of the Alkborough Flats Managed Realignment Site: Fifth Year of Monitoring, September 2011
Methodologies and Preliminary Results of Ornithological Surveys Undertaken at the Proposed Welwick Wind Farm, East Yorkshire
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Black-Tailed Godwit use of the Humber Estuary, with Reference to Historic Planning and Development at Killingholme PitsEffect of the Loss of Farmland on Waterfowl from the Humber Estuary SPA/Ramsar Site due to the Creation of the Proposed AMEP Intertidal Compensation Site
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Wintering and Migratory Waterfowl on the Humber Eastuary and Implications for Their ConservationEnvironmental Assessment of a 1,320 MWe CCGT Power Station at Killingholme: Ornithological Survey and Assessment
Surveillance of Breeding Activity on the Avocet Colony at Paull Holme Strays, 2008Surveillance of Breeding Activity on the Avocet Colony at Paull Holme Strays, 2007Avifaunal Disturbance Assessment: Urgent Work (UW 15-17)Island Wharf: Ornithological Monitoring and AssessmentSaxby Wold Wind Farm: Environmental Statement
Able Humber Ports Facility Initial Ornithology Survey Report: Area 2, SSSI Section (Drawing KI-12224 A)
Grimsby Bioethanol Plant: Wintering Bird Report 2007/2008, Revision 03Environmental Statement for a Managed Realignment Scheme at ChowdernessAssessing the development of newly created habitat for wintering estuarine birdsThe value of wader foraging behaviour study to assess the success of restored intertidal areasThe recreation of estuarine ecosystem: a case study at Paull Holme Strays, Humber Estuary, UKLittle Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2011
Wildfowl and Wader Usage of Pywipe Mudflats, Humber Estuary Wetland Bird Survey Sector Mid South A
Hull Quay 2005 Bird Monitoring: Monthly bird monitoringWelwick Managed Realignment Site: Ornithological Survey Results, September 2006 to May 2007Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Ornithological Survey Results, September 2007 to March 2008Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Ornithological Survey Results, September 2008 to March 2009
Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Breeding Bird Survey ResultsHabitat Creation Measures at Chowder Ness/Barton Cliff: Monthly Bird Monitoring ReportsHabitat Creation Measures at Freshney Channel, Pyewipe: Monthly Bird monitoringGreen Port Hull: Bird Monitoring - Monthly Bird Monitoring, August 2011 to May 2012Novartis Renewable Energy Project - Vantage Point bird surveys 2005-2006Novartis Vantage Point surveys February - March 2009Avian Impact Assessment: Novartis Renewable Energy Project, Grimsby, LincolnshireHumber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Baseline AssessmentHumber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 1999/2000
Humber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 2004/2005
Status and Distribution of Icelandic Breeding Geese
Benthic Infauna Quality Index
Able Humber Ports Facility Initial Ornithology Survey Report: Area 3, Southern Section (Drawing KI-12224 A)
Able Humber Ports Facility Initial Ornithology Survey Report: Area 1, Northern Section (Drawing KI-12224 A)
Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa on the Humber Estuary: Status, distribution and habitat use - a paper for Associated British Ports
Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2010 to March 2011Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2011 to March 2012Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2012 to March 2013
Humber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 2000/2001 (Post Construction)Humber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 2001/2002 (Post Phase 1 Construction)
Summary Report of Movements of Marsh Harriers, Pink-footed Geese and gulls around a designated site at Winterton North Lincolnshire
Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. BTO Research
The particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment in the Humber and Tweed catchments, UK.
Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Seal count 04Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Seal count 05
Immingham Outer Harbour: Dredge Monitoring ReportEnvironment Agency data from local intertidal benthic surveys. Invert species lists, 2006/07/08Environment Agency data from local intertidal benthic surveys. PSA data 2006/7/8Environment Agency data from local intertidal benthic surveys. Sediment description, 2006/07/08Environment Agency Humber Estuary SAC elevation change (2001-2010)Humb SBank Inverts 06-07Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust grey seal colony report 2011Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Seal colony habitat map 2008Habitat Status of the Humber Estuary, UK..Keadby Power Station fish entrainment study.Ecological Development of the Alkborough Flats managed realignment site 2007 -2008.
A study of morphological changes within managed realignment sites along the Humber Estuary (UK).
Aquatic invertebrate monitoring of foreshore pools at Outstray Farm, Sunk IslandAssessment of metal mining-contaminated river sediments in England and Wales
Baseline Invertebrate and Sediment Survey: Saltend, Spring 1998Baseline surveys 1998 to 2000 - Topographic Monitoring of Saltend Mudflat. Biological responses to contaminants in the Humber Estuary: Disentangling complex relationships
Blacktoft Sands Management Plan Channel Coastal Observatory Map Viewer and Data Search engine
Data. Dissolved oxygen levels in the Tidal Ouse - Summer 2013Doig's Creek - changes to intertidal invertebratesOnline managed realignment guide - database Welwick Realignment monitoring - Changes to intertidal invertebratesWelwick topographic surveyHumber International Terminal (HIT) Benthic Monitoring ReportHumber International Terminal (HIT) Benthic Monitoring Report for 1999, 2000 and 2001Saltmarsh Management Manual
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.4.1 Marine Mammal Technical Report.
An assessment of the Benthic Invertebrate Communities of the Humber Estuary. Humber Estuary Review of Consents for the Habitats Directive. Review of Benthic Data Stage 1.
A review of sediment contamination by trace metals in the Humber catchment and estuary, and the implications for future estuary water quality.
Annex 32.5 Cherry Cobs Sands Compensation Site Sedimentation, Erosion and Saltmarsh Growth in Able UK Ltd Marine Energy Park Environmental StatementAnthropogenic factors affecting European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis in the Humber River Basin, north-east England.
Condition assessment of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment, north-east England, and the potential influence of physical migration barriers.
Saltend Benthic Invertebrate and Sediment survey 2005 & 2006 & Assessment of Variability in Baseline Benthic Community from 1998-2006
Topographic Survey 2005 - Monitoring of the Saltend Mudflat. Report to Cascade ConsultingTopographic Survey 2006 - Monitoring of the Saltend Mudflat. Report to Cascade ConsultingOrganic matter and nutrient inputs to the Humber Estuary, England.Topographic Survey 2004 - Monitoring of the Saltend Mudflat. Report to Cascade Consulting
Hydroecological Desk Study For Barton and Barrow Clay Pits
UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Habitat Descriptions Coastal SaltmarshManaged realignment in the Humber estuary: factors influencing sedimentation.
The Humber Estuary, Eastern England: Strategic planning of flood defences and habitats.Development of estuary morphological models. Annex C1: Area and volume changes in an estuary.Environment Agency Water Framework Field Work DataEnvironment Agency Water Framework Field Work DataEnvironment Agency: What’s in your backyard. 2012Review of fish population data in the Humber EstuaryRiver Basin Management Plan Humber River Basin District Annex A: Current State of WatersHumber intertidal surveys (South Bank). Trends in biological communities.
Humber Estuary Flood defence strategy. Paull Holme Strays. Environmental monitoring report 2005.Humber Estuary Flood defence strategy. Paull Holme Strays. Environmental monitoring report 2006.Saltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm Patrington: 2004Saltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm, Patrington (2003)Saltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm, Patrington: 2005
Managed Realignment in the Humber Estuary, UK.
River lamprey. Brief summary of Humber basin informationHumber Management Scheme WebsiteThe dynamics of intertidal mudflats and saltmarshes within estuaries
Saltend Benthic Invertebrate and Sediment survey 2004 & Assessment of Variability in Baseline Benthic Community from 1998-2004
Topographic monitoring of a middle estuary mudflat, Humber estuary, UK – Anthropogenic impacts and natural variation.
Humber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2007/08 Final Report
GIS-based methodologies for assessing nitrate, nitrite and ammonium distribution across a major UK basin, the Humber.
Extreme inefficiency of two conventional, technical fishways used by European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis)
Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2007Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2009Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2010Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2008Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2011Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2012
Transco plc. Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Remedial Works: No.1 Gas Feeder Pipeline, Humber Estuary.
Saltend Benthic Invertebrate and Sediment Survey 2000 & Assessment of Variability in Baseline Benthic Community from 1998 to 2000
Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies Report Portfolio The Humber Estuary: Salt Marsh VegetationThe Humber Estuary - An Environmental Assessment.
Priors for the grey seal population model
The causes, extent and implication of intertidal change - a regional view from eastern England
Environmental Statement for a Managed Realignment Scheme at WelwickThe effect of freshwater flow on siltation in the Humber Estuary, north east UK.Gauging weirs impede the upstream migration of adult river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilisThe Humber Estuary: Environmental Background Marine freight terminal North Killingholme. Ecological Monitoring. Annual Report 1997/98.
Eelgrass survey at Horseshoe Point, north-east LincolnshireSummary of sea lamprey spawning in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2008Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning in the Rivers Ure, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2009Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning in the Rivers Ure, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2010
Humber Estuary outreach fact file
The River Humber (Upper Burcom tidal stream generator) order. Environmental Statement.
The geomorphology of the Humber Estuary.
Millennial to annual volume changes in the Humber Estuary
Spurn Eelgrass Survey
The commercial exploitation of a protected anadromous species, the river lamprey (Lamprey fluviatilis (L.)), in the tidal River Ouse, north-east EnglandThe influence of a petrochemical discharge on the bioturbation and erosion potential of an intertidal estuarine mudflat (Humber estuary, UK).Physical and biological development of a newly breached managed realignment site, Humber estuary, UK.
The strategic significance of wastewater sources to pollutant phosphorus levels in English rivers and to environmental management for rural, agricultural and urban catchments
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 2 Benthic Subtidal and Intertidal EcologyHornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 4 Marine Mammals,Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 7 Commercial Fisheries.Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.2.1. Benthic Ecology technical report.Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.2.2. Water Framework Directive Assessment.
Survey of adult spawning in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2011 AND Summary of distribution and numbers of sea lamprey in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2003 to 2011 inclusive
Estimating the size of the UK grey seal population between 1984 and 2011, using revised priors on demographic parameters
Runoff and tidal influences on the estuarine turbidity maximum of a highly turbid system: The upper Humber and Ouse Estuary, UKTurbidity maximum in the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber Estuary, UK: Flocs, fluid mud, stationary suspensions and tidal boresNon-Linear Interactions Determine the Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Estuarine Benthic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes
Filey Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2009: Final ReportFiley Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2010: Final Report.Filey Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2011: Final Report.Filey Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2012. Draft Report.RSPB Bempton Cliffs & Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme. 2011 Report.
Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2009The Flamborough Head and RSPB Cliffs SPA Seabird Colony Census 2008Summary of Filey-Cayton Bay Seabird Colony Counts
Report on the Inspection of Filey BriggFlamborough Head sublittoral surveyChalk Cliff Algal Communities: 2 - Outside Southern Eastern England
Mapping the Distribution of Benthic Biotopes at Flamborough HeadFlamborough Visibility StudyFlamborough Head and Robin Hood's Bay SSSI. Condition monitoring of the vegetated sea cliff feature
Seasearch Survey Report of Flamborough Head No Take Zone
Flamborough Head No Take Zone: intertidal habitat mappingBathymetric survey. Spurn Point to Flamborough Head.
Environment Agency Flamborough Water Temperature DataEnvironmental Influences on the Fish Assemblage of the Humber Estuary, U.K.
The status of lamprey species in the River Trent with particular regard to the Humber Estuary SAC
Humber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2003 Final Report
Fish Impingement Assessment: South Humber Bank Power Station 1999 - 2000Fish Impingement Assessment: South Humber Bank Power Station 2000 - 2001.Grange Wind Farm Environmental Statement. Volume 2: Main TextSaltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm, Sunk Island (2006)
Foraging ranges of northern gannets Morus bassanus in relation to proposed offshore wind farms in the UK: 2011Foraging ranges of northern gannets Morus bassanus in relation to proposed offshore wind farms in the UK: 2010-2012Habitats Directive Review of Consents. Appropriate Assessment. Flamborough Head Special Area of Conservation, Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs Special Protection Area
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 5: Ornithology.
The Macrobenthos of Chalk Shores in North Norfolk and Around Flamborough Headland (North Humberside)
Record of Appropriate Assessment. Disposal of Marine Dredged Material at Disposal Site HU015 (Bridlington Bay)
SLAB5 Monitoring at Bridlington dredged material disposal site (HU015): implications for the integrity of the Flamborough Head SAC
Adult river lamprey occurrence and migration in the River Trent in relation to barriers and environmental conditions, 2006 - 2007
Humber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2004/05 Final ReportHumber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2005/06 Final ReportHumber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2002/2003 Final Report
The Humber Ecosystem. Proceedings of a Conference in Supoort of European Year of the Environment 17 March 1988 at the University of Hull
A Survey of the Bird Usage of Created Grassland and Scrub Habitats at Chowder Ness
Overwintering bird survey (nine areas in North East Lincolnshire)Humber Subtidal SandbanksBiological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Humber EstuaryAnalysis of the results from benthic sampling in the Humber EstuaryReview of High Tide Waterfowl Roosting and Foraging Sites on the Humber EstuaryHumber Estuary SSSI: Supporting Information - A supplement to the notification packageNorth Lincolnshire Coast Survey of Potential Saline Lagoons. Final Report.A survey of brackish coastal lagoons, South Humberside to Boston Haven, Lincolnshire.An NVC survey of the North Lincolnshire Coast SSSI.
Monitoring the River, Brook and Sea Lamprey.
Resurvey of Humberston Fitties Lagoon.Spurn Head Zostera nolti condition assessment following WFD protocols.Survey of adult river lamprey spawning sites and habitat availability. Humber Estuary population 2012.
Humber Estuary Low Tide Count Programme 2003-2004Humber Estuary: Quantification of High Tide Waterfowl Roost Sites and Wildfowling ActivityImpact of Bait Digging on the Wintering Birds of Spurn Bight - Phase 1: Desk Study of Wintering Bird Data
Humber Biodiversity Action Plan. Draft 3. Marine - sub-tidal habitat.Validation Network Project SaltmarshesEcological assessment of Hippophae rhamnoidesCondition assessment monitoring of Barton and Barrow Clay Pits.
Morphological response of estuaries to nodal tide variation
Humber Estuary EMS - Conservation Advice Feature Map
The Humber Estuary: A comprehensive review of its nature conservation interest
Humber Estuary SSSI – 2010 Condition Assessment: Ornithological Interest features - DRAFTAlkborough Flats Managed Realignment Site: The Birds, Their Conservation Status and WildfowlingConservation objectives and definitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest
Habitats Regulations Humber Estuary SAC- Dissolved Oxygen in the tidal Ouse.
A desk study on the use of northern Lincolnshire's terrestrial habitat by three species of wader: golden plover, northern lapwing and Eurasian curlew
Humber Estuary: Maintenance Dredge Protocol and Water Framework Directive Compliance Baseline Document
Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning and habitat availability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2005.Habitat use and migration of adult anadromous lampreys in the tidal Yorkshire Ouse and Derwent in relation to environmental conditions.
Condition assessment monitoring of Far Ings, Barton upon Humber (part of the Humber Estuary Site of Special Scientific Interest)
Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning and habitat availability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2007.
Effects of reductions in organic and nutrient loading on bird populations in estuaries and coastal waters of England and Wales: Phase 2 report Humber Estuary Wetland Bird Survey: 12 months of high and low tide counts, September 1998 to August 1999
National Vegetation Classification (NVC) of Humber Estuary.Temporal & Spatial Changes in Habitat and Waterfowl Assemblage, Upper Humber
RSPB Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2012Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme: 2012 ReportFlamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs SPA/SSSI Seabird Monitoring Programme: 2010Flamborough Head SAC Sea Caves SurveyFlamborough Head cSAC Intertidal SurveyBiotope Mapping of the Intertidal Reef Feature at Flamborough Head Special Area of ConservationFlamborough Head cSAC Sea Cave SurveyThe Marine Nature Conservation of British Coastal Chalk Cliff HabitatsFlamborough Head: Sublittoral Monitoring Report
Acoustic Survey of Sublittoral Reefs in FlamboroughSurvey of River Lamprey Ammocoetes and Transformers in the Humber Estuary SAC Autumn 2013North Killingholme Haven Pits SSSI: Condition Monitoring of the Saline Lagoon FeatureCondition assessment of Flamborough Head Special Area of Conservation
Datasets used to determine total extent of Humber Estuary interest featuresThe Lagoons: Natura 2000 Long Term Plan & Options Development ReportThe Implications of Coastal Change on Natura 2000 Features on The Lagoons at EasingtonBrighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest Notification Document.British Geological Society (BGS) detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classificationBackground document for littoral chalk communities
Beachy Head West Marine Conservation ZoneFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal Chalk.Broad Habitats: Low Energy Infralittoral Rock.Broad Habitats: Subtidal Mud.Broad Habitats: Subtidal Sand.Otter Breeding Sites. Conservation and Management
The Distribution, Biology and Ecology of Shad in South-West EnglandBirds in EnglandPoole Harbour Disturbance StudyHandbook of the birds of the world, Vol. 2. New World vultures to guineafowl. The Birds of ScotlandThe birds of Shetland.
The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume IV.Tamar Avocets – how many now?Conservation of Seals ActCornish Crawfish InvestigationsSmelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.) in rivers and estuaries in England.WeBS data for Poole Harbour (sector 12421) from 01/09/2003 - 01/09/2014
Proposed Extensions to and Change of Name of the Humber Flats, Marshes and Coast (Phase 1) Special Protection Area and Ramsar SiteThe Southern North Sea Marine Natural Area. A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England.
The impact of disposal of marine dredged material on the Flamborough Head Candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)
Piddocks (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pholadidae) increase topographical complexity and species diversity in the intertidal
Population-scale drivers of individual arrival times in migratory birds
Isle of Wight Bird Report 2010.Hampshire Bird Report 2010. Bonamia ostreae and Ostrea edulis: A Stable Host-Parasite System in France?Spread of the slipper limpet crepidula fornicata (L.1758) in Europe. Current state and consequences
The breeding of Crepidula fornicata (L) in the River Blackwater, Essex
The Fecundity of Ostrea edulis
Bonamia Ostreae in the Native Oyster Ostrea edulisBackground document for Ostrea edulis and Ostrea edulis bedsThe feeding behaviour of starfish on Essex oyster beds
Oyster Survey on 10 April 2014, Ray Sand Channel, Bachelors Spit and Mersea ShoreBivalve cultivation: criteria for selecting a siteA feasibility study of native oyster (ostrea edulis) stock regeneration in the United KingdomReturn of the native - is European oyster (ostrea edulis) stock restoration in the UK feasible? Conservation of the Native Oyster Ostrea edulis in Scotland
Growth of Oysters (Ostrea edulis)
Observations on the food value of seven species of algae to the larvae of Ostrea edulis
UK Biodiversity Action Plan Native Oyster Species Information Review
Biological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Essex Estuaries SAC and Swale SSSI
The hydrography of the estuary of the River BlackwaterQuaternary of the ThamesShad conservation in England and Wales
Ostrea edulis. Native oyster.
A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses
British Seahorse Survey Report 2007Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management
Response-Surface Analysis of the Combined Effects of Exposure and Acclimation Temperatures on Filtration, Oxygen Consumption and Scope for Growth in the Oyster Ostrea edulis
Quantification of the physiological responses of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. to temperature and salinity
Assessment of year class and stock levels of European Flat Oyster Ostrea edulis in the Ray Sand Channel, part of the Blackwater rMCZ complex
Verification surveys of intertidal habitats within the Stour and Orwell Estuaries RMCZ and Blackwater Crouch Roach and Colne Estuaries RMCZ
Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs
Distribution of sympatric seahorse species along a gradient of habitat complexity in a seagrass-dominated community.Historical and contemporary population genetic connectivity of the European short-snouted seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus and implications for management
Sound, stress, and seahorses: The consequences of a noisy environment to animal health
Seahorses exhibit conventional sex roles in mating competition,despite male pregnancy.
Partial fin-clipping as an effective tool for tissue sampling seahorses, Hippocampus spp
Life history, ecology and conservation of European seahorses
Skerries Bank and Surrounds MCZ (Inshore) Survey ReportLife History of Black Seabream, Spondyliosoma cantharus, off the Canary Islands, Central-east Atlantic
Patterns of spatial distribution and behaviour of fish on a rocky intertidal platform at high tideObservations on the biology of the giant goby Gobius Cobitis PallasEmbryonic and larval development of the giant goby Gobius cobitis (Pisces: Gobiidae)
Gobius capito as a British fishThe distribution of Gobius cobitis in the British Isles
New records of some rare British and Irish gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae)A multidisciplinary approach to a new species of Gobius (Teleostei: Gobiidea) from southern Cornwall
Chapter 11: Coastal Margins UNEP-WCMC
Charting Progress 2 Healthy and Biological Diverse Seas Feeder Report: Section 3.5: Seals.
Lundy Warden reports show seal pups present on the island all year round over a number of years.Site Lead Nicola Edwards (29/09/2014) information based on WeBs counts
Life history of an unusual marine fish: survival, growth and movement patterns of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829The functions of sound production in the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, and effects of loud ambient noise on its behavior and physiology in captive environments.
Diet composition of the seahorses, Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829 and Hippocampus hippocampus (L., 1758) (Teleostei, Syngnathidae) in the Aegean SeaA sedentary fish on the move: effects of displacement on long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier) movement and habitat use
Social structure and space use in a wild population of the Australian short-headed seahorse, Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869. Population characteristics, space use and habitat associations of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Teleostei: Syngnathidae).
Population Genetics and Mating Systems of European Seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus and Hippocampus hippocampus
Effects of temperature on the food processing of three species of seaweed-eating fishes from European coastal watersChanges in benthic fish assemblages as a consequence of coastal works in a coastal lagoon: The Mar Menor (Spain, Western Mediterranean)
First record of Calma gobioophaga Calado and Urgorri, 2002 (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the Mediterranean Sea
A Marine Biotic Index to Establish the Ecological Quality of Soft-Bottom Benthos Within European Estuarine and Coastal Environments
Report to Natural England re. Balanced Seas Project to provide details and further information and comment on the FOCI and broadscale habitats in Kingmere rMCZ
Impacts of nutrients in estuaries - Phase 2 summary report.
Nature Conservation and Estuaries in Great Britain.
Connectivity of Marine Habitats – identification of vulnerable species.NOBANIS - Marine invasive species in Nordic waters - Fact Sheet: Alkmaria romijni
Tranche 2 Action Plans - Volume V: Maritime species and habitatsConnectivity of benthic priority marine species within the Scottish MPA network.The status of smelt Osmerus eperlanus in England.A review of the status of Smelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.) in England and Wales
Management measure for self-propagated future recover of crawfish, Palinurus elephas in Welsh waters.
Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Marine MammalsMarine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Proposals for UK Marine Monitoring ProgrammesMaintaining Favourable Conservation Status of Harbour Porpoise in UK WatersThe lagoon sandworm Armandia cirrhosaFreshwater Fishes of the British IslesThe Natural history and larval anatomy of Armandia brevis (Polychaeta: Opheliidae)Polychaetes
The interactions between bed structure of Mytilus edulis L. and the predator Asterias rubens L
The Physiological Ecology of the Specialist Lagoon Amphipod Gammarus insensibilis
New records: World's oldest animal is 507 years old.MCZ Features: Giant GobyMCZ Features: Couch's GobyUK Priority Species data collation - Palinurus elephas version 2
UK Priority Species data collation - Armandia cirrhosa version 2
UK Priority Species data collation Gammarus insensibilis version 2
Fanshell survey at West Hoe, Plymouth Sound. A collaborative survey between: The Marine Conservation Society, Seasearch and the Marine Biological Association.
Situation of the smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) in the Ems estuary with regard to the aspects of spawning grounds and recruitment.
Distribution and threats of Arctica islandica - A.islandica as an example for listing of species and habitats subject to threat or rapid decline.Tree of the Sea. The use of the internal growth lines in the shell of Arctica islandica (Bivalvia, Mollusca) for the retrospective assessment of marine environmental change.The reproductive processes of a wild population of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis in the Solent, UK
A Study on Dynamics of the Benthic Community on an Intertidal Sand Flat, with Special Reference to Biological Interactions in the same Trophic Level.
Gobius cobitis. Giant goby. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
Armandia cirrhosa. Lagoon sandworm. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
Alkmaria romijni. Tentacled lagoon worm. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programmePalinurus elephas. European spiny lobster. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
The Culture, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, and Growth of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis
The anemone, Nematostella vectensis, in Britain: considerations for conservation management
Sexual Reproductive Modes in Polychaetes: Classification and Diversity
Arctica (Cyprina) islandica in Kiel Bay (Western Baltic): growth, production and ecological significance
Characterizing the microstructure of Arctica islandica shells using NanoSIMS and EBSD
Reproductive Cycle in Cyprina islandica
Burrowing behaviour and anaerobiosis in the bivalve Arctica islandica (L.)
Advanced age for sexual maturity in the ocean quahog Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia)Annual internal growth banding and life history of the ocean quahog Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Annual gametogenic cycle in ocean quahog, Arctica islandica from north-western Iceland
How and why environmental noise impacts animals: an integrative, mechanistic review
The fishery for crawfish, Palinurus elephas, off the coast of Cornwall
Polychaete Abundance Patterns in a Marine Soft-Sediment Environment: The Importance of Biological Interactions
Re-evaluation of marine benthic species of nature conservation importance: a new perspective on certain ‘lagoonal specialists’ with particular emphasis on Alkmaria romijni Horst (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae)
The influence of the pinnid bivalve Atrina zelandica (Gray) on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in soft-sediment habitatsDetermining effects of suspended sediment on condition of a suspension feeding bivalve (Atrina zelandica): results of a survey, a laboratory experiment and a field transplant experimentBenthic nutrient fluxes along an estuarine gradient: influence of the pinnid bivalve Atrina zelandica in summerIndirect effects of Atrina zelandica on water column nitrogen and oxygen fluxes: The role of benthic macrofauna and microphytes
The extreme longevity of Arctica islandica is associated with increased peroxidation resistance in mitochondrial membranes
Long-term trends on the effects of the southern North Sea beamtrawl fishery on the bivalve mollusc Arctica islandica L. (Mollusca, bivalvia)The distribution and population structure of the bivalve Arctica islandica L. in the North Sea: what possible factors are involved?The use of a non-invasive tool for capture–recapture studies on a seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus population
Characteristics of spawning-run smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (L.), from a Scottish river, with recommendations for their conservation and managementThe spawning migration and conservation of smelt Osmerus eperlanus in the River Cree, southwest ScotlandThe European Smelt Osmerus eperlanus L. in Ireland: General Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Status with Conservation RecommendationsIncreased Noise Levels Have Different Impacts on the Anti-Predator Behaviour of Two Sympatric Fish Species
Biology of the European Spiny Lobster, Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) (Decapoda, Palinuridea)Portsmouth Polytechnic Department of Biological Sciences. Macrofauna of Haslar LakeCockle Pond Dyofix Trial: Results of the November 2013 VisitA Lagoon survey of the Portsmouth Area: Portsmouth to SelseyThe Solent Diffuse Water Pollution PlanFish Monitoring in Solent & South Downs 2011Fish Monitoring in Solent & South Downs 2008
Condition Monitoring of Portsmouth areea coastal saline lagoons 2010 Solent Dynamic Coast Project 2008SSSI Citation Portsmouth HarbourThe Solent Estuarine System: Geomorphological Aspects of the Coastline
Solent CASI Survey, Environment Agency, Science Group - Technology
Solent European Marine Site: English Nature's advice Regulation 33(2) Conservation Advice PackageCondition Targets for the Solent European Marine Site (SEMS)
Inter-tidal condition assessment survey of Fareham Creek, Portsmouth Harbour.An Ecological survey of the Intertidal Area of Tipner Lake, Portsmouth HarbourReport on Portsmouth Harbour Wader Counts, Winter 1988-89Survey of Horsey Island: A prodromus of its vegetationSaltmarsh Survey of Great Britian: County Report, HampshirePortsmouth Harbour SSSI: An Ecological ApprasialWetland of International Importance designated under the Ramsar conventionPotential Effects of Dredging activities in the Solent.The coastal saline ponds of England and Wales: An overview 1989.Portsmouth Harbour & Wallington Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations
Solent EMS Management Scheme Draft Management Scheme,Site Improvement Plan, SolentDredging for the American hardshell clam: the implications for nature conservation.Observations on the effects of sewage discharged into a tidal harbour.An Inventory of UK Estuaries. Vol 6. Southern EnglandThe Wetland Bird Survey: Report OnlineRoost sites in Portsmouth Harbour. Red-breasted merganser in Portsmouth Harbour SPA.
Variation and resilience of rocky intertidal fish in western Portugal.
Age, length and reproductive parameters of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena (L.) from West Greenland
Solent Disturbance and Mitigation Project Phase II: Predicting the impact of human disturbance on overwintering birds in the Solent.
Saline lagoons in Hampshire & Isle of Wight - Water Quality baseline report to inform Habitat Directive review of consents
Review of Nature Conservation features and information within Solent & Isle of Wight Sensitive Marine Areas
Does local marine conservation work? Evaluating management strategies for bait collection in the Solent.
EA Habitat Regulations (50) Review of Consents. Solent & Southampton Water, Portsmouth Harbour SPA, Chichester and Langstone Harbour SPA Stage 3 Appropriate AssessmentPortsmouth Harbour SPA Citation: EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds Special Protection Area
The influence of hyperoxia, hypoxia and temperature on the respiratory physiology of the intertidal rockpool fish Gobius cobitis Pallas.
Notes on the social behaviour of Gobius cobitis (Pisces, Gobiidae).
The vertical distribution and feeding relationships of intertidal fish on the Atlantic coast of France.Substrate utilisation in a Mediterranean littoral fish community.
The Kvarner population of Gobius couchi (Teleostei, Gobiidae), a fish new to the Adriatic fauna.140 years of the lagoon sand worm Armandia.
Zonation by Size in the Armandia sp. (Polychaeta:Opheliidae) Population on an Intertidal Sandflat.
New distribution records for Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966, in Britain.The distribution of the lagoonal amphipod, Gammarus insensibilis Stock, in England
Alkmaria romijni Horst 1919, un Ampharetidae (Annelida, Polychaeta).
Dilemmas in the Theory and Practice of Biological Conservation as exemplified by British Coastal Lagoons.
Développement larvaire de l’Ampharetidae lagunaire Alkmaria romijni.
Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates.Variable effect of a large suspension-feeding bivalve on infauna: experimenting in a complex system.
Reproduction and early development of Arctica islandica in the laboratory.
Modern methods to age oceanic bivalves.
Courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae.Assessing the Impact of Underwater Sounds on Fishes and Other Forms of Marine Life.
Review of the biology, ecology and fisheries of Palinurus spp of European waters.Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations
Nocturnal activity of a blenny Lipophrys trigloides (Pisces, Blenniidae) at the Spanish Mediterranean coast.
Estimating the dispersal potential of polychaete species in the Southern California Bight: Implications for designing marine reserves.
Coastal lagoons and climate change: ecological and social ramifications in U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coast ecosystems.
Biology and Distribution of Gammarus aequicauda and G. insensibilis (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the lagoon system of Bages-Sigean (France).
Conservation of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis in Norfolk, England, and its worldwide distribution.
First record of Alkmaria romijni Horst, 1919 (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae) from the Mediterranean coast (Smir Lagoon, Morocco).The distribution of Streblospio shrubsoli, Alkmaria romijni and Fabricia sabella and their resistance to temperature, oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulphide.
Long-term anaerobiosis in sublittoral marine invertebrates from the western Baltic Sea: Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapulida), Astarte borealis and Arctica islandica (Bivalvia).
The bivalve mollusc Cyprina islandica (L). Its geographic distribution and role in the communities of benthic fauna.
Infection by endoparasites reduces maximum swimming speed of European smelt Osmerus eperlanus and European eel Anguilla anguilla.
A quantitative evaluation of the impact of beamtrawl fishery on benthic fauna in the southern North Sea.
Nematostella vectensisNematostella vectensis
The effects of storms on the dynamics of shallow water benthic associations.Long term trends in demersal fish and benthic invertebrates.
EMU Solent bird invert prey availability report.
The Birds of Norfolk
Estuaries - A Physical IntroductionSeagrass EcologyAn Examination of Empirical Stability Relationships for UK EstuariesLight Harvesting Among Photosynthetic Organisms
Seagrass genotypic diversity increases disturbance response via complementarity and dominanceInfluence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, USAThe impacts of anchoring and mooring in seagrass, Studland Bay, Dorset, UK.Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems.
Suffocation of a littoral Zostera bed by Enteromorpha radiata.Light gradients and meadow structure in Posidonia oceanica: ecomorphological and functional correlates.
Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance.
Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity.
Reconstruction of seagrass dynamics: age determinations and associated tools for the seagrass ecologist.
Seasonal acclimitization of eelgrass Zostera marina growth to light.Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review.
Portsmouth SSSI Views on management, countryside and rights of way act 2000, Schedule 11(6) Version date 06/05/05.
Ruppia maritima. Beaked tasselweed. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
Primary production dynamics in seagrass beds of Mississippi Sound: the contributions of seagrass, epiphytic algae, sand microflora, and phytoplankton.Spatial variation in feeding, prey distribution and food limitation of juvenile flounder Rhombosolea tapirina Gunther.
Beyond light: Physical, geological, and geochemical parameters as possible submersed aquatic vegetation habitat requirements.Influence of temperature and variations in temperature on flowering in Zostera marina L. under laboratory conditions.
Healthy Estuaries 2020: Addressing coastal squeeze in estuary complexesConservation Advice Packages for European Marine Sites
An inventory of UK estuaries Volume 1. Introduction and MethodologyAn investigation into the gross properties of UK estuaries. Estuaries Research Programme, Phase 1.Modelling Estuary Morphology and Process
Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Inlets and BaysMarine Habitats: Biotope Classification - Very tide-swept faunal communitiesMCZ Project - MCZ Features - Tide-swept channelsSeaMap 2010 Technical Report 4 - EnergyThe status of the genus Zostera in Scottish coastal waters.
Marine Health Check - update 2009
Structure, function, and classification in seagrass communitiesThe standing stock and ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Izembek Lagoon, Alaska.Wave Exposure Model (WEMo) for use in Ecological Forecasting.
Dark-bellied brent goose in Britain 1960/61-1999/2000Habitat Choice in Pink-Footed Geese: Quantifying the Constraints Determining Winter Site UsePopulation estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom
Norfolk bird and mammal report 2009
Norfolk bird and mammal report 2010
Norfolk bird and mammal report 2011
Norfolk bird and mammal report 2000
Norfolk bird and mammal report 2003
Interpretation note on "Estuaries" (habitat type 1130), with a view to aiding the selection, delimitation and management of Sites Of Community Interest hosting this habitat type. Forwarded to the Member of the Habitats Committee on 16th January 2002
Final Report of Estuary Processes Research Project (EstProc). Integrated Research Results on Hydrobiosedimentary Processes in Estuaries. R&D Technical Report prepared by the Estuary Process Consortium for the Fluvial, Estuarine and Coastal Processes Theme.
A guide to assessing and managing anthropogenic impact on marine angiosperm habitat - Part 1: Literature review.
Zostera biotopes (Volume 1): An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.
Developing reliable, repeatable, and accessible methods to provide high-resolution estimates of fishing-effort distributions from vessel monitoring system (VMS) dataLinks between fishery and the work of Johann Heinrich von Thünen, eponym of the newly founded Federal Research InstituteQuantifying the relative use of coastal waters by breeding terns: towards effective tools for planning & assessing the ornithological impact of offshore wind farms. Final report.Review and application of statistical techniques to model the at-sea distributions of breeding Sandwich terns.
Radio telemetry as a tool for impact assessment of wind farms: the case of Little Terns Sterna albifrons at Scroby Sands, Norfolk, UK
Norfolk bird and mammal report 2004
Waterbirds in the UK 2011/12: The Wetland Bird SurveyPopulation viability analysis of the North Norfolk Sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis) populationLittle tern (Sternula albifrons) Species Action PlanCode of ConductDevon and Severn IFCA Byelaws
Devon and Severn IFCA Byelaws Annex 2 Lundy SAC - No Demersal Mobile Gear Area
Marine biological monitoring at Lundy, July 27th to August 3rd, 1985A survey of the marine algae of Lundy
Sea water temperatures, 1986 and 1987Report on 2012 Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) Pup production on Lundy
Bittern Botaurus stellaris monitoring in the UK: Summary of the 2011 breeding season
Making Space for Nature: a review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological network.
Guiding principles for adaptation to climate change in Europe
Habitats Directive Reporting: 2nd UK Report on Implementation of the Habitats Directive
Ecohydrological guidelines for wet dune habitats - Phase 2
Sand Dunes - Part 1. England
Ecology of Dunes, Salt Marsh and ShingleThe Biology of Coastal Sand DunesThe coastal foredune: a morphological basis for regional coastal dune development.Nature conservation of sand dunes: Effects of grazing and nitrogen deposition
South-west Britain Sublittoral Survey. Field surveys of sublittoral habitats and species around Lundy, 16th to 29th July, 1978 & 7th to 13th August 1979.
South-west Britain Sublittoral Survey. Field survey of sublittoral habitats around Lundy, July 3rd to 23rd, 1977.
Report of the Marine Conservation Society Working Party to the Lundy Marine Nature Reserve, 22-29 June 1996.
Assessment and reporting under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive: Explanatory Notes & Guidelines for the period 2007-2012
Guidance on the maintenance of landscape features of major importance for wild flora and fauna - Guidance on the implementation of Article 3 of the Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) and Article 10 of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).
Development of eco-hydrologial guidelines for dune habitats - phase 1 (English Nature Research Report 696
A review of biological and geomorphological processes involved in the initiation and development of incipient foredunes.Better Understanding of Soil Resources – Dune Stabilisation and Rates of Soil Development on Welsh Dune Systems
Changing nutrient budget of sand dunes: Consequences for the nature conservation interest and dune management: 2. Field survey
Coastal Geomorphology of Great BritainSoft Cliffs: Prediction of Recession Rates and Erosion Control TechniquesManaging Coastal Soft Cliffs for Invertebrates: summary report.Marine Conservation Zones: Species: Spiny lobsterSynopsis of biological data on smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)Water quality impacts on smeltThe ecology of running watersChalk rivers: nature conservation and management.Atrina fragilis (a fan shell). Species Action Plan
The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly - Mollusca
Marine biological survey to establish the distribution and status of fan mussels Atrina fragilis and other
UK priority species pages – Version 2 Atrina fragilis
Stauromedusae
OSPAR Background Document for Ocean Quahog Arctica islandica.
Maximum shell length and longevity in ocean quahogs, Arctica islandica Linne.Lifespan of two long-lived bivalves, Arctica islandica and Panopea generosa
Fleet water temperatures. The Fleet Lagoon and Chesil Beach.
Factors influencing egg size in the gammarid amphipod Gammarus insensibilisMESH Mapping European Seabed HabitatsTrout stocking in SAC rivers. Phase 1: Review of stocking practice
An evidence base for setting flow targets to protect river habitat.
Catchment-scale peatland restoration benefits stream ecosystem biodiversity
The conservation and management of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) in the UK: report of the workshop at Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dunes and Gibraltar Point SAC, 17-18 September 2009.
Atrina fragilis. Fan mussel. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.
Nematostella vectensis. Starlet sea anemone. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.
Accessibility of shad spawning rivers in Wales and England, 1998-2012. Supplementary information for Article 17 reporting.Arctica islandica. Icelandic cyprine. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
Essential fish habitat source document: Ocean quahog, Arctica islandica, life history and habitat characteristics.
Eunicella verrucosa. Pink sea fan. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.Gammarus insensibilis. Lagoon sand shrimp. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
Trout stocking in SAC rivers. Phase 2: Review of available information to help derive optimal stocking strategies. Report to the Fisheries Technical Advisory Group.
Natural England staff on setting and applying sediment targets to protect designated wildlife sites against fine sediment-related problems.Environmental effects of drainage, drain-blocking and prescribed vegetation burning in UK upland peatlands
The British river of the future: how climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in England.
CES Help Note 14: Freshwater Agreements
Faune du Golfe du Lion.
Biological studies of nongeniculate Corallinaceae.Effects of ocean warming and acidification on rhodolith/maerl bedsUK Priority Species data collation Nematostella vectensis version 2Temperature controls on coralline algal skeletal growthAction for Roseate TernsRoseate Terns - The Natural Connection.TraC Dissolved Oxygen tool-level classifications (at water body level, aggregated to MPA).
Estuarine Waterbirds at Low Tide: the WeBS Low Tide Counts 1992/93 to 1998/99
Distribution and usage by avocets and other wintering bird species on the Tamar Tavy Estuarine Complex.
Tamar Estuaries Management Plan 2013 - 2018Site Improvement Plan: Plymouth Sound and Tamar Estuary
Views About Management Statement - Tamar - Tavy Estuary SSSIViews About Management Statement - Lynher Estuary SSSIViews About Management Statement - St John's Lake SSSILittoral Biotope Survey and Condition Assessment of the Tamar, Tavy & St John’s Lake SSSILynher Estuary SSSI Intertidal Biotope SurveyTamar Estuaries Complex Crab Tile Survey 2012Birds in Cornwall 1989Characterisation of European Marine Sites - Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC and SPA
SPA citation - Tamar Estuaries ComplexDevon Bird Report
Devon Bird Report
Devon Bird Report
Catchment data explorter - Tamar Lower and Inny opperational catchment
The Hen Harrier in EnglandEasington Little Tern Protection Scheme: Breeding Report 2013
Reviewing our rationale for condition assessment of SSSI/SAC river habitat. Paper for the Freshwater Lead Coordination Network.
Leptopsammia pruvoti. Sunset cup coral. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
TraC Winter Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen tool-level classifications (at water body level, aggregated to MPA).
Over-Wintering Bird Survey and Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) of the Fleet Helicopter Support Unit Re-Basing Proposals at HMS Raleigh and Kinterbury Point
A quantitative assessment of the response of mobile estuarine fauna to crab-tiles during tidal immersion using remote underwater video camerasAir Pollution Information System (APIS) - site relevant critical loads - Tamar Estuaries Complex SPA - Pied AvocetAir Pollution Information System (APIS) - site relevant critical loads - Tamar Estuaries Complex SPA - Little Egret
Torbay Recommended Marine Conservation Zone (rMCZ) Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification Survey 2013
Humber bird use artificial structures for roosting.Plymouth Sound European Marine Site Sublittoral Monitoring 2003
Broad scale biological mapping of Plymouth Sound and EstuariesSurveys of harbours, rias and estuaries in southern Britain: Plymouth area including the Yealm. Volume 1
Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC seagrass condition assessmentInventory of Eelgrass Beds in Devon and DorsetPlymouth Sound & Estuaries SAC seagrass diving survey, 15-17 July 2009Mapping eelgrass Zostera marina within Plymouth Sound and Estuaries Special Area of ConservationMonitoring of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC
Phase 1 littoral biotope mapping: a methodologyPlymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC: Kelp Forest Condition Assessment 2012. Final reportSite Characterisation of the Southwest European Marine Sites; Plymouth Sound and Estuaries cSAC, SPA
Seasearch survey of Drake’s Island eelgrass Summary ReportPlymouth Sound cSAC Sediment Monitoring Trials 1998-1999Geology of Plymouth, EnglandThe turbidity maximum in the Tamar estuaryPopulation genetics of dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltii throughout its biogeographic range
Marine Nature Conservation Review: Sector 8. Inlets in the western English Channel : area summaries
Response to the Defra consultation: Annex H
Natural England's advice to Defra on proposed Marine Conservation Zones for designation in 2013.Medway Estuary rMCZ no 6 - Marine Conservation Zone: Selection Assessment Document
Marine Ecological Desktop Study - V164 WTM Sheerness - On Behalf of Peel Ports MedwaUK Biodiversity Action Plan; Priority Habitat Descriptions.Intertidal invertebrate surveys in three areas of the Thames, Swale and Medway EstuariesMedway Estuary and Swale Shoreline Management PlanBGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified folk classification.
The Long-term sedimentary regime of the outer Medway EstuarySource and distribution of trace metals in the Medway and Swale estuaries, Kent, UK
The environmental impact of paper mill waste discharges to the Upper Medway Estuary, Kent, England
Spatial variability of metals in the inter-tidal sediments of the Medway Estuary, Kent, UK
Plymouth Sound and Estuaries European Marine Site. English Nature's advice given under Regulation 33 (2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994
Development of a monitoring programme and methods in Plymouth cSAC: application of diver and ROV techniques
Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC: Sub-tidal and Mixed Gravel Sub-feature and Sub-tidal Rocky Reefs Sub-feature Condition AssessmentBiotope survey of the intertidal of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries European Marine Site, A report to the Marine Conservation Society
Review of intertidal invertebrate data available for the Medway, Swale and North Kent Marshes estuary systems, with recommendations for future work.
Natural England’s advice to Defra on proposed Marine Conservation Zones for designation in 2013 Annex 5: Site-specific advice
Sedimentation on intertidal mudflats in the lower part of macrotidal estuaries: Sedimentation rhythms and their preservation.
Modelling the distribution and growth of ‘problem’ green seaweed in the Medway estuary, UKHeavy metals in macroinvertebrates and fish from the lower Medway estuary, KentAn Ecological Survey of the Benthic Invertebrate Macrofauna of the Lower Medway Estuary, KentThe intertidal sediment habitats of the lower medway estuary, Kent
The sediment budget of the erosional intertidal zone of the Medway Estuary, KentThe EstuaryFeatures Catalogue: Intertidal Mixed SedimentFeatures Catalogue: Intertidal Sand and Muddy SandFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal Coarse SedimentFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal MudFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal Sand
Agreement on CEMP Assessment Criteria for the QSR 2010OSPAR Quality Status Report 2010Sand banks, sand transport and offshore wind farms
EUNIS Marine Habitat Classification SystemMARLIN - The Marine Life Information NetworkLincolnshire Biodiversity Action Plan 2011 - 2020 (3rd edition)Humber Estuary & CoastDonna Nook habitats and speciesBiotope Classification: SS.SSa.IFiSa.NcirBat Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. in infralittoral sandOn the ecology of brackish water lagoons in Great Britain
NVC survey of dry dune habitats, Saltfleetby - Theddlethorpe Dunes SSSI/NNR 2000National Vegetation Classification of Saltfleetby - Theddlethorpe Dunes NNR Freshwater MarshNatterjack toad (Bufo calamita) site register for the UK 1970-1999 inclusive
Personal communicationLittle Tern NewsletterThe Selection of Winter Food by Whiterfronted GeeseSeasonal changes in habitat use of White-fronted Geese near Antwerp, Belgium.The wintering ecology of the Twite Carduelis flavirostris and the consequences of habitat loss.
A comparative study of mercury distribution and methylation in mudflats from two macrotidal estuaries: The Seine (France) and the Medway (United Kingdom)The depth-specific significance and relative abundance of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in estuarine sediments (Medway Estuary, UK)
Heavy metal distribution and accumulation in two Spartina sp.-dominated macrotidal salt marshes from the Seine estuary (France) and the Medway estuary (UK)
EUNIS habitat classification 2012 A - Marine habitats > A5 - Sublittoral sediment > A5.1 - Sublittoral coarse sediment
The Severn Estuary / Môr Hafren European Marine Site: Natural England & the Countryside Council for Wales’ advice given under Regulation 33(2)(a) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994, as amended.
Monitoring the conservation status of an endangered amphibian: the natterjack toad Bufo calamita in BritainSecond Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for S1202 Bufo calamita - Natterjack toad
The breeding ecology of Twite Carduelis flavirostris and the effects of upland agricultural intensification.
The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland 1988 - 1991Rails: a guide to the rails, crakes, gallinules and coots of the world.The handbook of British Birds. Vols. 1&2.
The New Rivers and Wildlife Handbook.Habitats for Birds in Europe: A Conservation Strategy for the Wider Environment.The Peregrine Falcon. 2nd editionOwls of EuropeBirds and Broadleaves Handbook.Species action plans for birds. Bearded tit.Upland Management Guidelines. Seven factsheets.Habitat management for corncrakes.Species action plans for birds. Dartford warbler.Species action plans for birds. MerlinMerlins and Forestry
The Ecology of Nightjars on Pine Plantations in Thetford Forest.Species action plans for birds. Nightjar.
Aspects of the breeding ecology of the Twite in the South Pennines.Species action plans for birds. Woodlark
Polygyny and breeding ecology of the Cetti's warbler Cettia cettiImpact of an exceptional winter flood on the population dynamics of bearded tits (Panurus biarmicus)
Foods of the Dartford warbler Sylvia undata on southern English heathland (Aves: Sylviidae)
The breeding ecology and diet of the Hobby Falco subbuteo in southern England
The Breeding Ecology of the Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix in Primaeval ForestSelection of Foraging Habitats by Woodlarks (Lullula arborea) Nesting in Pine PlantationsThe Woodlark Lullula arborea in Britain: population trends, distribution and habitat occupancy.
Linking recreational disturbance to population size in a ground-nesting passerine
Assessment of visitor access effects and housing on nightjar numbers on the Thames Basin Heaths and Dorset Heaths SPAs.The effect of urban development and human disturbance on the distribution and abundance of nightjars on the Thames Basin and Dorset Heaths.
Forest merlins in Scotland; their requirements and management. Galloway Forests Merlin Project (1986-89).
Habitat type determines the effects of disturbance on the breeding productivity of the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undataFactors influencing the abundance of breeding Dippers Cinclus cinclus in the catchment of the River Wye, mid-Wales
The role of habitat composition in determining breeding site occupancy in a declining Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus populationThe effect of management for red grouse shooting on the population density of breeding birds on heather-dominated moorlandAssessment of territory quality and its effects on breeding success in a migrant passerine, the Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe
Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and Woodlark Lullula arborea– recovering species in Britain?
Food supply and diet of the bearded tit.Diet, food availability and habitat selection of breeding Common sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos.The habitat and activity of Common sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos breeding by upland rivers.Population, ecology and threats to the Corncrake Crex crex in Europe.Management of cover areas may increase numbers of breeding Corncrakes Crex crex.Corncrake Studies in the Western Isles.Status, habitats, and conservation of the Dartford warbler in England.Breeding biology of the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata in England.Dartford warblers in 1984 Britain.
Is the breeding distribution of Dippers influenced by stream acidity?
Breeding biology of the Grasshopper warbler in Britain.Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia breeding habitat in Britain.Densities and dispersion of breeding Eurasian Hobbies Falco subbuteo in southeast England.Breeding European Honey Buzzards in Britain.Honey buzzards in southern England.Some observations on the diet of European honey buzzards in Britain.The size of minnow prey in the diet of young kingfishers Acedo atthis.
Merlin Falco columbarius using crow nests in Kielder forests, northumberland.Action for MerlinsNightjar habitats and breeding in East Anglia.Nightjars in Britain and Ireland in 1981.Heathland management for Nightjars.The management of lowland heathland for nightjars at Minsmere, Suffolk, Great Britain.
Habitat preferences of European Nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus in forests on sandy soils.The winter feeding of the Purple Sandpiper.Diet and diurnal activity of Purple Sandpipers Calidris maritima wintering in Northern Norway.Tidal and sexual differences in the diet of purple sandpipers, Caldris maritima, in Scotland.
Quail
Cetti's warblers in the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands in 1996.Correlates of the change in Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus abundance in Scotland from 1988-91 to 1999.
Post-fledging survival, movements and dispersal of Ring Ouzels.
Dartford warblers Sylvia undata; their habitat and conservation in the New Forest, Hampshire, England in 1988.The diets of breeding Dippers Cinclus cinclus and their nestlings in catchment of the river Wye, mid-wales: a prelimminary study by faecal analysis.
Abundance, distribution and habitat use of breeding goosanders Mergus merganser and red-breasted mergansers Mergus serrator on British rivers."
Conservation and management implications of habitat selection in the Merlin Falco columbarius in the South Pennines, UK.
What effects do walkers and dogs have on the distribution and productivity of breeding European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus?
Food and feeding ecology of purple sandpipers, Caldris maritima, on rocky intertidal habitats (Helgoland, German Bight).
Seasonal variation in foraging conditions for Ring Ouzels in upland habitats and their effects on juvenile habitat selection.
The decline of the Ring Ouzel in Britain.
Nest-site selection and predation in Savi's Warblers Locustella luscinioides.Habitat selection by short-eared owls Asio flammeus in young coniferous forests.Feeding ecology of the short-eared owl in Britain and ireland.Diet and ecology of short-eared owls Asio flammeus breeding on heather moor.Dietary separation of owls in the Peak District.Observations on short-eared owls wintering near the Severn estuary.Comparative feeding behaviour and niche organization in a Mediterranean duck community.Habitat use and diet of Common Snipe Gallinago gailinago breeding on moorland in northern England.
Grazing and other management of upland vegetation for Birds in the UK.The status and habitat of Spotted Crakes Porzana porzana in Britain in 1999.The importance of Britain's Twites.
Breeding ecology of Twite Carduelis flavirostris in a crofting landscape.The South Pennine twite population.Diet and habitat preferences of wintering passerines on the Taff/Ely saltmarshes.
The breeding biology of the stonechat and whinchat.Breeding bird communities in the upland margins (ffridd) of Wales in the mid 1980s.
Relationships between bird abundance and the composition and structure of moorland vegetation.
A survey of breeding wood warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix in Britain 1984-1985.Habitat associations of Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix breeding in Welsh oakwoods.
Reproductive success of Woodlarks Lullula arborea in traditional and recently colonized habitats.
Much grunting in the marsh.Habitat preferences of breeding water rail Rallus aquaticus.Habitat selection by breeding curlews, Numenius arquata, on mosaic farmland.Breeding curlews in the UK: RSPB research and implications for conservation.Food resources and foraging success of curlews, Numenius arquata, in different farmland habitats.Conservation of reed beds and their avifauna in England and Wales
Behaviour, home-range size and habitat use by male Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris in BritainBitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK.Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose.
The distribution, numbers and breeding ecology of twite Acanthis flavirostris in the south Pennines of England.
Food preferences of Shorelarks Eremophila allpestris, Snow Buntings Plectrophenaic nivallis and Twites Carduelis flavirostris wintering in the Wadden Sea.
The importance of altitude and aspect for breeding Whinchats Saxicola rubetra in the uplands: limitations of the uplands as a refuge for a declining, formerly widespread species?
Timing of breeding and nestling diet of Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix in relation to changing food supply.The increasing importance of restocked conifer plantations for woodlarks in Britain: their implications and consequences.
Nest-site characteristics of Woodlarks Lullula arborea breeding on heathlands in southern England: are there consequences for nest survival and productivity?
Nesting habitat selection by bitterns Botaurus stellaris in Britain and the implications for wetland management.
Threats to Scottish sandwich terns
Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coasts of the United States: their status and conservation.
The breeding and feeding ecology of the Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta in Suffolk, England.Hydrological management and lagoon creation for avocets at Havergate.
Montagu's harrier.The WheatearFood and feeding ecology of puffins.
Feeding behaviour and prey choice of a wintering great northern diver.The Mute Swan.The Manx ShearwaterCormorant Phalacrocorax carbo occupancy and impact at stillwater game fisheries in England and Wales.
Great cormorants and freshwater fish stocks: a pragmatic approach to an ecological issue.Cormorants in Europe.Foraging of the Great Crested Grebe in Relation to Food SupplyImpact of Great Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristatus L.) on fish pondsThe grebes.Species action plans for birds. Bittern.
Factors Affecting Nest Success in the Mallard and Tufted DuckThe herons.Nest and nest site characteristics of great crested grebe. Influence on hatching success.
Occurence and density of mallard and green-winged teal in relation to food abundance.
Marsh Harriers at Titchwell Marsh Reserve (1980-1983). Part 2: feeding ecology.
The food of breeding Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus in East Anglia.Size and quality of the coot Fulica atra territory in relation to age of its tenants and neighbours.
Thirty-year trends in an eider population: timing of breeding, clutch size and nest preferences.Wintering avocets in Devon and Cornwall.The winter feeding ecology of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta on intertidal areas. I. Feeding strategies
Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index
The history of the avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) population and it's management in England since recolonisation.
A preliminary assessment of the quantities of Shetland sandeels taken by seabirds, seals, predatory fish and the industrial fishery in 1981–83
Can management of freshwater fish populations be used to protect and enhance the conservation status of a rare, fish-eating bird, the bittern, Botaurus stellaris, in the UK?The influence of habitat management on the breeding success of the Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris in Britain
Pelicans, cormorants and their relatives Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae.
Phenology, habitat choice and reproduction of the great crested grebe Podiceps cristatus L, on a fish farm.Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 2, Hawks to Bustards.
Diet of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) feeding chicks at two Irish colonies highlights the importance of clupeids.Vegetation preferences by colonies of Mediterranean gulls (Larus melanocephalus) and gull-billed terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) in the Evros Delta.
Habitat use by Coots nesting in a Mediterranean wetland.The breeding of the Storm Petrel.The Status of Seabirds in Britain and Ireland.
Factors affecting breeding distribution of storm petrels Hydrobates pelagicus in Orkney and Shetland.
Wintering seaducks in Britian and Ireland: Populations, threats, conservation and research priorities
Grebes of our world.Boxes for Goldeneyes, a success story.
Species action plans for birds. Marsh harrier.Species action plans for birds. Stone curlew.Habitat selection of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in the Alsace.
The nesting habitats of avocets in the Evros Delta, Greece.
The Puffin
Population dynamics of the avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) breeding in Britain.
Cormorants, Darters and Pelicans of the World.Foraging range and feeding locations of Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis during chick rearing
Disturbance effects of high. speed ferries on wintering sea ducks.
Diet and foraging behaviour of the British storm petrel Hydrobates pelagicus in the Bay of Biscay during summer.
Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population
Changes in stone curlew distribution and abundance and vegetation height on chalk grassland at Porton Down, Wiltshire.Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet in the stone. curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England.The management of crop structure: a general approach to reversing the impacts of agricultural intensification on birds?Significance of the Somerset and Gwent Levels in Britain as feeding areas for migrant whimbrels Numenius phaeopus.Food supply and the effects of recreational disturbance on the abundance and distribution of wintering Pochard on a gravel pit complex in southern Britain.Foraging ranges, diets and feeding locations of gannets Morus bassanus in the North Sea: evidence from satellite telemetry.
Use of preferred nesting habitat by stone curlews Burhinus oedicnemus in relation to vegetation structure
A comparison of feeding areas used by individual common murres (Uria aalge) razorbills (Alca torda) and an Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) during the breeding season.
Between-lake differences in the diet and provisioning behaviour of Black-throated Divers Gavia arctica breeding in ScotlandAnalyses concerning prey of divers on the basis of stomach contents - Examples from resting and wintering areas in the south-western Baltic.
Variations in the response of Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus to human disturbance - a sign of adaptation?The feeding ecology and distribution of Common Coots Fulica atra are affected by hunting taking place in adjacent areas.
Distribution and behaviour of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra relative to prey resources and environmental parameters
Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning.
Brent goose (Branta bernicla bernicla) diet choice on agricultural land: a synthesis of two studies.
Breeding biology of the little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis in Britain and Ireland.Habitat selection by the cormorant on south Bohemian fishponds.Behaviour and distribution of wild geese in south-east Scotland.WildfowlWintering diving duck populations and available food resources in the Baltic.Diet and habitat use of scoters Melanitta in the Western Palearctic; a brief overview.The food and feeding habits of tufted duck Aythya fuligula
Pochard use of chironomid-rich feeding habitat in winter.Atlas of Anatidae populations in Africa and western Eurasia.
Kentish Flats Offshore Wind Farm: Diver surveys 2009-10. Report to Vattenfall.Food and feeding habits of the Common Eider at Seafield, Edinburgh, in winter.
Observations on the breeding of the Golden Plover in Great Britain.Seabirds of the northern hemisphere.Conservation management of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus on lowland arable farmland in the UKRestoration of wet features for breeding waders on lowland grassland
Bird use of cultivated fallow 'Lapwing plots' within English agri. environment schemes.
Natterjack Toad Conservation Handbook.
Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index
Great Crested Newt Conservation Handbook
The Habitat Associations of Dunlin (Calidris alpina) in the Flow Country of Northern Scotland and an Improved Model for Predicting Habitat Quality
Design of grassland feeding areas for waders during winter: the relative imporatance of sward, landscape factors and human disturbance.The impact of livestock on Lapwing Vanellus vanellus breeding densities and performance on coastal grazing marsh.The relationship between food supply, reproductive effort and breeding success in Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea. Journal of Animal Ecology 58: 261-274
Microhabitat characteristics of feeding sites used by diving duck Aythya wintering on the grossly polluted Manchester Ship Canal, UK.Variation in the abundance of Red-breasted Mergansers Mergus serrator on a Scottish river in relation to season, year, river hydrography, salmon density and spring cullingFeeding ecology of the diving ducks pochard (Aythya ferina), tufted duck (A. fuligula), scaup (A. mania) and goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) overwintering on Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland
Interactions between coot (Fulica atra) and submerged macrophytes: the role of birds in the restoration processFinal results of bird studies at the offshore wind farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark. NERI report to DONG and Vattenfall.
Breeding distribution and habitat selection of Red-breasted Mergansers in freshwater in western Norway.
Managing water levels on wet grasslands to improve foraging conditions for breeding northern lapwing Vanellus vanellusManaging uplands for biodiversity: Do agri-environment schemes deliver benefits for breeding lapwing Vanellus vanellus?
Factors affecting nest survival of Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus in arable farmland: an agri. environment scheme prescription can enhance nest survival.
Guidelines on Climate Change and Natura 2000. Dealing with the impact of climate change on the management of the Natura 2000 Network of areas of high biodiversity value
AGDS & Drop Down Video Survey Field ReportCumbria Coast Marine Conservation Zone FactsheetDrigg Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest Condition Monitoring System (ENSIS)
Final recommendations for Marine Conservation Zones in the Irish SeaHeysham Flats Sabellaria aveolata Report 2011An Intertidal Survey of the Biotopes of Foulney Island, Morecambe BayKent and Leven Catchment Flood Management Plan Liverpool Bay to the Solway (Rhos-on-Sea to the Mull of Galloway) (MNCR Sector 11).
Maritime Monitoring Intertidal Survey of North West England 2005-2006
Morecambe Bay Shoreline Management Plan PartnershipMorecambe Bay Strategy Scoping Study. Volumes 1 and 2. R. 1243Morecambe Phase VI Coastal Defence Development advice on Proposed Mitigation Measures
Natura 2000 Standard Data Form Morecambe BayNorth West Condition Assessment of Intertidal Mud and Sand FeaturesNorth West England and North Wales Shoreline Management Plan SMP2North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Duddon Estuary North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Kent Estuary North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Leven Estuary North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Ravenglass Estuary Peat and Clay Exposures with Piddocks
Remote sensing of intertidal morphological change in Morecambe BayReview of coastal processes knowledge and issues in Lune Estuary Roosecote Sands Eelgrass and Ephemeral Algae SurveySaltmarsh Condition Survey of Morecambe Bay and Duddon Estuary European Marine SitesVerification survey of intertidal habitats within the Cumbria Coast rMCZInfluence of habitat on breeding performance of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in OrkneyHen Harrier Circus cyaneus foraging activity in relation to habitat and prey.Revised Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Amphibians and Reptiles - DraftStatus and distribution of common scoters on the Solway Firth.
The food of mallard ducklings in a wet gravel quarry and its relation to duckling survival.Habitat distribution of the mallard in relation to vegetation structure, food, and population densityThe breeding ecology of Curlew Numenius arquata on North Pennine moorland.The breeding ecology of curlew: a pilot study.Managing coastal grazing marshes for breeding waders and overwintering geese: is there a conflict?
Selection by brent geese for different leaf lengths of Aster trifolium on saltmarsh.The marine distribution of the gannet in the North Sea.
European Site Conservation Objectives for Morecambe Bay Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0013027
Lune Estuary Habitat Management Study - Summary of Physical Processes and Geomorphological evolution in the Lune Estuary
Morecambe Bay European marine site English Nature's advice under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994
Mussel fisheries in Morecambe Bay: a potential risk to eider ducks? An investigation by Natural England following a risk review of European Marine Sites
The Sea Empress oil spill (Wales, UK): effects on common scoter Melanitta nigra in Carmarthen Bay and status ten years later.
Northern Gannets in the North Sea: foraging distribution and feeding techniques around the Bass Rock.
Effects of Agriculture on the Breeding Ecology of Lapwings Vanellus vanellusThe effects of flooding lowland wet grassland on soil macroinvertebrate prey of breeding wading birds
Quantifying the effects of habitat structure on prey detectability and accessibility to farmland birdsManagement of reedbeds for bitterns and opportunities for reedbed creation.Reedbed management and the breeding bittern Botaurus stellaris in the UK.Herons in Europe
Site fidelity and range size of wintering Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis.The Management of Grass Pastures for Brent GeesePrediction of field use by Brent Geese - an aid to management.
Herons of EuropeThe Hen HarrierField Vole Microtus agrestis abundance and Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus diet and breeding in Scotland
Nest site selection by hen harriers in Scotland.
Global dispersion of nesting Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus: implications for grouse moors in the UK.Habitat selection and foraging success of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in west Scotland.
The breeding status of the Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus in the UK in 1999.The effect of recreational disturbance on an upland breeding bird, the golden plover Pluvialis apricaria.
Feeding ecology of the curlew.RSPB Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2013Flamborough Head Management Plan
Filey-Cayton Seabird Monitoring Report 2012Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2006SOSS-04 Gannet Population Viability Analysis. Demographic data, population model and outputsReport on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area. Fifth Edition
Information leaflet: Kittiwake
Foraging ranges of northern gannets Morus bassanus in relation to proposed offshore wind farms in the UK. RSPB Report to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change. Stone-curlews Burhinus oedicnemus and recreational disturbance: developing a management tool for accessHabitat availability and roost-site selection by the stone curlew, Burhinus oedicnemus, in an arid cultivated landscape (Los monegros, NE Spain).
Foraging efficiency in barnacle geese Branta leucopsis: a functional response to sward height and an analysis of sources of individual variation.
The selection of grass swards by brent geese Branta b. bernicla: interactions between food quality and quantity.
A comparison of the feeding ecology of wintering Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus centred on two heathland areas in England
The UK SPA network: it’s scope and content. Volume 2: Species Accounts - A6.93 Guillemot Uria aalge (breeding)Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environmentThe UK SPA network: it’s scope and content. Volume 2: Species Accounts - A6.87 Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla (breeding)
Seabird use of waters adjacent to coloniesCommon GuillemotRazorbillSeabird Monitoring Programme Online DatabaseBempton Cliffs Reserve: Recent Sightings
Waterbirds in the UK 2012/13: The Wetland Bird Survey
EC Directive 791409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds: Special Protection Area - North Norfolk CoastEC Directive 791409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds: Special Protection Area - Gibraltar Point
A visitor management strategy for the Norfolk Coast: an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.North Norfolk Shoreline Management PlanTitchwell marsh coastal change project- Layman's reportConservation threat addressed by the tactics project
Lincolnshire coastal grazing marshBroad scale biological mapping of Lundy MNR with particular reference to reefs.Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 - Potting Permit Byelaw
Lundy No-Take Zone - ten years on.The saltmarsh survey of Great Britain: an inventory of British saltmarshes.
Aerial surveys of waterbirds in the Wash, 2005/06Low tide survey of The Wash Special Protection Area. Final report of the winter 2009-10 shorebird survey
Birds by name: Goldeneye
Key habitat attributes for birds and bird assemblages in England. English Nature Research Report No. 359
Herring gull Larus argentatusNorthern fulmar Fulmarus glacialisEuropean shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis
Technical Information Note TIN128: Black-legged kittiwake: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations
The distribution of guillemots (Uria aalge), razorbills (Alca torda) and puffins (Fratercula arctica) at sea around Flamborough Head, June 1984.
The impact of sugar beet farming practice on wintering pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus populations
Humber Estuary Coastal Authorities Group Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan
Proposed new fisheries management measures for The Wash & North Norfolk Coast Special Area of ConservationEC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora Citation for Alde, Ore and Butley Estuaries Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Register reference number: UK0030076. Compilation date: May 2005 Version: 1
Torbay Recommended Marine Conservation Zone (rMCZ) Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification Survey 2013
Natural England survey of the coastal lagoon habitat within the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, 2009-2010.
Departmental Brief: Proposed extension to Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs Special Protection Area and renaming as Flamborough and Filey Coast potential Special Protection Area (pSPA) (SPA EU code: UK9006101)
Flamborough Head SAC and Flamborough Head & Bempton Cliffs SPA Review of Consents Appropriate Assessment
Species factsheet: Northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialisSpecies factsheet: European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelisSpecies factsheet: Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo DRAFT Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC/SSSI: 2013 Saltmarsh Condition Assessment Survey Report
Schoenoplectus on the Tamar Estuary Progress ReportStandard Data Form, Plymouth Sound and Estuaries, for Special Areas of ConservationCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for Saltmarsh HabitatsWater Framework Directive - River Basin Management Plans - Rivers [Online]Individual-based ecology of coastal birds
Study of Slavonian Grebes wintering at Dawlish Warren National Nature Reserve, Winter 2000 – 2001.
Prey Availability of Supporting Habitat for Bird Species of the Exe Estuary.Exe Estuary Disturbance Study.Predicting the mussel food requirements of oystercatchers in the Exe EstuaryDistribution of Bird and Marine Life in the Exe Estuary and the Factors Affecting that Distribution.Zostera exploitation by Brent Geese and Wigeon on the Exe estuary, southern EnglandExe Estuary Habitat Mapping, English Nature Research ReportState of the ExeExe Estuary Recreational Framework.Pink Sea Fan Survey Report 2005- 2008Eel grass in the subtidal waters of Looe. Pink sea fan survey report - Cornwall 2004-5Whitsand and Looe Bay MCZ Summary Site ReportLooe Marine Conservation Group websiteRevealing the reef: 10 years of marine life settling on ex-HMS ScyllaPopulation and productivity trends of Little Terns Sterna albifrons in Britain, 1969-89FOCI Species Data; Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly
Predicting site quality for shorebird communities: A case study on the Wash embayment, UKSex-specific winter distribution in a sexually dimorphic shorebird is explained by resource partitioning
Wash East Coastal Management Consultation.
The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site ReportsEastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority
The Wash and North Norfolk Coast: Lagoons condition assessment
Individual and age differences in the feeding ecology of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus wintering on the Exe Estuary, DevonThe winter feeding ecology of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta on intertidal areas. II. Diet and feeding mechanismsPredicting the effects of local and global environmental change on shorebirds: a case study on the Exe estuary, U.K.Diets of Dunlin Calidris alpine and Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola on the Wash as determined by dropping analysisWetland Bird Survey Alerts 2009/2010: Changes in numbers of wintering waterbirds in the Constituent Countries of the United Kingdom, Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).
Marine Recorder 1986–2013 Species FOCI. Data submitted by SNCBs, Cefas, DASSH, Porcupine Marine Natural History Society, marine consultants and Seasearch
Water Framework Directive - River Basin Management - Coastal Waters - Map of current ecological quality in the Wash
NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the Wash European Marine Site. Volume 2.NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site. Volume 1.
River Nene Catchment Flood Management Plan. Summary Report December 2009.Shoreline Management Plan 2. Appendix K - Water Framework Directive Assessment.
The Wash Shoreline Management Plan 2. Gibraltar Point to Hunstanton.
Seabird Monitoring Programme; Gibraltar Point SPA; Breeding successSeabird Monitoring Programme; Norfolk; Breeding successGibraltar Point National Nature Reserve Management Plan 2010-2015 [Unpublished]Skegness Yacht Club Management Plan - Sept 2014 until August 2024Annual returns of little tern at Gibraltar PointNorfolk Bird and Mammal Report 2012Survey of inter-tidal seagrass beds along the north Norfolk coast: August 2013.Survey of coastal lagoon habitat in the North Norfolk Coast SSSIAbraham's Bosom, Unit 38 condition assessment [Unpublished]Site Improvement Plan Mersey Estuary (SIP 138)
How representative is the current monitoring of breeding success in the UK?
Site improvement plan - Alde-Ore EstuariesDraft Estuary Plan
Suffolk Local Biodiversity Action Plan - Little Tern
The Alde Ore Esturauary - securing a sustinable future for wildlife
Alde Ore Future For Wildlife - Orfordness and Havergate Island
Alde Ore Estuary SPA CitationEC Directive 791409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds: Special Protection Area - Alde-Ore EstuaryTracking lesser black-backed gulls
The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site Annual Management Plan 2014-2015. Living Document v2.
A review of disturbance distances in selected bird species. A report from Natural Research (Projects) Ltd to Scottish Natural Heritage. Assessing the disturbance of birds by aircraft in the Wash (DE/AND/1274). Part 2: Report on pilot study field work.The Effect of Dominance and Feeding Method on the Intake Rates of Oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, Feeding on MusselsThe Diet of Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica in the Wadden Sea: combining visual observations and faeces analyses.
Mersey Estuary Views About Management, Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. Schedule 11(6) Version date 01/08/05
Planning for the Future Improvement Programme for England's Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS) Site Improvement Plan - Alde-Ore Estuaries
Measuring the interaction between marine features of Special Protection Areas with offshore wind farm development zones through telemetry: First breeding season report.Measuring the interaction between marine features of Special Protection Areas with offshore wind farm development zones through telemetry: Second year report.
Effects of lagoon creation and water control changes on birds at a former airfield at Orford Ness, Suffolk, UK: Part 1 – breeding pied avocets, common redshank and northern lapwing.
TraC Winter Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen tool-level classifications (at water body level, aggregated to MPA) - Alde Ore Estuary
Grazing marsh on Orford Ness
Condition of SSSI Units for Site: Alde-Ore EstuaryA Directory of Saline Lagoons in England.
Fuzzy experts on recreational vessels, a risk modelling approach for marine invasions
Escape responses of hauled out ringed seals (Phoca hispida) to aircraft disturbanceMariculture: significant and expanding cause of coastal nutrient enrichment
Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities
Reducing seabird bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheriesRecreational boating: a large unregulated vector transporting marine invasive species
The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A reviewThreats to sandy beach ecosystems: A review
The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a reviewLoss of Coastal Strand Habitat in Southern California: The Role of Beach GroomingHuman-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk.Reproductive Effects in Birds Exposed to Pesticides and Industrial ChemicalsPrinciples and approaches to abate seabird by-catch in longline fisheriesEffect of water clarity on the distribution of marine birds in nearshore waters of Monterey Bay, California
Disturbance of intertidal soft sediment assemblages caused by swinging boat moorings
The effects of disturbance on habitat use by black-tailed godwits Limosa limosaBirds flee en mass from New Year’s Eve fireworks
Male gray seals specialize in raiding salmon trapsPseudo-faeces production in bivalves
Impacts of disturbance on migratory waterfowl
The incidence and significance of ingested lead pellet poisoning in British Wildfowl
Tourism benefit and impacts analysis in the Norfolk Coast Area of Oustanding Natural Beauty: Appendices.The spread of marine non-indigenous species via recreational boating: A conceptual model for risk assessment based on fault tree analysis
Salmon lice infection of wild sea trout and Arctic char in marine and freshwaters: the effects of salmon farms
How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere
Examination of the effects of disturbance on birds with reference to its importance in ecological assessmentsTidal barrages in the UK: Ecological and social impacts, potential mitigation, and tools to support barrage planningImpacts of driving on the beach: Case studies from Assateague Island and Padre Island National SeashoresImpacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis
Bottlenose dolphins and aquaculture: interaction and site fidelity on the north-eastern coast of Sardinia (Italy)
Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy, western Mediterranean): effect of anchor types in different anchoring stages
Effects of beach raking and sand fences on dune dimensions and morphology
Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise
Results of a short study on by-catches and discards in pelagic fisheries in Scotland (UK)
On electrical fishing for brown shrimp (Crangon crangon): I. Laboratory experiments
Responses of Foraging Sanderlings to Human ApproachesAn analysis of discards from the French trawler fleet in the Celtic Sea
Beach recreation impacts benthic invertebrates on ocean-exposed sandy shoresElectrotrawling: a promising alternative fishing technique warranting further exploration
The impacts of fishing on marine birds
Indirect effects of herbicides on bird food resources and beneficial arthropodsMarine pollution from antifouling paint particles
The effects of aquaculture on bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) ranging in Shark Bay, Western Australia
The role of recreational activities in creating fragments of invasive Caulerpa taxifolia
Sargassum as a natural solution to enhance dune plant growthAllis shad (Alosa alosa) exhibit an intensity-graded behavioral response when exposed to ultrasound
Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – An overlooked threat to waterbird populations
Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishesShedding light on light: benefits of anthropogenic illumination to a nocturnally foraging shorebird
Antifouling strategies: History and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigationA noisy spring: the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish
Effects of artificial lights and moonlight on petrels at St Kilda
Effect of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device on the relative abundance and distribution of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in retreat passage, British Columbia.Aircraft sound and disturbance to bowhead and beluga whales during spring migration in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea.
Leisure boating noise as a trigger for the displacement of the bottlenose dolphins of the Cres–Lošinj archipelago (northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia)
Sandy beach ecosystems: key features, sampling issues, management challenges and climate change impacts
Towards a spatially explicit risk assessment for marine management: Assessing the vulnerability of fish to aggregate extraction
Disturbance to a foraging seabird by sea-based tourism: Implications for reserve management in marine protected areas
Anchors aweigh: Fragment generation of invasive Caulerpa taxifolia by boat anchors and its resistance to desiccation
Underwater and in-air sounds from a small hovercraft
Tourist disturbance on New Zealand fur seal Sarctocephalus forsteriEffects of motorboats and personal watercraft on flight behavior over a colony of Common Terns
Recreational boats as potential vectors of marine organisms at an invasion hotspot
Effects of recreational disturbance on the foraging behaviour of waders on a rocky beach
Seabird foraging tactics and water clarity: are plunge divers really in the clear?
Disturbance of foraging Knots by aircraft in the Dutch Wadden Sea in August-October 1992
Marine biofouling on recreational boats on swing moorings and berths.
The impact of tourism on coastal breeding waders in western and southern Europe: an overview
Birds killed by aircraft in the United Kingdom, 1966-76
Pesticides and Bird PopulationsMarine Aquaculture - Impacts of Aquaculture; Interactions with Predators
Chapter 4.1 Estuaries
Population and community ecology of Mytilus.
The effect of two mechanical beach grooming strategies on Escherichia coli density in beach sand at a southwestern Lake Michigan beachChanges in fisheries practices and Oystercatcher survival, recruitment and body mass in a marginal Cockle fishery
Trampling in a seagrass assemblage: direct effects,response of associated fauna, and the role of substrate characteristics.Effects of ambient and boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area (Miramare, Italy)
Response and recovery dynamics of seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and macroalgae in experimental motor vessel disturbances
Recreational boating traffic: a chronic source of anthropogenic noise in the Wilmington, North Carolina Intracoastal WaterwayEnvironmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings: entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) presence and incidental capture in a marine fish farm on the north-eastern coast of Sardinia (Italy)
Assessing the impact of coastal defense structures on habitat types and species of European Interest (92/43/EC): a methodological approach.
Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) disturbance, ecotourism and the Pembrokeshire Marine Code around Ramsey Island
Aquatic invasive species transport via trailered boats: what is being moved, who is moving it, and what can be done
Human disturbance to seabirds at sea. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website.Light pollution has a negative impact on many seabirds including several globally threatened species. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website.
Control and management of ballast water - How to manage ballast water in shipping including exchange and treatment, plans and systems, and management requirements for specific regions.Marine Strategy Framework Directive Indicators for Biogenic Reefs formed by Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus edulis and Sabellaria spinulosa Part 1: Defining and validating the indicators.
Pre-construction Sabellaria vulgaris monitoring at Broadkill Beach sand placement site, Sussex County, Delaware.
Settlement, growth and production of the mussel, Mytilus edulis L., in Morecambe Bay, England.
Guidance document on aquaculture activities in the context of the Natura 2000 NetworkImpact of oil pollution on seabirds
The effects of oil on seagrass ecosystems
The Impacts of Seismic Activities on Marine Life and its Environment
Environmental Aspects of DredgingEnvironmental impacts associated with recreational horse-riding
A behaviour-based modeling approach to reducing shorebird-shellfish conflicts
Changes in commercially fished shellfish stocks and shorebird populations in the Wash, England.
Rare Breeding Birds Panel (RBBP) data
The Little Tern Breeding Season at Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve 2014The habitats and distribution of bird features on the Exe EstuaryThe Manacles Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification Survey 2013MCZ Video Analysis Report – Manacles. Manacles MCZ Seabed Imagery AnalysisShoreline Management Plan for Cornwall and the Isles of ScillyDean Quarry Coastal Development: Subtidal Ecology Baseline ReportDean Quarry Coastal Development: Intertidal Ecology Baseline Report
North Kent Marshes Saltmarsh Survey 2002.Medway Estuary and Marshes (Kent): SSSI citationMedway Estuary and Marshes (Kent): SPA citation (UK9012031)
Medway Estuary and Swale Shoreline Management Plan. Appendix J Habitats Regulations Assessment.
Nor Marsh and Motney Hill RSPB Management Plan 2008-2013 update.Kent Habitat Survey 2012Medway bird counts; various dates.Phase 1 - Bird Disturbance Report
Sabellaria spinulosa. Ross worm. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.
An individual behaviour-based model can predict shorebird mortality using routinely collected shellfishery data
Modelling study to determine the capacity of The Wash shellfish stocks to support eider Somateria mollissima. Unpublished report to Natural England.
Fal and Helford Recreational Boating Study Chapter 1. Single block, sub tidal, permanent moorings: ‐Ecological impact on infaunal communities due to direct, physical disturbance from mooring infrastructure.
Inland pastures are an appropriate alternative for salt-marshes as a feeding area for spring-fattening Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla. Changes in numbers of wintering waterbirds in the United Kingdom at national, country and Special Protection Area (SPA) scales.Investigating possible movements of waterbirds between the Medway Estuary & Marshes SPA and neighbouring areas of the Thames and Swale Estuaries. Part 1.
Swale and Medway European Marine site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994.
Bird Disturbance Study, North Kent 2010/11Condition of SSSI units for Site Medway Estuary and Marshes SPA (2009/2010)
Medway Estuary and Marshes SPA Description.
The Swale SPA DescriptionThe Swale: SSSI citationThe Swale extensions (Kent): SPA citation (UK9012011)Condition of SSSI units for Site The Swale (2009/2010) Natural EnglandNorth Kent Marshes bird usage. Elmley.
Bittern breeding in Norfolk and SuffolkBreeding Seabirds on the Outer Trial Bank, Norfolk, UK - An Island in The Wash.Seabird Monitoring Program - Alde Ore lesser black-backed gull figures to 2012RSPB & NT bird counts for Havergate – Orfordness 1983 – 2006Avocet report
Species factsheet: Calidris pugnaxSite Improvement Plan, Dee Estuary/Aber Dyfrdwy & Mersey NarrowsDawlish Warren website, http://www.dawlishwarren.co.uk/
North Owers - Draft Environmental Statement v3.0
North Owers - Draft Environmental Statement v3.0 Annex 7.3 Black Bream Monitoring: Historical Analysis
South Coast Marine Aggregate Regional Environmental Assessment (MAREA) Volume 1 and 2South Coast Regional Environmental Assessment Appendix E Fisheries Activity SurveySussex Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authority (IFCA) Baseline Fisheries InformationAn ecological investigation ofthe intertidal benthic invertebrates of the Dee Estuary.The Dee Estuary Biotope Survey 2004/5. Report to English Nature (Cheshire to Lancashire Team)Fal WFD 2011 Seagrass SurveysBiotope survey of the Littoral Sediment of the North Norfolk Coast candidate SACEastern IFCA Research Report 2012Natural England Site Information System (ENSIS) Marine SSSI dataEUSeaMap
Exe Estuary Habitat MappingExe Mussel Bed Survey 2013 DSIFCAFuturecoastHumber Estuary Intertidal Habitat Status ReportITE Wash Birds and Invertebrates report 1988Kent MudflatsLyme Bay Map and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC)Mersey Estuary Saltmarsh Vegetation Survey
Intertidal macrofaunal data review update for the Swale, Medway and South Thames Marshes and biotope distribution in three areas.
Site Improvement Plan Greater Thames Complex - Improvement Programme for England’s Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS).
South-east Devon European Site Mitigation Strategy. Unpublished report for East Devon District Council, Exeter City Council and Teignbridge District Council.
Start Point to Plymouth Sound and Eddystone candidate Special Area of Conservation: Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (as amended)
Project report: Assessment of the impacts of Didemnum vexillum and options for the management of the species in England.
Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 11. Liverpool Bay and the Solway Firth: area summaries.North West Region European Marine Sites Condition Monitoring of Littoral FeaturesBroad scale biological mapping of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries.Portsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition AssessmentRibble SurveyThe extent of saltmarsh in England and WalesSaltmarshes in Wash and North Norfolk CoastSolent EMS Eelgrass 2013 Surveys 2013-14 Final Report.South Coast REC - EUNIS classificationSt John's Lake intertidal biotope map (Tamar estuary, Plymouth)Survey of inter-tidal seagrass beds along the north Norfolk Coast: August 2013. Report NumberThames 2100 project dataZostera descriptions North Norfolk Coast - Cley1973-81 Devon and Cornwall occasional surveys
1985 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) Harbours, Rias and Estuaries (HRE) Exe Estuary survey
Marine Nature Conservation Review: Littoral survey of the coast from Crosby to Fleetwood.1990 MNCR Rhos Point to New Brighton littoral surveyEssex/Suffolk estuaries intertidal surveys 1990Exe Estuary littoral surveyNRA Faversham Creek surveyNRA Portsmouth Harbour surveyNRA Swale Estuary surveyTamar Estuary littoral sediment surveyRavenglass, Duddon & Ribble estuaries littoral surveyLittoral survey of the Ribble, Duddon and Ravenglass estuary systems, east basin of the Irish Sea.1991-95 Orcombe littoral surveyDeben and Ore estuaries littoral surveyTamar Estuary littoral surveyExe, Wembury and Yealm littoral surveyMNCR survey 459 Intertidal Brancaster to BlakeneyMNCR Swale and Medway estuaries surveyExmouth to Burton Bradstock (Lyme Bay) surveyChichester Harbour to Pevensey Bay sublittoral surveyExmouth to Chesil (Lyme Bay) surveySaline lagoons and lagoon-like ponds in EnglandThe Wash - July 1996North Norfolk littoral surveyThe Wash - July 1999The Wash - July 2000The Wash - July 2001Bracklesham Bay to Rye BaySolent European Marine Sites SurveyKingmere rMCZ Site Verification SurveyThe Wash and North Norfolk Coast SAC: Intertidal mud and sand flats assessmentSeasearch Survey of Kingmere rMCZ, SussexSeasearch Survey of LincolnshirePortsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition Assessment
Preliminary one day sublittoral survey of the Wash by diving and dredging. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council
Metadata: 1986 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) Harbours, Rias and Estuaries (HRE) Plymouth Harbour and Yealm Estuary survey
Seasearch survey of the Norfolk CoastChichester to Rye BayA249 Iwade to Queensborough ImprovementQueensborough Ecological SurveyShore dock Rumex rupestris report on field work undertaken in 2000
Shore dock Rumex rupestris report on field work undertaken in 1999Species Action Plans for plants: Shore dockSpecies Recovery Programme: Shore Dock (Rumex rupestris Le Gall) Second ReportRumex rupestris Le Gall
An inventory of British reedbeds in 1993. Coastal Lagoons of East Anglia, U.KLindsey Outmarsh Grassland SurveySurvey of the saline pools/lagoons at Easington and Kilnsea. Report for English NatureHigher Level Stewardship: Environmental Stewardship Handbook, Fourth Edition – January 2013A survey of coastal saline lagoons: North Humberside to Tyneside, 1985. Final report Survey of Brackish Coastal Lagoons: Sussex to Dorset, 1984-5; field reportKent Habitat Survey 2003Lagoon survey of North Kent (Whitstable to Gravesend) August, 1988.English Nature Humber to Pennines Team SSSI NVC SurveyLincolnshire Biodiversity Partnership BAP habitats 1997-2007SSSI DatabaseNorfolk Fens Assesment 2005 - 2006Coastal vegetated shingle structures of Great Britain: main report. Lindsey Outmarsh Boundary SurveyLittoral Biotope Survey and Condition Assessment of the Lynher Estuary SSSICountryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS) agreement optionsFlood Map - Flood Zone 3 (WMS)Environmental Stewardship agreement optionsEnvironmentally Sensitive AreasHampshire Habitat Survey Partnership Project - UK Priority Habitat Mapping Metadata 1989-2005North Yorkshire SINC surveyNorfolk Wildlife Trust fen surveyOS MasterMapSouth East Strategic Regional Coastal Monitoring Programme - Habitat Mapping ProjectCoastal and Floodplain Grazing Marsh - Commissioned survey work for the Wetland Inventory 2009/10
Lowland Fen - Commissioned survey work for the Wetland Inventory 2009/10
OS ProfileAerial Photography 2nd EditionBiotope survey of the littoral sediments of the north Norfolk coast cSAC.Intertidal mudflats layer for England2011 WFD Intertidal Seagrass Survey 2011 - SolentIntertidal Benthic Infauna Survey 2013 - Essex Estuaries & SwaleMersey Estuary littoral sediment surveySefton Coast Partnership’s Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 2006-2011.Fal and Helford European Marine Site Sublittoral Monitoring 2002Monitoring of Fal and Helford SAC 2011
Conservation objectives and definitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest. Lynher Estuary SSSI.
Monitoring Subtidal Sandbanks of the Isles of Scilly and the Fal and Helford Special Areas of Conservation
Condition Monitoring of the Intertidal Mudflats and Sandflats Feature at Fal and Helford Marine Sites
Helford River Survey: Report
Lower Fal and Helford Intertidal SSSI Baseline Survey - DraftReview of the status of estuarine fishes2008: Second Integrated Report on the Eutrophication Status of the OPSAR Maritime AreaPort of Falmouth Development Initiative Environmental StatementRame Head to Lizard Point Shoreline Management PlanFal and Helford SAC maerl drop-down video and dive survey 2013Maerl in Cornwall 2012 Survey ReportThe location and extent of live and dead maerl beds in Falmouth Harbour, southwest UK.Falmouth Cruise Project EIA - Marine Ecological Survey
Falmouth Bay Maerl Community Benthic SurveyCycleau Project. Management of TBT Contaminated Sediment in the Fal EstuaryFal eelgrass bed drop down video survey report
Falmouth Bay and Estuaries A Nature Conservation OverviewThe Fal Estuary: coastal processes and conservationThe sedimentary shore fauna of the Helford River at Helford Passage, CornwallSurveys of Harbours, rias and estuaries in southern Britain: the Helford River.Strategic Guidelines 2010 and Workprogram 2010-2015
Cornwall Seasearch Surveys 2012 Summary ReportSurvey of Harbours, Rias and Estuaries in Southern Britain: Falmouth ; Volume 1 ReportThe Location and Conservation of Eelgrass Beds in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly: Volume I - Report
The Fal Estuary: Coastal Processes and Conservation
Helford River Survey: Eelgrass (Zostera Spp.) Project 1995-1998
Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan April 2012 - April 2017Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan April 2012 - April 2017Ribble Estuary Views About Management, Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, Schedule 11(6)Sefton Coast Views About Management, Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, Schedule 11(6)Reducing the risk of flooding at Hesketh Out Marsh EastSite Improvement Plan Sefton RibbleDraft Coastal Strategy 2014 – 2030
Drigg Coast SAC citation documentSite Improvement Plan Drigg Coast SACNatterjack Toad (Epiledia calamita) Survey Drigg Dunes
Helford River Survey, Helford Voluntary Marine Conservation Area, Monitoring Report No.6, Intertidal transect monitoring review incorporating data from 1986 to 1999
The Fal Estuary System. Survey of the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Infauna (September 1990) for the proposed classification of Estuaries in the South Western Region
Zostera noltii. Dwarf eelgrass. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line].
Evaluation of the Conservation Requirements of Rarer British Marine Fishes and Appendices: Final Report to the Nature Conservancy Council
Drigg Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest Condition Monitoring System Favourable Condition Table (FCT)
Littoral survey of south Cumbria (Barrow-in-Furness to St Bees Head)
Drigg Coast, Ravenglass Estuary intertidal hard substrate habitat surveys 2013River basin management plan North West river basin districtSalmonid and Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England and Wales
North West Esturaies Processes Overview ReportSurvey of Saltmarsh - Drigg Coast European Marine SiteManagement of Natura 2000 habitats. 2190 Humid dune slacks.
Survey and analysis of vegetation and hydrological change in English Dune slack habitats
Drigg Coast SAC Ravenglass Estuary intertidal surveyVerification survey of intertidal habitats within Cumbria Coast rMCZIntertidal survey of the biotopes of the rocky scars in the Drigg Coast, European Marine Site
Otters : ecology, behaviour and conservation: ecology, behaviour and conservationRecent developments in seaweed diseases
Non-native Invasive Species
Plymouth Sound SAC elevation change between 2007 and 2011In-depth review of evidence supporting the recommended Marine Conservation Zones - MB0116Understanding the environmental impact of offshore windfarmsRisk factors in shellfish harvesting areas.
Marine mammals and aquaculture: conflicts and potential resolutionsA review of the effects of recreational interactions within UK European marine sites.
Deacons Boatyard Dredge: Hydrodynamic Assessment
Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind-farmsEcology of the Atlantic Salmon: Salmo salarBeach Management Manual (second edition)Thermal standards for cooling water from new build nuclear power stations.
Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 11 - Liverpool bay and the Solway Firth: area summaries (Coasts and seas of United Kingdom)
North West England & North Wales Shoreline Management Plan SMP2 (sub cell 11d Hodbarrow Point to St Bees Head)
Changing nutrient budgets of sand dunes: Consequences for the nature conservation interest and dune management. 1. A review.
An appraisal and synthesis of data identifying areas of ross worm, Sabellaria spinulosa, reef in The Wash. Natural England internal document.
European Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Good Environmental Status (MSFD GES): Report of the Technical Subgroup on Underwater noise and other forms of energy.
Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Berth 201/202 works. Updated by Further Information (Section 17: Noise and Vibration)
Aggregate Dredging and the Marine Environment: an overview of recent research and current industry practice.Measuring the effects of suspended particulate matter and smothering on the behaviour, growth and survival of key species found in areas associated with aggregate dredgingGeneral advice on assessing potential impacts of and mitigation for human activities on MCZ features using existing regulation and legislation. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England to the Regional MCZ Projects
Biological impacts of oil pollution: sedimentary shores
Birds and wave and tidal stream energy: an ecological review
Marine wind farms and cetaceansEcology of the European Otter.Charting Progress 2 The State of UK Seas
Collision risks between marine renewable energy devices and mammals, fish and diving birds.
Review of cabling techniques and environmental effects applicable to the offshore wind farm industry
Direct and Indirect Impacts of Aggregate Dredging. Science Monograph Series No. 1
Dogs, access and nature conservation
Screening at intakes and outfalls: measures to protect eel. (Part of The Eel Manual)Screening for Intakes and Outfalls: a best practice guide.
Non-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory.Environmental aspects of seaweed aquaculture
Background Document for European eel Anguilla anguilla
Genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations.
Bird Strike Avoidance and Lighting Plan. Revised Outer Continental Shelf Lease Exploration Plan, Camden Bay, Alaska
The Ecological Effect of the Proposed Mansbrook Grove Outfall With Particular Reference to Birds on the Adjacent Mudflats of the Orwell EstuaryEffects of Reductions in Organic and Nutrient Loading on Bird Populations in Estuaires and Coastal Waters of England and Wales. Phase 1 Report March 2002The potential nature conservation impacts of wave and tidal energy extraction by marine renewable developments
Marine aggregate dredging and the coastline: a guidance note. Best practice guidance for assessment, evaluation and monitoring of the possible effects of marine aggregate extraction on the coast – a Coastal Impact Study
Current state of knowledge of extent, causes and population effects of unusual mortality events in Scottish seals.Managing visitor use and disturbance of waterbirds — a literature review of impacts and mitigation measures Appendix L
EC Guidance on the implementation of the birds and habitats directives in estuaries and coastal zone with particular attention to port development and dredging.EC Implementation the EU nature legislation in estuaries and coastal zones, with particular attention to port related activities: technical recommendatons and guidance. Results of working group - Draft Version 9
Electrofishing for Razor Clams (Ensis siliqua and E. arquatus): Effects on Survival and Recovery of Target and Non-Target Species
Environmental management in oil and gas exploration and production. An overview of issues and management approachesE-On Rampion Offshore Wind Farm. ES Section 8 - Fish & Shellfish Ecology - Appendix 8.1 - Black Bream in the Eastern English Channel off the Sussex Coast
Living with coastal erosion in Europe: Sediment and Space for Sustainability. Part 1 - Major findings and policy recommendations of the Eurosion Project.
Proceedings of the GESAMP International Workshop on plastic particles as a vector in transporting persistent, bio-accumulating and toxic substances in the oceans.
Potential impacts of acoustic deterrent devices on Scottish marine wildlife
Grey and harbour seal density maps. Marine Mammal Scientific Support Research Programme. Task MR 5
Guidance on Environmental considerations for offshore wind developmentGuidelines for managing water quality impacts within UK European marine sites
Monitoring the effects of a hovercraft survey in Langstone and Chichester Harbours.Report of the Workshop to Review and Advise on Seabird Bycatch (WKBYCS)Report of the Study Group on Electrical Trawling (SGELECTRA)Overview assessment of non-indigenous species in the OSPAR maritime areaIdentifying best practice in management of activities on Marine Protected Areas.
Waterbird Disturbance Mitigation ToolkitImpacts of fishing gear on marine benthic habitats
A fresh look at managed realignment: estaury-wide and long term sustainabilityEnvironmental Impact Assesment - Siting and design of submarine outfalls
Development of a Sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA feature).
Good Practice Guidelines for ports and harbours operating within or near UK European marine sites.Bycatch of Vulnerable Species: Understanding the Process and Mitigating the ImpactsDiversion and Entrapment of Fish at Water Intakes and Outfalls
The Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations 2001 (as amended)
Pathways of effects of noise associated with aquaculture on natural marine ecosystems in CanadaAssessment of the environmental impact of underwater noise
Assessment of the environmental impact of land reclamationAssessment of the impact of coastal defence structures.Background Document on Organic Tin CompoundsGuidelines on Best Environmental Practice (BEP) in Cable Laying and OperationOSPAR JAMP assessment of the environmental impact of dumping of wastes at sea.
Performance Assessment of Bycatch and Discards Governance by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations
Greening Blue Energy: Identifying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy.
Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Appropriate Assessment Information ReviewEffects of noise on fish, fisheries and invertebrates in the US Atlantic and Arctic from Energy Industry Sound Generating Activites
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Adoption: 1973 (Convention), 1978 (1978 Protocol), 1997 (Protocol - Annex VI) Entry into force: 2 October 1983 Annexes I and II).
Small Vessel in Commercial Use for Sport or Pleasure, Workboats and Pilot Boats - Alternative Construction Standards.Statement of Intent between the UK SBNs and Navy Command Headquarters regarding the use and maintenance of the Environment Protection Guidelines Maritime and Maritime Environmental and Sustainability Assessment Tool
Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment - Future leasing/licensing for offshore renewable energy, oil and gas, hydrocarbon gas and carbon dioxide storage and associated infrastructure
Assessment of the effects of offshore windfarms on birds (carried out as part of DTI Sustainable Energy Programmes)
Assessment of the environmental impacts of cablesOSPAR Assessment of the environmental impact of dredging for navigational purposesOSPAR Marine Litter in the North-East Atlantic Region.
OSPAR Literature Review on the Impacts of Dredged Sediment Disposal at Sea.OPSAR Assessment of the impacts of shipping on the marine environment.Impacts of the Construction of the Brightwater Marine Outfall on Intertidal Biotic CommunitiesPathways of Effects for Finfish and Shellfish Aquaculture
Bird Habitat Management in Ports and Waterways
Desalination Plant Intakes – Impingement and Entrainment Impacts and Solutions. White PaperImpact assessment of the effects of a selected range of fishing gears in the North SeaPollution impacts from recreational boatingBlack bream in Eastern English Channel off the Sussex coastAssessment of risk to diving birds from underwater marine renewable devices in welsh waters.Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities
The impact of sand extraction at Formby point, MerseysideSanitary sewage from pleasure craft in the Baltic Sea.Sargassum: erosion and biodiversity on the beach
SCANS-II Small cetaceans in the European Atlantic and North Sea. Report 2005.Engineering in the Water Environment Good Practice Guide: Intakes and Outfalls.
Baseline fisheries informationMarine Works (EIA) Regualtions Consent Decision: RNLI St David's Life Boat StationThe Effect of Kite Surfing on Wader Roosts at West Kirby, Dee EstuaryThe effects of motorized watercraft on aquatic ecosystemsSummary of the environmental interactions of the recreational boating sector and key data gaps.
Wave and tidal further leasing plan HRAReview and assessment of the effects of marine fish farm discharges on Biodiversity Action Plan Habitats
WODA Technical Guidance on Underwater Sound in Relation to DredgingEffects of electrofishing for Ensis spp. on benthic macrofauna, epifauna and fish species.
Assessment of the environmental impact of the construction or placement of structures (other than Oil and Gas and Windfarms)
Fishing spatial-temporal pressures and sensitivities analysis for MPA Fishing Industry Collaboration Pilot FES 252: Report on Seafish workshop on the physical effects of fishing activities on the Dogger Bank
Did the pile driving during the constuction of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands, impact local seabirds?
The distribution and abundance of harbour porpoise and other small cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters.
An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation MeasuresShellfish Industry Development Strategy - A case for considering MSC certification for shellfish cultivation operations
The impact of noise and artifical light on waterfowl behaviour: a review and synthesis of available literatureEnvironmental Impact Assessment and Appropriate Assessment. Evaluation of assessment tools and methods. Lot 2: Analysis of case studies of port development projects in European estuaries. TIDE Interreg IVB programme.
A review of possible marine renewable energy development projects and their natural heritage impacts from a Scottish perspective.
Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1993Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1994Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1995Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1996Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1997Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1998Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1999Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2000Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2001Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2002Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2003Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2004Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2005Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2006Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2007Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2008Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2009Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2010Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2011Distribution of ship-following seabirds and their utilisation of discards in the North Sea in summer.Anchoring and Mooring Factsheet
Effects of human disturbances on the behavior of wintering ducks
Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farmsHow different landscape elements limit the breeding habitat of meadow bird speciesA Review of the Potential Impacts of Marine Aggregate Extraction on Seabirds
Approaches to measuring the effects of human disturbance on birdsWhy behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbanceAinsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan 2004-2009Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan (Extension Approval) 2009-2012Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan 2012-2017Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan 2004-2009Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan (Extension Approval) 2009-2012Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan 2012-2017
Catchment data explorer
Medway Estuary and Marshes Standard Natura 2000 Data Form
Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project.
Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: implications for park design.
The Effects of Car Traffic on Breeding Bird Populations in Woodland. III. Reduction of Density in Relation to the Proximity of Main RoadsEffects of disturbance on shorebirds: summary of existing knowledge from the Dutch Wadden Sea and Delta area.Some Ecological Factors Affecting Winter Wildfowl Distribution on Inland Waters in England and Wales, and the Influence of Water-Based Recreation
Modelling the efficacy of proposed mitigation areas for shorebirds: a case study on the Seine estuary, France
Water for life and livelihoods. A consultation on the draft update to the river basin management plan for the Thames River Basin District. Part 1: Summary and consultation queries.
Orford Ness - Shingle Street Lagoon Condition Assessment 2013 DraftOrford Ness Water Quality Highlight Report
Orford Ness Recording Forms - 2013 Condition AssessmentSuffolk Lagoons, Shingle Street - April 2013 and August 2013 Condition Assessment
The Marine Health Check 2005: A report to gauge the health of the UK's sea life.
Transitional and Coastal Water Assessment Method: Intertidal Seagrass Tool Method Statement
The Fleet Lagoon SAC Survey of Macrophytes and Macroalgae (Unpublished report)Coastal and Transitional Waters - Benthic Invertebrate Fauna (Infaunal Quality Index)Marine Advice: Non-Native SpeciesPopulation genetics, demographic connectivity and the design of marine reserves
The biology of soft shores and estuariesEcology of Marine Sediments:From Science to Management, Second Edition
Effects of disturbance by aircraft overflight on waterbirds - an experimental approachSpawning and nursery grounds of selected fish species in UK waters
Physical processes, prey abundance, and the foraging ecology of seabirds
A review of potential techniques to reduce the environmental impact of demersal trawls
Background document on CEMP assessment criteria for the QSR 2010Mariculture: significant and expanding cause of coastal nutrient enrichment
Effects of lagoon creation and water control changes on birds at a former airfield at Orford Ness, Suffolk, UK: Part 2 - wintering waders
A guide to assessing and managing anthropogenic impact on marine angiosperm habitat - Part 2: MAIA Interreg Study on Studland Bay (Currently unpublished)
Zostera Biotopes (volume I). An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.
Unpublished paper to form guidance on the use of Typical Species in Conservation Objectives for Marine Protected Areas in England.English Nature's advice for Chesil and the Fleet European Marine Site; Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitat &c.) Regulations 1994.
Fal and Helford European Marine Site - English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994The Humber Estuary European Marine Site - English Nature's advice for the Humber Estuary European marine site given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994
Essex Estuaries European Marine Site - English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994Drigg Coast European Marine Site English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994Solway European Marine Site - Natural England and Scottish Natural Heritage advice given in compliance with Regulation 33 (2) and in support of the implementation of The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended)
Scaling the influence of topographic heterogeneity on intertidal benthic communities: alternate trajectories mediated by hydrodynamics. and shading.Buffer-Zone Distances to Protect Foraging and Loafing Waterbirds from Disturbance by Personal Watercraft and Outboard-Powered Boats
Habitat use, disturbance and collision risks for Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering near a wind farm in the Netherlands
A comparison of benthic biodiversity in the North Sea, English Channel and Celtic Seas - Macroinfauna
Lessons Learned from 20 Years of Managed Realignment and Regulated Tidal Exchange in the UK
Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Lyme Bay & Torbay SAC Selection Assessment
Mapping Annex 1 reef habitat present in specific areas within the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSAC
Poole harbour aquatic management planPoole Harbour bird prey availability
The effect of bait collection on waterfowl foraging behaviours in Holes Bay, Poole Harbour
Gulls of Poole HarbourHoles Bay Survey: Effects of Bait Digging on feeding behaviours of wildfowl and waders, winter 2005-06
Intertidal Invertebrates and biotopes of Poole harbour SSSI and a survey of Brownsea Island lagoonSeabird numbers and breeding success in Britian and IrelandSeabird numbers and breeding success in Britian and IrelandStrategy for Managing Nitrogen in the Poole harbour catchment to 2035A condition assessment of Poole Harbour European Marine SitePoole Harbour SSSI condition assessment
Wader and Waterfowl Roost Survey of Poole Harbour, Dorset, Winter 2002-03Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for natural conservation agencies.
Site plan for the Solent European Marine Site
lnvloed van verstoringen op het gedrag van wadvogels (Impact of disturbance on the behaviour of waders)Thames, Medway and Swale Estuaries – Strategic Access Management and Monitoring Strategy. Unpublished reportMapping, Condition & Conservation Assessment of Honeycomb Worm Sabellaria alveolata Reefs on the Eastern Irish Sea CoastThe River Basin Districts Typology, Standards and Groundwater threshold values (Water Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Directions 2010Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast EMS - English Nature’s and Scottish Natural Heritage’s advice given in compliance with Regulation 33 (2) and in support of the implementation of The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994
Lyme Bay and Torbay candidate Special Area of Conservation. Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species (Amendment) Regulations 2012
Lyme Bay Closed Area: measuring recovery of benthic species in cobble reef habitats - analysis of data collected by SCUBA divers September 2008, August 2009 and July 2010
Lyme Bay – a case-study: measuring recovery of benthic species; assessing potential “spillover” effects and socio-economic changes, three years after the closure. Report 1: Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of bottom towed fishing gear in Lyme Bay, March 2012
Poole harbour favourable condition tables (FCTs) Aggregations of non-breeding water birds features, specialist ornithological advice
The development of strategic guidance for jetties and slipways within the Poole Harbour SPA. Report from Just Ecology to English Nature.
The effect of bait harvesting on bird distribution and foraging behaviour in Poole Harbour SPA. Unpublished report by Footprint Ecology
Review of nature conservation features and information within the Solent and Isle of Wight sensitive marine areaInvestigation into the extent of bait collection and its impacts on features of conservation interest for birds and intertidal species and habitats within the Solent and Poole Bay natural area
Site plan for the Poole European Marine SiteSurveys of Harbours, RIAs and estuaries in Southern Britian: Christchurch Harbour.
Changes in areas of saltmarsh within Poole Harbour 2005-2009Lagoon Survey of the South Coast of England: Poole Harbour to EastbourneThe vegetation of Poole HarbourProposals for Environmental Quality Standards for Annex VIII Substances.
WFD - Surface Water Classification Status and Objectives
The monitoring of opportunistic macroalgal blooms for the water framework directiveNatura 2000 Standard Data Form. Humber Estuary Special Area of ConservationUK mammals: Species status and population trends. First report by the Tracking Mammals Partnership
UK mammals: update 2009The production of population trends for UK mammals using BS mammal data: 1995-2005 updateThe River Glaven: A state of the environment reportThe Journal of the Otter Trust Volume III No 7 2003The Journal of the Otter Trust Volume III No 8 2004 and 2005East Anglian otter, water vole and mink survey 1996-97.Report of the Norfolk Otter, Mink and Water Vole SurveyBenthic macrofauna and sediments in the Severn EstuarySevern Estuary littoral surveySevern Estuary littoral sediment surveySevern Estuary littoral rock surveyLundy sublittoral surveyPadstow sublittoral surveyChichester Harbour littoral sediment surveyWest Cornwall surveyLundy sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly & South Cornwall sublittoral surveyLundy littoral rock & caves surveySouth Cornwall sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly littoral sediment surveyFarne Islands sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly littoral sediment surveySeasearch Great West Bay sublittoral surveyLundy MNR, Devon sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly littoral rock surveyIsles of Scilly sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly sublittoral sediment surveyIsles of Scilly littoral fauna surveyScilly Isles Echinus population studyIsles of Scilly monitoringLundy littoral survey and monitoringKent & Sussex littoral chalk-cliff algal surveyHRE Fal Estuary surveyHRE Salcombe Harbour & Kingsbridge Estuary surveySublittoral monitoring in the Isles of Scilly, 1985 and 1986
Investigations into wader and wildfowl density and behaviour in relation to algal cover denisity in Poole Harbour. A report on the behaviour of birds in relation to algal mats and clear sediment
Biogeochemical indicators as tools for assessing sediment quality/vulnerability in transitional aquatic ecosystems
Torbay caves survey 1985 - 1987Study of Echinus Esculentus Populations in the Isles of Scilly, September 1985South-east England littoral chalk & greensand faunal surveyHRE Fowey Estuary surveyHRE Solent surveyKench (Langstone Harbour) surveyHRE Helford River surveySector 8 (Western Channel) various surveysA Marine Biological Survey of Beadnell to Dunstanburgh Castle NorthumberlandHRE Dart surveyHRE Newtown and Bembridge Harbours surveyBerwick to Beadnell and the Farne Islands surveyMinor south-coast inlets in England surveyHRE Camel Estuary littoral surveyScilly Isles sublittoral surveySevern Estuary sublittoral surveyRiver Severn subestuaries surveyCumbria littoral surveyKimmeridge sublittoral surveyChichester Harbour surveyFal Estuary surveyFowey Estuary littoral surveyHelford Estuary littoral surveyLangstone Harbour sublittoral surveyMedina Estuary surveyMedway Estuary surveyNewtown Harbour sublittoral surveySouthampton Water surveySeasearch Salcombe Harbour surveyNorth-East England littoral sediment surveyCumbria sublittoral surveyInner Solway Firth littoral surveyLune Deep sublittoral surveyBlackwater Estuary sublittoral surveyYealm Estuary littoral survey
Chapelcross (Inner Solway) EIA surveySeasearch Salcombe to Prawle Point surveyBerwick-on-Tweed to Newbiggin littoral surveyBerwick-on-Tweed to Newbiggin sublittoral surveyBlackwater and Colne Estuaries littoral surveyNorth Berwick to Burnmouth sublittoral surveyNorth-East England estuaries littoral surveyInner Solway Firth sublittoral sediment surveyTamar Estuary sublittoral sediment surveyWembury and Yealm Estuary littoral surveyPlymouth littoral surveySidmouth littoral surveyTorbay littoral surveyPrawle littoral survey
Baseline survey of the Cumbrian shores from St. Bees Head to Maryport. Unpublished report to Acer Environmental for North West Water Ltd.
Farnes - August 1993Race Bank sublittoral sediment surveySaltburn to Flamborough Head littoral surveySaltburn to Flamborough Head sublittoral surveySwale and Medway Estuaries sublittoral surveySouth-east England littoral chalk & greensand faunal surveyChichester Harbour to Littlehampton sublittoral surveyStoke Fleming littoral surveySeasearch Plymouth sublittoral surveyBeer Head to Chesil Cove (Lyme Bay) surveyScabbacombe littoral surveySt. George's Island (Cornwall) littoral surveyStart Bay littoral surveyBerwickshire 1994Falmouth July 1994Flamborough August 1994Isle of Wight June 1994Solway sublittoral surveyLizard Peninsula and Falmouth Bay littoral surveyLizard Peninsula and Falmouth Bay sublittoral surveyBSM survey of Solway FirthHumber Estuary sublittoral sediment surveyFarnes August 1995Sussex May 1995Thanet May 1995Thanet sublittoral surveyBrighton to Beachy Head sublittoral surveySeasearch - Various locations in Dorset, Diver observations and detailed survey records 1995 - 2002Yealm Head to Start Point sublittoral surveyPlymouth Sound and Yealm pSSSI littoral habitat surveyLundy July 1996Saltend - Stone Creek sublittoral sediment surveyDevon and Cornwall surveyBeachy Head to Rye Bay sublittoral surveyRiver Parrett (Severn Estuary) sediment surveyBlackwater Estuary sublittoral sediment surveyMorecambe Bay littoral monitoringFarnes July 1997The Wash July 1997Approaches to Ramsgate Harbour surveySouth Isle of Wight sublittoral surveyThanet littoral rock surveyThanet sublittoral surveySurvey of sea caves in Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSACChichester Harbour to Rye Bay sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly sublittoral habitat mapping surveyLyme Bay sublittoral rock surveyThe Wash August 1998Paull-Skitterness sublittoral sediment surveyPlymouth Sound sublittoral sediment monitoringEssex Estuaries cSAC littoral mapping
Chichester Harbour to Rye Bay sublittoral surveyMorecambe Bay sublittoral rock surveySouth Wight Maritime cSAC sublittoral surveyPlymouth Sound sublittoral sediment monitoring
Dorset March 1999Inner Dowsing sublittoral sediment surveyLindisfarne NNR & Budle Bay littoral sediment surveyMorecambe Bay littoral scars surveySurvey of DorsetThanet cSAC littoral surveySurvey of DorsetSevern Estuary intertidal Phase 1 surveySurvey of DorsetSurvey of DorsetSurveys in DevonSeasearch survey - Isles of ScillySeasearch survey of Lyme BaySeasearch survey of PortlandSouth East CornwallSurvey of DorsetJennycliff Bay, Plymouth, DevonSurveys in DevonSCM survey of the sublittoral sandbanks of the Solway FirthExamination of Transect points around Morecombe Bay & The Duddon Estuary 2004/2005Solent intertidal survey August to September 2005Survey of littoral caves of the South Wight Maritime SACSeasearch Plymouth Offshore reefs survey (Devon and Cornwall)Seasearch survey - Isles of ScillySeasearch survey of Bigbury BaySeasearch survey of DartmouthSeasearch survey of LundySeasearch survey of Lyme BaySeasearch survey of The Manacles, CornwallNorth West SSSI biotope monitoringSouth East CornwallSurvey of DorsetSurveys in DevonDevon survey of Berry Head 2005/2006Thanet Coast Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Intertidal monitoring 2005-2006Seasearch survey of Isles of ScillyDevon, Plymouth Offshore reefs and wreck surveyLundy Coral and Anemone SurveyLyme Bay sea fan sites surveyPlymouth drop off survey (Leptopsammia pruvoti search)Plymouth Sound & Approaches diving surveySouth Devon - Gara Point to SalcombeSurvey of Fowey, Looe and Whitsand Bay, CornwallSurvey of Rame Head, CornwallSurvey of Start Bay and DartmouthMorecambe Bay, marine habitats mapping INCOMPLETE
Seasearch Isles of ScillySeasearch Lyme Bay, DorsetCape Bank Annex 1 habitat surveyLizard Annex 1 habitat surveyOuter Was Annex 1 habitat surveyShell Flat and Lune Deep surveyPrawle Point to Plymouth Sound biotope surveyMapping Prawle Point to Plymouth SoundDevon Survey of Salcombe areaFalmouth and HelfordFowey, Looe and Whitsand BayRame HeadSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Gara Point to Stoke PointSurvey of Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of LundySurvey of Plymouth SoundSurvey of Plymouth Sound ApproachesSurvey of TorbaySublittoral surveySurvey Berry Head to Inner Froward PointSurvey from Gara Head to Stoke PointSurvey of Bigbury Bay, South DevonSurvey of Bolt Head to Bolt TailSurvey of East Lyme BaySurvey of Eddystone ReefSurvey of Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of Lundy Island areaSurvey of Plymouth SoundSurvey of Plymouth Sound ApproachesSurvey of Start BaySurvey of Torbay areaSurvey of Wembury BaySurvey of West English ChannelFalmouth to HelfordHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of ScillyNorthumberlandSurvey of DorsetBracklesham Bay to Pevensey BayDorset Seasearch SurveysSeasearch surveysSublittoral surveyFalmouth surveysSurveys of Whitsand BaySurvey from Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of Berry Head to Inner Froward PointSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Bolt Tail and Salcombe AreaSurvey of East Lyme BaySurvey of Eddystone Reef
Survey of Gara Point to Stoke PointSurvey of Lundy IslandSurvey of Plymouth SoundSurvey of Plymouth Sound ApproachesSurvey of Torbay areaSurvey of Wmbury BaySurvey of West English ChannelIsles of Scilly independent surveysIsles of Scilly surveyNorth East Northumberland and Farne Islands surveySurvey of North NorfolkYorkshire Flamorough surveyDorset Seasearch SurveysFlamborough Head SAC, biotope mapping of intertidal reefMay surveySeaweed surveyWildlife Trust/Porcupine SurveySublittoral surveyMarClim Renney Rocks intertidal surveyGeneral Training FormsIndependent surveysSurvey around TorbaySurvey from Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke PointSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Bolt AreaSurvey of Dartmouth and Start Bay areaSurvey of East Lyme BaySurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey South of Berry HeadHampshire and Isle of WightIsle s of Scilly independent surveysNorth East Northumberland and Farne Islands surveySurvey of Norfolk CoastYorkshire Flamorough surveyIsles of Scilly surveysBracklesham Bay to NewhavenIsles of Scilly intertidal biotope mappingSublittoral surveyFal and Helford Marine Sites Condition AssessmentNorth West Region European Marine Sites condition monitoring of littoral featuresIsles of Scilly SAC offshore video surveyIsles of Scilly SAC inshore video surveySurveys of Falmouth AreaSurveys of Helford RiverSurveys of Lizard/ManaclesSurveys of Offshore reefsSurveys of Whitsand BayLyme Bay BioblitzSurvey from Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey from Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke Point
Survey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Dartmouth and Start Bay areaSurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey of Torbay AreaSurvey South of Berry HeadHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of Scilly surveysNorth East Farne Islands surveySurvey of the Essex CoastYorkshire Flamborough and North Holderness Coast surveyMCZ Verification Survey - Folkestone PomeraniaDorset Seasearch SurveysMCZ Verification Survey - Norris to RydeMCZ Verification Survey - Yarmouth to CowesSublittoral surveyPlymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC kelp forest condition assessmentBaseline survey of submerged or partially submerged sea caves in Lyme Bay and Torbay cSACSevern Estuary SAC sandflat and mudflat condition assessment
Survey of Fal invasive speciesSurvey of Falmouth areaSurvey of Helford EstuarySurvey of the Fal recommended reference areaSurveys of Lizard AreaSurveys of south coast offshore reefsPorcupine MNHS surveysSurvey of Bigbury Bay areaSurvey of Bolt areaSurvey of Dartmouth areaSurvey of Drake's Island eelgrassSurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Lundy IslandSurvey of Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke PointSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey of Skerries Bank and Surrounds rMCZSurvey of Teignmouth and Torbay AreaSurvey of Torbay rMCZHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of Scilly surveysNorth East England Survey of Flamborough NTZ Recommended Reference AreaNorth East England Survey of Northumberland (non MCZ sites)North East England Survey of Yorkshire (non dMCZ sites)Survey of CumbriaSurvey of Essex CoastSurvey of Poole Rocks rMCZSurvey of Norfolk CoastMCZ Verification Survey - South DorsetMCZ Verification Survey - Isles of Scilly Sites - Bristows to the StonesMCZ Verification Survey - Whitsand and Looe BayDorset Seasearch Surveys
MCZ Verification Survey - Chesil Beach and Stennis LedgesMCZ Verification Survey - Padstow Bay and SurroundsMCZ Verification Survey - Poole RocksShoresearch Intertidal SurveyCumbria Coast rMCZ rocky shore surveyVerification survey intertidal sediments within the Beachy Head West rMCZVerification survey of intertidal sediments within the Cumbria Coast rMCZVerification survey of intertidal sediments within the Padstow Bay rMCZVerification survey of intertidal sediments within the Stour & Orwell Estuaries rMCZVerification survey of Padstow Bay and Surrounds rMCZVerification survey of Torbay rMCZ - Intertidal rockVerification survey of Torbay rMCZ - Intertidal sedimentSurveys of south coast offshore reefsSurveys of Falmouth AreaSurveys of Helford areaSurveys of Lizard AreaSurveys of Padstow AreaSurveys within Looe and Whitsand Bay AreaSurveys of Berry Head AreaSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Dartmouth AreaSurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of Lundy IslandSurvey of Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke PointSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey of Prawle Point to Start Point AreaSurvey of the Bolt AreaSurvey of Torbay AreaHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of Scilly SurveysNorth East England survey of the Farne Islands and Northumberland CoastNorth East England survey of the Yorkshire CoastAcoustic survey & mapping of sublittoral reefs at Flamborough Head - LifeformsAggregate survey off Hythe (West Varne)Broad scale biological mapping of Lundy Marine Nature Reserve with particular reference to reefsIsles of Scilly MCZ 10&11 Man a Vaur habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 12 Stones Bristows habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 2 Smith Sound habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 3&6 Plymptom and Wingletang to Spanish L habitat boundaries - revised 2013 features
Isles of Scilly MCZ 7 Peninnis to Tolls IS habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 9&10 St Martins habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ Bishop to Crim habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ habitat boundaries. Highertown Seagrass - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ Ridge to Menawethan habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIntertidal Survey 2004Intertidal Survey 2008Intertidal Survey 2009Intertidal Survey 2010Intertidal Survey 2011
A lagoon survey of the Isle of Wight: final report, September 1987Survey_EUNIS_JNCC_MCZMaritime monitoring - Intertidal survey NW England 2005-2006
Kent Habitat Survey 2003Thames estuary intertidal mudflats mapCornwall Zostera beds mapMorecambe Bay map of Zostera bedsRoosecote sands and east of Walney Island map of Zostera beds
Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Cumbria Coast rMCZVerification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Thanet Coast rMCZSouthern Falmouth Bay benthic biotope mapMapping the distribution of benthic biotopes in Falmouth Bay and the lower Fal Ruan Estuary.Mapping the distribution of benthic biotopes around the Thanet coast.Broadscale biological mapping of Morecambe Bay.Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Skerries Bank and Surrounds rMCZThanet Coast Special Area of Conservation Intertidal MonitoringDefra Verification Survey of Folkestone Pomerania
An Intertidal Survey of the Biotopes of Foulney Island, Morecambe BaySurvey of Morecambe Bay for the Tube-dwelling Polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa
Morecambe Bay Seagrass Extent and Distribution Survey (Roa Island/ Foulney Island)
Alde Ore Butley biotope mappingSeascale Drigg Eskmeals Geomatics habitat map - National Vegetation Classification (NVC)Benthic Survey of the Outer Thames Estuary Sandbank System.Duddon surveyChalk platform data, KentBiotope map of Greater Thames EstuaryWalney Channel AGDS & DDV Survey Field Report - Gateway Gas storage projectThe Manacles Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification SurveyEssex Estuaries SAC baseline habitat mapping surveyGreat Britain littoral survey 1970-80
RV Cefas Endeavour - Central English ChannelSurveys from Falmouth Squirts CoursePhase 2 InventorySand Dune Vegetation Survey of Great Britain: a national inventorySurvey of Saline Lagoons on the Cumbrian CoastThe Coastal Caves of Torbay. Report to Torbay Coast and Countryside Trust and Natural EnglandSite Selection Report for the Inshore Marine SACs ProjectBerry Head Survey 2005 - 2006The Nature of Torbay. A Local Biodiversity and Geodiversity Action Plan 2006 - 2016Torbay Marine Biodiversity Action Plan 2004 - 12
Littoral and sublittoral biotope mapping and data capture exercise for the Essex Estuaries Candidate Marine Special Area of Conservation
Stour, Orwell and Harwich approaches benthos: review of data commissioned by Harwich Haven Authority, biotope distribution update and preliminary review of current knowledge for the areaSeabed Mapping Ramsgate to Dungeness: Summary Report. Southeast Strategic Regional Coastal Monitoring Programme Reference: TR35. 31 July 2011.
WP14 Ramsgate to Minnis Bay, A55-Thames Estuary and Dover Straits RRS (Pt2) and A56-Margate Road Inner
Water Framework Directive Operational Benthic Infauna Survey - Medway EstuaryThe Manacles rMCZ Site Verification SurveyFolkestone Pomerania rMCZ Site Verification SurveyIntertidal survey Hampshire & Isle of WightRenney Rocks (Heybrook Bay, Plymouth) littoral monitoringSouth Dorset MCZ Post-survey Site Report draft v2.South Dorset rMCZ Survey Report draft v2.Using bathymetry to identify basin inversion structures on the English Channel shelfPortland. 1:250000, Solid geology.
Sediment Supply and Deposition in The WashSaltmarsh survey of Great Britain: regional supplement no. 6 East Anglia Saltmarsh survey of Great Britain: county report – Suffolk
Blog LIFE+ breeds new lifeDefinitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest Alde-Ore Estuary
Condition of SSSI Units for Site: The WashCondition of SSSI Units for Site: North Norfolk CoastHumber Estuary SAC Intertidal Sediment Survey: Draft ReportHarbour seal diet and competition with grey seals in The WashEUNIS habitats correlation table Dictionary: PathogenAn Inventory of UK estuaries volume 5. Eastern England. Rame Head Environmental Impact study: Review of Evidence
Suffolk Coast and Estuaries Coastal Management Plan (Suffolk CHaMP).
Essex Estuaries and Alde, Ore and Butley Estuaries SACs Interpretation and Mapping Technical Report
Alde and Ore Estuary Flood Management Strategy - Assessment of Background Evidence and Recommendations for Further Action. EXTERNAL INVESTIGATION REPORT EX509Suffolk Estuarine SSSIs – Assessment of Changes in Extent of Saltmarsh Over the Period 1999/2000 to 2006/2007Condition monitoring of saltmarsh features in the Wash & North Norfolk Coast SAC: Volume 2 The North Norfolk Coast. Final Report.Condition monitoring of the saltmarsh feature of The Wash and the North Norfolk Coast SAC. Volume I: The Wash FINAL REPORT
Saltmarsh change within the Suffolk estuaries between 1971, 1986 and 1998 University of Newcastle (for Environment Agency, Anglian region) National Vegetation Classification of the saltmarsh of the Deben, Alde-Ore and Blyth estuaries Suffolk Wildlife Trust for English NatureShoreline Management Plan 7 (Previously Sub-Cell 3C) Lowestoft Ness to Landguard Point SMP2. Final Report. Appendix I Estuaries Assessment.Shoreline Management Plan 7 (Previously Sub-Cell 3C) Lowestoft Ness to Landguard Point SMP2. Final Report. Use of the Drana Lagoon (Evros Delta, Greece) by threatened colonially nesting waterbirds and its possible restoration
Improvement Programme for England's Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS) Planning for the Future Site Improvement Plan The Wash and North Norfolk Coast
Environmental impacts resulting from disposal of dredged material at the Rame Head disposal site, S.W. England: An analysis of existing data and implications for environmental management
Littoral mud and sandflat condition monitoring and rMCZ verification survey of the Alde Ore and Butley Estuaries SAC, and Alde Ore Estuary rMCZ:
Classification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England & Wales. Alde Estuary. Sanitary Survey Report
Shellfish monitoring resultsCurrent ecological water quality for Alde OreEuropean Site Conservation Objectives for Alde-Ore & Butley Estuaries SACMeasurement of noise arising from marine aggregate dredging operations
Environmental effects of marine fishing
Environmental impact of trawling on the seabed: A review
Invasive Aquatic Microorganisms: Patterns of Introduction and Impacts
Capture-based aquaculture of the wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla)
Personal Communication - Ian Humphreyes, Environment AgencyFolkestone Pomerania Marine Conservation Zone factsheetWeight-to-weight conversion factors for marine benthic macroinvertebrates
Folkestone Pomerania rMCZ no 11.4: Marine Conservation Zone: Selection Assessment documentFolkestone Pomerania rMCZ Survey ReportFolkestone Pomerania rMCZ Post-Survey Site ReportRestoration of Native Oyster, Ostrea edulis, in South Wales: Options and Approaches. Observations on the Fal Estuary Oyster Beds during 1926, including a study in over-fishing.
Understanding the impacts of invasive non-native species on protected sites. Final report
An investigation into the status and ecology of the shore dock (Rumex rupestris) in Devon and Cornwall
Rumex rupestris (Shore Dock) report on 1998 fieldworkNational River Flow Archive 35003- Alde at FarnhamNational River Flow Archive 35004 - Ore at Beversham Bridge
National River Flow Archive (NRFA)Geomatics
A survey of the Hexacoralline Anthozoans (Sea Anemones & Corals) of the Helford EstuaryPort of Falmouth Development Initiative: maerl 'recovery' reportMarine Ecological Survey of the Fal Estuary: Effects of Maerl ExtractionLower Fal & Helford Intertidal Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) Citation
Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats
Information for the Balanced Seas Regional Stakeholder Group to inform discussions on the Dover, West Bank and Folkestone Holes Area
Marine Boidiversity Hotspots in the UK: A report identifiying and protecting areas for marine biodiversity.
Shoreline Management Plan SMP2 Durlston Head to Rame Head: Appendix C – Baseline Processes Understanding
Deben Holistic Water Management Project - Stage 2, Data Collection and Options Development - Deben Catchment Background Information 16-09-13Ravenglass Estuary: basic characteristics and evaluation of restoration options. Restoration Strategies for Radioactively Contaminated Sites and their Close Surroundings. RESTRAT – WP 1.4 North West England and North Wales Shoreline Management Plan SMP2. Apendix C Section C4 R – Ravenglass Estuary Complex (Irt, Mite and Esk).
Practitioners guide to the Nutrient Assessment of coastal and transitional waters, Water Framework Directive (draft). Version 7.3.
Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites: Fal and Helford cSAC
St Mawes Marine Habitats Survey 2010/2011Water Framework Directive: Surveillance Monitoring - Carrick Roads (Fal) Seagrass Raw Data 2009 - 2014
Fal Saltmarsh Data - 2012Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Shoreline Management Plan Review - Final ReportProblems facing maerl conservation in Brittany
River Basin Management Plan South West River Basin DistrictPymatolithon calcareum. Maerl
Fish entrainment in the Firth of Forth at Longannet and Cockenzie Power Stations
Recoverability of Sabellaria spinulosa following aggregate extractionUnderstanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota
Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish
Fish Reproduction: Strategies and TacticsClassification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England and Wales. Sanitary Survey Report. Butley.
Designated Bivalve Mollusc Production Areas in England and Wales.Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust grey seal colony report 2014Scientific advice on matters relating to the management of seal populations: 2014Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS): Humber EstuaryNewhaven East Quay and Port Expansion Area Environmental StatementNewhaven Desalinisation Plan Environmental ReportMarine Recorder Snapshot Pagham Harbour to Cuckmere SurveyMarine Recorder Snapshot Chichester to Eastbourne SurveyR. Adur, Shoreham-by-Sea to Beachy Head
River Helford Elevation Change between 2007 and 2011Fal and Helford SAC Elevation Change between 2007 and 2011The Fal Estuary: Coastal Processes and ConservationFalmouth Cruise Terminal: Hydrographic and Sedimentary StudiesMapping of saltmarsh in the Fal and Helford SAC (GIS only)
An experimental trial to assess the impact of extracting and re-laying the top 30cm of maerl habitat within the Fal Estuary planned dredge area
Characterisation of the European Marine Sites in South West England: the Fal and Helford candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)
Sabellaria spinulosa in The Wash and North Norfolk cSAC and its approaches: Part III Summary of knowledge, recommended monitoring strategies and outstanding research requirementsThe significance of benthic communities for higher levels of the marine foodweb at aggregate dredge sites using the ecosystem approach
Development of a fish-based index to assess the ecological quality of transitional waters: the case of French estuaries
Field evaluation of a sound system to reduce estuarine fish intake rates at a power plant cooling water inletPoor water quality constrains the distribution and movements of twaite shad Alosa fallax fallax (Lacépède, 1803) in the watershed of river ScheldtModelling the migration opportunities of diadromous fish species along a gradient of dissolved oxygen concentration in a European tidal watershed
Fal and Helford SAC kelp forest condition assessment and maerl studies in August 2012Fal & Helford SAC Site OverviewManacles Surveys May & August 2005 - Summary Report
Annual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) stocks in the Solway FirthIsles of Scilly subtidal habitat and biotope mapping survey
Mapping of Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, using acoustic Remote SensingMapping the distribution of benthic biotopes around the Isle of Wight
FCIR vegetation mapping of Chichester Harbour (Final Report).Mapping Zostera beds in Special Areas of Conservation by Aerial Photography
The distribution of sublittoral macrofauna communities in the Bristol Channel in relation to the substrate
Mapping of Sedimentary Marine Biotopes around Lundy, UK.
PML South Devon grab surveyThe Solway Firth: broadscale habitat mappingSolway Firth - Marine SAC mapping subtidal sediments and scarsCollated Saltmarsh habitat boundaries for WalesRegional staff MCZ verification photosDistribution of Zostera beds around Ryde Sands and Osborne Bay; northeast Isle of Wight.Video Survey of Proposed Greater Dowsing Windfarm SiteEast Wight Rocky Shores intertidal mapping
Isles of Scilly Seagrass Mapping
Solent Maritime SAC intertidal survey reportMCZ Verification Survey - Allonby BayAtlantic Array Benthic Ecology Characterisation ReportMCZ Verification Survey - Coquet to St Mary's2005 BRANCH DataUnknownJon Cox Interpretation based on Field surveyNational Maritime Cliff Database: Start - end pointsDorset Seasearch SurveysSurvey of Norfolk coastMCZ Verification Survey - Lundy
Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom - Region 6 Eastern England: Flamborough Head to Great Yarmouth
When the tide goes out. The biodiversity and conservation of the shore of Wales, results from a 10 year intertidal survey of Wales. Countryside Council for Wales.
Survey of the Subtidal Sediments of the Solent Maritime SAC. Unpublished report to Natural England, Lyndhurst.
South Wight SAC: Rocky and Intertidal Sea Cave Condition Assessment Field Report. Report to Natural England.
Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 9. Inlets in the Bristol Channel and approaches: area summariesSaltmarsh extents - AfA137. Polygon data layer showing the extent of saltmarsh in coastal and transitional waters for use by both Flood and Coastal Risk Management and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive
Habitat Mapping - South Wight Maritime SAC 2010, Ground Truthing Habitat Survey: Phase I, Field ReportOffshore Monitoring of Annex 1 reef habitat present within the Isles of Scilly Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
Dissolved oxygen requirements of freshwater fishes
Avoidance of oxygen-poor zones by fish in the Elbe RiverThe spiny lobster Palinurus elephas in Scottish waters
Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics
EA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - PSA and Contaminants raw data EA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - PSA gradistat raw dataEA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - Contaminants mapEA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - PSA samples mapLundy Marine Nature Reserve management plan. Supplement 1.Managing Lundy's Wildlife - A Management Plan for the Marine Nature Reserve and the SSSI.The granite shores of LundyThe slate shores of Lundy
North Solent Shoreline Management Plan - Appendix C: Baseline Process UnderstandingIsle of Wight Shoreline Management Plan 2 - Appendix C: Baseline Process Understanding
Solent Coastal Habitat Management plan - Volume 1Solent Coastal Habitat Management plan - Volume 2
Solent Vegetation Survey 2013, Final Report. Report by Footprint ecology for Natural England.
Estuary Characterisation Report, Solent Maritime Estuaries. Report by URS for Natural England, RP1661.
Respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard oxygen consumption: II. Influence of weight and temperature on respiration of several species
Settlement and juvenile habitat of the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae) in the western Mediterranean Sea
Natural England Grab Survey Biotoping and Marine Recorder Data Entry. A report to Natural England by Seastar Survey Ltd
Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic.
Development of an evidence base of the extent and quality of shingle habitats in England to improve targeting and delivery of the coastal vegetated shingle HAP
Survey of saltmarsh and coastal vegetation communities associated with fresh water flows and seepages within the SolentChichester Harbour Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10331Eastern Yar (Bembridge Harbour) Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10309
Langstone Harbour Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10304Newtown Harbour Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10308Western Yar (IOW) Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10310Wootton Creek (IOW) Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10311Survey of solent strandline vegetation - July - September 2000. Report to Hampshire County Council by Jonathon Cox associates
Distribution and extent of 'Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand' in the Solent. A report to Hampshire County Council. 10pp. WinchesterThe saltmarsh survey of Great Britain: regional supplement No.17 South England. Nature Conservancy Council Report, Peterborough.
Weight-to-weight conversion factors for marine benthic macroinvertebrates
Regional Coastal Monitoring Programme Data Catalogue
Solent Coastal Habitat Action PlanDefinitions of Favourable Condition for designated features of interest: Chichester Harbour SSSIDefinitions of Favourable Condition for designated features of interest: Thorness Bay SSSIGeomatics websiteThe Estuary GuideNew records of some rare British and Irish gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae)
Marine Ecology Survey to Support Proposed RNLI Site Redevelopment in Poole HarbourDorset Seasearch SurveysPoole Rocks MCZ factsheet v2 (MCZ041)Dungeness: a vegetation survey of a shingle beachCoastal vegetated shingle structures of Great Britain: Appendix 3. Shingle sites in EnglandSouthern North Sea Sediment Transport Study, Phase 2
Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on lichen-rich, coastal dune grasslands
The Orford Shingles, Suffolk, UK: evolving solutions in coastal management The colonisation of strandlines. In Primary succession on land, edited by J.Miles & D.H.W. WaltonThe natural environment. Adapting to climate changeClimate Change Adaptation Manual: Evidence to support nature conservation in a changing climateCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for Vascular Plant SpeciesDraft Biological Flora of the British Isles: Rumex rupestris Le GallBritish Red Data Books: Mosses and Liverworts
Rumex rupestris Le Gall at Soar Mill Cove, S. DevonRumex rupestris le Gall
Assessments of threats to populations of Rumex rupestris Le Gall (Shore Dock) in Britain and FranceSpecies Dossier for Rumex rupestris Le Gall. Plantlife.Priority Species data collation: Petalwort Petalophyllum ralfsii, Version 2.Plantlife species dossier: Petalwort Petalophyllum ralfsii
Citation for Special Area of Conservation: The Wash and North Norfolk CoastControls on Long-term Saltmarsh Accretion and Erosion in the Wash, Eastern EnglandStarlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
Spartina maritima in the Solent Current status and distribution with special reference to the population at Newtown Harbour, IOW. Medina Valley Centre for Natural EnglandSolent Spartina survey: A survey of the non-S.anglica Spartina species in the Solent. Report to English Nature by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Dorset
Change detection mapping and analysis of salt marsh areas of central southern England from Hurst Castle spit to Pagham Harbour
Coastal Vegetated Shingle Habitat Inventory for England (Extract from Priority Habitats Inventory), Version 2.0 beta
Poole Rocks MCZ Post-survey Site Report v3. A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) by the Channel Coastal Observatory
Initiation, development and classification of vegetation on British shingle beaches: a model for conservation management.Ecology and geomorphology of coastal shingle, edited by J. R. Packham, R. E. Randall, R. S. K. Barnes and A. Neal
The current status of Rumex rupestris Le Gall (Polygonaceae) in England and Wales, and threats to its survival and genetic diversity
Condition monitoring of the saltmarsh feature of The Wash and the North Noroflk Coast SAC, Volume I: The Wash
Management unit for seals in UK watersCouch's goby (Gobius couchi)Shore dock (Rumex rupestris)
Monitoring Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail, Vertigo moulinsiana
8-Habitat use and conservation of otters (Lutra lutra) in Britain: A review
Otter (Lutra lutra L.) numbers and fish productivity in rivers in north-east ScotlandA National Vegetation Classification Survey of Gibraltar Point National Nature ReserveSouthern North Sea Sediment Transport Study, Phase 2. Sediment Transport Report
Saltmarsh vegetation of the Wash
Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries rMCZ no. 3 Selection Assessment DocumentOyster survey, Blackwater 2011/13
Background document for Ostrea edulis and Ostrea edulis beds
Native Oyster Survey
Biological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Essex Estuaries SAC and Swale SSSI: Survey Report
EMS Reg 33 packageBlackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries rMCZ no. 3 Selection Assessment DocumentQuaternary of the Thames.A revival of natural oyster beds
The larvar of Sabellaria spinulosa and their settlement behaviour
Additional observations on larval growth and settlement of Sabellaria Alveolata.
UKSeaMap 2010 Interactive MapHydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of The Wash embayment, eastern EnglandThe Humber Regional Environmental Characterisation
Short snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) and Spiny (long-snouted) seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus)
Southern North Sea Sediment Transport Study, Phase 2 Sediment Transport Report. Appendix 11. Report on Southern North Sea longshore sediment transportThe impact of disposal of marine dredged material on the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)
Accessing and developing the required biophysical datasets and data layers for Marine Protected Areas network planning and wider marine spatial planning purposes. Report No 14: Task 2B. Mapping of species with limited mobility (Benthic Species)
Verification surveys of intertidal habitats within the Stour and Orwell Estuaries RMCZ and Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries RMCZ. Final report.
Assessment of year class and stock levels of European Flat Oyster Ostrea edulis in the Ray Sand Channel, part of the Blackwater rMCZ complex.
Southern North Sea Marine Natural Area Profile: A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England. Peterborough: Natural England
Background document for Ostrea edulis and Ostrea edulis beds. OSPAR Biodiversity. Series 428/2009, 22pp.
A temperate reef builder: an evaluation of the growth, morphology and composition of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) colonies on carbonate platforms in South Wales.
Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2014.
Species assemblages as descriptors of mesohabitats
British plant communities volume 1: woodland and scrubBritish plant communities volume 2: mires and heathsBritish plant communities volume 3: grasslands and montane communitiesSSSI Favourable Condition Tables - Designated Site DetailsThe impacts of acid and nitrogen deposition on sand dune habitats.Interpretation of evidence of nitrogen impacts on vegetation in relation to UK biodiversity objectives
Review and revision of empirical critical loads and dose-response relationships
Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Maritime Cliff and Slope HabitatsCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for Earth Science SitesEriocheir sinensisMarine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR)Mollusc (marine) data for Great Britain and Ireland Environment Agency Non-native Species records v1.RISC and ALERT Marine Non-Native Species (Chinese Mitten Crab, Wakame and Carpet Sea Squirt) Record
RSPB reserves breeding bird surveys NBIS records to Feb 2015Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges MCZ Post-survey Site Report v4Seasearch survey of Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges MCZDorset Seasearch Surveys Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges MCZ factsheet (MCZ031)
EIFCA Research Report 2014 WFO Mussel Stock Assessment.
Essex Coast and Estuaries Coastal Habitat Management Plan (CHaMP) Final ReportNative Oyster Survey Blackwater, Crouch, Roach & Colne Marine Conservation ZoneSite Characterisation of EMS: Essex Estuaries.
Continuation of Baseline Monitoring of Reef Features in the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
Middle Pleistocene interglacial Thames–Medway deposits at Clacton-on-Sea, England: Reconsideration of the biostratigraphical and environmental context of the type Clactonian Palaeolithic industry
Middle Pleistocene interglacial Thames–Medway deposits at Clacton-on-Sea, England: Reconsideration of the biostratigraphical and environmental context of the type Clactonian Palaeolithic industry
Impact assessment of regulation at the reach level using macroinvertebrate information from mesohabitatsChanges in Vegetation and Soil Characteristics in Coastal Sand Dunes along a Gradient of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition
Factors affecting vegetation establishment and development in a sand dune chronosequence at Newborough Warren, North Wales.
Recovery strategies for nitrogen-sensitive habitats (Ecological underpinnings of the Programmatic Approach to Nitrogen [PAN]).Nitrogen deposition and the Nature Directives impacts and responses: Our shared experiences: Report of workshop held 2–4 December 2013.
Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges rMCZ Verifcation Photos of Intertidal Rock and Intertidal Coarse Sediment [photographs] Taken on behalf of Natural England
Classification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England and Wales - Sanitary Survey Report for Blackwater and Dengie
Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries rMCZ no. 3 Selection Assessment Document
NVC Survey of Saltmarsh and other habitats in the Essex estuaries European marine site.
Formation of Chesil Beach: a review.SCOPAC Sediment Transport Study (1991 and 2004): Lyme Regis to Portland Bill.Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 9 Southern England: Hayling Island to Lyme Regis.
Broadscale Sabellaria spinulosa distribution in the central Wash as predicted with the AGDS RoxAnnEIFCA Research Report 2011EIFCA Research Report 2013Fisheries Management PoliciesNatural England Survey and assessment of saline lagoons at Snettisham, Norfolk North Norfolk lagoons: Biotope composition monitoring.Wash and North Norfolk Coast EMS: Coastal lagoon data collationNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 57, Saline lagoon summaryNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 38, Saline lagoon condition assessmentNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 37, Saline lagoon condition assessmentNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 4, Saline lagoon condition assessmentSnettisham Lagoons Water Quality Monitoring Protecting Lundy's marine life: 40 years of science and conservationAssessing the genetic connectivity of two octocoral species in the Northeast Atlantic.
Migration of adult river lamprey in the tidal Yorkshire Ouse and Derwent, October 2005 to 2006Review and development of temperature standards for marine and freshwater environments
The estuarine phase in the spawning run of the River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis
Life cycle of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: duration of and growth in the marine life stage
Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control
Impacts of shellfisheries and nutrient inputs on waterbird communities in the Wash, EnglandSolent Maritime European Marine Site sandbank habitat mapping project
Historical changes on the Hampshire coast 1870-1965
The ecology, conservation and history of the SolentEcology of Desmoulin's whorl snail. Monitoring of Desmoulin's whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana Fishbourne millpond & Fishbourne fen
Essex Coastal SSSIs: Assessment of Change in Extent of Saltmarsh over the Period 1997 to 2008. Report to Natural England
Shoreline Management Plan 2010: Essex and South Suffolk Shoreline Management Plan 2. Final version 2.4.
Due to the exposed nature of this part of the coast, little sedimentation is thought to occur at Chesil Beach.
The role of temperature in controlling diel activity in upstream migrant sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus)
Availability of and access to critical habitats in regulated rivers: effects of low-head barriers on threatened lampreys
Fish fauna of the Severn Estuary. Are there long-term changes in abundance and species composition and are the recruitment patterns of the main marine species correlated?Continuation of Baseline Monitoring of Reef Features in the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
The status of Habitats Directive Annex I saltmarsh habitats, transition zones and Spartina species in England
Geology, geomorphology and sediments of the Solent system, in: Collins, M. et al. (Ed.) (2000). Solent science: a review
A molluscan survey of selected sites around Chichester Harbour (unpublished)Fishbourne Ecological StudyFishbourne Reedbed, Chichester Harbour – Vertigo moulinsiana River Basin Management Plan South East River Basin DistrictTranslocation of habitat for the snail Vertigo moulinsiana in EnglandSmelt favourable condition Tamar v3Tamar Estuary Marine Conservation Zones Fact Sheet
English Nature Research Reports. Number 516. The status of smelt Osmerus eperlanus in England.Report of the CouncilUK priority species pages – Version 2. Osmerus eperlanus.
The Status of Smelt Osmerus eperlanus in England. English Nature Research Reports English Nature.
Devon 2012 Summary Report. Report prepared by Sally Sharrock. Devon 2031 Summary Report. Report prepared by Chris Webb.
The Distribution, Biology and Ecology of Shad in South-West England. R&D Technical Report W1-047/TR
Ecology of the Allis and Twaite Shad. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers. Ecology Series No. 3
Tamar Estuary Literature Review on Estuarine ProcessesPlymouth sound and Estuaries Nature Conservation Review 1998A desk study to assess the impact of dredging activity on the Tamar EstuaryEpidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012
Histopathology of mussels (Mytilus sp.) from the 1 Tamar estuary, UK.Suspended sediment concentrations in the Tamar estuaryThe possibility of long distance transmission of Bonamia by fouling on boat hulls.
Recent Advances in Oyster BiologyOn the mode of attachment of the ovum of Osmerus eperlanus
Survey Field Report: Tamar Estuary Marine Conservation Zones blue mussel beds and native oyster scoping study. Marine Nature Conservation Review: marine biotopes (two volumes). A classification for Britain and Ireland. Version 97.6. JNCC Report. Lynher Estuary SSSI Intertidal Biotope Survey 2010. Project: 10-131 Report: ER10-126. Ecospan Environmental Ltd.Synposis of Biological Data on Smelt Osmerus epeerlanus (Linnaeus) 1758. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 78.
Environmentally Friendly Diversification of Aquaculture. Conservation aquaculture rearing techniques for the European smelt Osmerus eperlanus.
Situation of the smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) in the Ems estuary with regard to the aspects of spawning grounds and recruitmentThe Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the UK: Economic, legal and environmental issues associated with its cultivation, wild establishment and exploitationMarine Pollution Monitoring Management Group. National Monitoring Programme. Survey of the quality of UK coastal waters. 80p. Longon: Stationary Office.
Physical characteristics of the spawning habitat of twaite shad (Alosa fallax fallax). Environment Agency Presentation, International Symposium of Freshwater Fish Conservation, 30 October-4 November 2000, Agarve, Portugal.
Ecological and biological researches on shad in Marocco (Alosa alosa Linne, 1758 et Alosa fallax Lacepede, 1803), fishing and taxonomy of Atlantic populations, bioecology of shad in Sebou River
The Ecology and Conservation of European Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.) from Waterford Estuary, In South Eastern Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,
Practical conservation of British fishes: current action on six declining speciesThe smelt Osmerus eperlanus in Scotland
Notes on the Fish and Fisheries of the Severn
The former allis and twaite shad fisheries of the lower Rhine, The NetherlandsPopulation genetic structure of protected allis shad (Alosa alosa) and twaite shad (Alosa fallax)
Dramatic declines in North Atlantic diadromous fishes
OystersRed Data Birds in Britain
Sea temperature and salinity trends: station 25 PlymouthAmerican oyster drillSpecies - Native Oyster / Common OysterMarine Conservation Zones: Consultation on proposals for designation in 2013Tamar Estuary Sites MCZ Factsheets (MCZ044)Tamar Estuary Marine Conservation Zone Plymouth Sound and Estuaries.
Poole Harbour Reedbed Survey 2000
Waterbirds in the UK 2013/14: The Wetland Bird Survey.
Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2005Waders and waterfowl Roost survey of Poole Harbour.Departmental Brief: Solent and Dorset Coast potential Special Protection Area (pSPA)Important Birds of Poole Harbour and their status (1998/99-2004/05)Site Improvement Plan: Poole Harbour (SIP176)
The effects of recreation on the Wadden Sea ecosystem: many questions but few answersThe Ecology of Poole Harbour
Characteristics of spawning-run smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (L.), from a Scottish river, with recommendations for their conservation and management
The European Smelt Osmerus eperlanus L. in Ireland: General Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Status with Conservation Recommendations Aquatic distribution and heteroptrophic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Tamar Estuary EstuarineGenetic and morphological differentiation among some Portuguese populations of allis shad, Alosa alosa (L., 1758) and twaite shad, Alosa fallax
Poor water quality constrains the distribution and movements of twaite shad Alosa fallax fallax (Lacépède, 1803) in the watershed of river ScheldtHoming behaviour facilitates subtle genetic differentiation among river populations of Alosa sapidissima: microsatellites and mtDNA
Transfer processes in cohesive sediment systems. Distribution, composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the River Tamar catchment and estuary
Desmoulin's Whorl Snail population at Fishbourne likely to have been a small relict population that was originally more widespread prior to development of housing and infrastructure in the vicinity. There are no known connections to other populations.
Poole Harbour European Marine Site, English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats&c.) Regulations 1994
Poole Harbour Special Protection Area and Ramsar Site: principles which will be used by Natural England when responding to consultations and providing advice on proposed small developments on the foreshore that provide private access to the harbour.
Breeding Biology of the Red-Throated DiverBreeding and feeding observations on the Black-throated DiverOccupation patterns of lochs by Slavonian Grebes in ScotlandStatus and distribution of breeding Common Scoters Melanitta nigra nigra in Britain and Ireland in 1995
Storks, ibises and spoonbills of the worldEffectiveness of predator removal for enhancing bird populations
Is nest predator exclusion an effective strategy for enhancing bird populations?
Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) ActShoreline Management Plan Review (SMP2), Shoreline Management Plan (Final)Post Brittany Ferries Access Modifications: Benthic Monitoring at Asia Knoll 2010Personal Communication - Paul DandoPersonal Communication - Rob Hillman, Environment AgencyEcological impacts of Carcinus maenas (L.) fishery 'crab tiling' on estuarine fauna
Berwick Upon Tweed Estuary Study Stage 2 - Estuary Modelling Study ReportCoasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 5 North-east England: Berwick-upon-Tweed to Filey Bay
Survey of Littoral Sediments of the Tweed Estuary cSAC.
Tweed Estuary SAC: Biotope Survey 2013Tweed EstuaryA survey of the River Till for lampreyThe Story of the TweedRiver Tweed Site of Special Scientific Interest - Site Management StatementNatura 2000 Standard data form: Tweed Estuary Special Area of ConservationShoresearch Intertidal SurveyBiological and chemical intertidal survey of Poole Harbour, June 1985 (IOE/85/351)Water Framework Directive Seagrass Monitoring Programme, 2007-2011, Pagham Harbour water body.
London Gateway Port Project benthic intertidal biology of the lower Thames EstuaryAlkmaria romijniAlkmaria romijniMapping the distribution of benthic biotopes around the Thanet coast. SubstrateBenthic EA DataPoole Harbour littoral sediment surveyThanet sublittoral surveyManacles, CornwallVerification Survey - The ManaclesNE Regional Staff MCZ Verification PhotosEnvironment Agency WFD Intertidal Seagrass Survey Mapping 2012Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland2007 Seasearch Lizard PeninsulaShoresearch Intertidal SurveyShoresearch Intertidal Survey - Thanet Coast MCZ
A Review of Contaminant Status of SEA 8 covering the Western Approaches, Celtic Sea and English Channel
Margate Long Sands SAC subtidal sandbanks grab sampling baseline survey. IECS Report No. ZBB828-F-2015. A report to Natural England.
Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites: Poole Harbour SPA
Pagham Survey
Macroalgal mat development and associated changes in infaunal biodiversityViews About Management Statement: Poole Harbour SSSISeabird Monitoring Programme: Poole Harbour SPA – Brownsea IslandSolent & Isle of Wight Lagoons Monitoring Survey Report 2013
Condition Monitoring of the Isle of Wight Coastal Saline Lagoons, 2010Plotting the current distribution of Non-Native Species (NNS) in English marinas
Breeding gull and tern survey, Poole HarbourPadstow Bay and Surrounds MCZ Post-survey Site Report version 3, MB0129Padstow Bay and Surrounds rMCZ Survey ReportPadstow Bay rMCZ Littoral Rock and Sediment Verification Survey. A report to Natural England ITT 25016
Lizard Point cSAC and Land’s End & Cape Bank cSAC baseline surveys 2010
Chapter 2.3. Wind and water.
Survey of chalk cave, cliff, intertidal and subtidal reef biotopes in the Thanet coast cSACThanet Coast Special Area of Conservation:2011 intertidal monitoringThanet Coast Special Area of Conservation:2005 intertidal monitoringIsle of Thanet European Marine Site sublittoral monitoringDidemnum vexillum updateCondition Assessment of Thanet Coast Special Area of Conservation
Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Thanet Coast rMCZDo Staurozoa bloom? A review of stauromedusan population biologyOn the Formation of Banks By Mytilus Edulis LThanet Coast rMCZ Selection Assessment Document (2011) RSPB Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2014
National Biodiversity Network GatewayD-Vex monitoring at Bishopstone, Kent, 2015 (unpublished)
A report to Birds of Poole Harbour: census of breeding gulls on Spartina islands in Wareham Channel, Poole Harbour
Chesil Beach grain-size report: a technical report on the impact of beach management works and evaluation of the Sedimetrics Digital Gravelometer software 2015.Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) provisioning, chick diet, predation & breeding success, Brownsea Island, Dorset UK. Unpublished draft report for Natural England
Offshore Special Area of Conservation:Cape Bank. SAC selection assessment. Acquisition of survey data and preparation of Site Briefing Statements for Draft Special Areas of Conservation within the 0-12 Nautical Mile Zone.
Lands End and Cape Bank Special Area of Conservation. Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010Improvement Plans for England's Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS). Site Improvement Plan Lands End and Cape Bank.
Sabellaria spinulosa at Grenham Bay & Beresford Gap. Pacific Oyster Distribution within the North East Kent European Marine Sites
The Medway Approaches, Medway Estuary and The Swale: Maintenance Dredge Protocol and Water Framework Directive Compliance Baseline Document
Results: Thames Estuary and Marshes Free ranging dogs and wildlife conservationBirds by nameObservations of turbidity in the Thames Estuary, United Kingdom
Catchment Data Explorer: Thames LowerBenfleet and Southend Marshes Standard Natura 2000 Data Form
Thames Estary 2100 (TE2100) PlanPersonal Communications with Neil Fuller during site visit.
Hadleigh Farm & Country Park Olympic Legacy Project: Terrestrial Macro-Invertebrate Survey Report
Results: Benfleet and Southend MarshesImportant Bird and Biodiversity Area factsheet: Benfleet and Southend Marshes.A6.59b Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula (non-breeding)MCZ Features: Subtidal Coarse SedimentMCZ Features: Subtidal mixed sedimentsMCZ Features: Subtidal sandMCZ Features: Moderate energy infralittoral rockMCZ Features: Moderate energy circalittoral rockMCZ Features: Peat and Clay exposuresMCZ Features: Subtidal chalkMCZ Features: Stalked Jellyfish (Lucernariopsis campanulata)Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Margate Long Sands SAC Selection Assessment Outer Wash Site Summaries.European WatersAssessment on the analysis of routine resurvey area TE15 from the 2006 survey.Environmental Statement. Volume 1: Offshore Works.Departmental Brief: Northumberland Marine potential Special Protection Area (pSPA)International Population Estimates for some seabird species. Paper of meeting held on 23 June 2014.
Natura 2000 standard data form - Coquet Island Special Protection AreaNatura 2000 standard data form - Farne Islands Special Protection AreaCoquet Island SPA citation (UK9006031)Farne Islands SPA citation (UK9006021)Sandwich tern
Directive 79/409 on the conservation of wild birds: Special Protection Area - Thames Estuary and Marshes Citation
Field occupancy by breeding lapwings Vanellus vanellus and redshanks Tringa totanus in agricultural wet grasslands
Conservation objectives and definitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest: Benfleet and Southend MarshesClassification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England and Wales - Sanitary Survey Report for Southend
Habitat Regulations Assessment - Screening Report (Issues and Options) Development Plan Document, Development Management
Benfleet and Southend Marshes European Marine Site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994What do we know about the birds and habitats of the North Kent Marshes? Baseline data collation and analysis
Common tern: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations. Natural England Technical Information Note TIN138.
Sandwich tern: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations. Natural England Technical Information Note TIN135.
Species Information - Signal Crayfish(Pacifastacus leniusculus)Species Information - Bonnemaisonia hamifera Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Lizard Point SAC Selection Assessment, Version 2.3
Chapter 9: Bristol Channel and approaches (Cape Cornwall to Cwm yr Eglwys, Newport Bay).
Chapter 2.2. Offshore geology
Validation of selected tern foraging areas associated with breeding colony SPAs.Impacts of sudden winter habitat loss on the body condition and survival of redshank Tringa totanus
Marine and agricultural habitat preferences of Dunlin wintering in British ColumbiaThe plovers, sandpipers and snipes of the worldSite Improvement Plan: Exe Dawlish (SIP079)Exe Estuary SPA Citation
Geomorphological Analysis of East Head and Chichester Harbour. Policy Unit 5a CPUF Cakeham to East HeadDynamics of an ebb-tidal delta and adjacent beaches: Chichester tidal inlet. Nature Conservation Evaluation East Head East Sussex Shifting Shores: Living with a changing shorelineChichester Harbour SSSI East Head Sand Dune NVC surveyPagham East Head Coastal Defence StrategyPagham East Head Coastal Defence Strategy Appendix ECoastal Margin Habitats in MCCIP Annual Report Card 2010-11Losses of contaminants from ships’ coatings and anodesGalloper Wind Farm Project Environmental Statement – Technical Appendices 2
Light-induced bird strikes on vessels in Southwest Greenland.
Modelling the risk of the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species in the UK and Ireland.Marine aquaculture in the United States: environmental impacts and policy options
Capture-based aquaculture: the fattening of eels, groupers, tunas and yellowtails,
Modelling benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquacultureSubmarine cables and the oceans: connecting the worldEnvironmental Statement Volume I. Environmental Statement and Figures.Impacts of submarine cables on the marine environment: A literature reviewEffects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species.Intersessional Correspondence Group on Cumulative Effects - Pressure list and descriptions
Lizard Point candidate Special Area of Conservation. Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, Version 2.0
The abundance and conservation status of redshank Tringa totanus nesting on saltmarshes in Great Britain
Margate and Long Sands Candidate Special Area of Conservation: Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010
Impacts of overboard screening on seabed and associated benthic biological community structure in relation to marine aggregate extraction.
Introduction of Marine Non-Indigenous Species into Great Britain and Ireland: Hotspots of Introduction and the Merit of Risk Based Monitoring.
'Environmental impacts of alien species in aquaculture. Sustainable Management of Europe's Natural Resources. D1.3. Analysis of drivers of the use of introduced species and dispersal mechanisms from aquaculture related activities.'
Marteiliosis of oysters caused by Marteilia refringens.An experimental study on the impact of clam dredging on soft sediment macroinvertebrates.The suspension of sediment by scallop dredges.Noise and Fishing Vessels
Bycatch of marine turtles in UK and Irish waters
A report on electrical fishing for razor clams (ensis sp.) and its likely effects on the marine environment.
Report of the Workshop on seine net selectivity (WKSEINE)
Bottom seining in Canada, 1948–2010: its development, fisheries and ecosystem impactsA method to quantify fisheries induced mortality of benthos and fish
Evidence for Management of Potting Impacts on Designated Features.Trawl Penetration in the Seabed (TRAPESE)Assessment of impacts of offshore oil and gas activities in the North-East Atlantic.
Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Task Group 10 Report Marine Litter
Position Statement: On the translocation of species in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Impact assessment of ionising radiation on wildlife.
Habitat assessment for radioactive substances.
Impact of radioactive substances on Ribble and Alt estuarine habitats.Royal Pier Waterfront, Southampton, Environmental Statement, Chapter 4 Estuarine Processes.Bird Strike Avoidance and Lighting Plan, Chukchi Sea, Alaska.Effects of ship lights on fish, squid and seabirds.Princes Channel Development – Phase II Dredging, Environmental Assessment Report
A Voluntary Logbook Scheme as a Method of Monitoring the By-Catch of Seals in Swedish Coastal Fisheries.
Desk study to assess the impact of cockle suction dredging on The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site.The effect of pulse stimulation on marine biota – Research in relation to ICES advice – Progress report on the effects on benthic invertebrates
Impacts of Fishing Gears other than Bottom Trawls, Dredges, Gillnets and Longlines on Aquatic Biodiversity and Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems.
Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features
Cairns Shipping Development Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Appendices D.7 Noise and Vibration Technical ReportCairns Shipping Development Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Chapter B10 Noise and Vibration
Proposed Falmouth Bay Maerl Translocation Trial. Comments and Recommendations of the Independent Scientific Advisory PanelApplication of radiological exclusion and exemption principles to sea disposal. The Concept of ‘de minimis’ for Radioactive Substances under the London Convention 1972.
Dose assessment in relation to disposal at sea under the London Convention 1972: judging de minimis radioactivity.
Evidence Summary. Falmouth Harbour construction works 34540/090805 (DC8777), capital dredge 34538/090805 (DC8779), maerl mitigation 34539/090805 (DC8778). Falmouth Harbour Commissioners and Falmouth Docks & Engineering Company application decision process
Waterbirds around the world. A global overview of the conservation, management, and research of the world's waterbird flyways
Dredged Material as a resource: options and constraintsPolicy: Dredging and Spoil Disposal PolicyDogger Bank Creyke Beck Environmental Statement Chapter 9 Marine Physical Processes
Navitus Bay Environmental Statement Volume B Offshore Chapter 8 In-Air Noise
Vulnerability of Scottish seabirds to offshore wind farms.Influences of artificial light on marine birdsMussel aquaculture in marine and estuarine environments throughout the world.
Practical handbook of estuarine and marine pollutionPower Plant Entrainment: A Biological AssessmentMarine wastewater outfalls and treatment systems
Marine mammals and noise
Guidelines for ecological risk assessment of marine fish aquaculture.Effects of intense mussel culture on food chain patterns and production in coastal Galicia, NW Spain.
Ecological consequences of dredging and bottom trawling in the Limfjord, Denmark.A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards.
Wildlife Bycatch in a Commercial Eel Fishery on the River Shannon, Ireland.Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions.Report serious fish or shellfish diseasesDredges: Fishing Gear and Risks to Protected Species.Edible Crab in the Celtic Sea, potsA survey of antipredator controls at marine salmon farms in Scotland
Fugitive Salmon: Assessing the Risks of Escaped Fish from Net-Pen Aquaculture
Oyster Reefs at Risk and Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration, and Management
A framework for understanding the potential for emerging diseases in aquaculture
The environmental impact of marine fish culture: Towards a sustainable future
Chapter 4. Offshore intertidal hard substrata: a new habitat promoting non-indigenous species in the Southern North Sea: an exploratory study.
SNS Phase 1 Decommissioning project environmental statement for the SNS decommissioning project: Viking vdp1 and loggs ldp1Dogger Bank Creyke Beck. Environmental Statement Chapter 10 Marine Water and Sediment Quality August 2013
Incorporating risk assessment and risk management into public policies on genetically modified finfish and shellfishPolyploid fish and shellfish: Production, biology and applications to aquaculture for performance improvement and genetic containmentGrowth of mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis) on cultivation rafts: influence of seed source, cultivation site and phytoplankton availability
Impacts of biodeposits from suspended mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) culture on the surrounding surficial sediments
Incidence of mussel culture on biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface
Benthic macrofauna succession under mussels, Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia), cultured on hanging long-lines
Sedimentation and sulfate reduction under a mussel culturePredicting Organic Accumulation in Sediments Near Marine Outfalls
Continuing contamination of north Atlantic and Arctic waters by Sellafield radionuclidesPassive Screen Intakes: Design, Construction, Operation, and Environmental Impacts
Light pollution in the sea
Pingers cause temporary habitat displacement in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena
Sedimentation patterns caused by scallop dredging in a physically dynamic environmentThe effect of bait-digging on the bioavailability of heavy metals from surficial intertidal marine sediments
Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions
Effects of demersal trawling on ecosystem functioning in the North Sea: a modelling study
The mobilisation of sediment by demersal otter trawlsThe environmental impacts of three different queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) fishing gearsMarine mammal bycatch in gillnet and other entangling net fisheries, 1990 to 2011Impacts of fisheries on seabird communitiesBycatch in gillnet fisheries – An overlooked threat to waterbird populations
Seal exclusion devices in cod pots prevent seal bycatch and affect their catchability of cod
Low impact and fuel efficient fishing—Looking beyond the horizon
Marine Litter Distribution and Density in European Seas, from the Shelves to Deep Basins
The impact of water jet dredging for razor clams, Ensis spp., in a shallow sandy subtidal environment
Discards in North Sea fisheries: causes, consequences and solutions
Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepuru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand
Spatial and temporal changes in infaunal communities inhabiting soft-bottoms affected by brine discharge
Resuspension of Sediment by Bottom Trawling in the Gulf of Maine and Potential Geochemical Consequences
The effects of fixed salmon Salmo salar nets on guillemot Uria aalge and razorbill Alca torda in Northeast Scotland in 1992
The impact of hydraulic blade dredging on a benthic megafaunal community in the Clyde Sea area, ScotlandMortality of Asterias rubens and Ophiura ophiura discarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland
Fishery Discards: Factors Affecting Their Variability within a Demersal Trawl Fishery
Light-induced bird strikes on vessels in Southwest GreenlandCascading ecological effects of eliminating fishery discards
The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems
A Review of Catch-and-Release Angling Mortality with Implications for No-take ReservesA quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthosImpact of scallop dredging on benthic epifauna in a mixed-substrate habitat
Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing
Effects of clam harvesting on sexual reproduction of the seagrass Zostera noltii
Population-level effects of clam harvesting on the seagrass Zostera noltiiDisturbance of intertidal soft-sediment benthic communities by cockle hand rakingCrab-tiling reduces the diversity of estuarine infauna
Causes and ecological effects of resuspended contaminated sediments (RCS) in marine environments
A sediment history of sellafield discharges
Influence of desalination effluents on marine ecosystems
Chapter 11: Aquaculture and Marine Mammals: co-existence or conflict?
Chapter 4.2. The Sea Bed.
Pagham Harbour rMCZ no 25.1 - Marine Conservation Zone: Selection Assessment DocumentPagham Beach Coastal Defence Project Environmental ReportManaged Breach of Shingle Spit at Pagham: Environmental Statement Main ReportConsideration of Management Options for Spit Feature at Pagham HarbourManaged Breach of Shingle Spit at Pagham: Environmental Statement AppendicesPagham Harbour Causeway - Site 2. Preliminary Environmental Information ReportChichester Harbour Favourable Condition TablesPagham East Head Coastal Defence Strategy Appendix EEnvironment Agency Catchment Data Explorer
Discarding in the English north-east coast Nephrops norvegicus fishery: the role of social and environmental factors
Understanding the Complexity of Catch-and-Release in Recreational Fishing: An Integrative Synthesis of Global Knowledge from Historical, Ethical, Social, and Biological Perspectives
Using a no-take zone to assess the impacts of fishing: Sessile epifauna appear insensitive to environmental disturbances from commercial potting
The impact of the commercial lobster fishery on seabirds at the tristan da Cunha Islands, South Atlantic Ocean
Human trampling as short-term disturbance on intertidal mudflats: effects on macrofauna biodiversity and population dynamics of bivalvesA review of factors affecting the release and bioavailability of contaminants during sediment disturbance events
The natural radioactivity of phosphate ore and associated waste products discharged into the eastern Irish Sea from a phosphoric acid production plant
Hybridization between genetically modified Atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions
The action plan for the Implementation of the adaptive management policy at East Head
Evolution of Coastal Sediment Stores and Sinks across the SCOPAC regionSeabed Mapping project, Selsey to EastokeArun and Western Streams Abstraction Licensing StrategyCleveland Bird ReportsTeesmouth and Cleveland Coast Citation Wetlands International Waterbird Population EstimatesWinter Bird SurveyBTO Wetland Bird Survey (WEBS) for TeesmouthBTO Wetland Bird Survey (WEBS) for Teesmouth
MCZ Subtidal Verification Survey - Bembridge Video and Grab SurveyMCZ Subtidal Verification Survey - Norris to Ryde Grab SurveyMCZ Subtidal Verification Survey - Yarmouth to Cowes Grab SurveyBenthic Grab and PSA data from Folkestone Pomerania rMCZIntertidal Benthic Infauna Survey 2013 - Essex Estuaries & SwaleWFD Intertidal Seagrass Survey 2011South Wight Maritime SAC Benthic Habitat Mapping SurveyPoole Rocks Video and Grab MCZ Subtidal Verification SurveyChesil Beach and Stennis Ledges Video and Grab MCZ Subtidal Verification SurveyPadstow Bay and Surrounds Video and Grab MCZ Subtidal Verification SurveyBristow to the Stones Video MCZ Subtidal Verification Survey
2012 Seasearch survey of Suffolk coast2012 Seasearch Survey in Beachy Head West rMCZ2011 Sussex Seasearch Chichester to Newhaven2010 Seasearch North Yorkshire Survey2009 Sussex Seasearch Chichester to Eastbourne2007 Sussex Seasearch Selsey to HastingsKent Shoresearch Intertidal Survey 20072007 Kent Seasearch Sublittoral2006 Sussex Seasearch: Chichester Harbour to Rye Bay2005 Sussex Seasearch: Bracklesham Bay to Eastbourne2003 Sussex Seasearch: Pagham Harbour to Cuckmere2002 Sussex Seasearch: Bracklesham Bay to Newhaven2000 Sussex Seasearch: Bracklesham Bay to Newhaven1998 - current MarLIN Britain & Ireland volunteer collected Sealife Survey recordsNewbiggin to Saltburn littoral surveyDeben estuary and Orford Ness sublittoral surveySummary report on the rocky-shore survey carried out on Yorkshire NRA Region's coastline during 1991
The quality of the Blackwater estuary in the Maldon District Council fisherySeven Sisters marine surveys.
A biological survey of the Intertidal sediments of Lee-on-the-Solent to Itchen Estuaries, Medina Estuaries, North Solent, Thanet Coast and Thorness Bay Sites of SSSI for the purpose of SSSI condition assessment
A biological survey of the intertidal sediments of Brading Marshes to St Helen's Ledges, Kings Quay Shore and Yar Estuaries Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) Isle of Wight, for the purpose of SSSI condition assessment.
Atlantic Array Offshore Wind Farm - Environmental Statement, Volume 3: Offshore Annexes, Annex 7.1: Benthic Subtidal and Intertidal Ecology Characterisation Report
Cornwall Wildlife Trust 2014 Shoresearch Tranche 2 rMCZ supporting data Marine Recorder and photographs
Marine Conservation Society Observation Scheme Records 1976 - 19901971 Kent, Hampshire, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall Polydora and Ostrea edulis investigation1970-1971 Blackwater estuary faunal survey1961 Essex, Dorset, Cornwall observations on the fertility of the oyster (Ostrea edulis)1953-1955 Kent, Essex, Dorset, Devon and Cornwall Ostrea edulis survey
South Dorset Video and Grab SurveyDerived From BGS and OS data by MarLINSheltered Muddy Gravels PolyA249 Iwade to Queensborough Improvement, Scoping Study for Environmental StatementBlackwater Biotope Macrobenthic SurveyBlackwater Outer WFD Benthic Sampling 2008Blackwater Quenquennial Survey November 1991 SubtidalBlackwater Quinquennial survey 1996Crouch Quinquennial Survey 1995Crouch Quinquennial Survey 2000Queenborough Ecological Survey 2005Gunfleet Windfarm 2004/05
The distribution of sublittoral macrofauna communities in the Bristol Channel in relation to the substrate
Little Tern ReportsBiotope mapping of Helford using Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV).
North Norfolk Coast Intertidal Seagrass Beds Quadrat Survey
Tweed Estuary SAC: Biotope Survey 2013 Final Report for Natural England2014 Solent EMS Eelgrass Surveys 2006-2013 collated, Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust2012 Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC Seagrass Condition Assessment 2012 for Natural EnglandFugro EMU Area 453 and Area 488 Geophysical Survey 2013Condition assessment Lyme Bay and Torbay Annex I reef cSACSolent Intertidal survey August to September 2005Kingmere MCZ bream mapping data carried out by Sussex IFCA
Scalby Ness to Filey Brigg Rocky Shore Survey Final Report for Natural EnglandFal & Helford DDV and dive Survey maerl condition assessmentAlde Ore Butley Intertidal mudflat and sandflats (Lot 2), including sheltered muddy gravel HOCI.Lundy Grey Seals Summary Report 2006 - 2013.2014 Shell Flat Lune Deep and Fylde Interpretation MappingFalmouth and Helford Benthic Grab SurveyAugust 2014 Blackwater, Crouch, Roach & Colne Marine Conservation Zone Native Oyster Survey
2013 Geomatics Coastal Monitoring Sand Dune analysis Habitat Map: Haverigg Haws2013 Geomatics Coastal Monitoring Sand Dune analysis Habitat Map: North Walney
The determination of total and tributyl tin in seawater and oysters in areas of high pleasure craft activity (CM 1983/E:12)
Survey of the Subtidal Sediments of the Solent Maritime SAC. Unpublished report to Natural England, Lyndhurst.
Improvements in the Epifauna of the Crouch Estuary (United Kingdom) Following a Decline in TBT Concentrations
Benthic Survey of Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge cSAC, and of Haisborough, Hammond and Winterton cSAC2010 Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge SAC Selection Assessment
Flamborough Head SAC subtidal reef dive surveyHumber Estuary SAC Intertidal Sediment Survey
Solway Firth SAC Rocky Scar Ground Community Condition Monitoring 2014
Morecambe Bay SAC Subtidal Video Survey biotope mappingCemex LaFarge Tarmac North Owers Draft Environmental Statement v3Research Report 2014 WFO Mussel Stock AssessmentThe Fleet Lagoon Macroalgae surveyExe Estuary SPA Seagrass SurveyBiological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Essex Estuaries SAC and Swale SSSIEssex Estuaries SAC Baseline survey of seagrass bedsAnalysis of the results from benthic sampling in the Humber Estuary, April 2010Berwickshire Intertidal Rocky Reefs Final ReportCondition Monitoring of the Saltmarsh features of the Wash AhernCondition Monitoring of the Saltmarsh features of the North Norfolk CoastImpact of Enteromorpha on BenthosBiotope SurveyBird Model SurveyNMMP site 390 in 1999NMMP site 390 in 2000NMMP site 390 in 2001NMMP site 390 in 2002NMMP site 390 in 2003NMMP site 390 in 2004North Kent Marshes Estuarine Invertebrate SurveysQuinquennial survey in the Blackwater in 2004Roach Quinquennial Survey 1995Roach Quinquennial Survey 2000Roach Quinquennial Survey 2005Solent WFD benthic survey 2007Swale Habitats Directive SurveyThames Array benthic grab survey 2004The Outer Thames Estuary Regional environmental characterisationWFD TW Intercalibration surveyWhitstable Bay WFD benthic survey 2007Peat records2007-2009 BIOSYS extract EA WFD seagrass dataRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1987 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 2005 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1988 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1989 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1992 corrected to 250m tow lengthIntertidal Survey Isle of WightPortsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition Assessment
Seahorse TrustWest Varne Aggregate Survey off Hythe 2001Polygons provided to Finding Sanctuary by Isles of Scilly local groupDorset Integrated Seabed Study (DORIS)
Solway Firth SAC Rocky Scar Grounds Allonby Bay rMCZ Rocky Scar Ground and Annex I Reef Drop-down Video Survey
Cornwall_FOCI_SpeciesDORIS_FOCI_B103Isles of Scilly ShoresearchIrish Sea, Offshore Windfarm benthic Survey ReportsNorth West SSSI Biotope monitoringFenham Phase 1South Coast REC - EUNIS classificationSouth Coast RECHumber RECEast Coast RECHabitat data2011 Cornwall Wildlife Trust -Seasearch - Observers & SurveyorsLooe Seagrass surveyShingle Coastal Lagoons Biotope Composition MonitoringOrford Ness: Kings and Airfield Marshes Water Level Management Plan
Water Framework Directive Intertidal Seagrass Survey and Mapping 2012Drigg Coast Ravenglass Estuary survey Intertidal rocky shore skearsDrigg Coast Intertidal Sediment ReportCoastal Channel Observatory: SCOPAC Eastern Solent HI1437 TR65 Seabed Mapping Selsey to Eastoke
Subtidal Verification Survey of Coquet to St Mary’s rMCZ 2014 for DEFRA2006-2015 HIWWT Solent Seagrass Inventory in Hampshire & Isle of Wight (2014 -2015 update)SAC_067 Eastern Irish Sea Subtidal Sediment Habitat MappingEA Fish Population Database March 2015Fylde MCZ Environment Agency Baseline survey PSA analysis 2015ERCCIS Maerl Eelgrass and Seahorse records 2011
Salcombe to Kingsbridge SSSI and Erme Estuary SSSI intertidal biotope surveySublittoral survey of Biotopes on rocky scars in Morecambe Bay EMS1999-2000East Riding of Yorkshire Council Seabed Mapping Flamborough Head to Spurn Point
South of Portland rMCZ 2014 Subtidal Verification SurveyrMCZ Video and Grab Subtidal Verification Survey of Kentish Knock East 2014
Dungeness to Newhaven Seabed Mapping Study 2013Drakes Island (Plymouth) littoral monitoringMewstone (Wembury Bay) littoral monitoringMNCR Sector UK09 Bristol Channel and approaches Underwater Observation SchemePlymouth Sound sublittoral nudibrance surveyUpper Severn Estuary SurveyCornwall underwater observation schemeIntertidal benthic survey of the Stour EstuaryGreat Mewstone (Plymouth) sublittoral surveyRiver Orwell marina proposal littoral surveyPortland Harbour and Fleet entrance littoral surveySevern Estuary littoral rock survey
Shooting and Conservation Management Plan for the Crown Estate foreshore at Barthorps Creek on the River Ore, Suffolk
MCZ Marine Recorder Supporting Verification Photographs External: Sandown Bay, Alum Bay Chalk Cliffs, Scratchells Bay and Bream Rock
Broad Bench to Kimmeridge Bay DWT Purbeck Marine Wildlife Reserve Intertidal Biotope Surveys 2009 to 2012
Falmouth and Helford Benthic Grab SurveyFalmouth and Helford Benthic Grab SurveySolent Maritime SAC subtidal sandbanks mapping and condition assessmentPlymouth Sound and Estuaries Benthic Grab SurveySevern Estuary Benthic Grab SurveyExe Estuary Benthic Grab Survey2014 Dorset Seasearch2014 Seasearch Cornwall Surveys of Padstow Area2014 Seasearch Cornwall Surveys within Looe and Whitsand Bay Area2014 Seasearch Devon Survey of Lundy Island2014 Seasearch Devon Survey of Prawle Point to Start Point Area2014 Seasearch Devon Survey of Torbay MCZ Area2014 Seasearch Isles of Scilly Surveys2014 Seasearch Survey of Chesil Beach & Stennis Ledges MCZ2014 Seasearch survey of Essex Coast MCZ2014 Seasearch Survey of Poole Rocks MCZDee Estuary Benthic Grab SurveyLundy Benthic Grab SurveyMorecambe and Lune (Walney Channel) Benthic Grab SurveySubtidal surveys Skerries Bank Video and Grab Survey
Kent Seasearch Sublittoral Survey - Folkestone Pomerania MCZHABMAP 2009Ramsgate to Dungeness Seabed Habitat MapSussex surveySouth West DevonFOCI April 2009 survey
Oyster survey Blackwater 2011/12
RWB69 Sublittoral grab sampling survey of Red Wharf BayRW71 sublittoral sediment sampling off Moelfre, NE AngleseyRWJan73 Sublittoral grab sampling survey off Red Wharf BayCB74 Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayCB76 Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayUniversity of Wales Bangor -Red Wharf bay Student SurveysSevern Bridge to Cardiff sediment surveyMenai Strait sublittoral surveyRWDEAK Epibenthic sledge sampling north of Red Wharf Bay, AngleseyMSc - Red Wharf Bay SurveyRiver Stour littoral surveyBlackshaw Bank (Solway) cockle dredging studyNorth Berwick to Burnmouth littoral surveyROV survey of St Abbs and EyemouthCB95 HX Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayMenai Strait and Puffin Island sublittoral survey, North WalesEast Anglesey sublittoral surveyCB97 HX Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayConwy Bay sublittoral sediment survey
Isles of Scilly MCZ Ridge to Menawethan habitat boundaries - revised 2013 features. Mapping Produced by Natural England National GI team.
Southerness Point (Solway Firth) littoral scar surveyDee Estuary littoral sedimentMacrofaunal Survey of Welsh Sandbanks
Menai Strait tidally exposed seabed and shores
Survey of East Anglesey, North WalesScotland St AbbsSurvey of N Anglesey, North WalesSurvey of S E Anglesey, North WalesSCM survey of Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast littoral and sublittoral cavesAcross Wales towed video monitoring surveySurvey of north Anglesey, North WalesBays and Banks subtidal sediment surveys
Scotland Eyemouth and St AbbsSightings & Miscellaneous Data 2007-2013Anglesey SurveysScotland Eyemouth and St AbbsEast Anglesey and the Great Orme SurveyMenai Strait and East Anglesey SurveyScotland Eyemouth and St AbbsEast Anglesey and the Great Orme SurveyScotland EyemouthScotland St AbbsTowed Video Survey of Puffin Island.Menai StraitScotland Eyemouth (various)Scotland North of St Abbs Survey (various)Scotland Survey of St Abbs (various)Scotland Eyemouth surveyScotland St Abbs surveySOS Prince Madog Towed Video Survey of Liverpool Bay, AugustScotland St Abbs and Souter Point surveyBiological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments, South Shore of the Solway FirthScotland Eyemouth and St Abbs surveyReview of data in Stour and Orwell EstuariesWFD Operational Benthic Infauna Survey - Medway EstuaryMCZ Verification Survey - The ManaclesBlackwater oyster dredge survey 2012
Eastern English Channel REC - EUNIS classificationChesil and the Fleet European Marine Site. Intertidal Study.Survey of the St Mawes (Vilt) bank of the Fal estuary, 26-28 August 1968New records of some rare British and Irish gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae)The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UKSolent Maritime SAC Natura 2000 Standard Data Form
Biological survey of the intertidal chalk reef at Seaford to Beachy Head and Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) to set a baseline for SSSI condition assessment. NHM
EC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora: Citation for Special Area of Conservation (SAC) - Solent Maritime
Pagham Harbour SPA Regulation 33 Advice PackageSite Improvement Plan (SIP): Pagham HarbourPagham Harbour SPA CitationAnnual Report for April 2013 - March 2014 for WSCC
Annual Report for April 2014 - March 2015 for WSCC
RSPB Pagham Harbour Local Nature Reserve Management PlanPagham seagrass survey 2015HRA, Pagham Harbour Local Nature Reserve, Implications of maintaining and increasing boat permits for
Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites – The Exe Estuary SPA
Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast Departmental Brief.
Species Accounts - Species List: Redshank (non-breeding)Langstone Harbour Management PlanImpact of Effluent Discharges on the Intertidal Benthic Community in the Solent Maritime European Site.
Effects of macroalgal mats on the ecology of intertidal mudflats.Data extracted from National Fisheries Population DatabaseFarnham and Bishop St Mawes, Maerl dive transect survey Cornwall.Survey and Monitoring in the Roseland Voluntary Marine Conservation Area in 1992.Fal Estuary: Expedition Report Maerl and Seagrass Dive SurveyHabitat mapping of the Fal and Helford SACMarine Ecological Survey of the Fal Estuary: Effects of Maerl Extraction.Littoral Rocky scar Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) survey Drigg Coast EMSFarne Islands Intertidal SurveyGrimsby & Immingham Humber Subtidal Sandbanks 2008
South Wight SAC: Rocky and Intertidal Sea Cave Condition AssessmentAnnual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Stocks in the Solway Firth, 2009
Inventory of Eelgrass Beds in Hampshire and the Isle of WightSevern Estuary Intertidal Biotope Mapping Baseline Phase 1 Study Final ReportNorth West Condition Assessment of Intertidal Mud and Sand FeaturesMorecambe Bay Benthic Grab Sampling surveySurvey of the Subtidal Sediments of the Solent Maritime SACSurvey of Isles of Scilly SAC
Fal Bay Underwater Camera Maerl Survey
Comparative Maerl Surveys in Falmouth Bay. A report to English Nature.Falmouth maerl bed video surveyCape Bank rMCZ Drop-down video and stills surveySouth Dorset Video and Grab Survey
Exe Estuary European Marine Site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994
Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site Regulation 33 (of Conservation Regulation 1994) Conservation Advice
South Devon Reef Video Baseline Surveys for the Prawle Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone cSAC and Surrounding Areas
Mapping, Condition and Conservation Assessment of Honeycomb Worm Sabellaria alveolata Reefs on the Eastern Irish Sea Coast
Wildlife Trusts Elite Dive TeamSightings & Miscellaneous Data 2007-2013
Seasearch survey of Suffolk CoastSeasearch Devon Survey of TorbaySeasearch Devon Survey of Beacon Cove, Torbay.Seasearch Survey of SuffolkSeasearch Cornwall Surveys of Looe AreaSeasearch Rame Head and Whitsand BayFarnes Drop Down Video SurveySizewell sublittoral sediment surveyMarine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) Orwell, Stour and Hamford Water littoral survey
Seasearch Devon Survey of Lundy IslandMCS Seasearch Manacles, CornwallSeasearch North CornwallSeasearch Cornwall Survey of Whitsand BaySeasearch Survey of North CornwallBreydon Water littoral surveyCEFAS Endeavour Survey of Rame HeadCEFAS Endeavour Rame Head SurveyCEFAS Endeavour Rame Head SurveyCountryside Council for Wales (CCW) BAP Atlas Data.
Mettam Severn Estuary sublittoral survey
Skegness Windfarm Environmental Statement for JNCC.
Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site Rocky Shore Survey
Torbay Coast & Countryside Trust Seagrass Survey distribution map for TorbayMapping Zostera beds in Special Areas of Conservation by Aerial PhotographyPagham Intertidal Survey shingle, mudflat and saltmarshDungeness mudflat and shingle Survey
Indicative biotopes of the Gwynt y Mor offshore Wind Farm study area report for JNCCMarine Nature Conservation Review Sector 10. Cardigan Bay and North Wales: area summaries.
Intertidal Lee-on-the-Solent to Itchen Estuary, Medina Estuary, North Solent, Thanet Coast and Thorness Bay Sediment Survey Condition AssessmentBrading Marshes to St Helen's Ledges, King's Quay Shore and Yar Estuary SSSI Intertidal Sediment condition assessment survey for the purpose of SSSI condition assessmentInner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge cSAC (IDRBNR) Area 480 Benthic Monitoring Review - Year 4 - 2012
Two further UK sites for Caecum armoricum, de Folin, 1869, formerly known only in the Fleet, Dorset, as a member of the interstitial 'springs' community.Hannafore Point Looe: An Intertidal Survey June/July 1996 A report of the work carried out by final year Marine Biology students of the University of Plymouth
Mapping Annex I Reefs in the central English Channel: evidence to support the selection of candidate SACs
Intertidal Reef Survey: Renotification of Hanover Point to St Catherine's Point SSSI and Freshwater Bay, South Coast Isle of Wight
Tarmac Marine Dredging Ltd. Area 435/396 Monitoring Report. A Report for: Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group & Tarmac
FCIR vegetation mapping of Chichester Harbour, on behalf of the Chichester Harbour Conservancy (CHC) Final Report
Ecological survey for Triton Knoll Offshore Wind Farm to provide site specific information for three potential, alternative development areas within the Greater Wash (Offshore Power)
Subtidal sediment grab survey of Solent Maritime SAC and rMCZ areas.
Skerries Bank Video and Grab Survey
Benthic state and change in UK marine waters, Phase II: The English Channel and Celtic SeaAn appraisal and synthesis of data identifying areas of ross worm, Sabellaria spinulosa, reef in The Wash.
Shoresearch Intertidal Survey: Swale rMCZCornwall Surveys of Helford AreaSurvey in Beachy Head West rMCZ, SussexSurvey of chalk cave, cliff, intertidal and subtidal reef biotopes in the Thanet cSAC
Essex Estuaries Benthic Grab Survey by Environment AgencyTamar Estuary Sites MCZ mussel bed surveyFal & Helford SAC Seagrass Survey.Seagrass survey Lyme Bay,Torbay SAC and Torbay MCZ
Continuation of baseline monitoring of reef features in the Wash and North Norfolk Coast SACA review of development of the Solent oyster fishery 1972-1980Solent oyster fishery: 2014 Stock Report – Phase 1 – Baird Dredge
Environmental Chemistry Microscale Laboratory Experiments.
Marine Mammals and Noise.
Pollution impacts on marine biotic communitiesMultivariate approach to the investigation of nutrient interactions in the Barataria Basin, Louisiana.Mechanics of Underwater NoiseField Observations of Structure and Nearshore Changes following Construction of an Artificial Surf Reef.
Anti-submarine Warfare.The effects of fishing on fish habitats
Physical and chemical alterations associated with dredging: an overview.
Water quality aspects of dredging and dredge spoil disposal in estuarine environments.Impacts of sudden winter habitat loss on the body condition and survival of redshank Tringa totanus.
Capital Dredging at New Mangalore Port.Environmental and public health implications of wastewater quality.
When the tide goes out. The biodiversity and conservation of the shore of Wales, results from a 10 year intertidal survey of Wales
East Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation Sabellaria spinulosa in Haisborough, Hammond & Winterton
Bacton to Baird Pipeline Route and Environmental Survey, October and November 2009, Habitat Assessment Report.
Acoustic and grab survey baseline monitoring of Lynn Knock Reefs in Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge (IDRBNR) cSAC
Sound radiation of seafloor-mapping echosounders in the water column, in relation to the risks posed to marine mammals.
Changes in the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in light soil fertilized with sewage sludge
A trophic cascade triggers collapse of a salt-marsh ecosystem with intensive recreational fishing.
Floristic study of a maërl and gravel subtidal bed in the ‘Ría de Arousa’ (Galicia, Spain)Introductions of bivalve molluscs into the United Kingdom for commercial culture - case histories.A numerical model of flow modification induced by suspended aquaculture in a Chinese Bay.
Design and construction of the Boscombe multi-purpose reef.
ABP Southampton Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Berth 201/202. R.1494Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Southampton Approach Channel DredgeCowes Outer Harbour Project: Environmental Impact Assessment. R. 1518.West Rhyl Coastal Defence Scheme Interpretative Report. R.1652Potters Leisure Resort Coastal Defence Enhancements.Esso Fawley Berth Five Environmental Statement.Piling Handbook. 8th EditionHayle Harbour Maintenance Dredging ProtocolCode of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites Part 1: Noise
Clearing the waters: A user guide for marine dredging activities –Stage two: new projects process.Littlehampton Arun East Bank Tidal Walls Flood Defence Scheme Environmental Statement
Use of Beneficial Dredged Materials in the South Inshore and South Offshore Marine Plan Areas.A review of offshore windfarm related underwater noise sources.
Lethal and physical injury of marine mammals, and requirements for Passive Acoustic Monitoring.
SEA 6 Technical report: Underwater ambient noise.A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach/dune systems.Understanding the Lowering of Beaches in front of Coastal Defence Structures, Stage 2.
Charting Progress 2 Feeder report: Clean and Safe Seas.
Mortality and serious injury of northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic Ocean.
International dissemination of epidemic Vibrio cholerae by cargo ship ballast and other non potable waters.
Development of Approaches, Tools and Guidelines for the Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Navigational Dredging in Estuaries and Coastal Waters: Literature Review of Dredging Activities: Impacts, Monitoring and Mitigation.
Potential for joined up marine monitoring and data collection between Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies and industry.
The coastal handbook: A guide for all those working on the coast. A collaborative project between the Environment Agency and Maritime Local Authorities.
Sediment management in the Humber Estuary: Dredging and Disposal Strategies: Study in the framework of the Interreg IVB project.
A review of measurements of underwater man-made noise carried out by Subacoustech Ltd, 1993 – 2003 .Modelling and measurement of underwater noise associated with the proposed Port of Southampton capital dredge and redevelopment of berths 201/202 and assessment of the disturbance to salmon.
Emerging lessons from ecosystems: Booster biocide antifoulants: is history repeating itself? In late lesson from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation
A generic investigation into noise profiles of marine dredging in relation to the acoustic sensitivity of the marine fauna in UK waters: PHASE 1 Scoping and review of key issues. PHASE 1 Scoping and review of key issues.
A study of underwater noise generated during civil engineering works at Fraserburgh harbour.Thermal standards for cooling water from new build nuclear power stationsRadioactivity in Food and the Environment, 2013Cooling Water Options for the New Generation of Nuclear Power Stations in the UK.Ambient Air Pollution by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). Position Paper.Overview of the impacts of anthropogenic underwater sound in the marine environment.Discharges of Radionuclides from the Non-nuclear Sectors in 2012.Assesment of impact of sewage effluents on coastal water quality in Hafnarfjordur, Iceland.Assessment of radioactive discharges to sewer by the non-nuclear industry in Scotland.Marine Litter Report. 2014 – 2020 VisionWestern HVDC Link. Environmental Report. Marine Cable Route.
Advice June 2014. Ecoregion: Celtic Sea and West of Scotland. Stock: Haddock in Division VIIa (Irish Sea).
Effects on water quality when dredging a polluted harbor using confined spoil disposal.
Experimental and theoretical studies of deep penetrating anchors.Some effects of hydraulic dredging and coastal development in Boca Ciega Bay.A framework for managing sea bed habitats in near shore Special Areas of Conservation.Non-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory.Evaluation of genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations.
Environmental impact of aquaculture activities.
Impacts of aquaculture on surrounding sediments: generation of organic-rich sediments.
Some Aspects of the Environmental Impact of Aquaculture in Sensitive Areas.
OSPAR Guidelines for the Management of Dredged MaterialRéférentiel pour la gestion dans les sites Natura 2000 en mer.
Technical and practical requirements for Baltic mussel culture.Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies
Characterization of underwater sounds produced by bucket dredging operationsODEMM Linkage Framework Userguide.Handling and Treatment of Contaminated Dredged material from Ports and Inland Waterways.
The Dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): Effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management.
The effects of dredged material disposal on water quality in the Pooles Island region of the Chesapeake Bay.Eutrophication in estuaries and coastal systems: relationships of physical alterations, salinity stratification, and hypoxia.Measurement and assessment of background underwater noise and its comparison with noise from pin pile drilling operations during installation of the SeaGen tidal turbine device, Strangford Lough.
A review and assessment of the effects of marine fish farm discharges on Biodiversity Action Plan habitats.
‘Best Use’ Maximising the value of data collected under the ALSF projects and the Aggregate Dredging Industry.
An overview of Seawater Intake Facilities for Seawater Desalination, The Future of Desalination in Texas
Processing 2-metre beam trawl samples.
Guidance on the assessment of the impact of offshore wind farms: Seascape and visual impact report.
Walney Extension Offshore Wind Farm.Birds and offshore wind farms: a hot topic in marine ecology.
Vibracore Capabilities.Recommended Operational Guidelines (ROG) for grab sampling and sorting and treatment of samples.
Birds and Wave & Tidal Stream Energy: An Ecological Review.An assessment of the environmental effects of offshore wind farms.MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1 Environmental Statement.What is a borehole?
Peterhead Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Project Scoping Report.Quality Status Report 2010. Chapter 6: Radioactive Substances.
Vessel collisions and cetaceans: What happens when they don’t miss the boat.Anchor Tests German Bight: Test set-up and results.Review of Chemical Spills at Sea and Lessons Learnt.Merchant Shipping (Anti-Fouling Systems) Regulations 2009Marine Litter Issues, Impacts and Actions. A report commissioned by Marine Scotland.PIB: A serious hazard to seabirds and the marine environmentTesting the hypothetical link between shipping and unexplained seal deathsConstruction and Waterfowl: Defining Sensitivity, Response, Impacts and Guidance.
he Solent Disturbance and Mitigation Project Phase II: Results of Bird Disturbance Fieldwork 2009/10.
London Convention and Protocol/UNEP Guidelines for the Placement of Artificial Reefs.
The potential effects of electromagnetic fields generated by cabling between offshore wind turbines upon elasmobranch fishes.
Modelling of Noise Effects of Operational Offshore Wind Turbines including noise transmission through various foundation types.
NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation: Programmatic Geological and Geophysical Activities in the Midand South Atlantic Planning Areas from 2013 to 2020.
Assessment of sub-sea acoustic noise and vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlife; initial measurements of underwater noise during construction of offshore windfarms, and comparison with background noise.
Offshore Renewables – guidance on assessing the impact on coastal landscape and seascape. Guidance for Scoping an Environmental Statement.Annual Survey of Reported Discharges Attributed to Vessels and Offshore Oil & Gas Installations Operating in the United Kingdom Pollution Control Zone 2012.Explanatory Memorandum to the Merchant Shipping (Prevention of pollution by sewage and garbage from ships) Regulations 2008.
Guidance for minimising the transfer of invasive aquatic species and biofouling (Hull Fouling) for recreational craft.
Is ‘minimising the footprint’ an effective intervention to maximise the recovery of intertidal sediments from disturbance?Compilation of spatial data on marine recreation activities: Phase 2 (Mapping marine recreation guidance: How to supply spatial data).
NSITE: Building the World around You.Case Study: Brighton’s Palace PierOil and Fuel Spills and Discharges from Recreational Craft.A review of the effects of recreational interactions within UK European marine sites.UK - Vessel Collisions.
Effects of underwater explosions on life in the seaJNCC guidelines for minimising the risk of injury to marine mammals from using explosives.America Gateway Project Draft EIR. Section 4.10 – NoiseA baseline assessment of electromagnetic fields generated by offshore wind farm cables.West coast HVDC link environmental appraisal. Assessment of EMF effects on sub tidal marine ecology.
Irish-Scottish Links on Energy Study (ISLES): Construction and Deployment Report.
Assessment of noise issues relevant to marine mammals near the BP Clair development.Measurement and Interpretation of Underwater Noise during Construction and Operation of Wind farms.
Gwynt y Môr Offshore Wind Farm. Environmental Statement.Alien invasive species and the oil and gas industry: Guidance for prevention and management.Decommissioning of Pipelines in the North Sea Region 2013.The Management of Marine Growth during Decommissioning.Assessment of the environmental impact of cables.Assessment of the environmental impact of oil and gas activities in the North-East Atlantic.Assessment of the impacts of shipping on the marine environment. Monitoring and Assessment Series.
Beatrice Wind Farm Demonstrator Project. Environmental Statement.What we know about anchoring and mooring.Report on recent seal mortalities in UK waters caused by extensive lacerations October 2010.
Wave and Tidal Consenting Position Paper Series: Marine Mammal Impacts
Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species.Impact of EMF from Sub-sea cables on marine organisms – the current state of knowledge.
Kingsnorth Carbon Capture and Storage Pipeline Environmental Scoping Report (Offshore and landfall).
Environmental Impacts of CO2-EOR. The Offshore UK Context.Peterhead Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Science Review of Artificial Reefs.Artificial Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico: A Review of Gulf State Programs & Key Considerations.Levels of PCBs and heavy metals in biota found on ex-military ships used as artificial reefs.
Application for Incidental Harassment Authorization for the Non-Lethal Taking of Marine Mammals Resulting from Pre-Construction High Resolution Geophysical Survey Nantucket Sound
Literature review on the potential effects of electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments on Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel.
Nord Stream Environmental Impact Assessment. Documentation for Consultation under the Espoo Convention
Browse LNG Natural Liquefied Gas Precinct, strategic assessment report. Appendix C-12 Downstream Browse Underwater Noise Assessment. Western Australia.
Effects of offshore wind farm noise on marine mammals and fish, biola, Hamburg, Germany on behalf of COWRIE Ltd.
Scoping guidelines on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage
Antifouling and the Marine Environment.Ballast Water Management.IW grassland survey NCCLagoon survey of East Sussex and KentLincoln Biodiversity Partnership BAP habitatsMaldon District Phase 1 SurveyNational Forest Inventory 2014NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the Dee and Clwyd estuariesAlde-Ore Estuary SSSI citationPhase 2 Surveys 1979 - Present DayNatural England Validation ChecksOS Land-LineNorth Norfolk Lagoon SurveySaltmarsh Extents 2002Ongoing SurveyAerial PhotographyAerial PhotographyAerial PhotosChannel Coastal Observatory 2008 Aerial ImageryEnvironment Agency Floodplains River and TidalThe marine fauna of the Sizewell area 1: brackish lagoonsA Survey of Coastal Brackish Lagoons: Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Berwick-upon-TweedA directory of saline lagoons and lagoon like habitats in EnglandSE Regional Grassland InventorySRCMP/BRANCH Habitat Mapping ProjectSussex Habitat FrameworkSussex Reedbeds DatasetTendring District Phase 1 SurveyUpdating Habitat Inventories in the North East of England - field surveyVegetation survey Brading MarshesClean Water PartnershipCefas Sea Temperature and Salinity Trends: Station 22 Fawley Power Station
Medina Estuary Baseline Document Maintenance Dredging Protocol
River Hamble Maintenance Dredge PlanWestern Yar Estuary Baseline Document Volume I - 2011 Maintenance Dredging Protocol 2004
Chichester Harbour Baseline Document: Dredging Protocol
MCZ Features: Seagrass bedsMCZ Features: Intertidal coarse sedimentsMCZ Features: Intertidal mudHolmsgarth North Jetty Proposal: Marine Licence Underwater Blasting Letter.Impacts of bottom trawling on underwater cultural heritage.Baseline Document for Maintenance Dredging in Lymington Harbour
National Artificial Reef Plan (as Amended): Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs.
Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Southampton Approach Channel Dredge. Chapter 9 Sediment QualityInventory of eelgrass beds in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight 2015, Section One: Report. Version 7: May 2015.
Natura 2000 Standrad Data Form for Pagham Harbour SPA
Building the World around You. Autumn 2010 Issue.
Impacts of aquaculture on surrounding sediments: generation of organic-rich sediments.
Environmental Statement.BC Conference on Submarine Communications. The Future of Network Infrastructure.The possible impacts of military activity on cetaceans in West Scotland.
Large flocking birds - An International Conflict Between Conservation and Air Safety
Recreation and CruisingEnvironmental Statement for the Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre
Changing coasts
Occurrence of organotins in municipal wastewater and sewage sludge and behavior in a treatment plant
The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the British environment: Sinks, sources and temporal trends
Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from medical waste incinerators
The Marine Environmental Impact Identification and Evaluation TS/ME2. ABP Southampton: Dibden Terminal, Associated British Ports, SouthamptonField studies of velocity, salinity and suspended solids concentration in a shallow tidal channel near tidal flap gates
Pagham Harbour Visitor Surveys. Unpublished report by Footprint Ecology. Commissioned by Chichester District Councol.Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Berth 201 / 202 Works updated by Further Information
Characterization of Underwater Sounds Produced by Dredges. Dredging Operations and Environmental Research (DOER)Vulnerability of coastal fishing communities to climate variability and change: implications for fisheries livelihoods and management in Peru.
Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Southampton Approach Channel Dredge. Updated by Further Information.Possible Impact of Personal Watercraft (PWC) on Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina)
A Review of the Effects of Aircraft Noise on Wildlife and Humans, Current Control Mechanisms, and the Need for Further Study
Request for scoping opinion by DP Marine Energy Ltd in respect of Islay Tidal Energy Project Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Report.Monitoring the effects of disposal of fine sediments from maintenance dredging on suspended particulate matter concentration in the Belgian nearshore area (southern North Sea)
Suspended Sediment Concentrations Associated with a Beach Nourishment Project on the Northern Coast of New JerseyWill improving wastewater treatment impact shorebirds? Effects of sewage discharges on estuarine invertebrates and birdsPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in industrial and municipal effluents: Concentrations, congener profiles, and partitioning onto particulates and organic carbon
Biocides in Sewage Sludge: Quantitative Determination in Some Swiss Wastewater Treatment Plants
Toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) to terrestrial organisms and its species sensitivity distribution
Tracers of sewage sludge in the marine environment: A review
Observations on Dredging and Dissolved Oxygen in a Tidal Waterway
Ghost fishing in European waters: Impacts and management responsesA risk-based approach to rapidly screen vulnerability of cetaceans to impacts from fisheries bycatch
Set-Back Distances to Protect Nesting and Roosting Seabirds Off Vancouver Island from Boat Disturbance
Toxic effects of dredged sediments of Hong Kong coastal waters on clamsThe Role of Recreational Fishing in Global Fish CrisesPatterns and impacts of fish bycatch in a scallop dredge fishery
Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatchChemical and ecotoxicological guidelines for managing disposal of dredged material
Assessing the Vulnerability of Marine Benthos to Fishing Gear Impacts
By-Catch: Problems and Solutions
Catchability of pelagic trawls for sampling deep-living nekton in the mid-North Atlantic
Environmental impact of trawling on the seabed: A review
Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions
COLLISIONS BETWEEN SHIPS AND WHALES
A review of ghost fishing: scientific approaches to evaluation and solutions
Emissions of organo-metal compounds via the leachate and gas pathway from two differently pre-treated municipal waste materials – A landfill reactor study
PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, Organochlorine Pesticides, Synthetic Musks, and Polychlorinated n-Alkanes in U.K. Sewage Sludge: Survey Results and Implications
Effects of eliminating shallow hooks from tuna longline sets on target and non-target species in the Hawaii-based pelagic tuna fisheryImpact of light on catch rate of four demersal fish species during the 2009–2010 U.S. west coast groundfish bottom trawl survey
The effect of escape gaps on trap selectivity in the United Kingdom crab (Cancer pagurus L.) and lobster (Homarus gammarus (L.)) fisheries
Using a remote drift underwater video (DUV) to examine dredge impacts on demersal fishes and benthic habitat complexity in Foveaux Strait, Southern New Zealand
Ecological Metrics of Biomass Removed by Three Methods of Purse-Seine Fishing for Tunas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean
Macrobenthic community structure before and after pollution abatement in the Neches River estuary (Texas)
Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea
Dredging-induced nutrient release from sediments to the water column in a southeastern saltmarsh tidal creekThe degree and result of gillnet fishery interactions with juvenile white sharks in southern California assessed by fishery-independent and -dependent methods
Incidental catches of marine-mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic
Global patterns in the bycatch of sharks and raysFish bycatch and discarding in Nephrops trawlers in the Firth of Clyde (west of Scotland)
Impact of Intracoastal Waterway maintenance dredging on a mud bottom benthos communityEnvironmental aspects of dredging in the coastal zone
Effect of sediment load on the microbenthic community of a shallow-water sandy sediment
Reponse of macrobenthic communities to restoration efforts in a New England estuary.Comparative study of two maerl beds with different otter trawling history, southeast Iberian Peninsula
The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy-Saving Technological ChangeMonitoring nutrient release from fish farms with macroalgal and phytoplankton bioassaysImpact on the water column biogeochemistry of a Mediterranean mussel and fish farm
Response of demersal fish communitiesto the presence of fish farms
Fugitive Salmon: Assessing the Risks of Escaped Fish from Net-Pen Aquaculture
Potential Effects of Aquaculture on Inshore Coastal WatersLong-term coexistence of non-indigenous species in aquaculture facilitiesCulture of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) on artificial substrates attached to linear ropes
Intentional introductions of commercially harvested alien seaweeds.Aquaculture effects on some physical and chemical properties of the water column: A meta-analysisPatterns and impacts of fish bycatch in a scallop dredge fishery
Identifying a reliable target fraction for radiocarbon dating sedimentary records from lakes
The use of size-normalised procedures in the analysis of organic contaminants in estuarine sediments
Relationship between sediment texture, species richness and volume of sediment sampled by a grabAssessment of ecosystem function following marine aggregate dredging
Towards the characterisation of heavy metals in dredged canal sediments and an appreciation of ‘availability’: two examples from the UK
Dredging for edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule) on intertidal flats: short-term consequences of fisher patch-choice decisions for target and non-target benthic faunaLong-term benthic responses to sustained disturbance by aggregate extraction in an area off the east coast of the United KingdomAssessing the recovery of functional diversity after sustained sediment screening at an aggregate dredging site in the North Sea
Setting limits for acceptable change in sediment particle size composition: Testing a new approach to managing marine aggregate dredgingCan the benefits of physical seabed restoration justify the costs? An assessment of a disused aggregate extraction site off the Thames Estuary, UKPhysical and biological impact of marine aggregate extraction along the French coast of the Eastern English Channel: short- and long-term post-dredging restoration
A comparative study of seven grabs used for sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in rivers
Effects of dredging operations on estuarine benthic macrofauna
Human pressures on UK seabed habitats: a cumulative impact assessmentEnvironmental impact and recovery at two dumping sites for dredged material in the North Sea
Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm
Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds
Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with offshore wind turbines
Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs
Barriers to movement: impacts of wind farms on migrating birds
Assessing wave energy effects on biodiversity: the Wave Hub experience.
Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships
Underwater radiated noise from modern commercial ships
Estimating propeller scour at quays alongside a berthing ship
Environmental impact assessment of a scrap tyre artificial reef
The impacts of anchoring and mooring in seagrass, Studland Bay, Dorset, UKRecreational boats as potential vectors of marine organisms at an invasion hotspot
Nonindigenous biota on artificial structures: could habitat creation facilitate biological invasions?
Disturbance of intertidal soft sediment assemblages caused by swinging boat moorings
Organic Enrichment Associated with Outwash from Marine Aggregates Dredging: A Probable Explanation for Surface Sheens and Enhanced Benthic Production in the Vicinity of Dredging Operations
Ecological consequences of dredged material disposal in the marine environment: A holistic assessment of activities around the England and Wales coastlineDistribution of organophosphoric acid triesters between water and sediment at a sea-based solid waste disposal site
Information needs to support environmental impact assessment of the effects of European marine offshore wind farms on birds
Effects of wind turbines on flight behaviour of wintering common eiders: implications for habitat use and collision risk
Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. A reviewUnusual Mortality of Pinnipeds in the United Kingdom Associated with Helical (Corkscrew) Injuries of Anthropogenic Origin.
Relationship between container ship underwater noise levels and ship design, operational and oceanographic conditions
Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the ArtBenthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area
An evaluation of the physical impact and structural integrity of a geotextile surf reefThe role of constructed reefs in non-indigenous species introductions and range expansions
Risk Assessment of Hydrocarbon Releases by Pipelines.
The sensitivity of marine communities to man-induced change: a scoping report.SCOPAC Coastal Sediment Transport Study Vol 3 (2001 and 2004): The Solent and Isle of WightCCO Annual Survey Report - West Solent 2008.CCO Annual Survey Report - Selsey Bill to Southampton Water 2008Seagrass Spotter - seagrass sighting recordsThe environmental interactions of tidal and wave energy generation devices
Assessment Of Tidal And Wave Energy Conversion Technologies In CanadaEnvironmental Effects of Tidal Energy Development: A Scientific Workshop
Decommissioning of offshore renewable energy installations under the Energy Act 2004.Morphological and Sedimentological Changes on an Artificially Nourished Beach, Lincolnshire, UKSalt-marsh restoration: evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west EuropeManaged realignment at Tollesbury and Saltram. Final Report.
The Alde- Ore Estuary - Securing a Sustainable Future for WildlifeAlde- Ore Estuary Site Assessment Form- all breeding birdsStandardised marine site-feature-subfeature supporting habitat data 151030 v4Alde Ore Estuary SPA Standard Data FormMCZ Features: Pink Sea-FanMCZ Features: Native oysterHavergate Reserves Management Plan 01/04/2010 to 31/03/2015
Diver ecotourism and disturbance to reef fish spawning aggregations: It is better to be disturbed than to be dead
Perceived risks and benefits of recreational visits to the marine environment: Integrating impacts on the environment and impacts on the visitor
Distribution of Enteric Bacteria in Antarctic Seawater Surrounding the Dumont d’Urville Permanent Station (Adélie Land)Offshore Special Area of Conservation: The Lizard Point SAC selection assessment. Acquisition of survey data and preparation of Site Briefing Statements for Draft Marine Special Areas of Conservation within the 0 – 12 Nautical Mile Zone. Report to Natural England.
Havergate Island RSPB Reserve, A rationale for the need to control lesser black backed gull predating on wader and tern chicks
Journal
Biological ConservationIbis
Journal of Applied Ecology
Ibis
Ibis
Journal of Applied EcologyBird StudyBiological Conservation
Bird Study
Ibis
Environmental Management
Bird StudyNetherlands Journal of Sea Research
Biological ConservationJournal of Applied Ecology
Journal of Applied EcologyBiological Conservation
Journal of Applied Ecology
Journal of Applied Ecology
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science
Bird Study
Ibis
Biological ConservationIbisBird StudyOecologia
Biological Conservation
Bird StudyBird Study
Bird Study
Bird StudyBiological ConservationLandscape Ecology
Biological ConservationIbisIbis
Netherlands Journal of Sea Research
Bird StudyIbis
Journal of Applied Ecology
Canadian Journal of Zoology
Ardea
WissenschJournal of Applied Ecology
Conservation Evidence
WildfowlWildfowl
WildfowlWildfowlWildfowl Special Edition
Wildlife BiologyWildfowl
WildfowlOrnis Scandinavia
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Wildfowl
Journal of Applied Ecology
BWP UpdateWildfowl Supplement
Wildfowl Supplement
BWP UpdateWildfowl
BWP UpdateOrnis ScandinaviaArdea
Wildfowl
Wildfowl Special EditionJournal of Applied Ecology
Journal of Applied EcologyOrnis ScandinaviaWader Study Group BulletinJournal of Zoology
Ornis ScandinaviaJournal of Applied Ecology
Wader Study Group BulletinIrish BirdsRSPB Conservation ReviewRSPB Conservation ReviewLimosa
English Nature Freshwater Series
Focus on Conservation Series
Managing Wetlands and Their Birds.
Wader Study Group BulletinShellfish News
Ringing & MigrationBird StudyRinging & Migration
British Birds
Bird Study
Statutory Instruments
Bird Study
Vision, brain and behaviour in birds.
Journal of Animal Ecology
Wader Study Group Bulletin
AEWA Technical Series
Bird Study
Scottish Birds
Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology SeriesConserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series
Marine Biology
Hydrobiologia
The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.
The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.
The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.
Journal of Applied Ecology
The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.
The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.
Marine Mammals. Advances in Behavioural and Population Biology. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 66.
The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.
Continental Shelf Research
Biological ConservationJournal of Environmental ManagementBritish BirdsBritish Birds
British Birds
Marine ALSF Science Monograph Series
Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands.
Journal for Nature Conservation
RSPB Management Guides
English Nature Research ReportsEnglish Nature Research Reports
English Nature Research Reports
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC),English Nature Research Reports
Rhodolith/maerl beds: A Global Perspective
Biodiversity Series
Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series)
European wet grasslands: biodiversity, management and restoration.
The State of Kent's Wildlife 2011Natural England Commissioned Report
Annual Report of the Lundy Field Society
Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye
Botanica Marina
Ecology and Evolution
Marine Pollution BulletinCiencias MarinasMarine Ecology Progress Series
Shellfish News
Aquatic Botany
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
les cahiers naturalistes de l'Observatoire marin
Porcupine Newsletter
Gloria Maris
Journal of ConchologyJournal of Conchology
Journal of ConchologyConchologist's Newsletter
Journal of ConchologyBasteria
Molluscan Research
Reef ResearchProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical ScienceJournal of the Lundy Field SocietyScientia Marina
Zootaxa
Zoologischer Anzeiger
Journal of the Lundy Field SocietyAnn. BotAnales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid
Biological Conservation
Rapport du congress de la Commiission Internationale por l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee
Porcupine Marine Natural History Society Newsletter
Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings
Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings
Porcupine Marine Natural History Society Newsletter
Porcupine Marine Natural History Society Newsletter
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany seriesAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Global Change Biology
Aquatic Botany
Marine Biodiversity
Cryptogamie, Algologie
Phycologia
Dis Aquat Organ
Canadian Journal of Zoology
PLoS ONE
Polar Biology
PLoS ONE
HydrobiologiaCoelenterate Ecology and Behavior
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale
Marine Biology
PLoS ONE
Journal of Phycology
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Natural England Commissioned Reports
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesArchives Néerlandaises de Zoologie Animal BehaviourOecologiaJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
New Phytologist
Watsonia
ICES Journal of Marine Science
Sci. Ser. Data Report
Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen
Journal of Applied EcologyMarine Mammal Science
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Journal of Applied Ecology
Mammal ReviewCanadian Journal of Zoology
APEM Scientific Report
UK Marine SACs Project
EnactTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ Society
Annual Report of the Lundy Field SocietyAnnual Report of the Lundy Field Society
English Nature Science ReportUK Marine SACs Project
UK Marine SACs Project
Journal of Coastal Research
Progress in Marine Conservation in EuropeMarine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 16-21 July 1995
Marine and Freshwater ResearchMarine Pollution Bulletin
Biological ConservationMarine Ecology Progress Series
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaDevelopments in Marine BiologyNAMMCO Scientific Publications
Jounral of Conchology Special PublicationPalaeontologyBiology Letters (In press)
Palaentology
Quarterly Review of Biology
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK
Summary Report
Microbial EcologyMarine Environmental Research
Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution BulletinHuman EcologyMarine Pollution Bulletin
Marine PolicyHuydrobiologia
Journal of Sea Research
ICES Journal of Marine Science
Natural Toxins IIFisheries Research Marine Pollution BulletinMarine PolicyMarine Ecology Progress Series
ICES Journal of Marine ScienceICES Journal of Marine ScienceMarine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin
Trends in Ecology and EvolutionICES Journal of Marine ScienceThe Science of the Total Environment
Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Ecology Progress Series
Journal of Biological Education
Journal of Animal Ecology
Proceedings of the Royal Society for London: Series B
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London: Series B
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Reviews in Fish Biology and FisheriesMarine Pollution BulletinOikosScience
Conservation Letters
Conservation Biology
Biological Conservation
Biological Conservation
PNAS
Marine Biology
Review of Fish Biology and Fisheries
PNAS
ICES Journal of Marine Science
Nature
Ecology Letters
NatureHydrobiologia
Ecological Indicators
HydrobiologiaMarine Ecology Progress Series
Ecology
Journal for Nature ConservationTrends in Ecology and EvolutionOceanography
Oceanography
Oceanography
Annual Review of Ecology and Evolutionary Systematics
Nature
OceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanography
OceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyJournal of Coastal ResearchEcological Applications
Journal of Applied Ecology
Global Change Biology
Oecologia
Trends in Ecology and EvolutionScience
Ibis
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
Science of the Total Environment
Science of the Total Environment
Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the Total EnvironmentScience of the Total Environment
Journal of Biogeography
Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Conservation Evidence
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Biological Conservation
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Ocean & Coastal ManagementEstuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
Science of the Total Environment
Science of the Total Environment
Journal of Fish Biology
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Wildfowl
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
The Science of the Total Environment
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
School of civil engineering and the environment.
School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences.
Marine Environmental Research
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Ecological Engineering
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Science of the Total Environment
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceFisheries Management and Ecology
Proceedings of the Royal SocietyMarine Geology
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
PLoS ONE
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Monitoring Series
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Devon Birds
Laboratory Leaflet (New Series)
Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Conservation Techniques Series
Journal of Animal Ecology
Scientia MarinaMarine Ecology Progress Series
Journal of Molluscan Studies
Science Series
Aquatic Living ResourceScottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report
Geological Conservation Review SeriesEnvironment Agency Reports
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Journal of Fish Biology
Journal of Fish Biology
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
Journal of Fish Biology
Aquaculture
Journal of Fish Biology
Environmental Biology of Fishes
BehaviourMarine and Freshwater Research
Neotropical Ichthyology
Environmental Biology of Fishes
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesJournal of Fish BiologyJournal of Natural History
Journal of Fish Biology
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Annals and Magazine of Natural HistoryJournal of Fish Biology2014
Marine Biodiversity RecordsJournal of Zoology
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical ReportCharting Progress 2 Healthy and Biological Diverse Seas Feeder Report
CCW Contract Science Reports
Scottish Marine and Freshwater ScienceEnglish Nature Research Reports
CCW Contract Science Report
English Nature Research Reports
Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, School of Ocean and Earth ScienceJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre
Ecological Monographs
The Biological Bulletin
Bulletin of Marine Science
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
The Biological BulletinAging Cell
Marine BiologyMarine Biology
Journal of Sea Research
Journal of Fish Biology
Ecol LettAquaculture Research
Biological Conservation
PLoS ONE
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Crustaceana
Ecos: a review of conservationMarine Pollution Bulletin
Journal of Experimental Biology
Marine Ecology Progress Series
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Acta Ethologica
Journal of Animal EcologyEcology Progress SeriesMiscellania zoológica
Natura Croatica
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesEcology and Society
Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde
CrustaceanaPorcupine Marine Natural History Society
Biological Conservation
Cahiers de Biologie MarineMarine Life
Limnologica
Serie PlanktonMarine Ecology Progress Series
NautilusMarine Ecology Progress Series
NautilusTrudy Instituta okeanologii
CopeiaAcoustics TodayDiseases of Aquatic Organisms
Cahiers de Biologie MarineAquatic Mammals
Porcupine Marine Natural History Society Newsletter
Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists SocietySociété des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc
The IUCN invertebrate red data book
The Biology of Benthic Organisms.
Journal of Coastal ResearchFunctional Ecology
Journal of EcologyMarine Ecology ProgressUnderwater Technology
Aquatic BotanyMarine Ecology Progress
Marine Ecology Progress
Marine Ecology Progress
Marine Ecology ProgressMarine Pollution BulletinEstuaries and Coasts
Aquatic Botany
The distribution of benthic macrofauna in the Dutch sector of the North Sea in relation to the micro distribution of beam trawling. Final report. 1998. BEON Rapport No. 98-2: 5-15.
British Red Data Books III. Invertebrates other than insects.
The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. IMPACT-II. NIOZ-RAPPORT 1998-1.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
ABP Research Reports
Scottish Natural Heritage ReviewNatural England Commissioned Reports
Seagrass Ecosystems
Journal of Applied Ichthyology
Waterbird Review SeriesJournal of Applied EcologyBritish Birds
Ibis
Estuaries Research Programme Phase 1 - MAFF Contract CSA 4938
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Transactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ Society
English Nature Research Reports
CCW Contract Science Report
Coastal dunes: ecology and conservation
CCW Contract Science Report
Transactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ Society
Coastal sand dunes, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Geological Conservation Review SeriesFlood and Coastal Defence R&D Programme
UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans.
Journal of Natural History
Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores
NOAA Technical Memorandum
ICES Council Meeting 1983 (Collected Papers)
Marine BiologyEMODnet Seabed Habitats
Natural England Research Reports
Progress in Physical Geography
Journal of Applied EcologyScience of the Total Environment
Sand Dune and Shingle Network: Occasional Papers
Phuket Marine Biological Center Special PublicationProceedings of the Third Symposium of the Fleet Study Group. Revised Edition.
Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale.
Rhodolith/maerl beds: A Global Perspective
Journal of PhycologyRSPB Conservation Review
Journal of Devon Birdwatching and Preservation SocietyJournal of Devon Birdwatching and Preservation SocietyJournal of Devon Birdwatching and Preservation SocietyJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Environmental and Engineering GeoscienceNetherland Journal of Aquatic EcologyMarine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Geology
Ocean & Coastal ManagementMar Pollut Bull
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological
Applied Geochemistry
FEMS Microbiology Ecology
Eutrophication in Coastal EcosystemsMarine Pollution BulletinJournal of Animal EcologyEnvironmental Pollution (1977)Applied Geochemistry
Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
Monitoring and Assessment Series
Animal Conservation
Journal of Applied EcologyWildfowl
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
The Humber Estuary: A comprehensive review of its nature conservation interest. English Nature Research Reports Series. Report No. 547
Birdlife International Conservation Series
English Nature Research Reports
IbisAnimal Conservation
Journal of ZoologyIbis
Ibis
IbisIbis
Journal of Applied Ecology
Ibis
Ornis ScandinavicaJournal of Applied EcologyBird Study
Journal of Applied Ecology
Forestry Commission Research Information Note
Ibis
Bird StudyIbisBird StudyVogelweltBird StudyRSPB Conservation ReviewBritish BirdsIbisBritish BirdsBiological Conservation
Ibis
Bird StudyBird Study
British BirdsBird StudyBird StudyBird StudyBritish BirdsBritish BirdsBritish BirdsBiological Conservation
Bird StudyRSPB Conservation ReviewBritish BirdsBird StudyRSPB Conservation ReviewJournal of Environmental ManagementIbis
Bird StudyBritish BirdsCinclusBird StudyNetherlands Journal of Sea Research
BWP Update
British BirdsBird Study
Ibis
The Auk
British Birds
Bird StudyBird StudyBird StudyBird StudyBird StudyRaptorCanadian Journal of ZoologyBird Study
RSPB Conservation ReviewBird StudyRSPB Conservation ReviewBird Study
Bird StudyBritish BirdsBird StudyBird Study
Bird StudyBird Study
Bird StudyBird Study
Bird StudyBird Study
Bird Study
RSPB Conservation Review
Bird Study
Bird Study
BTO NewsBird StudyIbisRSPB Conservation ReviewOrnis FennicaBiological ConservationBiological Conservation
IbisBritish BirdsBWP Update
Biological ConservationJournal of Applied Ecology
Status and conservation of the world's seabird
Management Case Study.RSPB Conservation Review
Bird StudyIbis
Sula
Bird Study
CormoranPolish Journal of EcologyJournal of Animal EcologyHydrobiologia
Fisheries Management and Ecology
Ibis
Ornis Scandinavica
Cahiers d'Ethologie
Annales Zoologici FenniciArdea
Bird StudyArdeaBird Study
Seevoegel
Finnish Game ResearchDevon BirdsIbis
Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists Society Transactions
WildfowlBritish Birds
Ardea
Bird Study
RSPB Conservation ReviewIbis
Journal für OrnithologieBird Study
Journal of Zoology
Ibis
Biological Conservation
Hydrobiologia
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Wader Study Group BulletinJournal of Zoology
Colonial Waterbirds
Journal of Animal EcologyIbis
IbisBiological Conservation
Bird Study
WildfowlIbis
Ecological Applications
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fuer Schleswig-Holstein
Journal of Applied Ecology
Giber Faune SauvageBiological Conservation
Bird Study
Journal of Animal Ecology
Bird StudyEkologia PolskaWildfowl
WildfowlWildfowlIbisEnvironmental Conservation
Ibis
Freshwater Biology
Bird Study
Hydrobiologia
WildfowlWildfowl
Bird Study
IbisJournal of Applied Ecology
Journal of Applied Ecology
Journal of Applied Ecology
Bird Study
Bird Study
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
IbisBird Study
British BirdsMarine Pollution Bulletin
WildfowlHydrobiologia
Biological Conservation
WildfowlBird Study
Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series
UK Biodiversity Action Plan: Priority Habitat Descriptions
British Birds
Ibis
Revue d'ecologie
Journal of Applied EcologyJournal of Applied Ecology
IbisRSPB Conservation ReviewBiological ConservationHeron conservationWildfowl
Bird StudyJournal of Applied EcologyCrop ProtectionBiological Conservation
Ibis
Bird Study
IbisBird StudyIbis
Bird StudyBiological Conservation
Wader Study Group Bulletin
Biological Conservation
Biological ReviewsIbis
Ibis
Wader Study Group Bulletin
Bird Study
Seabird
Ecological ModellingEcology and Evolution
Journal of Animal Ecology
Ardea
Conservation Evidence
Ecological Modelling
Ecological ModellingAquaculture Research
Polar BiologyEnvironmental Research Letters
Fish and FisheriesDiversity and Distributions
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Marine Pollution BulletinEstuaries and CoastsConservation EcologyEnvironmental Health PerspectivesFish and Fisheries
HydrobiologiaJournal of Environmental Management
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Ocean & Coastal Management
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Journal of Applied EcologyBehavioral Ecology
Fisheries ResearchJournal of Sea ResearchMarine Biology
Ibis
Biological Conservation
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Geomorphology
Mammal Review
Marine Mammal Science
Marine Mammal Science
Aquatic Living Resources
Fisheries ResearchMarine Pollution Bulletin
Behaviour
Marine Ecology
Biological ConservationFish and Fisheries
Biological Conservation
Agriculture, Ecosystems & EnvironmentMarine Pollution BulletinBiological Conservation
Biological Conservation
Aquatic Botany
Environ ManageJ Acoust Soc Am
Biological Conservation
Biological ConservationJournal of Animal Ecology
Marine Pollution BulletinTrends in Ecology & Evolution
Bird Study
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management
Ardea
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Australian MammalogyCondorMarine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Aquatic Biology
Bird StudyMarine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Wader Study Group Bulletin
Management of Biological InvasionsJournal of Coastal Research, Special Issue
Wader Study Group BulletinJournal of Ecotourism
Bird StudyFisheries
Current Ornithology
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 6 Eastern England:Flamborough Head to Great Yarmouth
The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture.
Fishery Investigations, MAFF
Environmental impacts of ecotourismJournal of Applied Ecology
Ecological Applications
Biological Conservation
British Birds
Ardea
Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and BiologicalRestoration and management of marine ecosystems impacted by oil.International Archive of Applied Sciences and Technology
CSD Report
English Nature Science Series
RSPB Conservation ReviewJournal of Coastal Research
Marine Nature Conservation ReviewMarine Nature Conservation Review
Responsible Marine Aquaculture
Managing freshwater fisheries
Biodiversity Series
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Environmental Conservation
Wildlife Society BulletinJournal of Applied Ecology
Wader Study Group Bulletin
Journal of Applied Ecology
Journal of Environmental ManagementArdea
Biological Conservation
IbisBiological Conservation
Conservation Evidence
Natural England Commissioned Reports
Ecological Applications
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Science Series Technical Report
Wildfowl
Proc. 22 Int. Ornithol. Congr., Durban
Monitoring and Assessment SeriesEnvironmental Research Letters
ICE Conference Paper 2011
Waddenbulletin
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
English Nature Research Reports
English Nature Research ReportsEnglish Nature Research ReportsEnglish Nature Research Reports
Geology
Biological Conservation
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsNew Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater ResearchCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic SciencesBiological Invasions. Patterns, Management and Economic Impacts.Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 508
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Hydrobiologia
Water ResearchMarine Pollution Bulletin
Rev Fish Biol FisheriesJournal of Fish Biology
Hydrobiologia
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-Programme [on-line]
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science
Journal of the Lundy Field Society
Natural England Commissioned Report, Number 125Natural England Commissioned Report, Number 087
FAO Technical PaperCanadian Journal of Zoology
Journal of Applied IchthyologyMarine BiologyScientia Marina
Lundy Fiend SocietyLundy Fiend SocietyCoasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesJournal of Coastal Conservation
Cambridge
Ecology & Geomorphology of Coastal Shingle
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
Watsonia
BSBI NewsBritish Red Data Books 1 Vascular Plants
Botanical Links in the Atlantic Arc
Journal of Coastal Research
Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
Geological Conservation Review SeriesNature
Sedimentology
Monitoring Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail, Vertigo moulinsiana
Geological Society, London, Special Publications,Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Quaternary Science Reviews
Quaternary Science Reviews
HydrobiologiaRegulated Rivers: Research and Management
Plant Biology
Journal of Coastal Conservation
Natural England's image collection.
Coastal Directories Series
Natural England Commissioned Report
Journal of ZoologyFreshwater Biology
Aquatic Biology
Fish & Fisheries Series
Journal of Applied Ecology
Proceedings in Marine Science
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Natural England Commissioned Report, NECR185Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society
Journal of Conchology.
English Nature Research Reports.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
Marine Environmental ResearchEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
The Quarterly Review of Biology Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
104B, No 2
Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathology
Journal of Fish BiologyFreshwater Forum
Coastal and Shelf Scienc
Journal of Applied IchthyologyMarine Biology
Bioscience
Journal of Fish Biology
Wissensch
Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
Publicaciones Especiales- Instituto Espanol De OceanografiaProceedings of the Cotswold Naturalists Field Club
Fish and Diadromy in Europe (ecology, management, conservation)
Bird StudyBird StudyScottish BirdsBird Study
Conservation Evidence
Biological Conservation
The Ecology of Poole Harbour
HydrobiologiaArchives Neerlandaises de Zoologie
Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom.Region 11 The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig
Water and Environment JournalAgriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Journal of Applied Ecology
Biological Conservation
Journal of Wildlife Management
MCCIP Science Review
Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic.
Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11 The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig
Fisheries and Aquculture Technical Paper
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesFisheries and Aquculture Technical Paper
The Irish Naturalists' JournalEcological Applications
AquacultureAquaculture
Aquaculture
Aquaculture
BioScience
BioScience
Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems: Planning, Pollution and Productivity
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Marine Biology
Hydrobiologia
Sarsia
Marine BiologyJournal of Environmental EngineeringMarine Environmental Research
Science of The Total Environment
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin
Fish and Fisheries
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesConservation Biology
Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Environmental ResearchEndangered Species Research2003Biological Conservation
Biological Conservation
Fisheries Research
Fisheries Research
PLoS ONE
Journal of Sea Research
Journal of Sea Research
Marine Policy
Intakes and Outfalls for Seawater Reverse-Osmosis Desalination Facilities
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
PLoS ONEFisheries Research
Marine Pollution BulletinNat Commun
Advances in Marine BiologyReviews in Fisheries Science
Reviews in Fish Biology and FisheriesJournal of Animal Ecology
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesBiological Conservation
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesJournal of Sea ResearchMarine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Biology
Environment International
Environment International
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
Science of The Total Environment
Desalination
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11 The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science
Marine Biodiversity Records
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Scientific Series Technical Report
Estuarine ResearchJournal of Applied Ecology.
International Hydrographic Review.
Terra et Aqua.African Journal of BiotechnologyEnvironmental Science and Health.
From Sea to Shore – Meeting the Challenges of the Sea: (Coasts, Marine Structures and Breakwaters 2013)
Fish habitats: essential fish habitat (EFH) and rehabilitation.Effects of Dredging on Anadromous Pacific Coast Fishes. Workshop Proceedings.
Ecology
J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue)
Botanica ComplutensisICES Marine Science Symposium.
Coastal Engineering ProceedingsApplied and Environmental Microbiology
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Aquaculture Europe 89-Business joins science.
Second Annual Marine and Estuarine Shallow Water Science and Management Conference.Sustainable Development in the Southeastern Coastal Zone.
Aquaculture and the Environment: reviews of the International Conference Aquaculture Europe '91,
UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No.185;
Science Series
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
European Research on Cetaceans
Environmental Management
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Oceanography and Marine Biology
Journal of Coastal Research
Animal Conservation
Science of The Total Environment
Environmental Science & Technology
Environmental Conservation
Environmental Pollution
Atmospheric Environment
Aquaculture and the Environment: reviews of the International Conference Aquaculture Europe '91
Waste Management
Science of The Total EnvironmentEnvironmental Science & Technology
Science of The Total EnvironmentFisheries Research
Fisheries Research
Water Resources ResearchJournal du Conseil
Marine PolicyBiological ConservationFisheries Research
Waterbirds
Environmental TechnologyBioScience
Marine PolicyTrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture
Marine Pollution BulletinHydrobiologia
Fish and Fisheries
Marine Mammal Science
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Fisheries Research
Fisheries Science
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomNew Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Fisheries Research
Marine PolicyAquatic Living Resources
Environmental Pollution
Biological ConservationC R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control
Estuaries
Estuaries
The Quarterly Journal of EconomicsAquacultureWater Research
Marine Ecology Progress Series
BioScience
Environmental ConservationMarine Pollution BulletinHydrobiologia
Botanica MarinaChemistry and Ecology
Quaternary Geochronology
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Hydrobiologia
Marine Biology
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Freshwater BiologyMarine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Ecology Progress SeriesEnvironmental Pollution
Biology LettersIbis
Ibis
Ibis
Journal of Applied Ecology
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Environment International
Aquatic Mammals
The Journal of Wildlife ManagementScientific Reports
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Underwater TechnologyAquatic Biology
Marine Biology
Hydrobiologia
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Maritime EngineeringICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil
Marine Ecology Progress Series
The Scientific World Journal
Coastal Engineering ProceedingsEcological EngineeringOcean & Coastal Management
Chemical Engineering TransactionsMarine Pollution Bulletin
Environmental Impact Assessment Review
Journal of Coastal ResearchBiological Conservation
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil