jfk –lbj- nixon: vietnam and domestic events. jfk – domestic and foreign policy increased...
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JFK –LBJ- Nixon: Vietnam and Domestic Events
JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy Increased military
spending Bay of Pigs – US tried
to overthrow Communist gov’t in Cuba (fidel Castro) CIA trained anti-Castro
Cubans > info leaked to Castro
Military disaster
JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy Berlin Wall
After the disaster of the Bay of Pigs > Khrushchev tries to intimidate JFK and get him to leave Berlin
JFK refuses > Berlin Wall built
JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy Cuban Missile Crisis
Soviets places missiles in Cuba and aimed them at US
Oct 22, 1963 > JFK ordered a naval blockade of Cuba
Blockade was successful > no more weapons to Cuba and missiles were removed
JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy
Peace Corps: American volunteering to go to developing countries to assist > help to spread democracy
Alliance for Progress > improve US relationship with Latin America
JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy “New Frontier”
April 1961 > Soviets orbit the Earth May 1961 > Alan Shepard orbits the Earth > Feb 1962
John Glenn orbits the Earth 3 times Civil Rights
1963 > Proposes 2 Civil Rights bill with help of his brother – Robert Kennedy (bans discrimination in business and voting)
1962 > 24th Amendment > prohibiting poll tax 1962 > U of Mississippi > James Meredith Nov 22, 1963 > Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, Texas by
Lee Harvey Oswald LBJ takes over as President
Kennedy Assassination Beyond Conspiracy -
Kennedy assassination - YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbXI0WSlTGw
Pre-US Involvement During WWII – Ho Chi
Mihn (rebel leader) approached the US for assistance in gaining their independence from France
US refused to give Ho any time so he turns to China (Communism)
Fight for Independence Early 1950’s Vietnam is in
a full scale revolt to get rid of the French
The French want to leave but the US insists that they stay (domino theory)
US gives France money and weapons to keep their occupation in Vietnam
1954 > French army massacred at Dienbienphu and withdraws
North and South Divided When Vietnam
gained their independence, North and South Vietnam became divided
North – Ho Chi Mihn (Communist)
South – Diem (democratic)
Elections to Unify Vietnam Elections were suppose to be held the unify
the North and South Diem and US knew that if the elections were
held, Ho Chi Mihn would win and make Vietnam a Communist country
So Diem kept stalling and pushed off the elections
This led the many South Vietnamese turning against democracy and siding with Ho Chi Mihn and the North
Getting Rid of Diem President Diem became
uncontrollable by early 1960’s
Stopped listening to the US, who supplied him with weapons and $ to hold off Ho Chi Mihn
Started to become greedy and only listened to his wife and brother-in-law
Us had him assassinated in 1963
US Involvement under JFK After Diem assassination
there was chaos in South Vietnam – no other leaders that could control the South
US had to assert more control
JFK increased # of US “advisors’’ already in Vietnam to 16,000
LBJ and Vietnam Escalation of Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
US boat attacked in waters off North Vietnam
Congress gave President Johnson the power take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacked against US
They never mention in Vietnam
Like a blank check for the military
Increases # of troops and starts Rolling Thunder
Rolling Thunder: Air Superiority vs. Guerilla Warfare
Why Fight? Prevent the Fall to
Communism Stop Aggressor
nations We are a
SUPERPOWER and a DEMOCRACY
LBJ and the Home front Resistance to the War Anti-War Movement
Hawks and Doves Teach-ins – college
movement Draft resisters Hippies and Flower
Children – Start of the Counter Culture Movement
A Country Divided
The Great Society LBJ’s domestic policy
becomes known as the Great Society
Extension of the New Deal
Programs for the low incomes/ underprivileged
More programs passed than FDR in his first 100 days
LBJ’s Downfall LBJ tries to do too much He can’t push his Great
Society and the same time as fighting a controversial war
He divides the country The federal government
tries to hide the negatives and only reports the positive of the war
Problem was there was live footage being sent home and the gov’t couldn’t control the TV
LBJ’s Downfall Johnson announces in 1968 that he will
not seek another term as President
Johnson's Speech
Nixon and Vietnam Escalates war even
more to 540,000 Runs on a policy of
Vietnamization – South is going to take more responsibility for the war
Reduce US involvement Can’t reduce because
South Vietnam is not strong enough
Nixon and Vietnamization Nixon orders more
bombings through Rolling Thunder
Invasion of Cambodia Bombings of the HO
Chi Mihn Trail
Ho Chi Mihn Trail
More Unrest in the US Country gets more
divided on the expansion of the bombings
Kent State Protest
Kent State Protest
Bringing Home US Troops Dec 1970 Congress repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Sept 1972 > withdrawing of troops > only 60,000 left >
Nixon continues the bombings Oct 1972 > cease fire is reached Nixon announces on the eve of election day> Nixon wins
re-election Talks falter between two sides Jan 1973 > “Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring
Peace in Vietnam’’ was signed US troops are withdrawn over the next few months
Results of the War Longest war in US history 57,000 deaths 300,000 wounded $150 billion spent on the war War Powers Act
The President can sends troops into action for 60 days then must get permission from Congress to keep them in action
(Congress never specifically gave the President permission for Vietnam > No declaration of war)
Civil Rights Movement NON-VIOLENT Sit-ins: a form of protests
in which protesters seat themselves and refuse to move. (Greensboro)
- ex. CORE created a sit-in to desegregate a coffee house in Chicago
* protesters sat there until they were served
* two outcomes > either arrested or served
Civil Rights Movement Freedom Rides: civil rights protest
in which a racially mixed group of protesters challenged segregated buses and bus terminals by riding on buses
- 13 riders, white and black
- started May 4, 1961 > left Washington, D.C.
- ended May 24,25 > mass arrests in bus terminal in Jackson, Miss.
- violence endured throughout the trip
Albany Movement: year-long protests in Georgia
Civil Rights Movement Selma March > walk from
Selma to Montgomery to demand voting votes
- 1st try stopped by police
- 2nd try was successful
* more people joined > 25,000 people
* help from Johnson & federal government
Civil Rights Movement Kennedy gave support for the Civil Rights
Movement - proposed a bill in 1963 > bill was
blocked by Southern Democrats Johnson took over > said "the most
eloquent way to honor Kennedy's memory was the passage of the civil rights bill"
Civil Rights Movement Civil rights Act of 1964
* prohibited voter discrimination & discrimination in public accommodations
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - removed literacy
tests and poll taxes - federal officials could
register voters where state officials blocked registration of African Americans
- 1965 > 400,000 African Americans registered to vote in the South
Civil Rights Movement VIOLENT Malcolm X > started the
Nation of Islam - preached
separation and self-help - black nationalism
> a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community
- "if someone punches you, punch them back"
Civil Rights Movement The Black Power
Movement - Black Panthers >
led by Huey Newton > Black Muslims are another civil rights group
- same beliefs as the Nation of Islam on how to gain more rights by using violence
Other Civil Rights Movements Civil Rights Accomplishments (Civil Rights
Act of 64 and Votings Rights Act of 65) spurr on other movements
Women’s Rights Movement Pushing for equality Betty Friedan and The
Feminine Mystique ERA (Equal Rights
Amendment) > dies after 10 years because not enough states approve
Native American Movement AIM (American Indian
Movement) Addressed issues plagued
Native Americans (poverty, crime, treaty issues and reservations
Took over Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. and Alcatraz
Oneida Indian Nation vs. NY ( S.C. ruled that Native Americans has the right to sue for their original land)
Hispanic American Movement Cesar Chavez (leader of
movement) For better working
conditions/higher pay for migrant workers
Mostly on the west coast Formed the National Farm
Workers Association > later becomes theUnited Farm Workers union