JlllflOTATIOaS

tm

»tory of tha ¥a llo y ChffdtTrah, aaa

Jj (̂Jijf^*§. P 9i 33*®3»

2* Atosrditta to ^ t l l i *4a&T# tha r u is r at 3aaou whoa tha paoofs of Kashmir apj roachad# was PflfcaiVKarait*H« had a#nt h is ton Jsyff Karan to «§ |s o¥at Kashmir. ( % U I Siatoir* K4jfg *«*♦Cf. Hasan Khuihtmr* Ta tXMzLMMUOi vol. Ill#(»• tS« Haidar Halite aasrea to do wrong in aaying that tha dssesndants o f tha #ffjas of Jmmm ru la d fo r SSI yaara* Th ia ssiataH# was aiao eaoa by othar Paraian h is to r ia n s , l ik a Hasan KhSkXt C Ta "rfk h ^a a h a g r. P. 3§ K h a l i l i r janpurf* T a ^ rrk h -l^ a o fra T r . p . 1| f t u l l i 4aDl, m . a i t » f f o I » ">•* atcT^* In f a c t , 653 is not the p e rio d o f tha ru le af tha ftJTjas of im am owar Kashaiir* tout tha j.jtu of tha a scan dance to tha thrane* o f Gonanda I , ! « ■ « tha yaar 653 of tha K f i r » r a « According to S ta in , tha t r a d it io n a l data f o r tha •oronailon -jf V u d h is h trf, tha ? an dev* haro of tha •Pica was also 693 of K l t f ora* Tha o«te o f th ialegendary event is accepted toy hi® (fcaihana) alsofo r the aeceesion of Conanda I t tha f i r s t o f tha •lost* kings of Kaehair (Stain* ^ I j « i a r « t g i f l i l f

_ p* s t ) , cf* o a a ta i, 4 a u t o i , a f *>• s a .

3 . On King Salomon, aaa . . p* 34*

4 « JM n d la Qonandr I who was k i l le d toy K rie h ne , a ro th a rof JalftOhadra. fas Sain a af Haidar fiellli is•‘" ; ? “ £ * V ' ‘ ln9. of <St»ln, Jgjjatt# «.-3 #72/ • Cf • iat ys§i, is • 58*

3* ^asaoar is -a«»3 4iara I, who Was killed fighting againstKrishana* Hia wife (neiuar >"«1ik*« .XaamiailtTJ iaYatuvatfi who was «>ade tha <$js8n*”?sgant of Kashmir at Rriahne vs advice ( iorayai, qb« e i t » . p« 58) •311 Cffhanda la £*onsnua II whs was Horn of V^suvutr a f ta r 'ifrood*ra*a dsath*

6 . M la Lava who yas cr-sditad with tha foundation of tha Agrahffra of levara (5 t a in 9 o a . e i t »* I , p # 7 4 ) *

7* 3ja Rgjfthan is Kuaa ittaean* Kuahtshr, II , p . 30) who founded f uruh.jra (Stain, ao* o l t .« 1, p • T4) •

1 « F

8* KhaQandar is Khagandra who found** Khagi andKhonaauaa (Sttiiii B8> c it . i, p* 7 4 ) . Kbonanueo la Khunaaoh* Ascot ding to Stain, KhaQi auat tx» idafttifiod with aooarn Khag, a eonaidaraoio village aituatod in airy Pargana. It ia aantionad again aa an Agrahffra of Gopfditay undar tht iiaaa of Khaalka. Ha furthar aaya that ita idantlf ieation with Kakapyr ia not aupoorfcad ay any avldonca (Stain* flfta.Jlla I* P* « ) •

9* «aJ» Sunwar ia Swrandra who faun dad, in thaneighbourhood of the u&wa country, a town •a lia * Soraka and Owilt tha mfafca aaiiod Harandrafchavana (Kalhana, ao. cit . I, p . 17}* Haaan Khwihiaf and other Paraian hietorlane relate tha story of KitlMto* daughter of Suren dr a who was married to datinan Iafanoiyar (Haaan, oo. c it* I I , p . 3 1 ) *

s u m * ia Godhara who, acco rd in g to Kalhanaf Oaetowed on irahmana tha agtahlfea of “3rahmana tha Hgtahlfea o f &.adha*a«»-

(Kalhna, oo* cit* l, p . ?0}« Stain woo rttify tha two 5IIiagas with Gudar andLa to identify tha two villages with Gudar and

Aatihai CjSULAtv P* ^7# 36} •

11* ftfja liwtHi ia Swarna who Wrought to fcarala thoeallad Suitarnaaanl. Stain identified this Canal with Sunaaanikwi which floua along tha aaat aeatp af tha Zainapor plateau through varioue village and than Joins tha Viahw aoeva tha viUage of Arwin (Stain, I» P* W andNote 97

12* flljt iak ia 3aneka who e s t e O l i e h a d tha tfihara* mil, Agrahara of Jflora (ftalhans* na» a lt ; 1 7 p. 1c) Haidar falik 'a Hsjapur ia actually Jalora* According to Haaan K h uih a»r ( H . p* 32> ha beca tha rulsr in 1280 K # and rwlod for 32 years.

13* Saoliinar ia Saoinare who faun dad tha Agr altar aa of S *sasngeea and S *anara* According to Stain9 S *amangaaa ia <S 'angae which Haidar halite asntlons aa Shaaalkae. Haidar ^aiik9a Shrar ia Sanar»a village in ¥|hi Pargana (Sae Stain*« > . I, P . 18 *ota 1 9 0 ).

14. According to Kalttana, Aahaka had built tha town if Srinagari wtiiah waa aoat important on account of ita ninety**!* iakha at houase reaplendsnt with waa1th. (Kalhan, no. cit. I , pp. t9-*0). SrinagarI waa founded Oy Aeheka in 290 8 .U .It occupied tha praaant villa g e of Pn drethan

about a el la a n d a h a l f east of Takht~l S u X a y a S i

H i l l ( Ishaq, aiifiaflil* P*

1 8 8

1 S * Reje 3alek ift 3 e l a u k a * Accor a i n g to Kaih*na# t h i e k i n g

was anabw**d uit diwine aoware wHiet-« even aat :ni@hed the gaoe* He h® j o&t in© a a a^le •ubittnsi whicn c o u l a trim afar a? lower wtsle into 9 3 id* Thenv a n a g a a l w a y s c a r r i e d him w^arevor he wanted to g o . A c c o r ^ i n n t o h i ® . u » to h i a tinse

there v a r a only e a v a n s t a t s official* jut ho eeta&liehed eighteen o f f i c e s * H i s noble guaon u a e

Iehenedavi* (Saa# f m * _ c l t * . 1 , s>p* 2 1 - 2 3 ) *

15* Thie la ..;a*oaar U * F a r d@tai:. 9 about the. two Jre h o in s , ee<

PP<aaa 0 0 • SO* tf* Aalhana, a ^ * c l t . i»

17 • Theaa rtajaa ara Huska» Juaka ana Kanieka* who o j i l t three tauna aach namou after tha®, namely,Huakapura (nodarn Dakar)* 3aakoura (mo^arn ?V*kor) and K*nI*pura {«ojern f'eneapu*)* Saa *aihana,

op* 30 and Mot# 168*

18* aja AOhiKan is Abhieanya 1 who faundad the town ofAbhieanyapura Id e n t ifie d ay S t « :n with the aooatn village of 3i*yun* Haidar A l i k ' s Chanuar ia

Ceftdracaryav who along witr others brought tf a ^ah ab h aaya in to g e n e r a l usa an d a l a j e o a p o e e d

thair sun grammar* k c e o r u <iy to Kelftanet d u rin g

this period , tha <iauddhaa had preoon deranee In

tha land. 4ftar dafaat ing ail. thair opponente in polemics w it h argjujants* th*y drought to an

•n d tha ebeerv&nee of tho ritea preecribed in the

(*U lhane , S b U U J U e P* 3 1- 33 ).

19* fle.le G a nan da is Sonansi® H I , wha introduced pilgffinegee* •a e r if ie s a ana oth<*t f»r *a of worship in honour o f tha Nfgea as thay had Oaan before* (Kelhanaf

aijuElf,t h 3* 33).>r ■̂ ffja aihkaw of Haidar rta lik ia Jijfifasn® i t who,

according to Kalhana, “ prsstactad the earth during sixty yaara dlniniehed by s ix yaara and a i i oontha* (K elhana , a o . e i j « |t p . 3 4 J *

2 1 . Indrajit rulea for thirty fiv e yaara* (k alhana*apjusjyt. It 3 4 ) ,

22* Meidtr ftaiik •# ?rav<in is Havana son of indar jit whoruled far three and a half yt»<#rs* Hq wo rehippedthe tinge ca lled Vataavara* Sea Kalhana*

aSLs-Sii- I» p* 34*

23* 3eje aihttan of Haidar fielik ia tfiOhieene U who ru le d for thirty fiv e y«ars ana a h a lf* Kalhane ooee not aiantion hi® aa a >oat* C^alhana* 0 0 . c l t « I§ p « 3 4 ) •

w

24* Kalhana not aanti-sn "Haja Indar" who* accordingto Haidar flalik* was tha t»rother of Mara. Jut Haidar fSalik•• rtfvrtne# nay s*e to a dudcitlet aaeatie (Sraaama) who « » • living alone in • vitiara eitujted in klanaraaraaa and who aeducad tha fciftg*a wifa thrau^ aagle.So tha king retaliated by burning thouaand of vihffraa and granted thair villaea to tha Jrahaine. (Haitian*.

h P» 3 4 ) .

25* -ftaja May of H.ft. ia Mara9 who founded tha. town of K ianarapura (alao *arapura) in tha imeadiate vicinity of ifjblhara. Haidar ?*alik fa thakdar •ay be ident if lad with takradhara9 tha ahtina in th0 neighbourhood of tha capital (Stain9 09. c it .f I0 p . 34 and Nota 201-202;. Tha atory of tha two daughter e of tha Naga Suaravaa and tha irahain called Vieakha ia raiatad by Kalhana differently f worn tha varei .n givan by Haidar alik* whoaa vareion aay have oaan baead on hia ^araian ao rc®. (Saa Kalhana, qp» elt». 19 pp. 35-39).

2 6 . ftaja U A of ia Siddha who rulad for aixty years.iKalhena* a o . s i t . . I9 p p . 4 2 ) .

2 7 . faja tttnallio of H*>'• is J tpalakaa whs rulad far thirtyyaara and a h a l f . O a lh a n a 9 a o . c l t . . 19 p . 4 2 /1

2 8 . Harafttal o f H.PS. ia Hiranyakaa who founded a town nanedaftar hi® . h » ru lad for thirty aawan yaara and aeven aontha. Kalh#na# a s . c l t f « I9 p p . 4 2 ) .

2 9 . Haidar Balik doee not asntion tha naas of hia aonHiranyakula9 tha founder of Hiranyotaa . Ha ru lad for aixty yaara . Hia aon tfaeufcula who rulad for ainty yaara la alao not a»ntionad by H.ft. (S ea Kaihana9 o p . c l t . « I 9 42- 43 ). jsihc-fcul. according to H .F .. was t h . aon of A c W i y ,*ihrakula was tha aon of t/aeukela9 who waa a terrible anany of aankind9 ha-J no Pity fo r tha ahildren or woaen and no reelect for tha aged . Chandrakul canal ia tha river Candrakulya. Tha L , oottar *a w ifa ia , ChandravatJT. Sankaldip a tan da o ” Sankala~dvfpa* (tha land af tha S in h a la a # ), l . a . no d am Cay Ion or Sri tanka. Ha rulad for aavanty yaara. (For dataila aaa K alhana. op» c l t . . I , p p . 4 3- 48 ).

3 . Baja tali of H.f»* ia a aka who founaed tha town of tavanotaa at dekaavaohra and constructed (th ahrina of Siva) Jakeaa. and tha iakaveti c a n a l ,

M* l^ \ a l i k *• ^hatta (K alhana, o p . c l t . .P . 4 9 ) .

3 1 .

3 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

3 5 .

3© .

3 7 .

3 8 .

3 9 ,

4 0 ,

190

Mafieteuat af M .?:. Is Ksitinanda who rulea for thirty

jfurs* (Kelhane, afixJEll*# *» P* S O ) .

*e ja tf u » n 3f « . . % is Uasunanda who eorapoeed a yofk

on e r o t ic . He ruled for f i f t y two year# and two months u alhana, afl« Clift. 1§ P* S O )«

Reje of H.ft. ia fiafa 11 who ruled for elaty yeare . Haidar *>ali* dbaa not ftuntlon the next king «kee

tho flunked tha v illa s# of Mksevala {^c h ab ali .

Kalhana, op . c i t . . I9 P . S O ) .

Haja ! • Goaaditya who aataalishad the M^tahaf*#bearing the names af ^hola9 &hagike9 Hadigraiae anti others. He aleo auilt this Jyaeth^evara on tha top a Hill (Takht-i SulaleSh) and rulea for s i * ysare end s ix oay®. (K alhana , o p . c i t * . X* P . 5 1 ) .

Raja tcnkran ©f Hj®* ia Gokarna who ©staollahadGofeerneew.ra and rulad for f i f t y eight y«a?e lee , thirty aaye. (Kalhana9 ofl« feit * . 1* p. 32) *

fteje »»gandradit la ftarendraditye I , who consecrated

ehrinee to Stniteevare and ruled fa r thrity e ix years and a hundred days. (^alhane» a a . c i t . . X, p . 5 2 ) .

Of m . r . la ¥usfci»tlr» I , who® people ca lle d Andha Vudhiethira (the o lin d V u d iiit h ir i ) on account of hie sn a il ey ee* f o f further detelle* sea Kalhene9 o p . c l t . . I t

According to <alhana# the total nunbsr of years of the rule of Kinga froa Gonande I I I to ftfidhaHfu dhiethira9 ie 1031 years9 8 eon the and 29 days.

P a rtea ad it . This is Partapadltya If yho ftao bean brought to Kashmir fra® abroad by the

discontented utinlatere and ie s a id to have been e relative of King tfikreaaditya (Haidar Melik *e ( S te in , o p . c l t . 9 I tChapter tf9 p . 80) * Haidar a llk oaea not Mention the Jalaufcaa son of Partspffditya I 9 who ruled for thirty years.

$e je Tula7of M .w , ie Tunjine , who ruled for thirty e ix y e ars . Mia w ifa tfekpueta wet a very ploue lady , a great faaina aacured duing h ie reign which raeeebled a k in a of h ell ana in which seese* of pao?sie starved . He au llt the teapla of Siva Tungasv^ra as w ell as tha town of K a lik e

191

(in ®argana U l « r )* fo r data lie, eee Kelhene*

flauuBit*» h W *

41* 3Hieal #f H*«* 1* Vijays who belonged to e different feeily end titled for sight years* (Kalhana*

P* ® 1# •

42* Ulaodar of H*ft* Is 3eyendre eon of Vljeye yho had e elnleter called Sandis»ti9 who wee very ploue end wee <Jletingulehed Oy hie wonderful life end devotion to Siva* But the wicked king baniahad hit?’ without any reaeon9 daprivad h ie of all property and raduoad hie to lifelong poverty*He ruled for thirty eeven yeare* F or dstelle* eea ttelhena9 fl£>*„clt*. I* pp* S1«f 1#

43* On Atya Ray* eee Section IV9 Mote 09 below* Kelhene gives their ragnel yeare ae 1§2 years* (See eo* cit*. I9 pp* §S-*1)»

44* On Sffesh Tuh earn , eee HA.J&M* pp* 6 4 - 6i.

41* r̂ egwahan of H*«* la rteghavahane9 eon of C*opeditye9e greet grandson of YuiJhiahthlra* who prohibitad the killing of anlaala, awan in eacrificae9 and built nuearoue viharas* Ha ruled for thirty four yeare* for details, saa Kelhsne9 o p * cit*. I* pp. 72f*SQ*

46* This ie Sreetheeana* eieo P arvarsene I9 who constructed the f ir s t ehrlne In P urenedhisthene (Plhdrethen)*He ruled for thirty ye^rs* (Kelhene, d p* cit*. I9 PP* • 0-«1 )*

47* Haran of M*«* la Hiranya* who threw hia orother into prieon for printing coins in h ia awn n a a for the raet of hia lira * Hia wife* eccording to Haidar <rttlik9 waa the grand daughter of tha Aehek ftfjee* She was ca lle d Anjen# and waa tha daughter of Vajrenura 0alonging ta tha Ikevaku *e race* She geva birth to a son in the houe# of tha potter* Heldar «slik*s Chandra ie Jayen<jre9 thw •aternal uncle of p ravareene* Hirenye ruled for thirty one years* leas ten suntha* For dstalle* eee Kelhane* a&>JBitA* I9 pp. 81-33*

4 0 . This is Ratrgupta* a poet who had sought the court ofK ing Vikrsftsditys Harse of J j ja in (h«» »© Jefcaraajft) * The King sunt ftetrgupta to Kashmir with a letter directing tha einiatara of tha country to inatal h ie on tha vacant throne* (sta in * ao *. cit*.* I*P * f l I Cf* Keihana* oo* cit** pp* 8 S "9 8 )*

m

4 9 . Parvereon it Pravaresna II# See &ailtana9 q q # c l t # . 19p p . 96**KI9#

S C . fl- 1 Puyah ia tha auwayhid dyneety who rulad Baghdad ■ 9 4 5 1 0 5 3 # # Aft«ad din Juuayh conquered Jaghhad in 9 4 5 . Tha Adbffaid Caliph al-fxjetakf T (94*- 4s) received h i » and Made h ie h ia a afo almmagff. u ith tha t it le of m it r a l - ^ U h * Ahaad^e father* A&u ?i<uja d i a l e d da scant fro si tha ancient Saaanid k in o e . Tha iuwayhid* wav# ShlTee*I Sea P .K * i U t U 9 H la t.xtv.. o f tha A rafra . tondon 1946. p p . 4 7 0 * 4 * 1 ) .

51# sTladat of H.fi# ia S f l s d t t y A ^ r a t a p i i U i tha aon oftfikras£ditys9 uha rulad in llalw* about §§Q A #4)*(Saa sta in 9 op# e i t . f I 9 p . 6 3 ) .

5 2 * Tha city founded by ? ravetoana wae Pravarpure, ModernSrinatar* Saa K alhana . e # * e i t , e I . p p . 96*1031 S ta in , Afeld## po* 64~8S.

33* This prabeaiy rtfar® to Abu ia fa t a 1-flaneur, thaaooond Abblald Caliph ( a # j » 7 $ 4 « 9 S }« who founded

tha city of a * 9hdad . ^H ltt l , a N J t e l » » * > • tS0 ^ 4 ) . Haidar nelife*a atocy about hi® and tha foundation of tha c it y , cannot bo aecartalned*

54# Haidar ftalik fa S h u g % i§ tha a ln ia t** Morake who pceeeaaed Siehela and other ialanda# Haidar % i i k *o Chan dar ia Jayandre, tha n e ta m a l uncleof the kina who b u ilt 3eyendravihf*a and Srhacbuddhe. (Kalhana* ad# c lt # . p . 103 )*

S5# ftSsm 3udiahtar . This ia Vudhiethira IS . the eon ofQueen ftatnebrebhff, who rulad fo r forty yaara#lea a nine eon th a . (Kalhana, a o . c i t . , p . 105)#

5 6 . R jje LachnMi ia lahkhana, who bora tha name ̂ arendradltya#He waa tha aon of Oueen ^adnZvatX and b u ilt thetasp la of itarencnraauialn# Ha ru lad for thirteen year a* (Kalhana, o p # c l t # . p * 106)#

5 7 * fMTje flyadat of H . % ia ftAiffdltye, brother of Lahkftana, who ia credited by Kalhana with having rulad fa r three hundred ysarel Haidar {'vlik * a ^ e n i lalnn la ftenareabha, queen of R#ifdlty«# (fc alhana,

ggit.ilit« >• P*

1 9 3

S8 3 a k a r»a jit la V ikraaw ditya, eon o f ftenaditya, who* k u i l t the Ulkraafevare* He r a l i t f f o r fo rtyi9 * two yeare along w ith His t t n l i t i r i Srahnen

and Galuna (Kalhana, o o . c i t . . I , p* 114).

6 0 . 8 a la d it la i i lf f d lt y a vho ru le d f o r t h i r t y eevan yeare laaa fo u r onth®. f o r d s ta ile , eae Kalhana* a o . c i t . . I , p p . 106-11?)*

61* JUrlabvsrdhan la 4#rlabavardhana, who con* true tad airlabhaawaain in S rinagar and ru lo d fo r th ii s in yeare* (Kalhana, o p . c i t . . I , p . 120).

§2* PJaJa Partap ia ?ratapffdltya I I , tha grandson ofP ra ta p fd itya I . and b u i l t tha town of Pratiauire (v i l la g e T lp a r ) . The ware ant whoee story Haidar Wslik Juscribas and e a lla hi® U h from Oak khan, m y bo ld a n t if ia d w ith ona Nona who eaesa f*o*» ftohtak* Keren dreptotohf was tha w ifo of a fo re ig n Merchant who had a a ttla d down in Keehalr* A fte r baeoainq tha mt«pn# she boro throe eon a ,CandraptdiL TffritifdB and fluktapfde* ? ra ta p a d itya ru le d f o r f i f t y yeare* (S t ln , n o . o l t . - I , p . 8 8 ). f o r data H e , aaa Kalhana, o p . c i t . I I . p p .120-124).

63* Can dr ap Ida ru la d for e ig h t yaars and e ig h t non tha* (Kalhana, o p . c i t . . I , p . H O )*

64* Rayapid of H .w . ia T&tSfrfm who ru le d fo r fo u r yaaraand ona eonth, laaa e ix days* (Kalhana, o o . c i t . I ,p . 130).

iS * Rffje L e i i t a d it la la l l t e d lt y e ^ ik ta p id a . Steer ib in g tha k ln # i varioue onpeditiene and eonqueete,Kalhana aaya, •Tha t in g , aagar fo r eonqueate, paseed hia l i f a e h ia f ly on eapedltlone, saving round tha aarth l ik a tha sun* (Kalhana, aa« c i t . . I , p . 131). Kalhana aaased to heve h ig h ly exaggerated tha conqueeta of l a l l t a d i t y (flehitioul Haaan,K a ahmir UnJar tha Suliana . P . 9 0 ) • Haidar ftalik *e flgia aaehoah af ianaul man/ bo ld a n t ifia d w ith

faeovarraen, the king of KanauJ, P u t , according to S t a in , hardly any h ia to rice1 data was available about th ia k in g . (S t a in , a P . e l t . I , p . 0 2 ) . "T h e

eoaet of the Salt See* oust rafar to the coaat of Srieea along tha Say of ia n g a l , where the faooue teaple of 3egennith (h*k* i JagnSht) ia s itu ated _ in Puri* The na«e of tha queen of uakkhan. JStft ftani Cln H* . ) may etand for the princaee «ettff of Kelhana« rapraa

i* according to ta in . th ia naee e v id e n tly nts ia tto or 3aetrekuta of ^aharaohtra*

194

(a b . c i t . . X9 P* t&§, Mate 162) » Tho teuple o h i i i the king built at J’ arihasapura (PareepJk of b .ps,) may represent the t e ^ l c of V ianu . The r-olu&n which he erecteti urn* aecoruing to Kalhana , m de of •tan s snd ya® f i f t y four hand® h ig h . I |feld.« I 9 p« 142}* Haidar <%iik *a 3ankan stanza fo r Cunkuna,• f&ag£ciert9 w N ,, eccaralng to *alhane9 threw a chora (age®) into tha r i m which par tad as under,•m l after tha forces a f tho kin© crossed tho r lv o r , he t h r u in another c h s ? % a n j in a natsant th« water of the atrao® woe a bafera# (lfcld» ! t p . 1 46 )• Tha s to ry of tha man with a chopped noea, ®e rulatad by Haidar ttiik, who ha*3 come to LaliteTcJltya and persuaded him to march against tha rwlar of the country near *th a 3coan af r .n«/*9 according to Stein- cloeely a§raaa w ith Jopytue atory ra la toc i Oy al"3liiinF alao ( Mala.. i i 9 p . 11}« Thia atory waa aPout tha axpaditian of Kanlahka againet tha K ing a f Kaneuj. { s ta in , ap* c it« i9 p , 14a, f la ia Sfff) •T h i a n j n who p ; ,ej il a s a n au-^iniatgE- *>f t h a r w l a r

o f h i a c o u n t r y * d e l i b e r a t e l y o u t h i a a w n l iaios a n j noae, to o o e a i v e L e l l t e t i i t y a an h a w a n t e d t o p u t

h i © i n a h a i p l e a s pooltlan ijy t a k i n g h i ® to £h# t ie e e r t , Uhan tha k i n g covarao t n e 4 i s t a n c e

aanti-snacJ t»y th is m n t h a caked h i m aoout a l r o C t i o n 9 u s a n w h i c h t h a Tan r e ^ H a d * “ S a c a u a a I 9 ( a c t i n g )

o n l y f a r t h « a d v a n t a g e o f ay l o r d a n a a a c r l f l c i n g

my o w n i l f « 9 h a v e P r o u o h t y.iu try c u n n i n g with yjur array fa f o r ; t h a f a c e o f death# T h i a l a no a s r e

ossart-lanJ. T h i a i t t h e terrib le "Ucean o f S a f i # . Nowhere l e w a t a r to £>e f o u n d h a r e * uho w i l l , 0 k i n g

now p s t o a c t y o u ? * ( K a l h a n a , M j u I A I * I 9 p p . 1 4 9 - © $ } .

3 f l u k a Sa»?and I s H .ft , a h o u la a t a n d f o r

S f H - M JftSSfllUtof w » l e h 9 i n H i n d i , tsaana 11 t h a O c e a n

a f s a n # • Aa f o r th® n a r r a t i v e r e l a t i n g to t h e

• e a a & a i n e t i o n o f t h a k i n g a f d a n g a l 9 K a l h a n a a a y a

t h a t L a l i t a J l t y o h a d t h e k i n g o f S o u tie ( i e f i a a l )

k i l l e d a t T r i g # ® r ( T r i g © ® i n P a r g a n a P a r e e p o r ) ,

t h o u g h h a had' m s k i P a r i h f e e k e a v a r a (ietaga o f t f ia nu )

a a u r a t y f o r h i a g u a a t * a s a f e t y , A a a r e t a l i a t i o n , ,

h i e e a r t*an t s carat, front d e n g e ! anti da atroyet i t h e

i s y a anti w a r s c j n t a e u e n t l y w a e s e c r a d isy t h e

e o l a i e r a ( K a l h a n a , op a c i t * I, p p . 192*53} ,

6C# Kulylbtti o f H,>s, la fcuva.tayaplda eon o f ftaalii d i W r who ruled f o r a n a y a a r e n d h a l f a month, ( K a l h a n a ,

a a . c i t . I , p p , 136-53)*

m

s t .

s o .

6'?*

7 r'*

7 1 .

7 2 .

7 3 *

? 4 .

7 5 .

7 6 .

tfiyffadet of ; i . . . i@ U i j r “ aitya also known « i 3 apply aka and a U t .T d ity a , who filled fo r •even yoava.

(K alhana, jMU-SiS* * •

Kalhana doas not mantlon 3en $»it (o f H •*'..)* This my be

the sa«e at S a p p t y & a *

Kalhana oes not ©antion Lali-tapi d, but he tent ions ^rthlvyapTda who ruled for four years end one Month* Kalhana, o o . c l t . I , p* 1 5 8 ) .

ifla Sangrfw of W is siaagrltaprde i9 who ruled fo r seven years* (Kalhana* o p . c l t . Iv p . 1 5 8 ) .

a ja flyenand of H . it Jeyapftia, tfijtfd lty a 'e young®at eon Japplyo9 who founaed the town of 3aye?u?a after his own naae* fo r detail** soo Kalhana, o a . c l t . I* p p . 158-80. Kalhana Mentions t a ll ie s tda and SaMgrfnap&ia n 9 & fte r lavaplda and aaya that talitlp ro a wae the aon

of 3ayapf£a ft© » tha ^uaatt *4*rs®9 whs ruled fo r twelve years. (Kalhana, ik l ik . p . 1SC>*SaMgrcMsplda 11 aon of JayapTda was horn of the Qu i m R aiyanadfvr. According to Stein (os* ..clt. I , p . *5 ), ht rulad for aavan yesra .

^artap ld of H.?5. Is Clppatsjays?Tda or drhaepntr whs was the esn of Uailtapr<ie an 4 3ayadiV£, of low o r ig in . As ha was & c h l la , tha royal power f e l l ints the hand® af hia ®ati>rnal uncles.PaJwa9 tltpala, fcaiyana, l % m m u Ohar»a. After a noninal rule of tualva ye^ra, ha wae dee troy a <i by h ie unclaa . (Kalhcsne, a a . c l t . I , p . 9 1 } ,

jl£ja Aehkapf J of H .H . is ^nangapTda aon .sf SaMgraissprds i.I9 who ruled f :>r throe years , (£ to in , 0 0 . c l t . 1, p . 9 S ) . Maichir PSalik uoaa not aantian AjtS’pTda, iranctaon of W ijrad ity j aap^iyfite nor UtpalpX’ds ton of ^ jt$»rde aa Kalhana daea. (See Kalhana ,

S S jU E M * if S»P* 182- 84).

3a Ja unand of H • • la Utpalepfde aon of A jit a ^ fd s . k a l h a n a , o a . C lt . I9 p . 1 8 4 ).

wantlwarwa is Anantivars>en In . . 035- 885 ). fo rd e ta il* , toee Kalhana9 o p . c l t . I , p p . 137-2C2)

Haider ^ a l i k *a W er«» ia Shoataerovarmon ( a . P . 8 88 - 3 02 ;.v He hati at f ir s t to contend fa r t N throne with

hi® coueln Sukhovarsan* Ho had nine lakhe of foot to Idler a when ha Marched from tha *G ate"' u^Tra). (k alhana, o P . c t t . t9 p . 202) .

1 9 6

?7 Haidar ?3elltt9e 8 « ja Prlthiehana ia ^rthlW icandre , who4 ‘ was the rule* of Trigarta, preeent Kangre.7 i « According to S t e in . P rthivlcendre #e nano ia not

found in tha genealogical ile t of tha Kat£bh

ttffjae who rulad Kegnre fro® an early par 40 d . 3ut tha formation of tha nafso with tha an ding •-candra" egreee with th® traditional na«lng of the e e * « r e of th»t fam ily . (s t a in , a o . c i t . I , P . 99)0

7 % S * je G obfl at and* fa r Sapelvarman U * j* 9 0 2 *4 9 4 ) , who

feecaae kina under tha guardianahlp of h ia nothor Sugandhe* (s t a in , 0 0 . o l t . I , p . 1 0 1 ) . Haider Fait a dooa not m l T o n faafcata (A.i>. 904) and Hawn! Suaandha ( a . a . 9 0 4 * 9 0 6 ) . Saafcata, Orothor o f Gopalvaraan who had bean p icked up fro® tho highway, obtained tha throna but ho died a fter ton daye* After h ia deeth* stani Sugandha horaoif aaau«ad tho royal power at tho bidding of tho eufejeate*

SCr Rojo Pffrit of H .fi. la Parthe who rulad for f ifte e n yeare. (S to in , q p . cit. 1, p . l o t ) .

8 1 . 3 I t jit of H.Pi. io H ir jftevaraam , who ruled fo r twoyeare . (s t e in , o o . d t . I , p . 1 0 2 ).

8 2 . Chekrevara* of H * « . la &akravaraen, tha c h ild eon of

N irjftevaroen* Ho ruled for ten yeare. (s t e in ,> I , P . 103)*

1 9 . Survarao of H . « • la Suravar*an I , who aa e new King could not pay the large euse claimed by tho troop a. $0 ha wee dapaeed and Par tha woe once again raieed to the throne in h ie p la c e . He enjoyed the regained royal dignity only for e abort t i e ee the a ffar of g*aat bribee induced tho Tentrine to roe to re £ekravernon to the throne in A»*J» H I * no Cakravarean too failed in releing tho erooieed eune, he had to f le e w ithin the eetae year, end the Tentrine fo ld the crown to tho oinieter Saabhuvarctiana (s t e in , a a . c it . 2, b« 1Q2)*

8 4 . Rojo Chakravaraa ie CekraVeratan who becaae a king fo r the t h ir d t ia e (936*97 A .o * } , end toote Into hia eeraglio woman the deeplaed Osntia ca ste . He reieod their r e l a t i v e to high po eitiona , and h ie e MBeaatte and ungrateful can diet led to a coneplracy eaong the oaiRere. Thia brought to an end h ie klngdb*. (S t e in , oo* c i t . i, p« 1021 .

m

35* Antal of H . « . i» Urt«ettfWanl9 tha w ieked eon afPerlhe (A *0 * 937*39 ) • f at d a U ila ,£ a a e K alh an *,

»». alt. I, PP. I*9- «3).

8 6 . fti'3* Sun dor of H*fc* i t S *u»avar®an II (A*Q* ’939} uhooccupied Ilia throno only fa t a faw day a . Kanal la Keealevardheae ($ t e in 9 op* e l l * If P . 10S7*

8 7 , Haidar H i U k aaye that after «a je Sun Jar , Parvaraen»e«t toned a a r lie r * baeeea tha k in g onca again* A c tu a lly , whan >*uravar»an I I , tha e h ild * k ln $ 9 waa «ada tha k i^ g 9 ha waa t e r r if ie d o f Keee le v e r dhane who waa eo**ander~ii» -c h ie f as tha le t t e r had beeoee pow erful « ft a r h ia v ic to ry in lh a b a ttle a * So9 $ 9u ravar«en I I wee depoeed. iy l o f h ia g lo ry and o p p o rtu n ity tobeeoae tha k in g 9 Ka*alav«$rdhana d id not aecend tha th ro n e . Thu#, tha U lp a la dynaaly *a ru le cena to an and* IK alh an a, op* o i l * I , PP. 231*34)*

S i* Haidar H e lik fa Senketdav way ba idant t fia d with Yaaaakardav (A *0* 933-948) . (S e e &elhane9 oO* c i t * I9 p p . 2 3 4 *4 4 }*

3t* s«ngra»dev ia Sawgraeedava ( a .Q • 9 43*49} who occupied tha throne fo r a fay aonthe and than waa k i l l e d Oy Pravaguita . (S t a in 9 a a * c i t . I , p* 1 0 4 ).

9 0 * Par vo dew of Haidar i% lik nay Oa idant if lad withParvegupta ( a « 0 . 94t*ifte)9 who f o i l in leva with G aurl* fo r da tell® , ( m * % » lh a i« t o a . c i t . I , p p . 248- 47).

*M . fce*gujit of Haidar Ptalik la Keeeegupte aon of S*ravagupta, who ruled for eight yaara* Ha carried Died* deughtar of king aieherlfje* Ha peesed h ia l i f e in jaekai*tiunting In plaeee like flbee devenye* ale*The fla e e leaned fr e e tha south o f a jackal waa lha eeuee of h ia death* (Kalhana, m > « l t * 19 p p . 247«ft1}.

9 2 * 81 $a Abhlaan of « * . % ia Abhiaenyu I I (a . O . 9 3 8 * 4 2 ) .Haidar flail* *a Hawak ia probably J*tehi*an and the eh ief naaed g l£ |t la probably ia ?ata ia *

(s ta iftf SEjlJkJLI* I 9 p . f lu ) •

93* ia n Ja h ^ u ta of H .h . ia Mendlgupte (a .a * 9 7 2 * 9 )9 tha younger i on of ftbhieenyu* <fceihane# aa* c i t * i , pp* 260- 62).

94. tfaja 3iaahgupta of H.fc* ia »hraegupt<*9 ftandfgupta** brotbar ( A .O . 176-98D- 1). Haidar Malik *e ?laja Tarbun la Tribhuvana {a * A 9 ? 2 * 3 )9 grandaon of Queen Oidda. ( t a in , a a . e l l . I , p . 106) *

198

T ila k o f «♦ «# is Tunge, e Khael f ro * th* h i l l e of Par not® a o r ^runfcj who had SiaQun l i f e ee e heredaen* He geined the cpiean'e favour and evenly beoem her pareeour* U ith tha ewpport of Tunge* Oldda had at l a t t , in 910*1, pat Shfoegupte to cteath* Haidar Malik ie not oorreot in eayino J T i io jc aaeaae th® kins* a c tu a lly , i t wee *ani 4 «ije who Oeeaao th® queen end r u la j fo r twenty three yeare*Tunga becaae p ris e miniete* and got an opportunity to prove hie velo ur in an • up e d itio n egeinet ftajauri* (s t e in , aa^ c i t . I , p* 109}*

93* Th ia ie Seogreaareja {1003-1028 9 who waa defeatedat the hands of fiahaut! of Gttesna (d a & t a i , op* a it* 9 pp* 137*3?)*

97* Raja H a rra j of H *«** ie H a rfre ja wtat ru le d fo r twenty two deye end aied in A*D* 1028* (* alhena,BBtJIll* *» *»•

98* R ija Anant of H*ft* is Ananta ( a *0* 1 0 2 8 *6 3 )* Haider Raltii *e ie k ra h r i’j ie I? igreherffja , the r u le r of Loharkot, and tfeje kaiaen ie Kalaea* Harea ie Kalea*e eldeet eon* Anker ie Utkeea, the younger eon of Hetee* Anenta uittd in 4*u* 1009• f o r d e ta il® , eea kalhana, ao* a l t * i 9 pp« 27 8 -8 8 J of* daasei, oa* a l t *. p T w *

99* Ankerean of H*«* ie Utkerea who ru la d fo r twenty two deye end died at the age of twenty four* Haidar fleilk*e i l j f n e l ie V ija ye o e lla * Taehwfh ie tha onolent m m of ^euhette wfcloh wee tho o c p ita l at that tiae* f o r d e ta ils , eeo kalhana, o p * e l t * I , pp * 333 H§8*

100# Her eh of M *<*!• ie M«raa* ( a *9* tt89**110l)* who, undoubtedly, wee the moat s t r ik in g figures® aaeng th? latter Hindu ru le re of Kaehair* V ije y e a e lla eonepired againet Harea and eowght r fug# aoraee the aountsin® in theOird^torrltary where he wee k i l l e d Oy an

evalaohe* (kalhena* afta-iil* * • f t * » 8 - 8 9 | o f* io a y a l , op* c i t * , pp* •

101, Raja Aohal of H*rs* i 8 uaaala (a * u . 1101-11) eon of ftella* Haidar Ptellktte Uihgere ere the fleaaree* (Kalhana, op* c it * I I , p* 1-31)*

1©2.

«S3*

to**

«3S*

Ths conversation of <U«*end»r9 the groat* w ith h i* c o u rtie r as rep o rtsd by H aidar f l i i l l cannot be trace d .

Tha parson resoonsibls fo r the murder of Uoesist waso r a l.

On Kskohano* a®a Kota 105 bsiow*

Salhsn of it ,ft. ia Sslhans U # 0 * 1 1 1 1 *1 2 )•Kskehand is Gargaoandra9 ths lsauing Jsaare o f ths lohers d is t r i c t , who crowned 0a lhana, h a lf br&tfcof of U o eals9 a* k i n g * as s o o n as Suasala rseaivsd ths news of hia b ro th s r 'o aur dsr9 w h ils ha use a t i l i on tha sarch whan Gargaoanora*a see&anger «st h is with ths repost of tha subssqusnt svsn ta . UncJienwyed, Busssla pushsd fo rw ird but found M a s s if at Huskspura opposed by Garg»oendra*e troops* Ths s s s l i fo res w it* which Suaaala had undertaken hia sdtfsftturoua natch prowad unequal to ths eontsot* and Susaslo had to f la s . H@ ssospod w ith d if f ic u lt y down ths V i tap tar V a ile y .

S*lhanaf indbiant and help lee e9 provsd a nsrs puppet by ths a ids of C>arga«sndts9 fths kino •* k s t * 9 who m ss tha trua power in t h s lsnd*Ssihsns with hia brothsr lothans indulged in low pleasures in ths c a p ita l* R ival grandaaa, w ith ths k in a *9 eoftnlvanes* openly attacked &sr$seandrs there , but f a ile d is destroy h ia orsdBsinsnce. « a turning to ths S in d V a lle y , ths ssst of h is powst* the Jarirs laadsr fchsn opsosd negotiations with Sussals* Tha l s t t s r did not f a i l to salts ths favouraols sonant*Hs sntarsd ths V a lls y through J a r a a u lla , and woo soon Joinsd by ths troops whish Ssihsns had asnt against h is * A fte r accepting two daughters of Gatftatsndrs as b riJe a fo r h lo s e If and h is win Jayoeisna, Sussala occupied ths s a p iia l and proseeded to dsoisg* Sslhans in ths palass* After a day pssssd in spprshsnsion of traaehsry on ths part of Sargasso dra9 so mi rsso lu ta follower® of Su s«sla9 at la e t . broks in t j tha barricade a pslabs and seds Sslhans * prisoner* Mia re ign lasted only for fo ur Months* iSt®|n9 I 9 p* 119#*

2 0 0

10S* auaal of H .r .. is Suaaala ( a . a . 1112- 20/* HaiJar

R a llk 'a Sakhfjar la dhlkaacara. lattagpala* Soaaoala 'a brother (tt«ihana» a p . c i t . 11. p p . ts- icfi). ( c f . u a « i i t p p " w - l a ) .

W f . ihlkaaalra ruiad fto« 1120 to 1121. Haidar f%U k*a M | | l ia 3 i * t f ihikaacara^ prime ainiatar* iTaThane, ap. c it . 19 pp. S t 4 ) . According to 8 easel* ahlkeaeara directed i l ^ a 9 hia pvlaa ainlater* to laau an ttxpeaitian ayainet tohere* ilia aaat af Suaeale. <Haba eaeureo tha alliance • f Soapala, tha ohlaf of ftajauri ana elded by a fatea af tha •Turukeha* or ftohaaneden aaldlara under S alar a i/la may a, iaunaha a an ettaak an Sueeala*a fores* near Punch. aiaaa*a Keehalrl aaldlara daaartad hia and araaaad ovar to Sueeala. ilaba waa defaafced ana Sueeele aarched to reconquer Kaehair (Seasaif aa . a lt . . p. 149 ;.

1 08 . 3eyeing af H.fi* ia Jeyaelaha ( A .u . 1 1 2 8 *1 1 4 9 ). f o r dataila of his raignt aaa Kalhana , a o . c i t . U . p p . 108-468. C f . Jaa v ei, oP. c i t . . p p . ISO-133.

109 .275 aha diV of H.tt. osonw to be 3ayaelahe . Haidar flaiik •onfueae tha n & m y lth that of irahadawa.

1 « . Haaan bln Sdbbfh Cat. 1124, atartea tha **®o-Ieaff n r a t tha Aaseealne aouaaant. In A .O . 1090§ ho gained poaeeeaion of tb : atrong eountain

fortreea a la nut, north-y.at of aatw fn . Into

!h la n o u n t a in , young m m who wara h ia fo llo w a ra f ld f 'ia } y wara brought a f t e r being g iven hashis h graaa# a c t u a lly ttharaa ) . They wara drought in hypnotived and whan they woka up, thay thought

thay ware in P ara dice* fo r thay wara e n ta rte in a d by woaen. Than, thay wara o rd arad by t h a lr fleeter to go o at and k i l l h ia e n e a le e . - in c a thay wara alwan ha a h rd t. thay wara a a lla d haahfahfyrh ( f te a which tha CngllaH tar# * f t jia M f f lf i • In 1092* tha illu e t r lo u e v i r i r o f tha sa ljw q a u Ita n a to , * l* a a a l- f ^ lk , waa eseeaelnated by a f l JffU dleguleed aa a awf i. ( P * .H it t i* U a S a S S C iS m fttaba. pp. 4 4 6 -4 4 7 ).

111 . Haaan K hulhaaf pointa out that it ia talatad thatRslehandar aon of sCTetaaehand&r belonged to tha Chansfrabanar r "ju a , who ata knoyn aa Chan data , thay rulad in Magar Kot K angra . **«lchan oat* aa a raeult af hia jin ealee* v ictory , laft hia country and earn to rtaja Jayaingh oacauea of paat love and affectio n* Tha iaja gava h i» argana tar aa Jaorr. and made him m alniafcar and com®aa...>r-*in- chiaf of thss a r »y . Mia deeeenuanta parfotaeu cowman t o Ip acts in h isto ry . (Tarlkh-i Hat sen. 11. p p . 149-SO) .

113.

114 .

1«.

115.

ttr .

n a .

1 1 2 .

119.

201

of H . * is Parnanudovo, who, during h i* rulo

of t#n yooro, tM t « o in ly ©onaornod w ith f i l l i n g up H U t r » « « u v y w ith tho ooaiotanco of two o f f ic ia l* , Proyogo and 3onoka. (d o s s a l, n o . e l t « . p . 133).

Jan t ah do ve of H.#* io tfontidovo who oooon-Jod thothrono in A .3 . 1164 and a f t « r an a va ntfu l n i ls of oovon r »* f«| diad in A*& I f f 1. (a o a ro l,

P . 1#4) •

Puyahdaw* of H.F* io Upyodovo (a . 1100), who woo o d u n ^ a n o a fo o llo h person. U a » * a i, o p . c l t . .

?ooo «Si¥ of H.1% io 3oesako who woo a loo o D ig f o o l .Two e io «* t irohaton orothere neood Kehwkoo and 8 h l«a t f is h in g in tho tro u b le d wetare a^oured fo r thoaoolvoo pooitiono of ?owor, ona i t woo only tho foor of tho yotsoro nooiae which prevontad thoa fro a capturing tho throno*3aoooka fo n i io o f eighteen yooro onoed w ithh is death in a * j * 1198. ( i a o t a l , oft, c i t . « p . 194).

ftoja 3agder of H.f*. is 3agadeva who rogoinad h iothrone with tho odvice and help or h is fo ith fw l o in ie te r 5wnokero'Mrohw io. Sut o fto r o ahoky ru lo of fourtaan yooro, ho in a .O . 1212, o fpoioon odniniotorod to h io by Pa doe, *tho Lo rd o f Warchoo*. (S o tiva i, o p . c i t . , p . fe 4 ).

D «m Jaw o f H .n . io ftffjodev son of Jagodeva who woo woo annointod oo tho king by 3hatto or Srohaan corporation. (Uararel, o o . p i t *, p . 1 5 4 ) .

S i l f d ChanJ of h .ft. is a& fdyoeandra, o Lawayana lo r d , who occupied h a lf of S rin a g a r, tho k ing f o i l in g in dlelodging h i » oven fro * thooo. A fte r a disturbed e n d In g lo rio u s ru lo o f about twonty two yooro, Ita jo do vo died in A . a. 1239* («io*ioi* o p . c i t . . p . 1S4).

Sangrfo of H .k . io Sangrooadeva. Haider Re I lk fe S u to j io tho younger brother of Sangrfts, SCTryo, who fle e in g fr o * tho C o u rt, ra ioo d o re b e llio n w ith tho hoIp of tho berone Ganora o f Lor end Tonga o f Manol Morgana. Sangroaodovo auccoadod In dofooting h is opponents. Ho aiod in A. w. 1212*CSoerei, aasJBiS*# *»• **>•

262

120* fla'ja Raa 0811 la ftaaadava who gov *rnad th# king act®aueeaeafuily with th® haIp of hia able m ini*tar P r it h v ir a j . H ia qua an Sa«i dra out It a aatha at Srinagara M tha bank of tha V itaata ay hat own naaa* and tha king h iaaalf rapaltad tha Wiahroi taapia of Utpalapura (Saasal* o a . c l t . . p* 181 )*

121* lachhaandtv ia lakahaanadava, a boy of ahlayakapurawho auacaadad h ia on h ia daath in 1273 A .O * Although ha n «« a iaarnad ®anf aut ha did not hava tha courage of fcahatriya and was defeat ad and k il le d cy a Turuaka (Turkish ffchaewwdan) nanad Kaj jala (H .R *e Kaehal} in 1288 A . a*

(teasel* ao*. c l t * . o* 135)*

122* Saha Ofv la Stahedava* tha baron of Qtfchinpare P argone.Ha declared h iaaolf tha king rtf ftaahair Put h ia authority was contest-) a lay Sangaramacandra* It waa only after tha latter *a death that Siahadava waa ai»ie to aceuay tha kingdom* Ha eada a nuafrer o f rellgioua faun oat lone. Ujring tha lattar yaara af h ia l i f « i he veered towards agnosticIsa and «at h is dswth as a raault of hia intrigue with t*ia daughter of h ia nuree* (1 3 01 ianrai»

123 . Salt ait* la Sahadiva 4 1 0 3 1- 1320). who eeennded tha throna w ith tha help of h ia ainiat r fteaecandra* H ia rwiaia notable for giving shelter to two edventurare froa abroad* Snehaira froa hwat and Hinchan fro e TIPOat which u ltiaataly roaultad in tha overthrow af tha Hindu rwla in K a s h a ir . (ia a s c i* o p . e i t * . p p . « 3 - S ) .

124* rn hi , p p . 197ff8* C f . Heean ,

128* Unchw i» 3 Inchon (1320-53) wha waa a princa of tharoyal f a a i l y . Having f la d fro a Tittoet* ha ercaccd tha Zo ji*la ana aought fta*ace«dta#e protection .

ftani. Far dataiia* aaa ia a s a l , o o . c l t . . pp . 137 * 162* ate*

128* K i l l 1 it an I { 133fHJ’l ) . Meoording to on® vareienf. Shah ftlr

Forced her to o erry h ia . Put insteadb aha ecm aittad e u ic id e . (a a «s a it q p , s U . . p p . 189-168 & 2 9 1 )*

op* c l t * . p * 188 .

who took h ia in h ia aerive* Ha than Married K o t l

l i t THE fUSLIH PERIOD

According to Wahibbul Hasan, tha ancestry of Shah Mir ia disputed. According to soma accounts, ha descended from the P5hdtJa, heroes of the Mahabharata while others trace his descant to the ruie'rs of Suat• But, he says, from a study of the character and achievements of Shah Mir and h is successors, it is more than probable that the family was of Turkish o r ig in . The name of Shah flirts father was Tahir and h is grandfather’ s Uaqur Shah, who was a very devout and relig io u s

man. ( * M t o U . Un.Sft£..th,ft G u llit )j , p . 4 3 ) . He ruled from 1339 to 1342. C f . Hasan Khuihamf, ,l?l,4Hh,II, pp . 168-69.

JamshTd, the eldest son of Shama >ud-Qfn ruled from 1342 to 1343. (Hasan, o o . c i t . . p . 4 7 ) .

After Oamshld, 'Alt’ Sh ir , the second son of Shams?ud~Drn ascended the throne and styled himself as Alff'ud-DIh. He died in 1354. (Hasan, o p . c i t . . p . 4 8 ) .

Ibrahim, the originator of the r isin g againat the Umayyads, was styled by h is adherents as the " I m W . He was in communication uith Abu Muslim KhursTsani’s fo rces . He uas k il le d by Plaruan, the Umayyad ru ler . Before hia death, Ibrahim succeded in passing a testament to his brother Abu l-Abbffs Abdullah, which gave him the succession to the Abbaeid Imamate. Abu 1 ~Abbas got the t it le of

the Sanguinary) as he had taken the oath of revenge which he kept u p . On Ibrahim 's death his brother f le d to Kufa and there lay hidden u n til Hasan bin Qahtaba took possession of the c ity . F in a lly , Abu l-Abbffs was declared the f ir s t caliph of the Abbffsid dynasty on 25th November, 7 4 9 . (For further details , see

A ®ear/A l i , A S ■ltllhlfl,.S.i£afi«n,f»pp. 175-179; .

Shihab^u d-QTn (1354- 73). Plohibbul Hasan points out that the Kashmiri historians have wiUdly exaggerated tha conquests of this ruler which are not supported by contenporary autho rities .In reality , his conquests cov/sred a such lim ited area . These comprised G i lg it , i)ardistan and

2 0 4

B a l t i a t a n to t h e n o r t h , L a d a k h to t h a e a s t ,

K i a h t w a r , 3ammut Cham ba a n d o t h a r h i l l a t a t a s

to t he a o u t h , a n d moat o f the n o r t h e r n a n d

u e s t e r n P a n j S b a n d t h e P e s h a u a r d i s t r i c t to t h a

u a a t . As r e g a r d s h i s r e l a t i o n s w i t h FTrtfz Shffh

i t i a p o s s i b l e t h a t t he tuo r u l e r s ne t e a c h

o t h e r w h i l e t h e l a t t e r was c a r r y i n g on a

c o a p a i g n a g a i n s t t h e Rffia o f N a g a r k S t a n d , a l s o

p e r h a p s , c o n c l u d e d a t e f a t y • B u t t h e r e i s no

r e l i a b l e e v i d e n c e to a u p p o r t t h e v i e w t h a t

t h e r e u a a a c o n f l i c t b a t u e e n t h a S u l t S h s o f

K a s h m i r a n d D e l h i . ( H a a a n , o p . c i t . . p p . § 0 - 5 1 ) .

U dayes^-i a n d K o t a S h a t t a w a r e two o f S h i h S b >u d * Q T n *s

m i n i s t e r s . U d a y a s r i o f J o n a r f f ja i s tldahghrffual o f

P e r s i a n c h r o n i c l e s ( H a s a n , p . 5 2 , N o t e 8) . C h a n d r a

Qffmara o f 3 o n a r a j a i s C h a n d r a DSTr o f H a i d a r f t a l ik .

(1^ . , P . 5 3 , N a t e 2 ) . A c h a l C h a n d o f H a i d a r ftalik

i a A c h a l R a i n a , a d e s c e n d a n t o f R a m a c a n d r a , whom

t h e Sultffh g a v a t h e v i l l a g e o f ChJTduFa aa i a o T r .

( i b i d . , p . 5 3 ) . C f . H a a a n Khuihim r, o p . c i t . . I I ,

p . 17 1 .

6 . Su lt ffn Q u t b ' u d - O f n ( 1 3 7 3 - 8 9 ) , w a s S h i h S b * u d-QTn »s

y o u n g e r b r o t h e r a n d w a s c a l l e d H i n d f f l . He t o o k

t h e t i t l e o f Q u t b ud-DCh a f t e r a a c e n d i n g t h a

t h r o n e .

7 . S a y y i d ' A i r HamadffnT, commonly known aa A m lr - i K a b l r o r

^ A ir- Th Sh T , v i s i t e d K a a h m i r t h r i c e * f i r a t t i m e i n

1372 w he n he s t a y e d f o r f o u r m o n t h s ) t h e s e c o n d

t i m e i n 1 379 d u r i n g t h e r e i g n o f Q u t ^ u d - D f h a n d

a t a y a d f o r two a n d a h a l f y e a r a } f o r t h a t h i r d

a n d t h e l a s t t i m e , he cam e i n 1 383 a n d l e f t a f t e r

a s t a y o f a b o u t a y e a r . S a y y i d *Air d e n o u n c e d t h e

u t f - I » l a * i e p r a c t i c e a o f t h a S u l t S h , l i k e M a r r y i n g

two r e a l s i s t e r s , w h i c h t h e Suliffin h a d d o n a . So

h e d i v o r c e d t h e a l d e r a i a t e r a n d r e - m a r r i e d t h e

y o u n g e r one c a l l e d StTra who b e c a m e the m other o f

h i s two s o n s , S i k a n d a r a n d H a i b a t . W h e n S a y y i d

f t i r l e f t K a s h m i r * ha l e f t b e h i n d d a u l a n a Muhammad

B a l k h T commonly c a l l e d Mir H a j T M ihammad. H a t h e n

t r a v e l l e d to P a k h H a n d t h a n p r o c e e d e d to K u n a r

n e a r K i f i r i a t i ’n w h e r e he f e l l i l l a n d d i e d on

J a n u a r y 19 , 1 3 8 5 , a n d t h a n waa b u r i a d in K h a i l a n

( T a j i k i a t a n , U . S . S . R . ) . F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s

a b o u t h i m , see H a a a n , p p . c i t . . p p . 5 5 - 5 7 .

2 0 5

8 . S u l t a n S i k a n d a r ( 1 3 8 9 - 1 4 1 3 ) w a s t h a e l d e s t s o n of

Qutb> u d - D f n . O n t h a d a a t h o f h i s f a t h e r ha

e s c a n d a d t h a t h r o n e , i n 1 3 8 9 , b u t a s he waa a

m i n o r , h i s m oth er Q u e e n S u r a a c t e d a s R a g a n t .

L a t e r he be c am e t h a k i n g . S a y y i d Pkjhammad

H a ms d a n ! s o n o f S a y y i d *A ir H a m a d a n T , caraa to

K a s h m i r i n 1 3 9 3 , a t t h a ag e o f 2 2 , w i t h 3 0 0

S a y y i d s a n d l e a r n e d man* Th a e p i s t l e t h a t he

w r o t a f a r S u l t a n S i k a n d a r w a s a n t i t i e d

f l l a a V ^ l 5 Itean<*a.rXttfl. a w ork on S u f F > a m i n

P e r s i a n * He c o n v e r t e d a number o f H i n d u s to

I s l a m * M a l i k B a t o f H a i d a r rtalik i a S t f h a b h a t t a ,

S i k a n d a r ' s c h i e f m i n i s t e r a n d c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f .

A f t e r c o n v e r s i o n to I s l a m , ha w a s n am e d

e a i f ̂ ud-OTn ( H a s a n , o p . c l t * . p p . 5 9 , 6 3 ) .

H a i d a r P l a l i k ' s s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e Sultffh

e x c h a n g e d p r e s e n t s w i t h T im ur w he n t h e l a t t e r

i n v a d e d I n d i a i n 1 3 9 8 , se e m s to h a v e no b a s i a

as t h a S u l t a n n e v e r mat T im u r a v e n t h o u g h t h e

l a t t e r d e m a n d e d h i s p r e s e n c e t w i c e . ( H a s a n ,

o p . c i t . . p p . 5 9 - 6 0 ) .

Among t h e s c h o l a r s who e n t e r e d t h e V a l l e y a t

t h i s t im e w a r e * S a y y i d Ahm ad f r o m I s f a h a n

( H a i d a r M a l i k *8 W fr Muhammad I a f a h f f h t ) }

S a y y i d H a s a n S h i r a z t ( H a i d a r M a l i k *a QSzT H u s a i n

Shirffir), a t e . Tha 3 a m i M asq u e h a d 3 7 2 woo dan

c o l u m n s , e a c h 4 0 y a r d a in h e i g h t a n d s i x y a r d s

in c i r c u m f e r e n c e * T h e r a w a r e f o u r a r c h w a y s , e a c h

o f w h i c h c o n t a i n e d 3 2 o f t h e a a c o l u m n s . ( H a a a n ,

o p , c l t . . p . 6 4 ) .

9 . T h i s i s S i k a n d a r *a e l d e s t s o n , f*lfr K h a n who a s c e n d e d

t h e t h r o n e u n d e r t h e t i t l e o f *ftli S h a h a n d r u l e d

f r o m 1413 to 1 4 2 0 . A s h e h a d a r e l i g i o u s b e n t o f

m in d , he l e f t f o r M e cc a to p e r f o r m t h e p i l g r i m a g e

a n d e n t r u s t e d t h a k i n g d o m to h i s y o u n g e r b r o t h e r

S h a h T K h S h , a n d g a v e h im t h e t i t l e o f Z a i n ^ u l - A b i d i n .

B u t on t h e a d v i c e o f h i s f a t h e r - i n - l a w , t h a R a j a

o f 3ammu, h a r e t u r n e d to K a s h m i r to r e c o v e r t h a

t h r o n e f r o m h i s b r o t h e r . He f o u g h t a g a i n s t h im b u t

w a s f i n a l l y d e f e a t e d . Ha waa a a i z a d by 3 a s r a t

K h o k a r a n d p u t to d e a t h by h i m . ( F o r d e t a i l s , s e e

H a a a n , op . c l t . . p p . 67 * 7 0 ) .

2 0 6

10. Sultan Zain'ul-ffbidln ruled from 1420 to 1470. CljringRaja Sundersen'a time Sandimatnagar is believed to have been submerged under the uatars of the Uular Lake (B eaza i, A Histary of Kashmir, p . 6 0 ) . Mohibbul Haaan points out that tha Island which was submerged in water, was reclaimed by the Sultan in order to make it a storm-refuse for boats. He had stoned poured into the lake, and in this way, after great e ffo rts , land was raised above water level* He named the Island Zainalank, and on i t , in 1443-4, he built a palace, a mosque and a garden# (Hasan, qp» c i t . . p . 9 4 ) .

11. Haidar M alik 's account of Sultan Zain'ul-^Tbidlh *sexpedition against the Khan of Kashghar, appears to be spurious. This account, mentioned by other Peraien historians also , in Pbhibbul Hasan 's view, is in reality nothing but a repitition of an earlier encounter between SultSn Shihab'ud-Qfn and the ruler of Kashghar. (Hasan, a a . c i t . . pp . 71-721 4 9 ) . C f . Hasan K hulham rTAP. c i t . I I , p p . 19 1-92. Haidar Shffh ruled for one year and two months and died in April 13, 1472. ( ib id . . p . 9 8 ) .

12. Sultffn Hasan ShSh (1472 -84), on his accession ,appointed Jahangir PTagre as com ander-in-chief of tha army and gave him the t it le of Shaukat 3ung (Haidar Malik *s San jarchand) . Tazf Sat (Haidar Malikt Tazf Khffn) was a favourite of Hasan Sh ih , and waa sent out by Melit Ahmad, the w azir , who was jealous of him, against some of the tributary chiefs who had not p a id any tribute to the Sultan . After reducing 3ammu, Rajauri and other neighbouring states, he marched on Sialkot which beldnged to Sultan Suhlill Lo'df, and plundered i t . When Tatar Khan, Buhlul Ld*df*a governor of the Panjab , heard of t h is , he set out with an army to invade Kashm ir. But he did not cross the mountains and, as the prestige of rulers of Kashmir was s t i l l high , he thought serious resistance would be o ffe red and his

invasion woylct end up in fa i lu r e . (Hasan,

QP. c l t . . pp . 99 , 1 02 ).

13. In 1486, Fath Khan was proclaimed ruler under thet it le of Sultan F»th Shah . Ha ruled for the f ir s t time u ntil 1489. Malik G a idar 's statement that Saiftf£r, the prime minister of Fath Shih ,

2 0 7

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

18.

1 9 .

2 0 .

u a s k i l l e d b y M a l i k N u a r a t i n t h e b a t t l e o f

R a m a l n a h ( a v i l l a g e n e a r S r i n a g a r , b u t now

e x t i n c t ) * seam to b e i n c o r r e c t . A c c o r d i n g to

H a a a n (b p . c i t . . p p . 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 ) , S a i f d f f r w as

k i l l e d b y S a r h a n g R a i n a . On r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n

S h i m s Chak and S a y y i d Muhammad a n d t h e b a t t l e s

t h a t took b e t w e e n t h em , s e e H a s a n , p p . c i t * .

p p . 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 * F a t h S h a h r u l e d a s e c o n d t im e f r o m

1505 to 1 9 1 4 * Me made Shams C h a k h i s p r i m s

m i n i a t s r b u t t h e n o u t o f j e a l o u s y on t ha p a r t o f

I b r a h r * fWgrs a n d Musa R a i n a , a p l o t w as o r g a n i z e d

a g a i n s t h i * a n d he w a s k i l l e d in p r i s o n . ( I b i d ,

p . 1 1 3 ) .

PKTb S R a i n a c o u l d n o t h a v e r e m a i n e d i n p o w e r f o r n i n e

y e a r s as f a t h S h a h h i m s s I f r e i g n e d f o r n i n e

y e a r s a n d , d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , m i n i s t e r i a l

c h a n g e s o c c u r e d s e v e r a l t i m e s . ( H a s a n , o p . c i t . .

p . 1 1 4 , N o t e 2 ) .

H a i d a r M a l i k ssems to c o n f u s e t h e d a t e s o f t h e r e i g n

o f F a t h S h i h h e r e . T h i s was n o t t h e t h i r d b u t

t h e s e c o n d t im e o f h i s a c c e s s i o n to t h e t h r o n e

w h e n h e a p p o i n t e d I b r a h i m Mffgra as h i s p r i m e

m i n i s t e r a n d t h e l a t t e r w as i n p o w e r o n l y f o r

f o r t y days* ( F o r d e t a i l s , s e e H a s a n , op* c i t . .

p p . 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 ) .

Muhammad Sh ah r u l e d f o r the f o u r t h t im e f r o m 1517 to

1 5 2 8 . F o r d e t a i l s o f t h e e v e n t s t h a t to o k p l a c e

d u r i n g h i s r s i g n , s e e H a s a n , o p * c i t . . p p . 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 .

On t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e k i n g d o m among t h e f o u r p e r s o n s ,

s e e H a s a n , o p . c i t . . p . 1 2 2 .

O n t h e i n v a s i o n o f K a s h m i r by K a m r a n i n 1 5 3 1 , s e a

H a s a n , a p . c i t . . p p . 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 .

M f r z a H a i d a r D u g h l a t e n t e r e d K a s h m i r i n J a n u a r y , 1533

a n d a f t e r c o n c l u d i n g a t r e a t y w i t h t h a K a s h m i r i

n o b i s s , l e f t t he c o u n t r y at t h a e n d o f May, 1 5 3 3 .

F o r d e t a i l s o f h i s e x p l o i t s a n d r e a i a t a n c e o f f e r e d

by t h e K a s h m i r i s , s e e H a s a n , o p . c i t . . p p . 1 2 7 - 2 9 .

A f t e r t h e f a l l o f A b d a l M a g r e , K a j l C h a k b e c a m e t h a

p r i m s m i n i s t e r ; a n d w h e n s h o r t l y a f t s r

Shams* ud- Dfh I I ( 1 5 3 7 - 4 0 ) d i e d , he s e t up

Muhammad S h a h *s a n o t h e r s o n , I s m a ' I I who w as

h i a s o n - i n - l a w , on the t h r o n e , ( H a a a n , op. c i t . .

p p . 1 2 9 - 3 0 ) .

O n flfrzff H a i d a r ' s c o n q u e s t o f K a s h m i r , s e e H a s s a n ,

p p . 1 3 0 - 3 5 . K a j T C h a k d i e d o f f e v e r on

S e p t e m b e r 12 , 1 5 4 4 , a t T h a n n a * ( H a s a n , o p . c i t * .

p . 1 3 5 ) .

M i r r a H a i d a r w as a s t r o n g c h a m p io n o f o r t h o d o x y a n d

w as l i b e r a l t o w a r d s t h e f o l l o w e r s o f t h a

N u r b a k h s h l y a s e c t f o r p o l i t i c a l l a ^ x p e d i e n c y * B u t

a f t e r tha r e v o l t o f RffgT Chak wno b e l o n g e d to

t h i s s e c t , h i s a t t i t u d e c h a n g e d , f o r he w as

c o n v i n c e d t h a t in o r d e r to M a i n t a i n p e a c e i n t h a

V a l l e y , u n i f o r m i t y o f r e l i g i o n w a s e s s e n t i a l *

( H a s a n , op* c l t * . p . 1 3 7 ) . I t i s f o r t h i s r e a s o n

t h a t he e x e c u t e d S h a i k h OffnySl a n d o t h e r stTfTs*

B u t i t r e s u l t e d in t h e r e v o l t o f t h e n o b l e s l i k e

R a l i k <TdT R a i n a a n d Clallk Muhammad N a j T a g a i n s t

h i m ) t h e y h a d a c c e p t e d S h r i s m a s t h a i r f a i t h .

H a i d a r H a l i t ' s s t o r y a b o u t f llrza H a i d a r ' s d e a t h

seam s to b e u n t r u e . R e l y i n g o n S a y y i d A l l ' s

v e r s i o n o f the a c c o u n t , H a s a n s a y s t h a t w h i l e

t r y i n g to e n t e r t h e f o r t , ' he w a s k i l l e d by an

a r r o w ( O c t o b e r , 1 5 5 1 ) . S e e H a s a n , o p * c l t * .

p . 1 4 0 . C f . H a s a n K h u ih f fm l , op. c l ^ . . I I .

p p . 2 5 4 - 6 1 *

Qfculat C h a k * s r i s e to p o w e r marks t h e b a g i n n i n g o f t h e

a s c e n d a n c y o f t h e C h a k s i n t h e V a l l e y w h i c h l a s t e d

f o r o v e r t h i r t y y e a r s . ( H a s a n , op* c i t * . p p . 1 4 6 - 4 8 ) .

B a h r a m G u r w a s t h e S f f e a n id K i n g V a r a h r a n ( B a h r a m ) V

( 4 2 0 - 3 8 ) . S e e U * B a r t h o l d , T u r k e a t a n f l o w n t o t h e

ffonaol I n v a s i o n , p . 2 0 6 .

O n G h a z I C h a k , s e e H a s a n , p p . c i t * . o p . 1 4 8 - 1 5 4 * On

s e i z i n g po w ar f r o m ifeulat C h a k , G h f f z f Chak

d e p o s e d Ibrffhlm S h a h a n d e n t h r o n e d h i s b r o t h e r

I s r a e l i , a n o t h e r so n o f PluJiammad S h S h * B u t w h en

Ismff n S h f h d i a d i n 1 5 5 7 , ha p r o c l a i m e d h i s s o n

H a b i b S h f h , who w as h i s own n e p h e w , a s k i n g . In

1 5 6 1 , h o w e v e r , u n d e r t he p r e t e x t t h a t H a b i b S h a h

w a s i n c o n p e t e n t , G h a z f C h a k s e t h im a s i d e a n d

w i t h t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e n o b l e s , h i m s e l f a s c e n d e d

t h e t h r o n e , t h u s l a y i n g the f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e

C h a k d y n a s t y . ( H a s a n , d p * c l t . . p . 1 5 1 ) . G h f f z l

C h a k l o s t h i s t h r o n e to h i s b r o t h e r H u s a i n S h a h

a t t h e e n d o f 1 5 6 3 , a n d d i e d i n 1 5 6 6 - 6 7 . H a i d a r

M a l i k ' s data o f H a b i b S h a h ' s r u l e , n a m e l y ,

9 0 9 / 1503 seem s to b e w r o n g . I t s h o u l d b e n e a r

a b o u t 1 5 6 1 .

S u l t a n H u s a i n S h a h , b r o t h e r o f C h a r i S h a h r u l e d f r o m

1563 to 1 5 7 0 . The r e v o l t o f h i s y o u n g e r b r o t h e r

S h a n k a r Chak t o o k p l a c e i n 1 5 6 5 . T o r d e t a i l s ,

s e e H a s a n , g p . c i t * . p p . 1 5 4 - 1 5 8 . O k t a y ( U g u d a y )

w a s t h e s o n o f C h i n g i z K h S n .

2 0 9

2 7 . S u lt a n 'A l l Shah rulad from 1570 to 1578. Tha invasionof Kashmir t»y Nffzuk Shfih *s sons, H a jf Haidar Khan and Salim Khffn took place in 981/ 1575*76 . In 1572, ftir Shah ssnt three armies against Bahadur Shfih, the ruler of Kishtwar and the latter, not being able to resist , decided to come to terms. He presented the w ife of one of his relatives with whom the Sultan uas in lo v e .^A lT Shah married her and named her Fath Khatun . Once again , uhen Bahadur Shah fa ile d to pay tribute , ‘A ll Shah sent a force against him. Bahadur came to terms a ga in , and promissd to pay the tributes , and sent his sister Shankar Devi to be married to toll Shah 's grandson, Y a ’ qub. The famine referred to by Haidar Malik took place in 157 8 . (For other inform ation, see Hasan, op . c i t . . pp . 158- 161).

2 8 . After the battle against Abdal Chak in uhieh he uask il le d , Yusuf performed tha last r ilte s of his father 'A I f Shfh 's death, and then proclaimed himself the Sultan (Haaan, qp . c i t . . p . 1 63 ).

2 9 . Only two months after his becoming the Sultan , YusufShah faeed a serious revolt whose loader was Abdal Bat, who wanted to enthrone Mubarak in his p lace . Tha latter f ir s t refused to take up arms against Yusuf, but due to Yusuf*s hard attitude of not forgiving his enemies, he agreed to join the re b e ls . Yusuf le ft for Thanna because his forces had been defeated and he found further reeistencs u se less . Then, Mubarak replaced YiTsuf Shah as the Sultan . (Hasan, p p . c i t . . pp . 164- 165).

Mubarak was then compelled to abdicate by the Chak nobles, and in his p lace , Lohar Chak son of Shankar Chak, was placed on the throne, and Abdal Bat w^s made the m inister. ( Ib id . . p . 1 6 5 ).

3 0 . On the struggle between Lohar Chak and Yusuf find thaf in a l victory of Yusuf Shah, see Hasan, op . c i t . . pp . 165*68.

3 1 . Sultan Muhammad Khwfifcazmshah, second son of Takash,ascended the throne on August 3 , 1200.(Turkestarn, p . 3 4 9 ) . The story related by Haidar

Malik probably relates to the period when Muhammad stayed in Bukhara in 1218, after the catastrophe at U trar . As it was spring time, the Sultan spent the time g a ily , and later on left for Samarqand with the intention of making an expedition against KtTchluk ( i b i d . , 3 7 0 ) . C h ingiz Khffn reached Bukhara in 1220. ( i b i d . , p . 4 0 9 ) .

2 1 0

3 2 * S h a i k h Sham s* ud- Dfn I r a q i , who w a s t h a f o u n d e r o f t h e

N u r b a k h s h l y a s e c t i n t h a V a i l e y , h a d r e t u r n e d to

K a s h m i r f r o m B a l t i s t a n w hen Plus a R a i n a be c a m e

t h e p r im e m i n i s t e r * The l a t t e r p a t r o n i z e d h im *

B u t l i k e Muhammad S h a h , F a t h S h a h , who w a s now

t h e k i n g , a l s o d i d no t a p p r o v e o f h i s i d e a l s a n d

M e t h o d s ( H a s a n , op* c i t * . p . 2 3 6 ) .

3 3 * O n Y u s u f S h a h ' s r e l a t i o n s w i t h E m p a r i o r A k b a r , s e e

H a s a n , o p . c l t * . p p . 17 1 - 1 8 0 . T o w a r d * t h a e n d , o f 1 5 8 1 , A k b a r , on h i s r e t u r n f r o m K a b u l , s e n t

3 a l a l a b a d , M i r z a T a h i r a n d S a l i h ftqil a s

a m b a s s a d o r s to K a s h m i r . T h e y d e l i v e r e d a n I m p e r i a l

command to YCTsuf S h a h to p r o c e e d to do p e r s o n a l

homage to t h a E m p e r o r . H i a m i n i s t e r s a d v i s e d h im

to p r e p a r e to r e s i s t . B u t Y u s u f Shah, i n o r d e r

to p l a c a t e t he E m p e r o r , s e n t c o s t l y p r e s e n t s a n d

h‘i s t h i r d so n H a i d a r K h a n , w i t h t h e a m b a s s a d o r s .

B u t t h i s f a i l e d to s a t i s f y t h e E m p e r o r a n d p r i n c e

H a i d a r w a s s e n t b a c k w i t h S h a i k h Y q > q J b S a r f f w i t h

a f a y m a n t h a t i f he d i d no t p r e s e n t h i m s e l f

i m m e d i a t e l y , an army w i l l be s e n t a g a i n s t h i m .

T h i s f r i g h t e n e d Y u s u f S h a h , so he s e n t h i s e l d e s t

son Y a ’ qub w h i c h d i s p l e a s e d t h e E m p e r o r a g a i n .

Y a qub w a s b o t h mad a n d w i c k e d . O n 1st O c t o b e r ,

1 5 8 S , t h e E m p e ro r d e p u t e d H a k i m fA l I G l l a n l a n d

B a h a }u d-Oln Kanfau to S r i n a g a r to b r i n g Y u s u f S h a h

w i t h t h e m . On h e a r i n g o f t h i s , Y u s u f S h a h w a s

c o m p l e t e l y u n n e r v e d . He w as s u r e t h a t he w i l l n o t

b e a match to t h a M u g h a l a r m y . In t h e m e a n t i m e ,

Y a >gtTb e s c a p e d a n d ^ a r r i v e d i n S r i n a g a r b e f o r e

H a k i m A l l . T h e n , Y u s u f S h a h w e n t to KhampuTr to

r e c e i v e t h e e n v o y s . B u t t h e p e o p l e w e r e no t r e a d y

f o r t h i s ?a n d e v e n t h r e a t e n e d to k i l l h im a n d s e t

up Y a qub? a s t h e S u l t a n i n h i s p l a c e . H a k i m rA I I

a n d B a h f f ’u d “ 0f n , a f t e r a s t a y o f two m o n t h s ,

r e t u r n e d w i t h o u t YCTsuf S h a h . Th e E m p e ror was

f u r i o u s a n d he s e n t an array u n d e r M l r z a S h a h R u k h ,

B h a g w a n d a s a n d ShSTh Q u l l Mahram . T h e M u g h a l

f o r c e e d v a n c e d a n d e n t e r e d K a s h m i r v i a P a k h l l

w i t h o u t a n y r e s i s t a n c e . Y u s u f S h a h c o n c e a l e d h i s

p l a n s , b u t o r g a n i z e d t h r e e a r m i e s a n d p r o c e e d e d

to K o h K u a r m a s t . W h e n t h e f t ig ha ls a r r i v e d at t h e

p a s s o f BCTliasa ( o n t h e r i g h t b a n k o f the D h e l u m ,

a b o u t 5 0 m i l e s away f r o m BffriTmulla) , t h e y met

s t i f f r e s i s t a n c e f r o m t h e K a s h m i r i s . P a r t l y b e c a u s e

o f t h i s a n d p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f h e a v y r a i n a n d s n o w ,

t h e M u g h a l s f a i l e d to make any h e a d w a y . R a j a

B h a g w a n d a s t h e n s e n t two a g e n t s to YiJsuf Shffh a s k i n g

h im to ac co m p a ny h i m to t h s E m p e r o r as he s a i d t h a t

211

more p o w e r f u l army w i l l b e s e n t a g a i n s t h im i f he

d i d n o t do s o * Y u s u f S h a h came to an u n d e r s t a n d i n g

w i t h t h a a g e n t s a n d u n d e r t h a p r e t e x t o f i n s p e c t i n g

t h e a r m y , w a n t to 3 u l i a s a . T h e n , w i t h a f e w

h o r s e m e n , he e s c a p e d a n d j o i n e d t h e P U g h a l camp on

F e b r u a r y 1 4 , 1 5 8 6 . The K a s h m i r i s w e r e b e t r a y e d by

t h e i r r u l e r , so t h e y s e t up Y a 3 qtfb a s t h a Su lt f fn

a n d b e g a n to f i g h t t h a M u g h a l s * Th e M u g h a l army

s u f f e r e d g r e a t l o s s , so RffjS’ B h a g w a n d a a made p e a c e

w i t h Y a qub a n d t h e h o s t i l i t i e s c e a s e d . B u t t h a

f i n a l t r e a t y w a s c o n c l u d e d w i t h Y u s u f S h a h ,

a c c o r d i n g to w h i c h Y u s u f S h a h w o u l d r e t a i n t h a

t h r o n e b u t the c o i n s w o u l d b e s t r u c k a n d t h e

k h u t b a r e c i t e d i n t h e name o f t h e E m p e r o r * A k b a r

a c c e p t e d t h a t r e a t y r e l u c t a n t l y * O n March 2 8 , 1 5 8 6 ,

Y u s u f S h a h w a s p r e s e n t e d to A k b a r by Rajff Bh agw Sh dffs

a t A t t o c k * He w a s r e c e i v e d w i t h r e s p e c t , b u t w as

i n p r i s e n e d a n d g i v e n i n c h a r g e o f R3T«i UjTs KachwSThffj

t h e n he w aa p l a c e d i n t h e c u s t o d y o f Ra jff T o d a r M a i *

T h e n , a t Rffja Man S i n g h ' s r e q u e s t he w aa r e l e a s e d

a f t e r two a n d a h a l f y e a r s * He w as c o n f e r r e d a

m ansab o f 5 0 0 h o r s e , a r a n k c a r r y i n g a s a l a r y o f

f r o m 2,100 to 2 , 5 0 0 r u p e e s a m onth , a n d w as s e n t

w i t h Rffja Mffn S i n g h to B i h a r * In e x i l e , t h e l o t ^

YiTsuf S h a h w a s v e r y t r a g i c * T h e a l l o w a n c e w as n o t

e n o u g h to m a i n t a i n h im in a d i g n i f i e d w a y * He

m i s s e d the s o c i e t y o f p o e t s , s c h o l a r s a n d m u s i c i a n s

a n d d a b o v e a l l , he p i n e d f o r h i s b e l o v e d q u e a n

H a b b a K h a t u n . A l l t h i s a f f e c t e d h i s m in d a n d ha

d i e d on 2 2 n d S a p t en t o er , 1592 a f t e r an i l l n e s s o f

s i x d a y s , a n d w a s b u r i e d in t h e P a r g a n a o f B i s w a k

(3 m i l e s n o r t h - e a s t o f I s l a m p u r , P a t n a D i s t r i c t ) *

3 4 * Y a qub K h a n a n d o t h e r n o b l e s made s e v e r a l a t t e m p t s to

d e f e a t t h e M u g h a l a r m y . C u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , Y a q u b

K h a n h a d to e s c a p e to K i s h t w a r s e v e r a l t i m e s *

F i n a l l y , w h e n A k b a r a r r i v e d i n K a s h m i r in e a r l y

3 u n e , 1 5 5 8 , Y a qub d e c i d e d to g i v e up t h e s t r u g g l e

a n d s u b m i t * A f t e r r e t u r n i n g f r o m K i s h t w a r , he p a i d

p e r s o n a l homage to t h e E m p e ro r t o w a r d s t h e e n d o f

| u l y * The Eraperar s e n t h im w i t h H a s a n B e g T u r k m a n

to R S j a Main S i n g h * U h e n Y u s u f S h a h d i e d , R a j a Man

S i n g h t r a n s f e r r e d hidi r a n k to Y a ^ q u b a n d a l l o w e d h im

to p r o c e e d t o j i i s l a ^ I r * O n t h e w a y , h e waa

p o i s o n e d by Q a s im K h a n a n d , by t h e t im e he r e a c h a d

B e h f r a ( P a h r a , i n t h e S a r k a r o f B i h a r ) , h i a

c o n d i t i o n g r e w w o r s e a n d he d i e d in O c t o b e r , 1 5 9 3 *

H i s b o d y w as c a r r i e d by Abu 1-Ma ‘a l l to B i s w a k ,

a n d b u r i e d t h e r e n e a r t h e g r a v e o f h i s f a t h e r

YiTsuf S h a h * F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , s e e H a s a n , n o . c i t . .

p p . 1 8 2 - 1 9 3 * *

212

Y a >qt1t» h a d s n e t i y l l f f A i n ! to Q a z i TO 3a w i t h t h a

m assag e t h a t h e n c e f o r t h t h e name o f *A11 s h o u l d b e

r a c i t a d i n a l l t h a p r a y e r s . B u t t h e Q azI h a d

r e f u s e d to cb s o . S o , b e c a u s e o f h i s a r r o g a n c e

a n d r e l i g i o u s f a n a t i c i s m , some o f t h e n o b l e s

t u r n e d a g a i n s t h i m . S i n c e he r e g a r d e d PWsaT as

b e i n g r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r e c a n t r i s i n g s a g a i n s t

h i m , h e o r d e r e d h i * e x e c u t i o n . T h i s w a s an e x t r e m e l y u n u i s a a c t on h i s p a r t , f o r i t

a n a t g o n i z e d t h e s u n n l s a n d p a v e d t h e way f o r t h e

a n n e x a t i o n o f K a s h m i r by P lughals . (Hasan, o p . c i t ««

p p . 182“ 184) . C f . H a a a n K h u i h a m r . pb . c i t * . I I ,

p p . 329- 31.

Ill I PERSONAL ACCOUNT

On the boundaries and tha araa of tha V alley , sea S . ftaqbul Ahmad and Raja Bano, H isto rical Geography .of Kashmls. PP . 3?- 39.

On Verinag, see H .6 »K . . pp . 9 7 *9 8 .

This refers to Qasim Khan Mir Bahr (1 5 8 6 ) , who entered Srinagar on October 14, 1586# See Hasan, o a . c i t . . pp . 185 and 187* C f . Hasan

Khuihami, oP . c i t .* I I , p . 4 0 9 .

Haidar Pialik was made the Fau 1 dar of 3a is (Rai 8arely , U . P . ) . Tha yamlndffr who is referred to as Raja GSmar and whose rebellion wes crushed by Haidar MaJ.ik, was Raja Balbha dr a (Storey, Persian L iteratu re . I I , p . 680) . ££

According to Hasan Khuihffmr, the revolt of Pirrzff Khusru too place one month after the accession of 3ahfngfr to tha throne. But tha editor of Haaan*s Ta rikh . comments, on the authority of A . Smith, that the revolt took place on 6th of A p ril , 1606, s ix months after 3ahangir*s accession . (Hasan Khihfral, Ta r ik h .I I , pp . 457- 58).

Hasan Khuihamr gives a different version of tha assassination of ShlTr Afgan (ftlT tjull Khan) from the one given by Haidar f*Ialik. According to Hasan, Jahffngfr f e l l in love with Me hr un-Misa, which made Cmperor Akbar angry with h i $ . So ,̂ Akbar get her married to rA ir Quli Khan . After his accaeaion to the throne CJahffngJTr sent a message t o rA l f Q ull Khan about breaking his marriage with h er . rk l t Qulf Khan left the service and wnnt to Bengal where he wa* then murdered* (Hasan Khuihamr, I I , pp. 459- 456). 3ahffngTr did not then meet her for four years. But the editor of Hasan 's Ta r ikh . points out, on the authority of Beni Prasad, that thie story was f ir s t invented by K h ir r Khan, h istorian of Aurangzeb. p p . 463-64, Noted.

Ahmad Beg Khan became the governor in A .H . 1024/A . D. 1615, and was transferred after three years. (Hasan KhuihffmiT, o o . c i t . . I I , pp.477-78)

214

IV % GEOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNT AND ANECDOTES Ad OUT THE SffFTS

1. This ia Gangah-6rarr in 3ffnah?«ah, Paraana JlhstT (and not Qfv as asntionad by H . n . J . Tha text in H .« * about water not being foundjaround it ia. not clear but, according to Narayan Koul A j i * , there is no water for two to thro* miles at a l l . On tha f ift h of tha Month of Yura, fiva to six aavaa (watar m ills) of water flows out from tha side of a Mountain*F or tha rest of tha year, there is no water there* (H .G .K « . pp* 104, 144, Note* 8 4 ) .

2* A ll Paraian sources give sim ilar information aboutthis lake called Hakurah, situated in PiachafRun, «pyatfSulbuo. (B frba i Kachru, WajraCTal-Tawarrtkh, f o l . 127a.

3* This tree, called H all that, according to Jahahgrr*was situated on the road in v illa g e NJrptTr, moza Chadffrah ( Tu t u W. p . 1 0 8 ) . C f . Tar" ‘ *by ftlrza tyaidar Uighlat, (translatio n ,Osnison R o ss ), p . 4 2 8 .

4 * This place rafer to np*afKaraaahwar« Perganah Vach,and not to R u z U which is in mar? RuzKT, Pargana Oivsar* ( H .G .K . . pp . 101, 106)*

5* This Is PahltT Nag in cnoya^Pahlu*. Pargana orwahaar< (Sea pp . 101, 142, Notes 75 & 7 6 ) .

6* This refers to Wunda Cave in Pargana Shihfbad , three a iles to the south of Qurah, near wo ya Hun da, on tha aiddla of the S &h ih il fountain*

7 * This is Sund Bar&rT (now known as Sundabrar) s ituatedin a sida valley opening to tha south of the vii.ia^a of Oavalgam, Pargana 8 ring* See H *G .K . . p p . 102-103f 143-144, Nota 8 1 .

8* This is flrya HSy cava* Arya Ray was Sandf mat /TryaRay, tha saintly king who ascended the throne of Kaahmir after the death of Jayendra*( H . 6 A .* pp . 64-651 78- ?f, Nota 5 9 ) .

nA mbarnant*' of H • l*U is A mar Math* For Abul"F azl 's and IHasan Khuiham l's description of i t , see

H .G .K . , pp . 65-66,

This place is called Gang, in Pargana Lar, on the summit of tha Rinku mountain (S e a ^Zubdat u l - Akhvar by Moulvi Muhammad Hasan Qa dr I ,

J T f T l 2 8 2 ) .

This refers to Mutrgang situated at the__foot of the mountain of moza Naigam, Pargana Lar* ( H .G .K . ,

p . 1 0 8 ). 1

Abu 1“F azl refers to the area in Tulah Wulah, about 100 bTohas in extent which is flooded during the rains and ramains somewhat moist even after the waters have dried u p . Tha paopla insert in it sticks of a yard in length, mors or less , and work them about and then, thrusting their hands in the holes, pu ll out fishas of four pounds weight or mors, but commonly of small s i z e , (« Ih-i Akbarl, I I , p . 3 6 4 ) . C f . ATikhez Tulah flulah ( H .G .K . , p . 9 6 ) . It is a village and a small laka situated near the right bank of the Sind river , about 10 miles north-westh of Srinagar (Sates , G azetteer , p . 3 9 2 ) .

This refers to Harmukh Mountain, Lat . 3 4 ° 2 4 * ,Long. 74® 5 7 * ; elevation 16,903 f t . (Sataa ,

G azetteer, pp . 204- 205). C f . H.G «K. . pp . 53-54} 6 7 , Note 2 .

C f . «ulla Nabi, ya.iIz..Ut"llflMAEiKb* fo l* 4 A •

Hazrat Nur* ud-OTn NuranT was the founder of tha RTshT Order of K ash mir. J3arn_JLn the v illage of Kaimuh,2 miles west of s fjb ih arah , in 1377, h ia father Shaikh Sflffr ud-DJfti, also a pious man, belonged to the family of the rulers of K iah tuSt . Although an orthodox Muslim, Nur ud-Dlh was much influenced in his ascetic outlook by tha Hindu Sadhus. Ha preferred a l i f e of retirement and was accustomed to withdraw to cava* for m editations. He renounced tho world and its

pleasures, left his w ife and children and gave up taking meat. In his last days, ha f ir s t lived on one cup of milk d a ily ,b u t , towards tha end, he took nothing else except water, and died at the age of 63 , in 1438. Ha was buried in Charar, 20 miles south-west of Srinagar* (Hasan, op . c i t . . pp. 223- 24). Haidar M alik 's

216

statement that ha belonged to tha caata of tha Qombaa

and that hia father wee a robber, ia rathar strange, end probably baeed on common folklore*

The Nurbakhshiya Sect waa founded by Sayyid Plubammad b* PTuhammad b* Abdullah, born in Qa in inK S M e t fh in 1393. After hia daath in _1464 , hia sonShah Qaaim succeeded b in as tha k h a l ifa , who died in 1 5 7 3 (7 ) . Seyyid Pluhammed waa e diaciple of Khwaje Ishaq of Khatlan , who himself was diaciple of Seyyid

*Ali HamadanT. Khweja Iahaq gave him the t it le of "Nur Bakhsh” and conferred upon him the mantle of Seyyid fA lt Hama dan T, and then acclaimed him as the Hah dl. the Lord of hia time, and I mem. The movement waa of a myetical character, combining the b aliefe of pantheism of the S u fie , ShifZiam, and some of tha concepte of the Sunnie like lima, conaenaua of opinion* They claimed to enforce tha SharT at and root out innovationa. Thair ideas are contained inthe work called Flqh Ahuat. (for dataila , eeeHasan, oo . c i t * . pp . 283 -88).

Shaitch ShamaJud**orn ^IraqT was the founder of tha NurbakhehlyejSect in Kashm ir. He was born in th e _ villege of Kund near Solghan. Hia father wea a nuaavl Seyyid , and hia mother came from a Sayyid fam ily of Qaziv* It ia not known how ha waa converted to the Nurbakhshiya Sect, but he had a good education ang waa an eloquent apeakar. In 1481, Sultan Huaein Plirza Baiqarff (1469 *1506 ) sent him as an envoy to Kashm ir, to the court of Sultan Haaan Shah. He lived in Kaehmir for eight yeara, but carried on h ia miaaion a e c r it ly .He csnvereted 8 aba lama I I Kubravi and Saba N a jjar to hia fa it h .J iu t then, due to the eppeeition of the orthodox ulema, he waa compelled to leave tha place*While he waa in Ray, liv ing with Shah Qaaim, ha heard that Baba lama f l , whom he hed appointed h ie representative in Kaehmir, had renounced the NiTrbakhehlya fa ith and had relapaed into orthodoxy* S e , Shah qieim directed him to go to Kaehmir* He came to Kaaho&r in 1502 and on reaching Srinagar, won the confidence of Babe A l l N ajjar and handed over to him e l l hie d iacip lea . But the moat important convert waa fllea Raina, a powerful noble, who financed him to carry on h ia miaaionary work* He waa alae given land at 3adr Bal

to b u ild a khihqfh whoaa foundation waa la id in 1503*04 , and waa completed the next year . Once again , he faced oppeaition from Sayyid nubammad BaihaqX,Muhammad Shah ‘a prime minieter} and hia followers

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yers persecuted. So hs lsft Kashmir with f ift y af

his followers and went to Baltistan where hs converted many of its Buddhist inhabitants, to h is crssd . Hs remained thars for two Months and returned to Kashmir 1505. His grsat opportunity cams when, aftsr the f a l l of Shsms Chak, ftlsf Raina bscams ths prims m inister. By the tins Shsms ud-o£h disd , ths tiurbskhshiya had gainsd a strong footing in ths Vsllsy snd, aftsr his dsath, h is work was carried on by his son Qffhiyal and other of h is k h a llfa a . Ths data of his dsath is not known, but it ssams that hs must havs disd just bsfors the f ir s t invasion of Ksshmir by flfrza Haidar in 1533. (F or mors d etails , saa Hasan, o p . c i t . . pp. 285-87) •

Shaikh Bshs*ud-Qin was ths wsll knowh Kashm iri so ft Shaikh 8 aha*ud**0in Ganj Bakhsh, who disd in A .H . 843/ A .O . 1439. Kangt RlshT disd in A .O . 1070 and is burisd in ths v illags UahTgam, Pargana B an g il . (T a 'r ik h - i K a b ir , p p . 129-130),