jing-tang yang, 1, 2* miao-hsing hsu, 1, 2 yu-fen huang 2, 3 distinguished professor,...

Jing-Tang Yang,Jing-Tang Yang,1, 2*1, 2* Miao-Hsing Hsu,Miao-Hsing Hsu,1, 21, 2 Yu-Fen HuangYu-Fen Huang2, 32, 3

Distinguished Professor, [email protected] Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan

2 Office for Energy Strategy Development, National Science Council, Taipei 106, Taiwan

3 Science & Technology Policy Research and Information Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 106, Taiwan

November 6th, 2009 @ Kun-Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan

Renewable Energy Policies Renewable Energy Policies

and Technological and Technological

InnovationInnovation

International Symposium on International Symposium on

Green Technology and Professional CultivationGreen Technology and Professional Cultivation

永續再生能源政策規劃與科技創新永續再生能源政策規劃與科技創新永續再生能源政策規劃與科技創新永續再生能源政策規劃與科技創新

ContentsContents

Global Warming Global Trend in Renewable Energy Strategies for Attaining Renewable Energy Targets Renewable Energy Policy and Strategies in Taiwan Technology for Promoting Renewable Energy

Solar Energy Bioenergy Wind Energy Ocean Energy

Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Image Source: S. GENOVESE LEARNINGFUNDAMENTALS.COM.AU


Progress of International ResponsesProgress of International Responses

Kyoto Protocol entered into force

(Feb. 16, 2005)

Johannesburg Summit 2002

UNFCCC ratified;Rio Conventions

(1992)

March, 1994: UNFCCC

entered into force

Draft decisions forwarded;Marrakesh

Accords(COP-7, 2001)

COP-3, 1997:Proposal of the Kyoto Protocol;

targets for reduction of GHG emission are set

March, 2001: Refusal to approve by the United States

New negotiating process by 2009;

Bali Roadmap(COP-13, 2007)

Part II, COP-6, 2001:Bonn Agreements;the expansions of carbon sink credits

for Japan, Canada, and Russia are approved by

the EU to earn more international support

COP-9, 2003:Modalities/

Procedures forafforestation/reforestation

under the CDM

Completion of the Kyoto Protocol

COP-12, 2006:Nairobi Framework;

assisting the adoption of CDM for African nations

UNFCCC Negotiating Process of the Kyoto Protocol

April, 2008:Bangkok Climate

Change Conference

COP-14Dec. 2008

Poland

Kyoto Protocol

Timeframe of the Protocol

proposed; Buenos Aires Plan of Action(COP-4, 1998)

(Edited by Office for Energy Strategy Development, March, 2009)

COP-15, Dec. 2009, Denmark

Plan to ratify ‘Copenhagen Protocol’


Global Trend in Renewable EnergyGlobal Trend in Renewable Energy

Global primary energy demand forecastUnit: MKTOE

Note: Others include hydro, geothermal, biomass, solar, and wind energy.

Ref: Actual figures from BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2009; International Energy Outlook 2009, EIA

Actual Annual growth rate (%)

2008 1998~

2008

2006~

2030Amount %

Total 11,295 100 2.5 1.5

Oil 3,928 34.8 1.3 0.9

Natural Gas 2,726 24.1 3.0 1.6

Coal 3,304 29.3 4.2 1.7

Nuclear 620 5.5 1.1 1.6

Others 718 6.4 2.0 3.0

Year

Type


Global Trend in Renewable EnergyGlobal Trend in Renewable Energy

Regional consumption pattern 2008

North America S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Middle East Africa Asia Pacific

Ref: Actual figures from BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2009 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Ref: IEA

RE Target in major countries (Share of renewable in total electricity generation)

Global Trend in Renewable Energy

Country Target (Year)

Belgium 6.0% (2010)

United Kingdom 15.0% (2020)

Netherland 9.0% (2010)

Germany 12.5% (2010)

France 23.0% (2020)

EU-27 20.0% (2020)

Italy 25.0% (2010)

Denmark 30.0% (2020)

Korea Share of total renewable in TPES 5.% (2011)

Japan Share of total renewable in TPES 7%, 12,320 MW (2010)

United States Share of total renewable in TPES 15% (2012)

Australia Annual electricity production 9.5 billion kWh (2010)

China Share of total renewable in TPES 15% (2020)

Taiwan 15% (2025)Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Renewable Electric Power Capacity Renewable Electric Power Capacity (2008)(2008)


Ref: REN21 (2009), Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update, Renewable Energy Characteristics on Korea Electricity Market

Energy Policy for USAEnergy Policy for USA

President Obama’s New Energy for America planPresident Obama’s New Energy for America plan

Help create five million new jobs by strategically investing $150 billion over the next ten years to catalyze private efforts to build a clean energy future.

Within 10 years save more oil than we currently import from the Middle East and Venezuela combined.

Put 1 million Plug-In Hybrid cars -- cars that can get up to 150 miles per gallon -- on the road by 2015, cars that we will work to make sure are built here in America.

Ensure 10 percent of our electricity comes from renewable sources by 2012, and 25 percent by 2025.

Implement an economy-wide cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent by 2050.


Energy Policy Goals for EUEnergy Policy Goals for EU

CompetitivenessCompetitivenessInternal market, Interconnections,

EU electricity & gas network, Research &innovation

EnvironmentEnvironmentRenewable energy, Energy efficiency,

Nuclear, Emission trading, Research &innovation

Security of SupplySecurity of SupplyInt’l dialogue, EU stock management,

Diversification, Refining capacity, Research &innovation

Ref ： http://ec.europa.eu/energy/green-paper-energy/doc/2006_03_08_gp_slide_presentation_en.pdf

Balanced, Balanced, IntegrateIntegrate

d & d & Mutually Mutually

reinforced reinforced EPEP


European Union: GREEN PAPEREuropean Union: GREEN PAPER

Six priority areas have been identifiedSix priority areas have been identified • Completion of the Internal Energy Market (2007.7)• An Internal Energy Market Guaranteeing Security

of Supply• Sustainable, Efficient and Diverse Energy Mix• Tackling Climate Change• Strategic Energy Technology Plan• Common External Energy Policy

Ref ： Green Paper on a European strategy for sustainable, competitive and secure energy, SEC(2006) 317

An European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive & Secure EnergyAn European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive & Secure EnergyAn European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive & Secure EnergyAn European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive & Secure Energy


Energy Policy Targets for EUEnergy Policy Targets for EU

• Limiting Climate Change to 2oC• Target 2020Target 2020

20% EE (energy efficiency)20% GHG (compared to 1990 level)20% RES (2015 ： 15 %)；10 % Biofuels (2015 ： 8 %)

• Target 2050Target 205050% GHG (60-80 % for industrial countries)

Kyoto Protocol ： EU-15 are committed to reduce GHG Emission in 2008-2012 to 8% below 1990 level

Ref ： Towards a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (COM(2006)847)Limiting Climate Change to 2 oC- Policy Options for the EU and the World for 2020 and beyond

Business As Usual is not an Business As Usual is not an optionoption


To achieve the long-term target of “halving the world’s emissions by 2050”,

- development of innovative energy technologies is dispensable.

- Japan should lead with its world’s top level energy technologies.

To this end, this program identifies technologies which should be tackled by priority, creates road maps and considers international cooperation.

Energy Policy for JapanEnergy Policy for Japan

Cool-Earth Innovative Energy Technology ProgramCool-Earth Innovative Energy Technology Program


Global CO2 Emission

Future EstimatesFuture Estimates(BAU)(BAU)

Mid

-term

s

trateg

y

Global Efforts in Energy Conservation

Lo

ng

-term

Stra

teg

y

Current level 2020 2050

Innovative Technology

RD&D

Halve current global emissions （ Cool Earth

50 proposal ）

Stop and reverse global emissions via a framework that all major economies participates in.

Achievement of the ultimate Goal

Energy Policy for JapanEnergy Policy for Japan

Ref: Gen Hajime Ito, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Eighteenth General Meeting, 2009 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

1

18. HEMS/ BEMS/ Local-level EMS

13. High-Efficient house and building

14.Next-Generation High Efficiency lighting

16. Ultra High-Efficiency Heat pumps

17. High-Efficiency Information Device and System

9. Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle/ Electric Vehicle

7. IntelligentTransportSystem

1. High-Efficiency Natural Gas Fired Power Generation 6. High-Efficiency

Superconducting Power Transmission

4.Innovative Photovoltaic power Generation

11. Innovative materials,Production/ Processing

12. Innovative Iron and Steel making process

8. Fuel Cell Vehicle

Supply

sid

e

Efficiency improvement Low carbonization

15. Stationary Fuel Cell

2. High-Efficiency Coal Fired Power Generation

5. Advanced nuclearPower GenerationPower Generation

/ transmission

Power Generation/ transmission

IndustryIndustry

TransportationTransportation

CommercialCommercial

Dem

and s

ide

21. Hydrogen Production, Transport and Storage

19. High-Performance Power storage

20. Power Electronics

10.Production of Transport Biofuel

--““2121”” TechnologiesTechnologies to be Prioritizedto be Prioritized--

3. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)

3. CCS (restated)

Cross-cuttingCross-cutting

Cool-Earth Innovative Energy Cool-Earth Innovative Energy Technology ProgramTechnology Program

Source: Gen Hajime Ito, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Eighteenth General Meeting, 2009Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Enhanced competitiveness of national economy

New national developmentby securing growth engines

Higher quality of life by job creation &

improved environment

Green Koreaa mature global citizen

Energy Policy for KoreaEnergy Policy for Korea

Low Carbon Green

Growth


ImprovingQuality of Life

Contributingto theGlobal Efforts

FosteringClimate Industry

1. Improving energy efficiency industrial sector

2. Expanding R&D investment in Green Technologies

3. Developing key climate industries

1. Improving energy efficiency industrial sector

2. Expanding R&D investment in Green Technologies

3. Developing key climate industries

1. Enhancing quality of life (transportation)

2. Green life-style change3. Enhancing adaptation 4. Enhancing awareness and changing patterns5. Scientific monitoring and prediction

1. Enhancing quality of life (transportation)

2. Green life-style change3. Enhancing adaptation 4. Enhancing awareness and changing patterns5. Scientific monitoring and prediction

1. Setting aid-term mitigation goal2. Contributing to Post-2012

negotiations3. Active developing country assistance and international cooperation

1. Setting aid-term mitigation goal2. Contributing to Post-2012

negotiations3. Active developing country assistance and international cooperation

Energy Policy for Korea – Plan of ActionEnergy Policy for Korea – Plan of Action

““Low Carbon Green Growth”Low Carbon Green Growth”

Ref: Lee B.-G., Director general for climate change policy planning, 2008 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Providing stable environment and

renewable sources.

Energy Policy for TaiwanEnergy Policy for Taiwan

EnvironmentEnvironment EconomyEconomy

EnergyEnergyProviding sufficient

stable and affordable energy services.

Considering external cost when setting up economy structures

and development goals.

Sustainable Energy Sustainable Energy DevelopmentDevelopment


Improving energy efficiency: The goal is to improve energy efficiency by more than 2 % per annum, so that when compared with the level in 2005, energy intensity will decrease 20% by 2015. Supplemented by further technological breakthroughs and proper administrative measures, energy intensity will decrease 50% by 2025.

Developing clean energy: (1) Reduce nationwide CO2

emission, so that total emission could return to its 2008 level between 2016-2020, and be further reduced to the level of 2000 in 2025.

(2) Increase the share of low carbon energy in electricity generation systems from the current 40% to 55% in 2025.

Securing stable energy supply: Build a secure energy supply system to meet economic development goals, such as 6% annual economic growth rate from 2008 to 2012, and 30,000 USD per capita income by 2015.

Energy Policy for TaiwanEnergy Policy for Taiwan


73.15Million KLOE

135.71Million KLOE

142.47Million KLOE

92.19Million KLOE

13.8% 0.6% 4.4% 1.2%52.7%

27.3%

7.3% 1.2% 7.4% 0.6%

51.0%

32.5%

11.6% 0.6% 6.1% 0.9%51.2%

29.6%

8.3% 0.3% 9.2% 0.2%

49.5%

32.5%

5.0%

Energy Supply Patterns Energy Supply Patterns in Taiwanin Taiwan

Ref: Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2009 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

The Distributions of Energy Consumption The Distributions of Energy Consumption in Taiwanin Taiwan

Ref: Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2009

119.31 Million KLOE111.60

Million KLOE

81.72 Million KLOE

66.61 Million KLOE

7.0%

3.8%11.5%

11.3%1.0%

51.5%

12.8%

8.0%

3.9%11.2%

11.3%1.6%

48.8%

14.3%

8.9%

4.6%11.2%13.0%

1.5%

42.7%

16.8%10.2%

4.7%10.2%11.6%

2.2%

44.3%

17.2%9.8%

2 1

3


Renewable Energy Potential in TaiwanRenewable Energy Potential in Taiwan

Source: SRB, 2007

PotentialPotential Evaluation criteriaEvaluation criteria

Solar PV: 3,450 MW 1.15 m households: 3 kW each Annual peak o/p: 1,200 hr

From DOI data for 1992~2004, total building roof top projected area equal 115,139,400 m2, the estimate is based on a 30% installation ratio and each kWp requiring 10 m2 .

Wind Power: 4,800 MW On-shore: 1,600 MW Off-shore: 3,200 MW Annual full-load o/p: 2,500 hr

Considering only regions with annual wind speed > 5m/s and wind density > 200 W/m2, after eliminating restricted zones, current estimate yielded on-shore wind farm potential of more than 1,600 MW.Offshore potential ： estimate of ~1,200 MW for shallow seabed (5~20 m depth), preliminary estimate give ~ 2,000 MW for deeper seabed.

Biomass: 7.6 MKLOE/y Bio-crop: 2.6 MKLOE/y Wastes: 5.0 MKLOE/y

Estimated from bio-crop, cellulose resources and wastes :• Bio-crop and cellulose 2.6 MKLOE (ex. Napier grass, 145 K hectare)

• Municipal Wastes 12 mTon • Industrial Wastes 4.32 mTon (organic non-toxic waste incl. paper rejects, wastes plastics, …)

• Bio-gas 88 x 107 m3 (incl. industrial and agricultural waste waters recycling)

Geothermal: Shallow reservoirs: 600 MWe

(0-3000m) Deep reservoirs: under (3000-10000m) evaluation

Power generation potentials for shallow reservoirs is estimated to be 600 MWe.

Preliminary evaluations on power generation potentials for deep reservoirs is underway for Ilan-Luodong-Sansing and Tatun area.Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Target for Renewable PowerTarget for Renewable Power Develop indigenous/sustainable renewable resources as

supplemental power. Utilize this new market and promotional efforts to induce establishment of new energy industries.

Target for 2025 is set at 8,450 MW.

Strategies for Attaining Renewable Energy Strategies for Attaining Renewable Energy Targets in TaiwanTargets in Taiwan

2009.022009.02 20252025

MW % MW %

1. Hydro 1,938 4.3 2,500 4.4

2. Wind Power 328 0.7 3,000 5.3

3. Solar Power 5.7 0.0 1,000 1.8

4. Geothermal --- 150 0.3

5. Biomass 772 1.7 1,400 2.5

6. Fuel Cell --- 200 0.4

7. Ocean Energy --- 200 0.4

Total 3,043 6.7 8,450 15.1

8. Solar Thermal 1.78 M m2 4.09 M m2 Ref: Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2009 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Image Source: http://www.z0575.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2326

Ocean EnergyOcean Energy

Image Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/vividy69/3049898423/

BioenergyBioenergy

Image Source: http://www.glop.org/junk/sun.jpg

Solar EnergySolar Energy

Wind EnergyWind Energy

Image Source: Eugene Lin, 2007

Technology for Promoting Renewable EnergyTechnology for Promoting Renewable Energy


1998-2008 1998-2008 Global Cumulative PV Capacity Global Cumulative PV Capacity

Source: EPIA, Global market outlook for photovoltaics until 2013, 2009

>65%

15%

8%

By 2015, the capacity will reach 65,000 MWp


Types of Solar CellsTypes of Solar Cells

(b) a-Si/c-Si

Crystalline

Heterojunction withintrinsic thin-layer (HIT)

Amorphous(Si, Si alloy, SiGe, SiC, etc.)

Microcrystalline

Bulk

Thin Film

Silicon type

Compound type

Organic typeDye-sensitized

Thin solid film

Solarcells

Already commercializedPartially commercializedUnder development

Ref: KRI Report No. 8: Solar Cells, 2005/2

High efficiency

Low costHigh efficiency

High efficiency

Single crystalline(GaAs, etc.)

Polycrystalline(CuInSe2, CuInGaSe2, CdS, CdTe, etc.)

(a) Single crystalline (sc-Si)(b) Polycrystalline (poly-Si)

(a) c-Si

(a) Wet type(b) Solid type

(a) Schottky junction(b) Organic heterojunction(c) Donor/acceptor(d) Molecular device


Poly-Si Ingot Wafer Solar Cell PV Module PV System

Silicon PV Supply Chain in TaiwanSilicon PV Supply Chain in Taiwan

IngotWafer

Cell Module

System

silicon

Ref: EPIA, Photovoltaic energy electricity from the sun, 2009

More than 80 companies7 in silicon wafer45 in module29 in system

Rely on oversea market and material supply98% of wafers imported97% of solar cells exported


US$60-80/kg US$75-150/kg US$1.5-2.5/Wp US$1.85/Wp US$4.85/Wp (Data of 2007) US$400-517/kg US$11/Wp US$2.02/Wp US$4.84/Wp (Data of 2008) US$140-150/kg US$125/kg US$4.2-4.5/Wp US$2.05/Wp US$4.39/Wp (Data of 2009)

Ref: Frankl, Menichetti and Raugei, 2008.

The shift of PV technology market shares The shift of PV technology market shares until 2050until 2050

2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050


Source: Tokyo Tech. 2009

Innovative Photovoltaic Power Generation Innovative Photovoltaic Power Generation

in Japanin Japan


2010 2020

450

150

500

0

1,000

2015

Solar Cell Industry in TaiwanSolar Cell Industry in Taiwan

Ref: SRB, 2007; IMEC; Science, 2007, 317, 222-225

2008101 billion NTD

Status: More than 50 manufacturers for wafer, solar cell, module and 29 for system. Annual output and Motech were rank fourth and 8th in the world in 2008.

Problem: Lack of Si raw materials and production equipment autonomy; Need turnkey-technology; Module need to obtain international verification; Thin film module detection and system technology yet to be established.

Strategy: Speed up R&D in high-efficiency and low-cost solar cell; Set up the capacity of autonomous materials supply; Expand the testing and verification capacity of solar cell module; Enhance the capacity of system design; Strengthen the economic incentive of system installation.

billion NTD

The 3rd generation of new material / technology of the flexible organic solar cell manufacturing industry

1,000Thin film solar cell manufacturing industry None-vacuum printing manufacturing industry Material manufacturing industry

of polycrystalline silicon System Integration industryTesting and verification service


BiofuelBiofuel

I

II III

IV

Industry waste

Miscanthus

Crops

Algae


Gasoline

Fossil Fuels

Sugarcane Ethanol

Biomass

Cellulosic

Biomass

Fuel

Energy Used

19%Reduction

28%Reduction

52%Reduction

78%Reduction 86%

Reduction

Gre

enho

use

Gas

Em

issi

ons

Ref: Environ. Res. Lett. 2007, 24001

Well-to-wheels GHG emission changes by fuel Well-to-wheels GHG emission changes by fuel ethanol relative to gasolineethanol relative to gasoline

-3%Reduction

Corn Ethanol

BiomassCurrent Average

Natural Gas


E5E3 E23-25 E85 E100

United States ChinaCanadaThailand

E10

EUIndiaSweden

TaiwanJapan

Brazil SwedenUnited StatesCanada

Brazil

2008 Global Biofuel Ethanol Market2008 Global Biofuel Ethanol Market

USA: Currently about 400,000 bpd of ethanol is used in gasoline and is projected to be 2.3 million bpd by 2022. Over 1.3 million bpd of ethanol are to be produced from non-corn raw materials.

Brazil: Brazilian gasoline is 23% ethanol and two out of every three cars sold are Flex models that can run on either gas or ethanol.

Sweden: Goal to be oil free by 2020 and ethanol (E95) combustion in Diesel engine.


Challenge of BiofuelChallenge of Biofuel


19901991 1992 19931994 1995 19961997 1998 19992000 20012002 2003 20042005 2006 200720080

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

120000

130000

EU Global without EU

MW

Year

1990-2008 1990-2008 Global Cumulative Wind Power CapacityGlobal Cumulative Wind Power Capacity

2008120,791 MW

Ref: EWEA, 2009

By 2015, the capacity will reach 600,000 MW


Past and present wind turbines

Future wind turbines?

Growth in size of commercial wind turbine designsGrowth in size of commercial wind turbine designs

Source: Garrad Hassan, EWEA, 2009 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Wind energy is used in more than 70 countries - Denmark, India, South Africa, USA, UK, Germany, EU,

Australia, Spain,…

Driving forces for off-shore wind energy- Saturating on-shore wind fields - Steadier and abundant off-shore wind conditions

Taiwan- Taiwan is rich in wind-energy resources, both on-shore and off-shore.- Off-shore wind fields are preferred due to limited land areas available for on-shore wind fields.

Status of Wind Energy Technology DevelopmentStatus of Wind Energy Technology Development


Ref: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2006.

Design-Assessment

TypeTesting

ManufacturingEvaluation

CharacteristicMeasurements

ConcludingEvaluation

TypeCertifiable

Issues of wind conversion in TaiwanIssues of wind conversion in Taiwan -Certification and Testing of Wind Turbines


Build a Competent W.E. IndustryBuild a Competent W.E. Industry in Taiwanin Taiwan

Source: SRB, 2007

1.Targeting global supply chains for key components Enforcing offset requirement to link local suppliers to global system

integrators. Focusing initially on high demands key components, including blades,

gear boxes, generators, and converters.

2. Developing technologies of niche competency Design technologies against extreme seismic and wind loads. Intelligent monitoring and control technologies. Innovative offshore systems.

3. Building an infrastructure for long term development Providing tariff and carbon trade incentives to investors. International collaborations in areas of wind field development, wind

turbine testing, and offshore engineering. Campaigning an international offshore system development project

leading by W.E. Consortium.

1.Targeting global supply chains for key components Enforcing offset requirement to link local suppliers to global system

integrators. Focusing initially on high demands key components, including blades,

gear boxes, generators, and converters.

2. Developing technologies of niche competency Design technologies against extreme seismic and wind loads. Intelligent monitoring and control technologies. Innovative offshore systems.

3. Building an infrastructure for long term development Providing tariff and carbon trade incentives to investors. International collaborations in areas of wind field development, wind

turbine testing, and offshore engineering. Campaigning an international offshore system development project

leading by W.E. Consortium.Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Ocean EnergyGlobal

Potential(TWH / Year)**

Technology Types

Tidal Energy 300+ Ebb generation, Two-basin schemes

Wave Energy 80,000Attenuator, Overtopping, OWC, OWSC, Point

absorber, Submerged pressure differential

Tidal Current 800+Horizontal/ Vertical-axis turbine, Oscillating

hydrofoil, Venturi

Thermal gradient(OTEC)

10,000Open Cycle, Closed Cycle, Hybrid,

Thermo-dynamic Rankine cycle

Salinity Gradient 2,000 Semi-permeable osmotic membrane

Present Global Electricity Production (TWh/Year) * 17,400

Coal-fired Power, Nuclear Power, Hydro Power, Solar and Wind Power, etc.

Ref: IEA-OES, 2006, “Ocean Energy- Opportunity, Present Status And Challenges”; IEA-OES, 2006, “Review and analysis of ocean energy systems development and supporting policies”

Global Potential and Technology of Ocean EnergyGlobal Potential and Technology of Ocean Energy


Number of systems in development per country, Number of systems in development per country, broken down by technology typebroken down by technology type

Source: Powertech Labs Report, IEA-OES, 2008 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Source: Renewables in Global Energy Supply, IEA, January 2007

World long-term renewable-energy potential World long-term renewable-energy potential for electricity generationfor electricity generation


Current Status of Ocean Energy TechnologyCurrent Status of Ocean Energy Technology

Device Development - WaveDevice Development - Wave

Source: Prof. Robin Wallace, 2009 Yang, Hsu, & Huang, 2009

Image: Aquamarine Power

OYSTER - 300-600 kW

Device Development - WaveDevice Development - Wave



Open Hydro – 250 kW

Device Development - TidalDevice Development - Tidal

Image: M.-H. Hsu, 2009; EMEC



Device Development - TidalDevice Development - TidalMulti-pin pile Dual Propeller – MCT SeaGen – UK 1500 kW

Image: M.-H. Hsu, 2009



Optimal Combination for Electricity Supply Optimal Combination for Electricity Supply

Use of deep sea water & thermal gradient

Off-shore wind energy

PV

Waves

Ocean pasturage

Tides & tidal current

Energy Transmission Energy StorageOcean Engineering


Thanks for Your Attention!

Environment/Energy/Economics

Acknowledgment: Colleagues of ESD Office; NSC 98-3114-P-002-002

jing-tang yang, 1, 2* miao-hsing hsu, 1, 2 yu-fen huang 2, 3 distinguished professor,...

Documents

energy strategy development

international energy

renewable energyyang

renewable energystrategies

koreashare of total

japanshare of total

miaohsing hsu

kyoto protocol targets