jim yellow book
TRANSCRIPT
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Legible London
Yellow Book
A prototype wayfnding
system or London
LegibleLondo
n
YellowBook
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Legible London
Yellow Book
A prototype wayfnding
system or London
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Legible London
Yellow Book
A prototype waynding
system or London
Developed by AIG or
the London boroughs,
Transport or London,
London Development
Agency, Londons
land-owners and its
travelling, resident and
visiting public.
Produced and published or
Transport or London by
Applied Inormation Group
2007 Transport or London
First edition November 2007
This book is in two
sections. The rst hal is
an overview in the orm
o an essay outlining the
background, research
and development work
that has culminated in
the Legible London
prototype waynding
system or the West End.
The second hal is a
visual summation that
shows the application
o theories, concepts
and ndings that ormthe oundations o the
waynding system.
Contents
5 Introduction
7 Legible London the story so ar
By Jim Davies
26 Whos it or?
Dierent people, goals and journeys
Ways o seeing understanding cities
Above ground as well as underground
32 Guiding principles
The role o named places
Looking or clues inormation journeys
Providing answers to p eoples questions
38 Prototype in the West End
Getting eedback rom the street
Evolving the design
Universal design
Sign locations
Family o sign types or walkers
Mapping to help people orientate
Product innovation
Continuity above and below the streets
Map o landmarks
Fitness or purpose
60 Feedback
61 Glossary
62 Reerences
62 Sources & Bibliography
64 Acknowledgements & Credits
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D
Introduction
L e y w . Te My v me e he w m w ey e y 2015. W ejye,ee ee vy m pepe, eey p he
eveyy jey.
Lee L wy pje ee pve ee mhh he Cp pepe wh w w. A y e wye eh p L h he pee me pee yem e L e eeve e , h hee w eqe ve-ee he e mp hep pepeve ve .
p L h we wh he L Devepme Aey pehp wh L Bh evep wy pv ew m he p, e ee pyem, p heh, he emy, m he evme.
T e he y he e evepme Lee L p
he pype he Ox See e, mpv m Chm hppe m Nveme 2007.
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Lee L he e , e e m he p e ey e whee jme mpveme mh e me.
A me pepe hh e he w m mpex e, Lee L e pve e eeh,
py he pe me mpp. B w exmpe e pe he w, he yem h hve he e me, B Lee Cy he uk R S yem, whh h ee
pv wh e 1964.
Te Ox See pype, , p he Lve, Ox See, Ree See, B See A A P heRe See (me my orb), whh m ejvee he We Ehpp . orb m mpe, m. e he p
L We E e he w peme m eh em we pe ve, ex pe v, vhpp e h he w y mh. Te orb A P e h hh eqe pp m my ee pe.
heve orb jeve ve 100 ee eve he p em
hee e e e, he e h, he e e. Te orb A P ee h mpv hepee v ey he e v he e hehee ey e ee he mmee e. T whee heLee L yem e py e hep pepe expe he e .
Ox See e hppe w h. B eve je pe hpp ze. J he wee e he ee e S Chphe Pe Myee Hh See wh hehe he e. he h hee B See wh hh-qye, Sh M See, wh pme h, jeweey ee hp. Ree See h my we-w . CySee e-eh e he e ye hppe.
ehm C R we w ee pmee e. Hep pepe ee hee y e p ee vey ey p he orb ey.
Ove 200 m pepe v he We E eh ye, pe ve 4.7 .Sme 87 pe e hem he mve . w Chm,hee e e y. S Ox See Deeme em
pe me e he Lee L wy yem. E WeE hppe e m a b Chm he m ee
West End acts
200 million visitors
4.7 billion spending each year
87% o visitors move on oot
41% dont wander o
the main roads.1
SymbolThe Legible London walker
instantly recognisable and
derived rom the universal
symbol to represent walking.
Which way to Christmas?
w h, ee, pe ww py, p. Smehw, Ch m hpp L We E ehee ey .
I he p Chm 2007, , -e Ox See hppehve ee hepe he wy y ew wy yem. I w hem qy e he e e hp he, e e,em mem, e. T he he-e me he e ehe pveme he w. Pe e , me y qey he vee pee, he h ewwy yem pee m ey, y y wy h h ey ee empe ee.
So what's new?
My h ee ee e yh wh he wy we h whewee mv m e pe he.
F exmpe, evey p e ee p wee, hw we
y ee e pe he. I e ee mp ee e vey qy y he mmee , hw hw hee e he . Smpe 3d w e hveee pe he mp x ve p pepe m. A e,ey e hehy pe me h ee evepe pepe ppee he ee e he p.
A h e he wh eye p we hee yew wh ppe he p eh p, e . Teym pee whe h weve e h m vme he YewB.
Te Ox See heme pype pje e Lee L.
T ppe ew pee wy yem hep pepe ve he p p he My we mmme m L y w e y. Lee L ppe y he My L,p L (tl), he L Devepme Aey my L he, wh w-hw m m e y aig. I e j e, p ehe mpemey w e y heee .
Te Ox See pype w mpemee p he ey ppe
An essay by Jim Davies.
Jim is an author and design
commentator whose work
has appeared widely in
international design magazines
and national newspapers.
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2012, e, j he mmee p. Te ey he mve veme e e w e e ee me. Whh whymey ee e pe wey heme h w me e eee he
eveyy ve Le.
Oe he My m L m e he m
w-ey e he w y 2015. e, pv peeh ee phy e w e he uk . L he e wh e eme mj ep he p, pmme h y mpve ze qy e. Epepe w whee hey me mh ee em p, pheh, he evme. Lee L ey eeme we pmme pp w he p.
ejye wy w e hee. B e h w ee hem me ejy my me me .
A he ppe h yem p he ex eme pee heWe E he e me ye, h e we he m
yem he p p we pmme mpve he ey L ee p pe.
Legible London how we got here
The Mayors vision
Fm he e, L ee e he w ee e , e hee me h h. Pepe wh ey ve he y ee hee w wy e pey eeee mpvehe evme.
Tee ey pee L p e, h e ey. Ove he ex 20 ye, eme h L ppw w y e 800,000.1 I my wy h e ppy. Te
pp ee he em pe h e w h ee ehee me L y e y.
Te My h e e v L e hee mpemeyheme: vee em wh; vy; mempveme evme meme e ee. Che eew e ey eve, wh empy m e 30S My Axe ( Te Ghe) e Me he Sh B ehew e hee. My e L w ee e w eee . Tee vve evepme w hh he p, e e zz ee expe.
2012 and all that
A hee mme y he . Te L 2012 Oymp Pymp Gme e j he e, v ey hemy ve pp L ee, he e. Upeeeeme pepe m he uk ve he w w f he p 2012, mp h hey ee weme e ey. Tee ee ee e e me. Eveye w ehe w mm .
What the Mayor wants
Strong and diverse
economic growth
Social inclusivity
Improvements in
environmental management
and use o resources
Londons population
set to increase
14.3% increase to 8.5 million
people by 2029.2
7.4 m
8.5 m
Where to next?
As unprecedented numbers o
people fock to London or the2012 Games, its crucial that
measures are in place to help
them navigate the city.
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Commercial
A w -ey y -ey y, he emy
ee ey. Ree ppee hv pepe w phe hp ee p e mpe y. Fe pepe, w m mee pve me
h, p j hv e e he he.Te Cp L, exmpe, h ee he ee m hh-qy w evme he Cy L.P, e me ee pve eve eveeme eey.
Health
Te Che Me Oe ee w he ee h pee exee. Am he h, ee he yhe ee, ey e, we pee, ee hhhee y , ee e ey, ehe me
we e. A w-me w he e e he .
We ee h w , pey evey.Te ex ep ee y me hh pmme mpveme he w we-ee,
e p m yem. S hw we heve h?
The Walking Plan or London
W me e y e ppe y p e.L ee wh ve, ph, p, w, mp qe,me m, w ee, he he em, w- h hee. I he w, hee pey ee pey e ve .
Th w me p y ve, w evme
meme p pepe . Te W P L ee he ee ee e, ve ee evme h mpve Leexpeee he ee he e w . T p ee heey e eev w L e hw hey e ee p -eeve wy.
The case or walking
Lee L pe he p me. We eve he m h , whee pepe e eepve em he pve w he me e he h jey L. Te p em
me phe we evme epy, hee h eee wy. W py mp e mL hehe, me pe y, e ee pe pe.
I h yh eve y w. A me p, ey ve em ee p, e,e e. W e, evmey ey ee. I e he e m exee w m, ee e e. Me pepe he ee me e ee.
Ye, epe hee p p, w e ve wy me ve h p.
Hee e me he pve ee w:
Transport
W ey 15.4 m y p L.F he p, hh y ee, ee ejye wy
mv he y, he vme pepe w , m he ee L m. E pepe w me hep ee pee he p p yem, m me ee e vewe. R pe e ee p, ee hep ee wy.
Society
W ee vey, e me ey mphee he ee, we ee v pe wehp. See me ee y hv me ppe ee, pepe ee e e. Be ee, w h hy y ve. De m he ee evme wh he ee pepewh my mpme m y ee he
epeee. I ee he wh e empy emeewh e, hpp e.
Environmental
W y e m p. I e
p, pe co em, h e evmemp. I me pepe we me e, we hve e e, ee q y. A -e L wy yem ee v phy e he p ee.
Health benets o walking
reduces obesity
lessens risk o heart disease
lowers blood pressure
reduces high cholesteroland body at
increases bone density
enhances mental wellbeing 2
Journeys per day
Walking accounts or the
majority o journeys in
London already.
Walking trips
Other trips
55%
45%
Walking trips
Composition o the 15.4 million
daily trips made on oot.1
Walk or pleasure
walk to access publictransport
Walk A-B
36%
37%
27%
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w. Tee e m hh-pe mpveme he p em (h m p Pme Sqe) hh ew . Bee
pee ey, mpve ee h m w e mpv he pee .
Wy ey mpe he we pmme w. I eehe ee e hw he p ehe ve ee
v he ee w expe he y. M wy w
pepe me h, we mme ehe pp mve w me ee e yem wm h he y.
Mixed signals
L qe. I jm-pe m pe ee, y h y wy whe ye w. Ue he New Y, he mp, -ee Amem,L h e ee. Te y me p h e ehh h, wh pe mze ee, meee, ee .
Te mzy, ee ee e L hve evve yve he ee, whh my he y hm he, me y he pee ve. Oe L me p my peee, e e wh ve hh he ee. Depehe mp h , e hw h e eve
Le hve e he wy , qewy e .
Te hee vme he pem. I he Lee Ly e y tl mme y he Ce L Pehp,m e y aig ee e 32 epe wy
yem pee he e Ce Ch Ze e.
Tee yem me wh h p eee m, e qy.De me e e. S e e. De vy , hpe, ypee, me . Sme e meppey, e v m. Tee mm he p ee . By , e m vehe e, e epe h he y e hee eee .
L mpex y, he e e wy yem hve
Where am I?
One in seven Londoners cant
nd their way around the city
easily. One in our worry about
getting lost.2
The Walking Plan or London aims to:
C-e evey he evep he p, m e peeee e e me
Ee m he p v phe me mp
Impve ee y w p ee, evep ee
pee ew mpeme mpveme
Devep ee mee mpve pee ewevepme ehe
Impeme ey ey mee hep pee
Aheve he My v wh e meme, wh h w eqe ee e eve.
By 2012, e L he Oymp ze h hve ee evee
h exmpe pee-ey e. h e, he My L w ey wh p L he L h, me he ee me mee ve w, mpv
e e p, e me. Te m m heMy V me L e he m we e he wy 2015 (mpe e eve 2000).
W ey 80 pe e p e me he mwy whh p p ee L. A me p,w w e w h pp wh ( a b p), hweve,he wh pemy e e L. A we a b p,w py mp e ee vy h L p p pe.
Ahe pe, e, hve e e py v e he ve pee e L.A e e he Mem Be, exmpe, whh w ppevy ee eh he, pe p ex ew pe
ve . Ie wy phyy j ee e, ee, wwy, pee-pe e, w ee pepe
w he h h he me p.
Tee mpveme he evme e p wepmme veme e m ee he My v L e he w em w-ey
e. Ove he ex hee ye, he My tl w e vem p w heme y h ee
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m eye. We vey p wh e me mp w y. Ay e wy yem ee pp pepe
he me mp (e hey e vee L).
Mental mapping
Cve ee eeh w he ee e h hw we eveppe e he ep p he phy evme y hem p me mp pe, e , evey,e. Te me mp we y eph, evve heehp ewee meme e hey e eev ee. T he hppmp e he whh, , ee L ve.
Te wy mey mp e me h whe we ee ew e, we wh pe v e p, whh m ey he wy yem (e). Fm hee, we eewee hee p. We p wee he e he e(y) , y, e e (ehh). Sep y ep,we p wee ee me mp we hve mhm we ee. Pepe ew L p e e p wee e, ehh.
B h y me me my. A p L hve me m. I Ce L, e (Sh, Cme w,Cve Ge, Chw) m (Te L Eye, B Be, we Be,Cy Wh ), ee, qe he me mpppe. Ohe p L hve he w ve e m,
efe he y ev m phw , ee, v e w h hve y je ehe he y h w. B he w e ee e hee pee wee he y ephy mee eev e, e e. A h ppe he he he p wy yem w mp L.
Te e me mp we hve, he me e we e w e exp ew e . L ee L ee vepepe he pmp ee pp he pe me mpp.
Fm he hey e eeh, he y mve ex phe e e Lee L. T h vve eep vee he e ee h -e, L-we peeyem w ee.
me eve we vey ee. T efe he vey he e epe e mee he ee evme L. Te L h e he h he e m he p L R New (tlrn). New Rme he m wy . L Ue me he e
. I , hee e my evepme, e ppeyp e wh pe e. Tee e Be ImpvemeD, he Ge Ee, -e pehp h
e h h me mmee he ShB Empye Gp.
My hee ee hve evepe he w myem he w ppe. Eveyh hee yem e
ey ee e e y ee p y ew pmme he y m ppe wh he hwe. B my e, ppe h m yem hve ee evepe . w em m mmee, he e e me e, pvee. Fm h p w, we ee me he ee pee,he h h e pve pm p e e.
Te , e, mve w me hee pph pee m L whe. T ee e e me he ee ppe h peve e h, e pepe wh hey ee w whe hey ee w , m hem wh eev, pey m.
Developing the Legible London approach
I ee ye, me he L eewhee heuk hve ee w evep -e pee m mpp yem. p L vveme h pe e 2005 whe ppe he mm eeh y hh heCe L Pehp, y whh epee eve h we
e ee m e L. Te ep, ee Le e L-A Wy Sy, w phe Mh 2006. Te e L h ee he y e he -ppe pp hepje hh he ex e. A pee Deeme 2006 epeeve m L h ee w e w, pv hewy he ve h .
A he he he Lee L pph pee m he e me mpp. Te me we ve p e, he ee eme
A Wayfnding Study
Identied the need and method
or creating a more Legible
London, and has gained
in-principle support rom
central London Boroughs.
The knowledge
Asked How much o theGreater London area do you
think you know?, 45% o
people answered 10% or less.1
75%
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Feasibility studies
Ae he e e ve, p ey e wee e pehp wh he Sh B Empye Gp he L Bh Rhm e he vy he wy yem w vey ee
L evme.Te Sh B /We e e he ey p h he y.I v me Te L Eye he me e he y, w v he ve he pepe-me e he Ry Fev H, e Me he Ge Tee, whhe e y. Ce L w e ey e 2012, wh my pepe y he y ve m hee e L wh he Gme.
Ie he Rhm, wehm Kew e e qe ee. Teee me pee e, wh e ee, he m hee hee p hee ee h. Te he w h e eee, hep e wh eeme he heme w vey, e whee me e pph my e eey.
P ey e e pv p m e h Lee Lw h. Tey pve ey p ve, p-pe h he j we he h ee he e. Tee e he expeee p eve e he w e.
I e, exmpe, -e me y w e me pe he ee eve pp y e ex.Ieve e y e e he e expeee eemm ve. Smy, wh L ee L mp pe he p we -. Repeve e y he p.
Ohe e eeh whh pp he Lee L pphemme e:
Research Business International 2002
Whh h 66 pe e vee w e we p p, e e hw w mp.Am h e h h 80 pe e, eve my-we mme he e 60 pe e.
MORI study or the London Borough o Islington 2005T epe h 49 pe e epe h ee e mp-e , hee 83 pe e wee e h he hhepe hem he wy. Mp h e 66 pe e wh he
Walking maps
Ater being shown a walking
map, 66% o travellers would
consider walking instead o
using public transport. Among
tourists, this gure increases
to 80 per cent.2
h e, ee eeh pmme wee mme. Tee ehe aig/ls We Jey ep, ve e L , whh hweh e e jey he e ew e L e e h
2km , e m h p. aig W e Sy mee jey ewee ee he me e w
ve . Am he h, h 55 pe e 109 jeyewee p e L wee qe w. A tl y wy e h e 25 pe e pee e he emp my e a- he wy L y,ehe hee e h ee ee eve he ee w .
Ohe tl eeh eve h e w m Le pve, my ee he e heh evme ee.w-h Le wee eepve w me ve he ex ye wh w he ye pp (e 35) wme. Sx e Le w e me mve w hee wee me e he pveme wee ee. H w e me mve hee w mem w/pe ee.
Quantifed savings
Ahe tl-mme ep y p em C Bh,me pve eve ey e. T eeh e evepee he pype heme w ee e evewe ew, he e mpe.
qy pe jey me v wh he e L e,Bh evewe 1,500 pee e me he me pepe whe e e e h ee. Jey wee he mppe whehe epe h e he qe e. Ae hee he vey p he me pee p e CeL, w eme h me v pe p pe pe w eweeve pee eve pee pee h e qe w e.
Bh ee he pe ee m mpv he qy hew evme. Bee e: ee we ee; ee he wy; ee e; mpve mee; me peey.
Eve evve mp, he ee weh he . Te pp heee pve e e, pee L ee L whwhe veme.
Estimated beneft
Reducing the numbers o
people who get lost or take
longer than necessary journeys
could result in time savings
per trip per person o between
5p and 7p.1
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I Je 2006, Ce L Pehp e y- whp Se We Tee, whee he, p pe, epehp, he, veme epme, he pe,
evme p my he me ehe e pee he Lee L heme. Whp e y expe he
epeve e expe , hwe ehy, peme,ee v e p mee e. Te eveee we ehm he pje, wh pp ee w whehe ex e w e he.
The Legible London Exhibition
I Oe 2006, exee p , he Lee LExh w he New L Ahee Se See, L c1. Te ve, eve exh x mh, w pe
he ee p. Th ee em, hwe he m ppe pp pee wy hhhe mpe eepe L. Fee m m he exh
hwe h ey 60 pe e pepe wh ee he ex h h e m he e w e hee.
me e wh he ex h, we e e whe ww w.ee., exp he e L eeL, v v eve he ee e p ep. Te e e m 3000 v he hee wee heexh, wh he p hw h 45 pe e L ee epee, whe 54 pe e ejye w wee pepe me . Ohe ee hwe h 35 pe e epe w e pepe w p h y.
Tee w me ee mme e he . Rep heqe Wh ee L v e?, Pee mmee: e m m pepe peep me e. We he me
pepe wh v Hh See Ke, whe he Ke Hh See, Khe whe hey e he H Bmp R. Jme me p ee e: I h L e y, I he y e I e he ee
peeve hy he, e pepe ey? I wmeh e h w mey me he eee eve e.
Ask the audience
Several consultation events,including an exhibition at
New London Architecture,
were organised to gauge
public opinion and collect
responses to add to the
development process.
Conused?
25% o people ound current
street signs in London
conusing, while 4% thought
they were world class.1
Consultation
Legible London has been
discussed with many groups
including:
Transpor t or London
The Mayors Oce
Greater London Authority
London Development
Agency
Design or London
Visit London
Central London Partnership
Mos t o Londons 33
Boroughs including:
City o Westminster LB o Camden
LB o Islington
LB o Southwark
RB o Kensington & Chelsea
LB o Lambeth
LB o Richmond-u-Thames
LB o Hackney
Corporation o London
New West End Company
South Bank Employers Group
Major Landowners
Depart ment or Transport
CABE
Metropolitan Police
Accessibility Groups
RNIB
The urban and inormation
design communities
The general public
jey, wh 47 pe e y h he mp h eehem w. Oy 5 pe e h hey hem e.
e ehe, h m pp he vew h eee m ey pee L e expee
eve ve. Jey me me mp he whe me e whehe w. Mp py mp p m hee jme.
Getting everyone involved
p L e he y eh L ee L h -e pe he eqe eeh evepme wh heL Devepme Aey. B hee e my he ehe wh hveee e, ep me pe, pye he p he wy.Iee e e y wy e vyvee, me e eveye w wh he ee pph, w mp ee he wh mh e ee.
Lee L h pve weme ppy ee Lee me ehe w w mm m e ppe, w-ey y h ey ee he p e. Iepee e e h me he , wee ee p L, he My Oe, he L Devepme Aey,Ce L Pehp, he L h, he e m e mme, he ee, we he ee ehe. I pv mpex, mey ew expeee.
Im h, - -pe e v mv heve ey w, he weh j vee e hee me mmem ehm h pe wh e eyw . I he me heve ey y he ee hee wy yem.
Th he ey evepme Lee L, eep he myeee pe me vve h ee ey py. me eh hppee, ee e ve wee e eme he e y emme.
B Deeme 2005, he Lee L y w peee meeee y he e L h we epeeve m mye L h. Te ep w pvey eeve, hee w eeppv he ep ppe eh .
Unpredictable
Inormative
World class
Conusing
Uninormative
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A e pph pee wy m hh hep j he ee w ee ee ve (m peme pe) eve (mp ).I e eqeme e:
Hep pee p jey he wy wh ee ee.
Hep pee ee eeve me mp L .
Ce mm, y pe e m yem fexeeh eveyh m mp wee, e
mpeme.
Structure and signage
evep hee wy yem, hee ee e e e eppe hee me wh p m eve.Te hee ve he meme e m hhhe yem, w ee e me y e me ee m.P m eve e ee pve pee w hhep m whe eee, ee he p w .Tee eqe ey h hey e e ee.
w he eve he y p L wee e he e 2007. He Je Oe, hee ee he hepeeve he e pe evepme h heve hw pee.
Te e vve eep eveye y ee eh he Lee L pmme e ep h ee. B h vy ee p he evepme he pje.Umey, he h he ehe ee e y eh he
evepme - wy ey L.
Bringing it all together
A weve ee, hee mpe e mpeheve heepee wy yem L. Sme he ey ppeeee me w hve ee he :
Te yem ee e evepe p we ey emvehe phy me e w ee eve pepe
w. Te yem ee e e mpeheve e wh me
w y y ee. Mpp e mp p h.B he eeme e mp , h e m,ee y, h, e ee e p .
Te yem ee mm he wheeve hweve pepeee . Pee h e e e p wh he yem qy ememe hw w. T e pp y e eey e he ee, y hv ew pe.
I h e pppe e ewee ey pey he e h he efe he vey he he.
Te yem h e peve e j eh m mh.
I h ee me mpp y e e, e p yem.
I ee e eeve, hh-qy yem h ee he p. AL-we pmme w ee m eme e ph mee.
I read you
As well as mapping and signing,
building design and urban orm,
street layout, lighting, street
urniture and public art all play
a part in creating a legible city.
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Legible London
Yellow book
22 Legible London
Yellow book
23
Next steps
Te Ox See pype p he Lee L pee wyyem hh pe he vey me, pve veppy eve peme. P ey e ewhwhe exee, y e hv he yem he ee
eh wh. Fee m he pype w e hee ve whehe he yem h ee he me jey we hepe pepe e he e me eey. I w ehwhehe pepe ee me e e , w hey hewy he ee ph qy ey. A w wh heyh he e he mp .
I he e e, he p pype e e e he ee h, aig hve ee e evep p e m hep heveey pp he ex he e-e p. I he e Rhm he Sh B , Weme CmeC hve ee e ey he Cve Ge e L,
hee ee he pype wh we - peewy he We E. Nme he h pve pje e
wy pe ve L, hw hee w -e wh LeeL w e hey ey qe he pje pe e e.
Ae he pype, hee w e pe whe he e ev e pe. De he evepme he pype p-L pje e ey e me 2008. I he meme, hpeh we hve he e w- wy yem h me pve he L Gme hep ee he My'
v w- we y.
Why w ?
Bh hee pe he wy yem m w m eee hw pee he wy w e,w e eeve ex yem ( e he e--e e mp), e ee w- .
Living map
Mp e e he e m eph m we hve, e e ee y he we evme. Teye eee ey p ve jey. Lee L evehe evepme e, -e mpp yem. Fm he me,mp vy e m e exe ee ppe.Te m ppee w wy e e e eppe, je e e. Cey he, ype y e, he yem eme v mp pee m.
Te ve, pe, meh h ehe mpe he yemee e h ehe We Wy M L h
pve e e ee ehe, fexeeh mee e veye ee.
Sme pepe e ep he ee mp, v memm pph, wh -ee, eme e e.B mp h ewee he e he y m yem. Whe hee e e hey e . Mp e ee, hw wy mm weh m. Tey
pve h expeee, qy we qe eev he pee Whee m I w?, Whh e I ee ve, Hw w e me e hee?, Hw I he ee...? Ame he Iee,pepe e me phe me m h eve, e epe h m hey-p he we hey ee.
O he ee, aig hve h pepe e pvey he e mp.A expeme, hey me p wh epe pee mpp , j he p pveme e he . I he pe h, 40 pepe pphe pmpe he . Te v mjype ppe mmeey hey eey me e .
Te v mp ep e ppe my me. A we eee, pve w m me phe da, y e v he Iee, y pe, pe mp, e pe he ex p e hw y he ewy w whee y ee e.
Image o the city
Harry Becks London
Underground map is used by
44.7% o people or planning
a journey in London 1. While
its extremely eective or
navigating the Tube system, it
is inadequate or pedestrian
waynding.
Fit or purpose
Pedestrian-specic mapping is
the way orward to encourage
more walking.
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Legible LondonYellow book
24 25
Thinking out loudAt this stage, Legible London is
a prototype that is, a proposed
system thats still in the process
o being developed and rened.
The ollowing pages present
a visual diary o some o theideas, drawings and design
concepts that have infuenced
the way Legible London has
evolved over the past months
and years.
Dierentpeoplehavedierentgoals Inthesesituations theavailability oWhos it or? LegibleLondonis or all o Londons choices Apersons modusoperandi
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Legible LondonYellow book
26 Legible LondonYellow book
27
Dierent people have dierent goalsat dierent times, and their journeysare many and varied. Goals may oenchange during a journey, or examplewhen agreements to meet are altered,or when a toilet needs to be ound.
In these situations the availability olocal knowledge becomes even moreimportant. Te system is devised tosupport as many o these goals andjourneys as is possible.
A wandering journey
Novice strollerUses their intuitionto explore and discoverinteresting places inthe city.
A learning journey
Novice striderHas a specic destinationin mind but doesnt know
London too well. Interestedin learning quicker waysrom A to B.
An efcient journey
Expert striderHas internalised just whatis strictly necessary to t
with their daily routine.
An open-ended journey
Expert strollerHas an idea o where placesare in the city and uses thatknowledge opportunistically.
Whos it or?Dierent peopleDierent goalsDierent journeys
Legible London is or all o Londonstravellers, it is designed to be i nclusiveo all people, and or all parts o thecapital. Whether that is someonewith knowledge o an area or not, thesystem supports and enhances theirunderstanding to enable better walking
choices. A person s modus operandi their method by which they nd theirway tells us a lot about how theymay plan and carry out journeys; themethods identied in this book workwith this understanding.
A striders journeyA striders goals includeecient travelling.Striders needs the walkingarchitecture to connect updierent transportation
modes and nodes
primarily Tube and walkin London. Their conceptualmodel o their journey is likestones skimming accross thepond. The strategy is get near,then nd it.
A strollers journeyA strollers goals arememorable experiences.Strollers need the walkingsystem to work or themopportunistically at the
street level allowingthem to drit, wander andhave the condence to getlost. The conceptual modelo a stroller is akin toripples in a pond.
Start
Finish
Finish
Finish
Finish
Start Finish
Here?
Where shallwe go?
Here? Here?Here? Or here?
I'm here
I'm there
Using the hippocampusAt theLegibleLondonexhibitionatWhos it or? Tetheory o mentalmapping is itsel and the knowledge and ability
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Stick and ball
This map is dened bydestinations (drawn as circlesand named) rather than theroutes (drawn as parallel linesand let unnamed). It isprobably infuenced by theTube map, and emphasises thearrival rather than the journey.
Human A-ZPossibly the work o aproessional. The level odetail is exceptional, withaccomplished dratsmanshipand a thorough understandingo geographical relationships.Note the number o importantlandmarks (to the author!)
Using the hippocampusThe brain is like a muscle;the more we exercise certainparts o it, the more developedthey become. Here we seethe work o people with verydierent hippocampi the areao the brain associated withmental mapping.
LinearThis mental map demonstratesthe importance o backbonewalking routes. Broad andreasonably straight, FleetStreet provides the perectspine rom which roads jut o
to the north and south. Namesare in the rig ht order, but notgeographically. The level odetail and amiliarity with thestreet names suggests that theperson responsible has workedin this area or some years.
At the Legible London exhibition atNew London Architecture, guests wereinvited to draw a map rom memory.Te results, shown on these two pages,were highly revealing.
Who s it or?Ways o seeing Howpeople understand cities
MisunderstandingsThis area is typied by thestrength o the linear villageso Oxord and Regent Streets,as drawn here. But knowledgedoesnt seem to be strong,Piccadilly Circus has missed-out, along with many otherlandmarks. Interestingly,North does not seem to beimportant to this author.
TransportThis drawing describespoint-to-point journeys roma hub (Brixton) through vaguespatial connections. Theurther away rom Brixton itgets, the looser it becomes.
The person whos drawn thisinstinctively divides Londoninto distinct villages.
Te theory o mental mapping iscentral to the way Leg ible London hasbeen conceived and developed. Toughits clear we all build maps in our headsto navigate city streets, the way we doso depends on a host o actors. Not leastis the way in which the city presents
itsel and the knowledge and abilityo the traveller.
A successul pedestrian wayndingsystem works with this understandingrecognise this and nds a way tohelp everyone to build stronger, moresophisticated mental maps.
Whos it or? Reality can sometimes appear unusual. possible, theshort walkcould become
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Berkeley
M A Y F A I RS O H O
Savile
Carnaby
Chinatown
Equally important as theneed to connect known
areas is the need to renepeoples knowledge o localand unamiliar areas; thisagain will reduce peoplesreluctance to walk becauseo a lack o condence.Result: making connectionsand solidiying localknowledge.
Stepping StonesBy loosely dening known
areas in terms o a ve-minutewalk, or 400m, journeysbetween areas seem moreeasily walkable.
Who s it or?Understanding above groundas well as underground
Reality can sometimes appear unusual.Te modes o travel we trust cansometimes warp our sense o direc tionand distance. Many short journeys thatcould be walked are oen taken usinganother orm o transport. Armed witha uller understanding o what is
possible, the short walk could becomea much more ront-o-mind choice ormany o us.
Te ve-minute neighbourhoodsthat exist in London, provide steppingstones to support attempts to makethese short journeys.
Bank
Covent Garden
Walkable Tube Map109 journeys between TubeStations in Central London arequicker to walk above-groundthan to travel by Tube.
Walkable stationsFrom Covent Garden nine
out o ten adjacent stationsare quicker to walk.
30 Legible LondonYellow book
31Legible LondonYellow book
Five-minute walks
The ve-minute walk representsthe natural size o an identiableneighbourhood in London.This diagram represents ave-minute walk rom everyTube station. Connections
become more obvious.
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Guiding principles Any journey through central London bearings and, along with our memory,
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34 Legible LondonYellow book
35
Final legOten were looking outor a particular buildingor street number, butthese vary widely,as does our experienceo a particular area.
LandmarksBridges, shops,intersections, notablebuildings all theseinstinctively help usidentiy where we areand the direction weneed to take. But beoretheyre any use, we needto build up knowledgeand amiliarity.
Road signsThe British road signage
system is well-consideredand has stood the test otime. However, signs areoten positioned too highand provide inormationthats not particularlyhelpul to pedestrians.
Existing printed mapsYou can take yourpick rom hundredso dierent maps o
Central London aimedat motorists, tourists,shoppers or culturevultures. But very ewo them answer questionsthat pedestrians needto know.
Looking or clues The roleo inormation in a journey
is punctuated by countless examples odirectional inormation coming at thepedestrian in many dierent contextsand media. As well as ocial streetsignage, we use notable architectureand incidental inormation to get our
show us the way. Te problem is, moreoen than not, the available toolspresent dierent pictures, resultingin a gap in understanding.
Bus shelterThough the inormation isclearly aimed at bus users,bus stands and sheltersprovide useul markersor pedestrians, and oteneature small maps o theimmediate streets.
Journey PlannerBeore setting o,travellers might plan their
journey online or usinga printed street nderlike the A-Z. These areavailable in many dierentormats, and arentnecessarily aimed atpedestrians.
On the streetYes, there are plenty osigns out there. In act,an AIG study identied32 separate waynding
systems within theCentral LondonCongestion Change Zone.The trouble is, theres nocommon standard, andinormation can becontradictory.
Tube station
While the Tube map hasproved its worth overmany decades, directionsor the onward journey onoot are inconsistent andbetter at some stationsthan others.
Guiding principlesP idi
An eective pedestrian wayndingd k i
Listening to the questions whenh i l d l
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Oops, were late.We said wed meetSam outside MarbleArch Tube Stationat 2pm. Whats thequickest way?
Ater Ive seenthe Mummiesat the BritishMuseum, wherecan I grab a quicksandwich?
I thats Libertys overthere, how do I cutthrough the back wayto Piccadilly Circus?
Im bursting!Wheres thenearest ladiestoilet?
36 Legible LondonYellow book
Providing answersto peoples questions
system needs to answer key questionsat the appropriate time and place.Progressive disclosure giving peoplejust the right amount o inormationjust when they need it, is one o the keyprinciples behind Legible London.
they arise, oen unplanned, mostlyunspoken, provides a structure toinorm the detail o what in ormationshould be provided along the journey,and what shouldnt!
Ummmnot sure.Is this Oxord Streetor Bond Street?
Covent Garden toSohocan I walkthat in ten minuteswithout busting a gut?
I need to get to JohnLewis to order a newwashing machinebut will there be dropkerbs along the wayor my wheelchair?
Prototype in the West EndGetting eedback rom the street
esting and rening. esting andrening esting and rening Making
is an example o rapid prototyping a painstaking process that explores
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38 Legible LondonYellow book
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TestingTrialling dierent optionsand appearances duringdevelopment ensuredsolutions established abest trade-o betweenthe confictingconstraints.
Mixing mediaAccessing inormationdesigned or many typeso people in varied mediawas considered romthe start.
Getting eedback rom the street rening. esting and rening. Makingsure signage meets the needs o the manand woman on the street is an ongoing,cyclical process that takes insight,patience and rigour. Te development othe Legible London West End trial signs
a painstaking process that exploresand adjusts solutions based on userseedback at every turn.
OptionsDierent options camerom constant adjustmentso the smallest detailsto nd the right balance,or trade-o betweenappearance, unctionand level o production.
ExploringThomas Edison tried over1000 dierent materialsbeore he ound the perectone or the lightbulb. Nevergive up nding a way!
ListeningTaking sketches andsamples on to the streetto garner immediateeedback is a key methodin the design process
approach are key considerations.Designs are improved checked with
Prototype in the West EndEvolving the design
Legible L ondons prototypedevelopment takes itscuerom
design rigorously tests actors aectingtheusers experiencebeoresettling on
A virtual model o a ull area was rstcreated to test which concepts designs
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Designs are improved, checked withusers and improved again. Over 300iterations o parts o the design havegone into the launch o the prototype.
Rapid prototypingThe virtual modelunctioned both as aplatorm or draughtingdesigns and as avisualisation tool orcommunicating the
Legible London project.
Making the transitionThe undergroundenvironment wasreproduced accurately,providing the opportunityto explore how walkers
could be guided to streetlevel and oriented aboveground eectively.
On-street integrationAdditionally, the virtualmodel allowed or someearly experimentationwith extending themethodology andelements with othertransport systems.
3
8
36
138
293
PlacementOne o the moreinfuential outcomes othe pre-prototype was theselection o appropriatesign locations; it was
ound that a reducedprovision o signs could bejust as eective i placedthoughtully.
Evolving the design development takes its cue romboth product and interactive design.In automotive design, or example,ull-scale models in clay and wood aremade, assessed and improved beorecommitting to the real thing; interactive
the user s experience beore settling ona nal version.
Initial designs are developed threetimes over, evolved, edited and adjustedto achieve the longest-lasting solution.Future expansion and a user-centric
Evolutionary designMany combinations o visualelements are consideredand tried against each other;the ttest design retainsthe most inormativegraphics, having weededout less eective versions.
created to test which concepts, designsand amount o inormation wouldwork best. Tis pre-prototype wastested with people and inormed urtherdevelopment.
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Prototype in the West EndSign locations
Te prototype covers a small areaaround Bond Street ube Station. Te
most prestigeous retail streets. Anyprototype is a test, and this launch will
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gstation is actually 180 metres rom NewBond Street (there is no street namedBond Street) and the prototype goessome way to clear-up any con usionabout how to nd some o the capitals
p ypbe rigorously tested and surveyed to seewhat works best and what should evolveand adapt. Nineteen new signs are goingin the ground and 46 existing objects arebeing taken out o the same area.
Clutter reductionThe replacement oredundant, unusedinormation with a lessernumber o useul signs willimprove the image o thestreet whilst reducingdistractions or walkers.
44 45
The walkerAll th i l l
Prototype in the West EndA amily o sign types
Because o the density o destinationsin London, a map-based system is the
prototype uses two main types o sign,the monolith and the minilith they
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Directional inormationDirectional inormation is usedin two main ways: to show theway towards villages and
neighbourhoods, and act as ahoming beacon or attractions.These have an important role inLondon, where majordestinations are otenobscured rom view.
All the signs are clearlyidentied by a yellow strip atthe top and a walker theuniversal symbol or travellingby oot. They stand above headheight so that they are clearlyvisible rom a distance.
Finder mapThe Finder or 5-minute mapis used to nd a destination the end point o the journey.It is littered with useul
landmarks eectively amap o landmarks so theuser can be memorablyguided towards specicstreets and attractions.
Street fnderThis lls in the gaps.Most people are amiliarwith the convention o usingalphabetically ordered streetnames and reerence pointsto nd individual streets on amap its a means o quicklyrealising whats just aroundthe corner.
AddressingThe typography, colour codingand naming conventions areconsistent with those on theLegible London printed walkingmaps and other elements othe system, so that they linkup and work together as acoherent whole.
Planner mapThe planner or 15-minutemap is used to orientatethe user and show how closethe villages are to each other.It provides the user with theinormation needed to linkareas o London and thecondence to attemptlonger-distance walking
journeys.
or walkers most appropriate and practical solution.It does away or the need to use many,many ngerposts and in this contextcan alert the user to over 400destinations. Te Legible L ondon
act as both area identiers and routesupports, helping people to build theirpersonal mental maps.
Avery Row
Lancashire Court
Prototype in the West EndHeads up mapping helps people
i
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to orientate themselves
Mapping to allow people to betterunderstand walks and where thingsare is central to the scheme. Maps,rmly xed on signs are alreadyorientated with respect to theenvironment and direction theuser is acing.
Intuitive understandingWhen used in situ,heads-up maps oera remarkably simpleway o bridging the gap
between the view aheadand its cartographicrepresentation.
Legible LondonYellow book
49
challenge has been to develop a rangeo components that can be quickly andseamlesslyintegrated intoLondons
ootway. Te innovative design othe signs bases ensures minimumdisruptionduring installation
they eature a system design that al lowsthem to be easily maintained andupdated Longevity ormandunction
Prototype in the West EndProduct innovation ttingth d t t th l
Developing designs that complementtheir urban context is essential.Te system needs to create a balance
to work in contemporary andhistorically sensitive architecturalsettings
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seamlessly integrated into London sstreets. Hence the ultra-slim minilith,which can deliver much moreinormation than a traditional ngerpost sign, but impedes ar less o the
disruption during installation.Tough prototypes, the proposed
signs have been designed and built tolast. Manuactured to impeccablestandards rom high-quality materials,
updated. Longevity, orm and unctionwill help the signs become a amiliarpart o the streetscape.
Flexible systemThe sign orm presents theopportunity or elements othe cladding to be modiedor local distinctiveness.Individual inormationelements are interchangeableand updatable. The mappanels have also beendesigned so that they canbe either vitreous enamelor print behind glass.
Homing beaconA modular approachhas been employed tomaintain fexibility in use.The yellow nial helpsease o recognition andthe design ensures ngersare sturdy and can notwbe rotated.
Attention to detailThough minimalist in ormattention has been paidto every detail. The northindicator is adjustableto suit location, but along
with the base platesand other cladding parts,is secretly xed in place.
the product to the place Te system needs to create a balancebetween tting into the streetscape andhaving enough presence to be useul the yellow beacon always visible in thedistance. It also has to be fexible enough
settings.Te primary unction o any sign
system is to deliver inormation in themost legible and accessible way to thegreatest number o people. Te
Robust materialsVitreous enamel panelsand shot peened stainlesssteel have been used tomake sure the signs aredurable and easy to clean.Coated materials havebeen avoided because ogradual deterioration andthe need or annualrecoating.
SustainabilitySolar powered accentlighting is being developedto reinorce recognitionat night. The need or mainspower has been avoidedbut the signs have been
constructed to allow orany uture need o poweror data required or theintegration o othertechnologies.
Vitreousenamelgraphicpanel
Optionalvitreousor glassand digitalgraphicalmap panel
Acryliclightinglens
Vitreousenamelbeaconpanel
Aluminiumpowdercoatedside trim
Stainless steelbase plateswith adjustablenorth indiactor
Peenedstainless steelside channels
Legible London is ar rom just a newsign system or the West End. It is thecontinuationo thepulling together
o detail to provide glue and choiceo how to get around.
Teschemecould eventually
Prototype in the West EndContinuity o inormation aboveandbelow the streets
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continuation o the pulling togethero travel inormation, exempliedby Londons Bus and ube networksworking closely together. LegibleLondon adds in a vital wa lkers level
Te scheme could eventuallyconnect pre-planning, inormationon-the-go (increasingly delivered withhand-held devices) and connect thisto signs in the street.
Signs on street cornersprovide amiliarreassurance, thepossibility to plan analternative, and helpbuild knowledge
Bus shelters link busroutes with walkingchoices
Arrival signs on thestreet establishesorientation in a widercontext and setswalkers o in theright direction
Printed walkingmaps give usersportable inormationin the pocket
Mobile devices cansituate a user in thestreet, providing a
wider context andsearch capabilities
Arrival inormationundergroundprovides initialorientation and
journey planning
The language used onunderground exit signsrelates to that oundabove ground
Predictability isrequired tomaintain andimprove a verystrong addressingsystem
53Legible LondonYellow book
and below the streets
Prototype in the West EndFitness or purpose
In preparing o a clear picture othe city, a set o ormats emerge thatbeapplied to a rangeo situations.
are connected by the consistent namingo places and the visual representationo content. Tis speeds up thereading
inhabit on signs, in-print, spokenor on-screen. Evident below are thedierentvisualinterpretationsothe
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be applied to a range o situations.Te visual appearance o these ormats,outlined below, is dened by thequestions they answer along a journey,and the constraints o the media they
o content. Tis speeds up the readingand understanding o inormationacross dierent types o media, itprovides a common linking thread thatsupports the way people learn.
dierent visual interpretations o thesame geographic location.
Te result o the denition o theseormats is a coherent array o maps,signs, indexes, lists and diagrams that
London travelinormation
02072221234
i ll ,r l i ,i l i ,
r li i ,r li
Listento LondonTo hear aboutwhere you arecall:
Location 220
08702406094
Above: Directionalinormation, maps orUnderground stations, bus
stops and shelters all makeuse o coherent terminologyand destinations.Right: Additional connectionsor mobile phone users.Far right: Use o an indexand printed maps.
Above: Scales representedon signs in the street,diagrams o villages, shoppingmaps and Tube exit signs.Let: Walking connectionsin short-hand.Right: Future availabilityon mobile devices and onlineis possible.
ExitMARYLEBONE, St Christopher, MAYFAIR, South Molton
For Oxford Street, New Bond Street1 2&
Exit MAYFAIR, South Molton, GrosvenorFor South Molton Street, Grosvenor Square3 4 5&
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VillagesThe village names are(typographically) the mostprominent visual element.Most maps o this kind show
two villages.
Integrated transportBus shelters, Tube stationsand taxi ranks are clearly andcomprehensively marked.
North markerA prerequisite or heads-upmapping is an easily ound northmarker; these are ound on allmaps and the bases o signs.
O-map destinationsNearby prominent locationsare signed; generally, theseare only a ew minutes away.
3D buildingsIllustrations o key buildingsare included; these providea clear sense o scale andstrengthen the heads-upnature o the mapping.
NeighbourhoodsContained within the villages,neighbourhoods are distinctclusters o a certain characteror shared history.
Building numbersThese are subtly shown orthe benet o users searchingor a particular address.
ScaleThe scale o Legible Londonis measured in time, whichresearch shows is used moreoten or walking.
Named placesBuildings included on the mapunction both as landmarks anddestinations. The importanceplaced on memorablelandmarks by pedestrians
justies their prominence.
Relevant buildings
With many viable places tohighlight, those shown arederived rom a comprehensiveaudit and selection criteria.
Active rontageIndication o clusters obuildings with street-levelaccess or the public; in theWest End, invariably shops.
Station entrances/exits
Dashed lines leading to whiteroundels signiy underground/interior subways or the Tube.
So here it isThe prototype on the ground
On 27 November 2007, the LegibleLondon prototype or the West Endnally went live. Signs were erected
to put into practice months o ideas,theories and research, to gauge publicreaction and evaluate the system.
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in the streets, walki ng maps were madeavailable, phone inormation pointswere switched on, a website waslaunched. Here at last, was a chance
Hopeully too, it helped v isitors havea more positive experience o the area,to enjoy its attractions without therustration o getting lost along the way.
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LegibilityThe degree to which a seto elements convey useulinormation. The traditionaluse o the word legibilityis used to describe howdecipherable a set ocharacters are in t ypography.
When reerring to the legibilityo a city, it is used to describethe degree to which the urbanenvironment is shaped in orderto acilitate wayfnding.
WayfndingUsing spatial andenvironmental cues to moverom one place to another, andtools designed to help decisionmaking beore and during the
journey. Wayfnding is brokeninto two distinct phases planning and navigating.
Planning(as part o wayfnding)The act o analysing a journeybeore setting o. The analysis
should help the traveller makethe journey more efciently.
Navigating(as part o wayfnding)The act o fnding your wayin the urban environment.This includes the use owayfnding tools, landmarks,routes and nodes.
Glossary Mapeg A-ZA document (either printedor on screen) representingthe layout o an area. In thisbook, the term map is usedto defne any document whichrepresents the geography o
an area with accuracy.
Diagram(diagrammatic map)eg the Tube mapA representation o anarea which omits certaindetails in order to clariythe overall understandingo the inormation involved.Omissions may includegeographic accuracy or fnerlevels o detail.
Homing beaconA permanent post in theground which points towardsa landmark. It may also containother inormation such as thedistance to the landmark.
MinilithA fxed, narrow sign containingwayfnding inormation.
MonolithA wide, fxed sign containingwayfnding inormation. Similarto a minilith but containingmore inormation and usuallylocated in areas with dwellspace.
MegalithA very wide, fxed signcontaining wayfndinginormation. Similar to amonolith and a minilith.Usually contains moreplanning inormation. Otensituated at major arrival points
such as national rail stations.
Villageeg MaryleboneAn area o historical geographicunity, oten derived rommodes o use and usually nomore than 1km square. A villageis usually made up o two ormore neighbourhoods
Neighbourhoodeg ChinatownA small geographic area,usually defned by mode o use.Neighbourhoods are groupedinto villages.
Nodeeg St Giles CircusThe intersection o twoor more routes or paths.
PathA defned and recognisedconnection between nodes.
Routeeg Jubilee WalkA type o path supported withwayfnding tools.
How was it or you? We value your
opinion and would
like to know what
you think about
the Legible London
prototype or the
West End.
Did you fnd it useul?
Did it help you fnd your
way around?
Was it easy to use?
How could we make
it better?
Please visit
www.legiblelondon.ino
to leave your comments
or suggestions or
improvements.
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Legible LondonYellow book
62 Legible LondonYellow book
63
Reerencespage 71. Oxord Street, RegentStreet, Bond Street: An ActionPlan or the Retail Streets
page 81.Transport 2025 Transport
Vision or a Growing WorldCity. TL Executive Summary2. DMAG Demography Update,September 2007
page 10, 111. TL Study2. Sources: Davison & Grant1993, US Dept o Health 1996,British Heart Foundation 2000
page 12, 131. 2001 LATS Survey, TL2. TL Study3. Legible London AWayfnding Study, AIG 2006
page 151. www.legiblelondon.inoonline poll
page 16, 17
1. Legible London InitialBusiness Case by ColinBuchanan, 20072. TL Study
page 191. www.legiblelondon.inoonline poll
page 221. Legible London LeicesterSquare Navigation Study,AIG/LSE, March 2005
all-purpose RoadsMinistry o Transport, 1964Interchange Plan: Improvinginterchange in LondonTL, August 2002Islington BoroughSpending Plan, 2006Knowledge Point
(Taxi Knowledge)LATS 2001 Household SurveyTransport or LondonLegible London: A wayfndingstudy AIG / CLP, March 2006Legible London InitialBusiness CaseColin Buchanan, 2007Legible London LeicesterSquare Navigation SurveyAIG / LSE, March 2005Local Direction SignsCity o Westminster Department o Planning andTransportation, 2003London Access: Richard SaulWurmans GuideAccess Press Ltd. NYC, 1987London Cycle Guides (1-19)
TL / GLA, 2004London NewspaperUrban Age, November 2005London Transport UsersCommittee: Where am I?LTUC / Hugh Collis, May 2003Londons Functional WalkingNetwork: A study o the keystreets or utility walkingIntelligent Space or CLP, 2004Major Stations WayfndingDesign Guidelines &SpecifcationsDRU, 2002Making London a walkablecity The walking plan orLondonTransport or London/Mayor o London, 2004Manual For StreetsDT / DCLG / CABE / WSP / TRL/ Llewelyn Davis Yeang / PhilJones Associates, 2007Maps & Journeys: AnethnomethodologicalinvestigationBrown, B. / Laurier, E. UniversityO Glasgow, 2004Margaret Calvert Editedinterview or Frieze, 2003Mayors Energy StrategyGLA February, 2004Mayors Transport Strategy:Report on public consultation
A Pattern LanguageChristopher Alexander, SarahIshikawa, Murray Silversteinwith Max Jacobson, IngridFiksdahl-King and ShlomoAngel. OUP, 1977A new deal or transport,better or everyone
Government White Paper onthe Future o Transport,1998A report o a health impactassessment o the Mayorsdrat transport strategyThe London HealthCommission, September 2001Attitudes to walkingSynovate, 2007Action Plan For CentralLondonCLP, 2003Angel Report 0304CLP, 2003-04Approach to valuingstreetscape Colin Buchanan /Leeds ITS or TL, 2006Assisting orientation andguidance or multimodaltravellers in situations o
modal changeRehrl, K. / Leitinger, S. /Bruntsch, S. / Mentz, H.J.8th International IEEEConerence on IntelligentTransportation Systems,Vienna, September 2005At least 5 a week:Evidence on the impact ophysical activity and itsrelationship to healthChie Medical Ofcer, 2004By Design: Urban Designin the Planning System:Towards Better PracticeDETR / CABE, 2000CABE: Value o urban designCABE / DETR, 2001Camden walking plan:Fourth Annual Review, 2004Camden borough spendingplan 2005/062007/08London Borough o Camden /City o Westminster / CLP, 2005City Walks in LondonA report or t he GovernmentOfce or London, Land UseConsultants, June 1995Clearzone Walking InitiativeIntelligent Space or CamdenBorough Council, 2004Comments on the drat
Streetscape Guidance Consultation Drat July 2004TL /Mayor o LondonStreetscape: Putting policiesinto practice Royal Borough oKensington & ChelseaSustaining Success: TheMayors economic strategy or
LondonGLA / LDA, 2005Syntactic evolution o citiesKrata, R./Fattori, R. /Gheno, P./Pavlick Pereira, M.Federal University o RioGrande do Sul, Brazil 2006The Hippocampus, memoryand place cells: Is it spatialmemory or a memory space?Howard Eichenbaum, PaulDudchecnko, Emma Wood,Matthew Shappiro and HeikkiTanila, 1999The Mayors TransportStrategyGLA, July 2001The National WalkingStrategyLiving Streets, 2003The potential or walkingand cycling Proposal
or transerring modes otransport to walking andcyclingMTRU or Transport2000 TrustThe Walking Plan 2004TL / GLA, 2004TL London Travel ReportTL / Henry Burroughs, 2005The London Plan GLA, 2004The value o urban designMinistry or the Environment(NZ), June 2005Towards a fne city or people Public spaces and public lieGehl Architects, 2004Transport or London 5 yearinvestment programme:The TL business plan2005/6-2009/10 TL, 2004The Westminster Way: Apublic realm manual or thecity Westminster BoroughCouncil, Bennett UrbanPlanning / Buro Happold,November 2003Transport & health in LondonDepartment O Health/ Department O CivilEngineering, Imperial CollegeLondon 1999Tracking pedestrian volumesIntelligent Space or CLP 2004
walking plan or LondonSustrans, 2003Commission or IntegratedTransportMORI, July 2001Courts and Lanes DesignStrategyCorporation o London, 2004Covent Garden Report 0304
CLP, 200304Drat transport strategy Public opinion pollMORI / TL, June 2001Economic Value oWalkabilityVictoria TransportPolicy Institute, Canada.Litman, T.A. 2004Encouraging walkingDETR, 2000English Heritage Street AuditEnglish Heritage, 2006Final report or signage andwayfnding or people withlearning difcultiesODPM, February 2006Going to town: Improvingtown centre accessA companion guide to PPG6
National Planning Retail Forum/ DTLR, 2002Guidance on ull localtransport plans DTHealth in London:Review o the London HealthStrategy high-level indicatorsThe London HealthCommission, 2005Ilord Metropolitan Centre:Area Action PlanSpace Syntax, February 2006The Image o the CityLynch, K. MIT Press, 1960Improving WalkabilityTL, September 2005Inclusive Mobility: A guideto best practice on accessto pedestrian and transportinrastructure
Philip R Oxley, CranfeldCentre or Logistics andTransportation or DT, 2002Individualised Marketing:Changing travel behaviour ora better environmentSocialdata GmbHInormation or pedestrians:Guidance or the LondonboroughsTL / Wandsworth / TRLInormatory Signs or use on
Trafc signs manual, chapter7: The Design o Trafc SignsDT / HMSO, 2003Transport For LondonersTransport 2000 Trust, 2004Urban II Area Reaching yourdestination: Sae & easymovement in Stockwell
Space Syntax / StockwellPartnership August 2005Stated Preerence TL 2004Urban Design CompendiumEnglish Partnerships, 2000Value walking: Evaluatingimprovements to the publicrealm Colin Buchanan / AccentMR or TL, 2005Walk the Capital RingLondon Walking Forum / TL /Colin Saunders, 2006Walk This Way: RiversideLondonSouthbank EmployersGroup, April 2003Walking BibliographyDT, April 2005Walking Fact sheetDT, January 2003
Walking and cycling:an action plan DT, June 2004Walking in London:A strategy or identiying thekey streets or walking andmaking them more pedestrianriendly Intelligent Space orCLP, May 2005Walking Maps TL, 2002Walking Strategy ForWalking the Tube: A studyinto Walkable Tube journeysin Central LondonAIG or TL, December 2006Walking Tube MapRod Maclaren, 2003 http://rodcorp.typepad.com/WestminsterWestminsterCity Council, March 2004Wayfnding behaviour:
Cognitive mapping & otherspatial processesGolledge, R.G. The JohnHopkins University Press 1998What is PERS? TRLWorking or the uture oCovent GardenCity o WestminsterYour Way At AngelIslington Council / TL / CLPYour Way in South IslingtonBorough o Islington, 2006
Sources and Bibliography o the Drat TransportStrategyMORI / GLAMetro Maps Mark Ovenden,Capital Transport Publishing,2003Multi-modal interchangesigns standard or LondonTL, 2005
National Audit Ofce:Tackling obesity in EnglandNAO, 2001Natural Movement: Or,confguration and attractionin urban pedestrianmovement (Pion 1993) Unit ForArchitectural Studies, BartlettSchool O ArchitectureHillier / Penn / Hanson /Grajewski / XuNetwork eects andpsychological eects: A
theory o urban movementHillier, B. / Iida, S UCL, 2006On the Move: by oot A discussion paper, 2003Oxord Street, Regent Street,Bond Street: An Action Plan
or the Retail Streets 2007Pedestrian demand modelingor large cities Centre orAdvanced Spatial AnalysisCASA / UAL, June 2003Planning and access ordisabled people: A goodpractice guideDepartment or Communitiesand local Government 2006Policy, planning & designor walking & cycling:consultation drat DT, 2004Promoting walking in London:A drat business case Jan GehlGehl Architects or TL, 2003Quality Streets: Why goodwalking environments matteror Londons economyCLP, July 2003Realising the potential:Walking and cycling in LondonTransport 2000 Trust (takenrom MTRU study), 2004RODS report 2001 TLSouth Bank Public Art -A report on the frst threeyears o the South Bank PublicArt Programme, South BankEmployers Group, 1997Streets For AllEnglish Heritage, 2005
Large text version available.
Contact 0207017 8488
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8/7/2019 Jim Yellow Book
34/34
Legible London
Yellow Book64
Further inormation
Website
www.legiblelondon.ino
Adrian Bell
Sustainable Mobility Manager
Transport or London
Tim Fendley
Creative Director
Applied Inormation Group
Contact 020 7017 8488
Credits
Legible London study and
system architecture devised
by Applied Inormation Group
in association with
Lacock Gullam.
West End prototype realised
by AIG and Lacock Gullam,with seymourpowell and
consultancy review by
Placemarque.
All copyrights in Legible
London are managed and
controlled by Transport
or London or use in and
promotion o the Greater
London area.
Mapping designed by AIG
with cartography by Oxord
Cartographers using Ordnance
Survey source data. Ordnance
Survey data are Crown
Copyright.
Signs manuactured by
Woodhouse and installed
by West One.
Yellow Book
Colophon
Written by Jim Davies.
Additional material by
Jennier Calvert, Adrian Bell,
Ben Plowden, Kasper de Graa,
Sam Gullam, Nick Durrant,
Tim Fendley and Ben Acornley.Designed and produced
by Applied Inormation Group.
Photography Simon Hillier,
Front cover by Ian Nolan.
Printed by TPS on Howard
Smith Regency, FSC, and
Robert Horne Kaskad paper.