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Jessica Greenson, Ph.D. Autism Center University of Washington Overview Clinical Features ( ) Diagnostic & Statistical ManualIV (DSMIV) Prevalence Course of Onset Etiology Early Recognition Early Recognition Research Findings Red Flags Screening tools

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Page 1: JG jan 12. 12idahotc.com/Portals/0/webinar documents/Autism...The Autism Spectrum DSM‐IV Criteria for Autism 3 domains of impairment: Reciprocal social interaction (2 or more symptoms)

Jessica Greenson, Ph.D.

Autism Center

University of Washington

Overview

Clinical Features( ) Diagnostic & Statistical Manual‐IV (DSM‐IV) 

Prevalence

Course of Onset

Etiology

Early RecognitionEarly Recognition

Research Findings

Red Flags

Screening tools

Page 2: JG jan 12. 12idahotc.com/Portals/0/webinar documents/Autism...The Autism Spectrum DSM‐IV Criteria for Autism 3 domains of impairment: Reciprocal social interaction (2 or more symptoms)

The Autism Spectrum

DSM‐IV Criteria for Autism

3 domains of impairment:3 domains of impairment:

Reciprocal social interaction (2 or more symptoms)

Language and communication 

(1 or more symptoms)

Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors, interests, and activities (1 or more symptoms)

= 6 symptoms total

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Reciprocal Social Interaction

Impairments in:Impairments in:

Eye contact

Facial expressions

Shared enjoyment

Showing, directing attention (joint attention)

Initiating interactions

Peer relationships

Language & Communication

Impairments include:Impairments include:

Delayed and/or atypical development

Pronoun reversal and echolalia

Stereotypic language

Impaired pragmatic language

U   f  th ’  b d  t   i t Use of other’s body to communicate

Odd intonation

Lack of pretend and imitative play

Poor conversational skills

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“Category C” Impairments

Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors and interests:

Motor: flapping, spinning

Sensory interests

Repetitive use of objectsRepetitive use of objects

Insistence on sameness

Rituals 

Intense interests

Asperger’s Disorder

A form of high‐functioning autism in which there is NO delay in early language  

Cognitive skills average to above average

Key feature: impairment in social function

restricted range of interests and activities

Usually detected later in development

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PDD:NOS

Severe and pervasive impairment in social and Severe and pervasive impairment in social and communication skills or stereotyped behavior, interests and activities

Does not meet criteria for another PDD

Often used when onset after 3

Less severe presentation p

Prevalence Occur in 1 per 110 (in the U.S.)Occur in 1 per 110 (in the U.S.)

6x more common than deafness, childhood cancer & Down Syndrome

Current estimates are 7‐10x higher than in 1970s

4 males: 1 female Females tend to be more severely affected Affects all social classes and racial/ethnic 

groups

Course of Onset

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What Causes Autism?

Genes play a role in autism

% o

f tw

ins

with

tra

it

100

40

60

80Autism

Identical twins

% 20

0Fraternal twins

Page 7: JG jan 12. 12idahotc.com/Portals/0/webinar documents/Autism...The Autism Spectrum DSM‐IV Criteria for Autism 3 domains of impairment: Reciprocal social interaction (2 or more symptoms)

Genes play a role in autism

% o

f tw

ins

with

tra

it

100

40

60

80Autism spectrum

Autism

Identical twins

% 20

0Fraternal twins

Genes play a role in autism

% o

f tw

ins

with

tra

it

100

40

60

80Social and/or language

Autism spectrum

Autism

Identical twins

% 20

0Fraternal twins

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Sibling Risk Rates

4.5% for autism4.5% for autism

Recurrence risk rate for sibs of females is twice that of sibs of males with autism

Recurrence risk rate for a third child: 6 %16‐35%

Risk rates for distant relatives: < 1%

Broader Phenotype

“Lesser variant”

10‐25% of sibs do not meet criteria for autism, but have:

Language and communication deficits

Social impairments

Learning disabilities Learning disabilities

Autism traits are continuously distributed in the population

Page 9: JG jan 12. 12idahotc.com/Portals/0/webinar documents/Autism...The Autism Spectrum DSM‐IV Criteria for Autism 3 domains of impairment: Reciprocal social interaction (2 or more symptoms)

Genes + Environment

Viral infection

Other infections 

Injury (trauma)

Chemical toxins

Other?

Genes + Environment

Rubella infection

Pregnancy complications

Thalidomide, valproic acid, cocaine exposure

MMR vaccineMMR vaccine

Thimerosal

Diet

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Early Recognition

Home Videotape Studies

Typical 1 year old 1 year old with autism

Osterling & Dawson, 1994; Werner et al., 2000; Osterling et al., 2002

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Infant Sibling StudiesBaby Sibling Research ConsortiumI f t B i I i St di (IBIS)Infant Brain Imaging Studies (IBIS)

Siblings are at higher risk of developing autism than general population

Recruit infants siblings of children with ASD

T  l k  t th     f  t To look at the emergence of symptoms

To look at predictors of diagnosis

8 ‐ 24 months: early risk onset patterns• Early signs from 8‐18 monthsEarly signs from 8 18 months

• 30‐50% of children with signs will not meet ASD criteria at 36 months

BUT they may have other impairments 

• No signs at 12 mos, but 10% have regression (average age 19 months)

• Loss of language 

• Onset after 2 years has been observed

• Initially mild symptoms with gradual increase

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Limitations of early identification research: timing is everything

0‐11 months: no clear ASD‐specific symptoms

12‐24 months: early signs of risk emergeg

24‐48 months: reliable ASD diagnosis possible (in specialized settings)

What are the Red Flags in Infancy and Early Childhood?

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Red Flags 6‐9 months Lack of social smile, eye contact, facial expressionLack of social smile, eye contact, facial expression

Not vocalizing (b, d, m)

At 6‐9 babies should:

Babble

Wave 

Understand “no” and name

Reach for objects 

Imitate sounds

Red Flags 9‐12 months Failure to orient to name or wordsFailure to orient to name or words

Lack of social smile, eye contact, facial expression + GESTURES

Limited vocalizing & babble

At 9‐12 babies should:

Have speech like babblep

Follow simple directions (give me, show me)

Be active listeners

Play social games

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Red Flags 12‐18 months Little vocalization/odd vocal/or no words by 18 / / ymonths

Lack of understanding of language

Eye contact, facial expression + GESTURES (limited)

Limited vocalizing & babble

At 12‐18 babies should:H   d  ( 8  d  b   8  h ) i l di  “ i ” Have words (18 words by 18 months) including “mine”

Coordinate words w/EC

Imitate words and actions

Point to objects (receptive language)

Red Flags 18‐24 months Limited language/communication fx/intonationg g

No 2 word combos by 2

Inability to follow directions

Overly attached to objects

At 18‐24 toddlers should: Have a blossoming vocabulary (50 min)

Label objects, protest, describe, pronounsLabel objects, protest, describe, pronouns

Combine words 

Ask simple questions

Demonstrate functional and symbolic play (placeholder)

Imitate the actions of others (delayed)

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Red Flags 24‐36 months Lack of understanding of directions Minimal vocabulary, single word speech Repetitive play Difficulty with transitions At 2‐3 years preschoolers should:

Have 500 words Speak in phrases Ask and answer “wh” questions Ask and answer  wh  questions Engage in to and fro conversation Have an interest in peers Engage in novel play sequences Understand the emotions of others

Red Flags 3‐4 years Not understanding directions and questionsNot understanding directions and questions

Not using plurals, action words, changing verb tenses, mixing pronouns

At 3‐4 years children should:

Speak in sentences with varied vocabulary

Tell stories

Ask questions and show curiosity

Share with others

Seek out companionship/have conversation

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Red Flags 4‐6 years Not able to deliver a simple messagep g

Unable to id objects by function or category

Not asking questions 

Lack of imaginative/symbolic play

Unable to play simple games (1:1 and group)

At 4‐6 years children should: Speak in full/clear sentences/be conversational Speak in full/clear sentences/be conversational

Define words/ask “why”

Behave differently depending on environment/person

Show empathy 

Indicate preferred playmates

AAP Guidelines for Developmental Surveillance and Screening

Developmental surveillance be incorporated at every well‐child preventive care visit. 

Any concerns raised during surveillance should be promptly addressed with standardized developmental screening tests. 

Developmental screening tests should also be Developmental screening tests should also be administered  at the 9‐, 18‐, and 24 or 30‐month visits

Autism specific tool at 18 and 24 or 30 months Pediatrics 2006/2007

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Screening

Level 1: Designed for population based  Level 1: Designed for population based screening Broad based approach  To identify children with unrecognized or ambiguous symptoms

Level 2: Targeted screening of symptomatic h ld

g gchildren  For children where already some clear evidence of delay

Level 1 Screening Instruments Parent report questionnaires

The Infant Toddler Checklist (ITC) The Infant Toddler Checklist (ITC)

12 months

Early Screening for Autistic Traits (ESAT)

14‐24 month olds 

Modified‐Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M‐CHAT) 

24 months and older

S b t  f 6 it    d t i d t  b  “ iti l” Subset of 6 items was determined to be “critical”

Cutoff criteria was set to 2 critical items, or any 3 items

• The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ)

• Caregiver questionnaire

• Age 4 to adult (2 versions)

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M‐CHAT Critical Items1 Does your child take an interest in other children?1. Does your child take an interest in other children?

2. Does your child ever use his/her index finger to point, to indicate interest in something?

3. Does your child ever bring objects over to you to show you something?

4. Does your child imitate you? (e.g., you make a face—will your child imitate it?)

5. Does your child respond to his/her name when you call?

6. If you point at a toy across the room, does your child look at it?

Level 2 Screening Instruments

• The Screening Test for Autism in 2 year olds (STAT)g y ( )

• Direct assessment

• Intended for children already suspected of having ASD

• Brief, easier to score and administer

• The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)

• Direct assessment

• Age 2‐5

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Why is Early Detection Important?p

50% of parents report that they suspected a problem before their child reached 1‐year of age

Autism is often not diagnosed until children reach 3‐4 years of age

Research suggests that children who  Research suggests that children who receive intervention by 2‐3 years of age have better outcomes

b7

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Slide 38

b7 I might highlight this point ... different color text, etc.bcolle, 3/9/2010

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Early Start Denver Model

Developed by Rogers and DawsonDawson

Comprehensive intervention program and curriculum

Integrates developmental and behavioral and behavioral approaches

Appropriate for children as young as 12 months through preschool age

Funded by NIH STAART Centers program

Conducted at University of Washington

Dawson, PI in collaboration with Sally Rogers, UC Davis

All children below 2.5 years of age when intervention began

Randomized study 

2 year intervention  25 hours per week (20 therapist 2 year intervention – 25 hours per week (20 therapist‐delivered, 5 parent‐delivered)

Outcome measures include ERPs to faces, speech, and EEG coherence

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Effects of intervention on IQ (Mullen)

p < .05p < .05

p < .05

Dawson et al., Pediatrics, 2010

Effects of intervention on receptive language

p < .051 p < .05

Dawson et al., Pediatrics, 2010

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Effects of intervention on expressive language

NS p < .05

Dawson et al., Pediatrics, 2010

Effects of intervention on adaptive behavior (Vineland)

90

60

70

80

neland  Composite Score

Intervention

Community

p < .05

NS

40

50

Baseline 1 year 2 years

Vin

Dawson et al., Pediatrics, 2010

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Changes in diagnosis

Group PDD      Autism Autism     PDDGroup(worsened) (improved)

Community 23.8% 4.8%

ESDM 8 3% 29 2%ESDM 8.3% 29.2%

p < .05