jevin-mbs612-research proj

Wastage of Power & Water in United Arab Emirates (A Strategic overview)

MBS-612 : Research project

SUPERVISOR : Prof. John Grainger

Student Name : Jevin Samuel George

Student ID : 31337104

MBS 612- RESEARCH PROJECT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: .................................................................................................................................................... 5

3. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 6

4. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................................. 7

5. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.1 S.W.O.T ANALYSIS on POWER & Water consumptions .......................................................................... 9

STRENGTHS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9

WEAKNESSES .................................................................................................................................................................. 9

OPPORTUNITIES .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

THREATS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10

6. RESEARCH FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................................................... 11

POWER CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT SECTORS ........................................................................................ 12

WATER CONSUMPTIONS IN DIFFERENT SECTORS ...................................................................................... 13

Reasons why the problem exists and justification ......................................................................................... 16

7. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18

8. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21

9. APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................................................ 24

APPENDIX: A ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24

APPENDIX: B ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25

APPENDIX: C ...................................................................................................................................................................... 26


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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

UAE has been one of the fastest emerging economies in the world (Higher Education of UAE).

UAE’s economy consists of high per capita income and a substantial yearly trade

surplus. Successful efforts at trade and industry diversifications have reduced the

component of GDP based on oil and gas productivity to 25% (Index Mundi, 2011).

Since the discovery of oil, UAE has undergone an insightful revolution from an

impecunious region of small desert principalities to a recent state with a high set

of living.

To maintain this development, many resources including natural gas and oil have been

utilized. In order to keep up with the ever-growing demand; and sustain growth-the country

needs to use a lot of resources both in terms of renewable and non-renewable sources of

energy (Zamana, 2011). Due to harsh climatic conditions in the region people consume a lot of

energy by using modern utilities such as air conditioners, refrigerators, generators (electrical

type), fans, etc. The rate of energy consumed by an individual in UAE is much higher when

compared to rest of the world (Jose Marc, 2009). If this keeps up, energy production won’t be

able to keep up with the energy needs. Due to this, the United Arab Emirates will start facing

problems such as power failures, black outs and shortages in water production. A study has

found that hotels in UAE consume significant volumes of power which causes high carbon

dioxide emissions, outpacing their counterparts in other countries (Gulf News, 2008). As result

of this high energy consumption, the UAE will experience shortage of power by up to 35%

during 2012 (Anonymous, 2011).

UAE owns the fourth largest natural gas reserve in the world, and produced214.4 trillion cubic

feet of natural gas during 2011 (Canty, 2011). Almost 97 percent of power stations in UAE

produce electricity by running gas turbines; these gas turbines have a maximum of 40 percent

efficiency, the remaining60 percent pollutes the atmosphere, and is responsible for the high

carbon dioxide emissions Compared to other countries. UAE gets minimal rainfall. Annual


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rainfall in UAE is about 120 millimetres (Raouf, 2010). Also, due to geographic location of UAE,

there are almost no fresh water lakes or rivers, although some valleys in the Hajir Mountain

range can be an exception (Dubai seeker forum). The nation currently depends on ground

water resources, however according to researchers; it is said that the water table is declining

rapidly (M. A. Raouf, 2009). The reason for this is mainly because the ground water reservoirs

are not given enough time to replenish but are constantly being diminished (M. A. Raouf,

2009).To aggravate the condition; the ground water is becoming polluted by harmful

contaminants mainly industrial waste (Anonymous, 2009). This further decreases our

expectation of ground water reserves as a future resource. Therefore in abide to meet up with

the water requirements; the UAE government has been commissioning a substantial number of

desalination plants to desalinate the sea water for utility purposes. The development of

desalination plants is in addition a power-intensive procedure. This is another reason why

UAE is one of the higher energy consuming nations across the world (WAM, 2011).

Furthermore it is extremely significant to understand that the desalination option is

responsible for the creation of CO2 to a massive extent (UAE yearbook, 2010). Carbon dioxide

(CO2) which is emitted into the air as part of the desalination process, leads to significant

pollution of the environment, which in turn contributes to global warming (Refer Appendix B).

The primary objective of this research is to highlight the easiest and most convenient solution

for various wastages of power and water in UAE. This is done by taking into account of the

results of surveys and group discussions with experts in the field coupled with the current

global research.


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2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:

The research objectives is to identify different ways of saving power and water in UAE and also

highlight alternative resources to supplement the existing resources for day to day communal

activities, as all resources are depleting in the UAE year by year. In detail, the research

concentrates on the following issues as listed below: (Key information located)

Major cause of power wastage and Remedies to reduce these wastages

Ignorance of the importance of saving power.

Lack of information provided to consumers relating to the production of million watts

of power on daily basis

Low tariff rate on electricity usage

Subsidized electricity bills

Lack of management skills on the part of people working in power sector: wasted heat

can and should be converted back to power

Major cause of water wastages and Remedies to reduce these wastages?

Lack of awareness on diminishing availability of resources

Lack of information on various steps involved in processing waste water to meet

quality health standards before it reaches washroom, kitchens etc.

Subsidized water bills. As people do not pay the full value of water, they are not

bothered about saving it.

What are the ways we can minimize water and power resource usage?

We need to create awareness in the community, particularly among young people and

teenagers in order to reduce the usage of power and water resources in their day to day

life. We need to make readily available advanced technologies like sensors system, light

dimming technology and timers at cheaper cost as a means of conserving water and

electricity.


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Re-use and recycling of our resources would be the largest factor in conserving water

and electricity, for example gas turbines in closed cycle, waste water recycling for

watering plants, car services and other common uses etc.

3. INTRODUCTION

United Arab Emirates is a confederation of seven independent emirates, formed in 1971. Abu

Dhabi and Dubai contains 30 % and 50% of gross domestic product (UAE Yearbook, 2010).In

2010, the economy of United Arab Emirates took a blow as a result of the global financial crisis,

which cause a huge decline in their oil and gas prices (Nanto, 2009). Conversely, the answer of

dynamic counter cyclical strategies and monetary sector would maintain procedures which

will probably steer a new section of slow added sustainable development for the United Arab

Emirates economy (UAE Yearbook, 2010).

The main natural resources of United Arab Emirates are its natural gas and oil reserves. With

respect to world trade organization reports in 2009, it is seen that more than 87% of their

financial economy depends upon the exporting of their natural resources (Oil & Natural Gas).

Having world’s seventh largest reserve of natural gas and fifth major exporter of crude oil, the

capital emirate Abu Dhabi has most of the hydrocarbon deposits. South Korea, Iran, Japan,

U.S.A and India are certain countries where UAE exports the resources (UAE Yearbook, 2010).

If we look two or three or four decades into the future, we know that hydrocarbons alone

will not meet the needs of a growing world economy. Even with all the technical expertise

the world could offer and all the political will it could muster, eventually, we will run out of

oil. And, even before then, the price of a dwindling supply will be prohibitive. At present,

our world is overly focused on, and overly dependent upon, one source of energy . . . and

that path is unsustainable.

Samuel Bodman, US Energy Secretary


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Even though Oil and Natural Gas have been a powerful strength for the UAE's financial system,

financial diversification has been an intensive government approach since 1980’s. This

approach bought various improvement of a numerous of innovative service sectors and center

of non-oil& gas industrial actions. Emirates Cities such as Dubai, in common, have materialized

as an active global trading hub, along with a huge tourism division and active real estate

marketplace. The UAE has always known the consequence of safe guarding ecological

resources; rather it has endeavored to compose a keystone of its developmental strategy for

current and future production (UAE yearbook, 2010). Undeniably, throughout the last three

decades of the twentieth century, the UAE has attained most important steps in maintaining

development, including the formation of a federal environmental organization, the

formulations of a complete nationwide environmental policy and legislation, and contribution

in abundant mutual ecological accordance.

United Arab Emirates, in spite of plentiful assets of natural gas and oil, appear to be on the

edge of running short of oil and natural gas. Amazingly, the Middle East, which has 45% of the

world's enduring natural gas reserves, is besieged to find enough natural gas to meet its own

probable demands (UAE Yearbook, 2010). Since oil and natural gas is the main feedstock for the

majority of its downstream and petrochemical projects, the force of the deficiency is steadily

being felt internationally. Demand for natural g as is unlikely to slow, as these countries are

committed to huge investments in infrastructure and the power sector (plaster mart, 2009).

4. METHODOLOGY

The research project is based on the wastage of power and water in UAE. The hypothesis being

that wastage of power and water would cause a major threat to natural resources in UAE. This

proposal is based on uncertain statements and has been followed up with lot of analysis by

using different research methods. This thesis has been expressed initially by organizing a

research proposal which summarized the main characteristics of the upcoming research. The

research proposal acted as a blue print of the research project and acted as an easy format to

work on. But the preparation of the proposal had already initiated the gathering of hard data


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for the analysis of the hypothesis. Hard data has been gathered using online resources and

Murdoch library books.

Through Murdoch University documentation website, ‘ProQuest Journal, Articles, and

Databases were chosen. Precised full text and scholarly articles only were selected, dated from

January 2001 onwards. The phrase ‘Wastage of power and water in UAE’ was used in the

explore selection. This generated abundant articles which had been beneficial in attaining

useful information. This exploration led to obtaining of many other articles on or after which a

good number of applicable resources was selected in relation to the subject for my summary.

Hard copy of all information was collected from Murdoch University library website. Further

research was conducted using journal articles and databases relating to information found.

Further research was conducted using various newspapers, journals and articles from Google's

search engine. This search gave many research article and academic journals. Took note of all

consumers’ problems they face due to shortages of power and water. Finally a meeting was

conducted with industry experts for opinions and their conclusions. Creation of SWOT analysis

for current issues faced in comparison to the other countries of the world. With these

conclusions, the proposal on power and water wastage in UAE was created.

This proposal is prepared with the help of various information’s collected through online

journals, and also business meetings along with The Power Authority, R.A.K.I.A and from work

experiences.


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5. LITERATURE REVIEW

5.1 S.W.O.T ANALYSIS ON POWER & WATER CONSUMPTIONS

STRENGTHS

Availability of land resources-Due to the availability of power and water market

promises markets in United Arab Emirates with respect to potential growth in the

upcoming years.

Survival of workforce-In accumulation to the labor force obtainable in rural part, extra

workers will turn into accessible because an effect of the capability and strength of

power and water production.

Large-scale use of Natural gas-In UAE, 85% of economic market depends on petroleum

and gas exports. Being world’s fifth major exporters of crude oil and acquire the

seventh major reserves of natural gas. The technology and the research for progressing

source utilized for generating power from oil and gas are on an excellent level.

Awareness of people into scientific and innovative growth.

Complex network and infrastructure-Power and water network clutches most modern

necessities and cover up certain element of the area. Power generation infrastructure in

UAE has been extremely much modernized to an immense level.

The ongoing and rising necessitate for desalinated water

WEAKNESSES

Poor infrastructure has led to heavy transmission and distribution losses

Reduced return to utilities which affect their productivity and capability to make

further investment.

Huge investment costs-Due to the result of the high value of technologies used for

power generation and water recycling, the probability for bringing major strategic

investments are limited. The payment time for investing in generation of these energies


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is frequently ten years or more, which decreases the importance in taking up such

investments.

Low Energy prices- Due to high prices for the resources in the neighboring countries,

presently a good deal of demands on the export of resources products, including oil, gas

& petroleum.

Low awareness- The general understanding of society should be possibilities of using

natural gas and water and think about cost-effectiveness being low. No determined and

wide range information has been accepted yet.

OPPORTUNITIES

Raise in fuel prices in the world market-The expected value increase of import fuels

inspires for expansion of substitute fuel construction / look for occasion.

Money derived from emission trading-The control of the money derived from

emission operation into for the production of energy generation from renewable

resources agree to achieve several goals -securities of contribution, clean surrounding

atmosphere and trade of extra emissions trading proportion.

Decline of power dependence-The shift to produce energy from limited raw supplies

will significantly assist in the increase of share for limited fuels in the energy stability

and reduces the dependence of the power produced on the world market prices of the

possessions.

THREATS

Low world market prices for resources:-Due to the irregular low price of solid, liquid

and gas oil and petroleum might provide an undesired sign into the market and by that

could increase the distribute of fuel import.

Opening up of power and water distribution markets: - Following the energy

markets to open up, the sale prices of energy will be market support and may give

unperformed short-term signal for making investment assessment.


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Erroneous and ineffectual organizational and political decisions-Incorrect

planning and development may lead to economically inefficient use.

Further rapid development of demanding markets:-The conclusion accepted by the

adjoining countries and money guided into energy generation, together with a

significantly superior technological and monetary potential might result in an rising

export of oil and petroleum under the circumstance of the Arab internal market.

6. RESEARCH FINDINGS

Demand of power and water in UAE is growing at 15 percent per year, which is five times

compared to rates of countries like United Kingdom and United States. Power and water

consumption will keep rising steeply due to economic necessities. Below chart and tables gives

a clear indication on how people in UAE consumed electricity for the last ten years.

Table 1: Electricity - production (billion kWh)

Country-Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

United Arab Emirates 20.11 36.7 38.7 37.74 37.74 45.12 45.12 49.52 62.76 62.76 71.54 71.54

Table 2: Electricity - consumption (billion kWh)


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Country-Consumption 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

United Arab Emirates 18.7 34.13 35.99 35.1 35.1 36.51 38.32 46.05 57.88 57.88 65.98 65.98

POWER CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

More than 90 per cent of the UAE’s electricity production is fuelled by natural gas, with the

remaining produced by diesel generation and steam turbines (primarily in the Northern

Emirates). The major players in the UAE’s electricity generation sectors are: Abu Dhabi Water

and Electricity Authority, which currently accounts for53 per cent of the capacity, Dubai

Electricity and Water Authority (29 per cent), Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority (11 per

cent), and Federal Electricity and Water Authority (7 per cent), which operates in the Northern

Emirates. (Utilities in the UAE, 2010)


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Table 3: POWER CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

From table 3, it is seen that around 45 % of electricity in UAE has been consumed by

commercial sector and the next major consumer is the residential sector. It is also interesting

to note that about 9% of UAE’s electricity is only consumed, for producing and desalinating

water (WETEX, 2011). Hotels in UAE have one of the highest rates of water and electricity

consumption in the world

WATER CONSUMPTIONS IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

Table 4: Water consumption in different sectors


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From the table 4, around 61 % of water in UAE is been consumed by residential sector and the

next major consumers are commercial sector (Moushumi, 2005). It is also interesting to note

that about 3% of UAE electricity is consumed for producing and desalination process (WETEX,

2011). Hotels in UAE have the highest consumption of water in the world.

The United Arab Emirates is the third biggest nation in terms of seawater desalination facility.

Though, there is a rareness of information offered about desalination in the UAE. It is

implicated that each emirate has its own water authority, and each provides a different

amount of information. The United Arab Emirates has 55.5 m3 of natural renewable water

resources per capita. In contrast, Australia has 25,185 m3 per capita. The average annual

precipitation in the largest city of the UAE, Abu Dhabi, is 89 mm. In contrast, Sydney has an

average annual precipitation of 1333 mm

Scarcity of Water resources face a massive of threats which are very serious to the nation, all

caused mainly by activities of human being. They comprise of urban growth, climate change,

toxic waste, and landscape modification such as deforestation. Each of them has its own

explicit blow, typically straight on ecology and in revolve to water resources.

If insufficiently directed, actions like road-building, mining, farming and forest-clearing can

lead to too much erosion of soil and hovering element ending up in rivers (sedimentation).

These damages on marine ecosystem can impair water feature and obstruct internal shipping.

Contamination can damage water resources and aquatic ecosystems. Major pollutants

comprise for illustration of organic material and illness causing organisms from fritter away

water discharge, pesticides and fertilizers operation off from farming lands, acid rain resulting

from pollution of air, and heavy metals released by industrial actions and mining.

The results of taking out too much water, both from groundwater and water surface, have been

vivid. A prominent example is the sudden reduction in size of the Lake Chad and Aral Sea. Little

is being completed to deal with the causes, which include deforestation and poor water

management practices.


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In latest decades, more water has been taken out from underground resource. The advantages

of removing groundwater are often short-term, while the negative affects – lower water levels

and worn-out resources.

Climate alteration appears to be increasing accessible pressures, for e.g. in region already

suffering from shortages of water. Mountain glaciers and lands are reducing more quickly in

recent years. Intense weather events branching from global warming, such as floods and

storms, are likely to become more common and harsh. However, based on current information,

scientists can only make common calculation about the impact of climate modification on

water resources.

Table 5: Top 10 countries for making carbon foot prints (per capita basis), DATA FROM

GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK

Note: Due to urbanization and Industrial growth, UAE’s high carbon foot print has a huge

impact on the environment. Largest amount of electricity is consumed for cooling purpose

with up to 53 % energy consumed during summer season (Landais, 2008).Government of UAE

is planning to develop a system called Demand side management, which will educate

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Carbon Foot Print

QATAR

UAE

UNITED STATES

KUWAIT

FINLAND

CANADA

MECEDONIA

BELGIUM

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SINGAPORE


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consumers and sway them to reduce the wastage of consumption of both power and water and

will make sure that they use the limited resources wisely (WETEX, 2011).

REASONS WHY THE PROBLEM EXISTS AND JUSTIFICATION

Main reasons why these types of problems arise are due to:-

At Residential areas –People do not have proper knowledge on the difficulties that can be

caused due to wastage of power and water

Some common examples of their waste uses are while using

Desktop computers-73.95 W when on Idle, 21.1 W lost while on sleep mode and

2.84 W when on off condition with supply running in.

Cell Phone Charger- 2.23 W lost with phone plugged in and is fully charged;

0.14W lost when charger is connected to outlet.

Laptops-when ON and charging it consumes 44.25 W and 4.40W on standby

mode.

Average person water consumption is 130 gallons per day; if you shower for

more than ten minutes we would waste around 20 gallons of water

approximately. Reducing shower time by just 5 minutes would save up to 300

gallons of water per month

Watering plants during day time is wastage and it could be less use to plant as

water would get dried up due to the soaring heat of the sun causing the soil to

dry faster.

At Power Stations – In UAE, 97 percent of power plants uses gas turbine, which have only 40

percent efficiency. 60 percent of efficiency is wasted into environment. If they reuse the

remaining 60 percent by bringing a closed cycle system they can still power up one whole

country. Improper management would be the main cause of this type of issues.


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Water used in Power plants and desalination plants are less wasted but there can be losses due

to improper maintenance of specialized tanks, boilers etc; which causes major leakages

Lot of energy loss is found when improper energy conversion takes place in industrial

machines like electrical energy into heat energy, electrical energy to mechanical energy etc.

(Refer Appendix C)

Desalination and demineralization plants in UAE: Even though we use desalinated water

for our basic needs, we still need to reduce the waste of using them wasted. The process of

desalinating and demineralization is a huge power consuming projects. Huge amount of money

is being invested throughout the emirates to develop new plants. The financial side of

desalination is indistinct by the low local energy cost. (Refer Appendix C)

DUBAI DESALINATION CAPACITY

INSTALLED CAPACITY 2001 2002 2003 2004

DESALINATION PLANT MILLIONS/GALLONS/DAY

148 168 188 188

WELLS MILLION /GALLONS / DAY 12 12 41 41

PEAK DEMAND 143 154 167 184

Source: Dubai Water and Electricity Authority, Statistics. See website (http://dewa.gov.ae)

ABUDHABI WATER CAPACITY & PRODUCTION

YEAR CAPACITY (MILLION GALLONS /DAY)

PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS)

1998 214 66772

1999 227 70917

2000 258 76917

2001 325 86896

2002 449 105560

2003 449 120415

2004 642 138297

Source: Abu Dhabi Water and Electrical Company, Statistical Leaflet 2004. See website

http://www.adwec.ae

http://dewa.gov.ae/

http://www.adwec.ae/


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From the above table, it is obvious that Abu Dhabi has considerably improved its desalination

facility, from 214 MG/day to 64 MG/day

At Commercial Places – Places like hotels and restaurant, waste water by washing dishes

mostly by running their tap on. People would not care much if the company is paying for the

water bills. They even waste electricity by turning on all the lights and air conditioners even

when there is no one to use them. Running fixtures and leaks are another for wastage of water.

A leaky bathroom can waste approximately 200 gallons of water a day.

7. DISCUSSION

Probing for an approach to switch its increasing waste crisis, and with its major landfill

approaching capacity, UAE is initiating various drives to understand their fellow citizen to

reduce power and water wastages and also on how to conserve them for future (WAM, 2011).

We need to generate awareness among young people and teenagers about the importance of

conserving power and water resources in their daily life. Educate elder personnel through

commercial advertisement on power and water. Many industries have stepped up various

actions to reduce the loss of power and water in their production cycle. They have put up new

latest machineries less power consuming and high product output. Various places have started

up to recycle the water and use for basic day life needs. We all know that resources in UAE are

depleting day by day. We need to conserve them and use them effectively. Without these

resources we cannot run gas turbines to generate power, we won’t be able to fill petrol in our

car; we won’t be able to do any production for living up.

The research on wastage of power and water in UAE has not given solutions to my hypothesis

but also demonstrated accurate to every level. Latest advancement is coming up in UAE for

protecting the power consumption like new less power and cost effective lighting systems,

sensor systems in various houses to switch off the lights and other electrical applications when

not in use. Automatic water shut off valve to avoid tear and wears in pipeline are recently used

in various power industries. Re use and recycling of our resources would be a major way of


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preserving water and electricity. Example: Gas turbine in closed cycle, waste water recycling

for watering plants, car services and other common uses etc.

Decline of resources in later stage could lead to lot of issues in UAE. The government has

definitely become conscious about the crisis. MASDAR was established to come across answers

to the tribulations such as: management of power, management of water and varying energy

possessions. MASDAR city is located in Abu Dhabi. It is a city which relies mainly on solar

energy and alternate energy resources. There is almost no wastage of water and energy in this

city (Lawton, Michael, June 2009). This city will serve as a role model to every other city in the

world. MASDAR plans on hosting the world’s largest hydrogen power plant for the production

of energy. MASDAR will also attempt to reduce waste to zero. Industrial waste, such as plastics

and metals, will be recycled or re-purposed for other uses. Water conservation is very nicely

done (Masdar City, February 2008). 80% of water used will be recycled and used as many

times as possible. Hotels should start using energy conserving devices. In support of a hotel to

transform its customary ways of in service acquire time and the capability to look earlier

period the hope that if a little is achievable is will be more costly and will have a slow

repayment time. A system and certain standards should be created in every hotel to monitor

the wastage of power and water. For example, a hotel required to see where the majority

power is being used in the facility. The hotel can aim the lighting in those areas where the

energy use is peak. Then they might set aim of reducing their energy utilization by 20% over a

one year period, or restore the existing lighting equipment with solid fluorescent lightings.

Setting aim and targets and monitoring outcome are great tools for examining your progress in

energy application as well as your declining energy costs.

It has become obvious that, change in climate is upsetting water accessibility. Pollution, water

distraction and suspicions about the availability of water are frightening economic growth,

health and environment. Water from Underground is often being over polluted and exploited.

To expand water supply, conventional techniques – such as collection of rainwater are now

being added by newer technologies like water reuse and desalination (Refer Appendix C).

Political hold up is needed to develop information assortment that can in turn enable better

decision making about the use of water and management.


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Here a conclusion can arise by making sure following things take into account into future for

conserving our energy sources. We should be able to connect relevant elements of this plan

with other strategic plans. We should coordinate implementation and promote communication

across emirates and other communicating agencies. Last not the least we should be able to

build a local human resource capacity for betterment of the nation.


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Akilah, Amiri (01/14/2010 C). `` DEWA for privatization of water and power

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Anonymous (12/01/2010 B). ‘’Hero’s of the UAE launch water conservation campaign

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Anonymous (19/03/2008). "Study says Dubai hotels waste energy". Gulf news (Dubai,

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http://www.energy.gov/print/4477.htm


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9. APPENDIX

APPENDIX: A

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (ABU DHABI)

Taweelah A1 Power and Desalination Plant have an output 385,000,000 liter

(85,000,000 imp gal; 102,000,000 US gal) per day of clean water.

Umm Al Nar Desalination Plant has an output of 394,000,000 liters (87,000,000 imp gal;

104,000,000 US gal) per day of clean water.

Fujairah F2 is to be completed by July 2010 will have a water production capacity of

492,000,000 liters (108,000,000 imp gal; 130,000,000 US gal) per day.

A Seawater Greenhouse was constructed on Al-Aryam Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab

Emirates.


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APPENDIX: B

TOTAL GHG EMISSIONS IN UAE, 1995 (GG)

SECTOR CO2 equivalent CO2 CH4 N2O NOX CO NMVOC SO2

ENERGY 70879 60246 396 5 162 836 95 18310

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS 3455 3443 1 0 1 138 6 5

WASTE MANAGEMENT 2552 0 108 0 0 0 0 0

AGRICULTURAL 1777 0 48 2 0 0 0 0

LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY -4227 -4227 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 74436 59462 553 7 163 974 101 18315


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APPENDIX C:

Important discussions noted after Meeting along with RAKIA Power & Water Advisor, Mr. N.

Zakkir Hussain

How to reduce wastage of power in Power plants and other industry sectors?

Use direct drive energy machineries rather than indirect drive machineries (E.g. lot of

energy loss on conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy and others)

Conversion of open cycle power plants to closed cycle power plants

Nuclear power plant as a remedy to future resources for Power production

No doubt, Nuclear power and solar power would be the main source of power

production in the future, when there is shortage for natural gas resources. Well

efficiencies would not be good as compared to gas turbine for generating power. But as

the resources be available in plenty. Cost factor would not affect the energy production.

Lot of precautionary steps the government would to take safe guard the society ad

mankind from

Desalination process is a very expensive process and more power consuming

process. Any remedies to avoid these losses of power?

It is a fact that there is scarcity of fresh water in UAE. The process of making is an

expensive process and more power consuming. We have huge amount of salt water,

which we cannot use for industrial purpose. Latest equipments are coming out to market

these days with good efficiency and low cost for production of sea water into fresh

water. Well we need pure quality of water i.e. De-min water for using in industries just to

avoid corrosion of industrial machineries.

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