Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 23

1. Lesson 23 Vocabulary2. Third Conjugation Verbs, Passive Voice

3. Objective Genitive

Lesson 23 Vocabulary

antīquus, antīqua, antīquum

former, ancient, old-fashioned, old*

N.B.: antīquus rarely means “old.” Virī antīquīmeans “men of old,” not “old men.”

clārus, clāra, clārum

clear, bright; famous

fīnitimus, fīnitima, fīnitimum

neighboring

paucī, paucae, pauca

few, a few

N.B.: “few” by nature is plural, so this adj. only exists in the plural.

reliquus, reliqua, reliquum

remaining, the rest of

N.B.: the genitive case is NOT used with reliquus. The “of” in “the rest of” is part of the meaning of the adj.

cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus

to move; yield, give way

discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus

to go away, depart, leave

[< dis– (apart, in different directions) + cedō, cēdere, cessī, cessus]

excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessus

to go out, leave

[< ē/ex + cedō, cēdere, cessī, cessus]

cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtus

to decide, determine; set up

contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus

to strive, struggle; hasten

dēligō, dēligere, dēlēgī, dēlēctus

to choose

redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, redūctusto lead back

[< re– (back, again) + dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus]

Third Conjugation Verbs: Passive Voice

Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

• the passive voice of the present system of the 3rd conj. is formed exactly like the active voice forms, but with the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

– Present: pres. stem (1st PP drop –ō) + i/u + passive endings

• exception: 2nd SG in the present adds –e– to the stem, NOT –i–

– Imperfect: pres. stem + ēbā + passive endings

– Future: pres. stem + a/e + passive endings

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūc dūc

2nd dūc dūc

3rd dūc dūc

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūc dūci

2nd dūce dūci

3rd dūci dūcu

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcor dūci

2nd dūce dūci

3rd dūci dūcu

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcor dūci

2nd dūceris dūci

3rd dūci dūcu

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcor dūci

2nd dūceris dūci

3rd dūcitur dūcu

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcor dūcimur

2nd dūceris dūci

3rd dūcitur dūcu

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcor dūcimur

2nd dūceris dūciminī

3rd dūcitur dūcu

3rd Conjugation– Present PassiveForming:

– add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG– add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL – add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL– add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcor dūcimur

2nd dūceris dūciminī

3rd dūcitur dūcuntur

3rd Conjugation– Imperfect PassiveForming:

– add –ēba– to the stem – add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

3rd Conjugation– Imperfect PassiveForming:

– add –ēba– to the stem – add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcēbar dūcēbāmur

2nd dūcēbāris dūcēbāminī

3rd dūcēbātur dūcēbantur

3rd Conjugation– Future PassiveForming:

– add –a– to the stem in the 1st SG– add –ē– to the stem in the other forms (–e– in 3rd SG & PL)– add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

3rd Conjugation– Future PassiveForming:

– add –a– to the stem in the 1st SG– add –ē– to the stem in the other forms (–e– in 3rd PL)– add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūcar dūcēmur

2nd dūcēris* dūcēminī

3rd dūcētur dūcentur*the long –ē– is the only difference between fut. & pres. passive for 3rd conj., you need to know this long mark

3rd Conjugation Verbs Present Passive Imperative

to form the present passive imperative…• SG: add –ere– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem• PL: add –iminī– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem

e.g.: regō, regere – regere! (sg) regiminī! (pl)

N.B.: SG impv. is still the same as the 2nd PP and PL impv. is still the same as 2nd PL pres. pass. indic.

Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

• the passive of the perfect system of the 3rd conj. is formed exactly like the perfect system passive of conj. 1-2 (PPP + form of sum, esse)

– Perfect: PPP + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

– Pluperfect: PPP + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant

– Future Perfect: PPP + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

3rd Conjugation– Perfect PassiveForming:

– take the PPP (4th PP declined like a 2-1-2 adjective)– add the present tense of sum, esse

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

3rd Conjugation– Perfect PassiveForming:

– take the PPP (4th PP declined like a 2-1-2 adjective)– add the present tense of sum, esse

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūctus, -a, -um sum dūctī, -ae, -a sumus

2nd dūctus, -a, -um es dūctī, -ae, -a estis

3rd dūctus, -a, -um est dūctī, -ae, -a sunt

3rd Conjugation– Pluperfect PassiveForming:

– take the PPP (4th PP declined like a 2-1-2 adjective)– add the imperfect tense of sum, esse

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

3rd Conjugation– Pluperfect PassiveForming:

– take the PPP (4th PP declined like a 2-1-2 adjective)– add the imperfect tense of sum, esse

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūctus, -a, -um eram dūctī, -ae, -a erāmus

2nd dūctus, -a, -um erās dūctī, -ae, -a erātis

3rd dūctus, -a, -um erat dūctī, -ae, -a erant

3rd Conjugation– Future Perfect PassiveForming:

– take the PPP (4th PP declined like a 2-1-2 adjective)– add the future tense of sum, esse

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

3rd Conjugation– Future Perfect PassiveForming:

– take the PPP (4th PP declined like a 2-1-2 adjective)– add the future tense of sum, esse

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead

SG PL

1st dūctus, -a, -um erō dūctī, -ae, -a erimus

2nd dūctus, -a, -um eris dūctī, -ae, -a eritis

3rd dūctus, -a, -um erit dūctī, -ae, -a erunt

Objective Genitive

Objective Genitive• one of the most common uses of the gen. (if not the

most common)• the objective genitive is used like the object of a noun or

adjective containing some idea of action• the obj. gen. can often be translated with “for,” instead of

“of”• common with words that express emotions • how to determine if you have an objective genitive:

– find the word the gen. goes with; does it have a verb-y idea?– if yes, change the verb-y noun into its verb – does the gen.

sound like the object? • if yes, it is objective genitive • if no, it is not

Objective Genitive

E.G.• dux cōpiārum (i.e. ducit cōpiās)

– the leader of the troops• cūra agrōrum (i.e. cūrat agrōs)

– care for the fields• amor populī (i.e. amat populum)

– love of/for the people• magister linguae Latinae (i.e. docet linguam Latīnam)

– teacher of the Latin language