Jefferson’s vision Jefferson’s vision Society of sturdy, independent Society of sturdy, independent farmers who were happily free from farmers who were happily free from the workshops, the industrial towns,the workshops, the industrial towns, and the city mobs of Europeand the city mobs of EuropeSystem of universal educationSystem of universal educationCultural outlook that emphasized Cultural outlook that emphasized localism and republican simplicitylocalism and republican simplicityFederal government with limited powerFederal government with limited powerMost authority in states Most authority in states

Did they succeed?Did they succeed?Not reallyNot reallyVision became obsoleteVision became obsoleteDiversified and more complex economy Diversified and more complex economy Growing cities, surging commerce, and Growing cities, surging commerce, and expanding industrialism made ideal of aexpanding industrialism made ideal of a simple, agrarian society impossible to simple, agrarian society impossible to maintainmaintainDid manage to dismantle much of the Did manage to dismantle much of the Federalist bureaucratic powerFederalist bureaucratic power

Judith Sargent Murray’sJudith Sargent Murray’sThesisThesis

Men and women were Men and women were equal in intellect and equal in intellect and potential. Womenpotential. Women therefore should have therefore should have precisely the same precisely the same educational opportunities as men.educational opportunities as men.Also should have same opportunities inAlso should have same opportunities in the workplacethe workplace

Jefferson’s vision of Jefferson’s vision of Native AmericansNative AmericansNoble savages Noble savages (uncivilized but not (uncivilized but not necessarily inferior)necessarily inferior)Hoped schooling Hoped schooling Native Americans in Native Americans in white culture would white culture would tame and uplift tribestame and uplift tribes

Higher EducationHigher EducationLess availableLess available1 white man in 10001 white man in 1000Prosperous, propertiedProsperous, propertied familiesfamiliesClergy: only professionClergy: only profession for which college for which college training was a training was a prerequisite prerequisite

Benj. Benj. RushRush

Medicine Medicine Rush founded first medicalRush founded first medical school at Univ. of PAschool at Univ. of PAMost apprenticed to an Most apprenticed to an existing practitionerexisting practitionerEfforts to teach anatomy Efforts to teach anatomy met with public hostilitymet with public hostilityRush: lack of sanitation programs causedRush: lack of sanitation programs caused spread of disease;spread of disease;Bleeding & purging Bleeding & purging

National CultureNational CultureJedidiah MorseJedidiah Morse Geography Made EasyGeography Made Easy

Noah WebsterNoah Webster American students should beAmerican students should be educated as patriotseducated as patriotsAmerican Spelling BookAmerican Spelling Book Americanized system of spelling Americanized system of spelling

C. B. Brown W. Irving Mercy O. WarrenC. B. Brown W. Irving Mercy O. Warren

Deism, universalism and Unitarianism Deism, universalism and Unitarianism Deism: God exists, but is a remote entity Deism: God exists, but is a remote entity who, after creating the universe, with-who, after creating the universe, with- drew from direct involvement with the drew from direct involvement with the human race and its sinshuman race and its sinsUnitarianism: rejected predestinationUnitarianism: rejected predestination Salvation available to allSalvation available to all Rejected Trinity (Jesus not Son of God)Rejected Trinity (Jesus not Son of God)

Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening

Timothy Dwight Peter CartwrightTimothy Dwight Peter Cartwright

Second Great AwakeningSecond Great AwakeningBasic thrust: individuals must readmit Basic thrust: individuals must readmit God into daily lives, must embrace a God into daily lives, must embrace a fervent, active piety, must reject fervent, active piety, must reject skeptical rationalismskeptical rationalismThe SGA combined a more active piety The SGA combined a more active piety with a belief that God was an active with a belief that God was an active force in the world whose grace could force in the world whose grace could be attained through faith and good worksbe attained through faith and good works

J. WattJ. Watt

Disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and Disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and rigid schedulerigid schedule

Moses Brown and Samuel SlaterMoses Brown and Samuel SlaterBritish prevented export of textile machineryBritish prevented export of textile machinery or emigration of skilled mechanicsor emigration of skilled mechanicsSlater, a mechanic who did emigrate and builtSlater, a mechanic who did emigrate and builtA spinning mill for Brown in Pawtucket, RIA spinning mill for Brown in Pawtucket, RIFirst modern factory in America First modern factory in America

Eli Whitney Eli Whitney England: enormous demandEngland: enormous demandFor cottonFor cottonLong-staple (Sea Island)Long-staple (Sea Island)easy to separate seeds;easy to separate seeds;grew successfully only grew successfully only along the coasts; along the coasts; Short-staple—sticky green Short-staple—sticky green seeds were hard to remove;seeds were hard to remove;but could grow inland but could grow inland

CottonCotton En Engingine e performed cleaning task performed cleaning task quickly and efficiently; cotton growing quickly and efficiently; cotton growing soon spread to upland Southsoon spread to upland South

Devised a machine to make each part Devised a machine to make each part of a musket according to an exact of a musket according to an exact pattern. Tasks could be divided among pattern. Tasks could be divided among several workers and one laborer could several workers and one laborer could assemble assemble a weapon out of parts made by many a weapon out of parts made by many othersothers

Eli Whitney’s Other Contributions Eli Whitney’s Other Contributions

As early as 1793, US merchant fleet andAs early as 1793, US merchant fleet andforeign trade larger than any European foreign trade larger than any European nation, other than Great Britainnation, other than Great Britain

Robert Fulton The Clermont Robert Fulton The Clermont

Turnpikes Turnpikes

Toll roads with Toll roads with hard-packed hard-packed surface of crushedsurface of crushed rock rock Privately funded toPrivately funded to produce profitsproduce profitsTherefore construction costs had to be low—Therefore construction costs had to be low— roads were relatively short roads were relatively short

Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C.

Designed by Pierre L’EnfantDesigned by Pierre L’EnfantAbusive climateAbusive climateRepublicans allowed the city to remainRepublicans allowed the city to remainraw, inhospitable raw, inhospitable

Jefferson’s intellectual and political assetsJefferson’s intellectual and political assetsBrilliant and charming Brilliant and charming conversationalistconversationalistWriter of great literary skillsWriter of great literary skillsOne of nation’s most One of nation’s most intelligent and creative peopleintelligent and creative peopleArchitect, educator, inventor,Architect, educator, inventor, scientific farmer, philosopherscientific farmer, philosopherShrewd and practical politicianShrewd and practical politicianGreat lengths to eliminate the Great lengths to eliminate the aura of majesty surrounding the presidencyaura of majesty surrounding the presidency

Reversing public debt Reversing public debt Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury was key the Treasury was key Congress abolished all internalCongress abolished all internal taxestaxesCustoms duties and sale of Customs duties and sale of western lands only sources of revenuewestern lands only sources of revenueGallatin drastically reduced governmentGallatin drastically reduced government spendingspending Cut staffs Cut staffs (Jefferson cut social spending)(Jefferson cut social spending)Cut national debt almost in halfCut national debt almost in half

Jefferson’s Military Policies Jefferson’s Military Policies Scaled down size of armed Scaled down size of armed forcesforces

Army: 4,000 to 2,500Army: 4,000 to 2,500 Navy: 25 ships to 7 plusNavy: 25 ships to 7 plus officers & sailorsofficers & sailorsDid establish the United States Military Did establish the United States Military Academy at West Point, New YorkAcademy at West Point, New York

Jefferson’s Military Policies Jefferson’s Military Policies

Anything but the smallest of standing Anything but the smallest of standing armiesarmies might menace civil liberties and civilian might menace civil liberties and civilian control of government. A large navy control of government. A large navy might might promote overseas commerce, which promote overseas commerce, which should should be secondary to agriculture.be secondary to agriculture.

What was my rationale What was my rationale in cutting the armed in cutting the armed

forces?forces?

War with Barbary PiratesWar with Barbary Pirates

Jefferson re-built the U. S. fleet; Jefferson re-built the U. S. fleet; agreementagreementended tribute payments but paid ended tribute payments but paid $60,000$60,000ransom for release of hostagesransom for release of hostages

Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison (1803)(1803)Jefferson repealed Jefferson repealed Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801Adams had made Adams had made “ “midnight appointments”midnight appointments”One was William Marbury:One was William Marbury: Justice of the Peace for Washington, D. Justice of the Peace for Washington, D. C.C.Secretary of State’s job to deliver Secretary of State’s job to deliver commissionscommissionsMadison: new Secretary of State, Madison: new Secretary of State, refused to refused to deliver Marbury’s commissiondeliver Marbury’s commission

Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison (1803)(1803)John Marshall Court heldJohn Marshall Court heldMarbury had a right to hisMarbury had a right to his commission, but the commission, but the Court, as stipulated in theCourt, as stipulated in the Judiciary Act of 1789, had Judiciary Act of 1789, had no right to order Madison to deliver itno right to order Madison to deliver itCongress had exceeded its authority in Congress had exceeded its authority in including that power in the Judiciary including that power in the Judiciary Act of Act of 17891789

Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison (1803)(1803)With the Marshall Court’sWith the Marshall Court’s ruling, it gave itself the ruling, it gave itself the power to nullify an act of power to nullify an act of Congress—Judicial ReviewCongress—Judicial ReviewEstablished the Judiciary Established the Judiciary as a branch of government co-equal as a branch of government co-equal with the with the executive and legislative—a position executive and legislative—a position that that the founders of the republic had never the founders of the republic had never clearly indicated it should occupy. clearly indicated it should occupy.

Impeachment of Samuel Chase Impeachment of Samuel Chase Republican leaders unable to getRepublican leaders unable to get necessary 2/3 vote for necessary 2/3 vote for conviction in Senateconviction in SenateAcquittal helped establish that Acquittal helped establish that impeachment would not becomeimpeachment would not become a routing political weapon, that a routing political weapon, that something something more than partisan disagreement more than partisan disagreement should should have to underlie the process have to underlie the process

Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana PurchaseJefferson: purchase NewJefferson: purchase New OrleansOrleansRobert Livingston, with Robert Livingston, with James Monroe, proposed, onJames Monroe, proposed, on his own authority, that the U. S. his own authority, that the U. S. purchase all purchase all of Louisianaof Louisiana$15 million (2 cents an acre), French $15 million (2 cents an acre), French certaincertain exclusive commercial privileges in exclusive commercial privileges in New New Orleans, & U. S. incorporate Louisiana Orleans, & U. S. incorporate Louisiana into into union with same rights and privileges union with same rights and privileges

Jefferson’s quandary Jefferson’s quandary Strict Constitutionalist Strict Constitutionalist Federal government Federal government could rightfully exercisecould rightfully exercise only those powers only those powers explicitly assigned to itexplicitly assigned to itNowhere did the Constitution say Nowhere did the Constitution say anything anything about acquiring new territory. His about acquiring new territory. His advisorsadvisors persuaded him that his treaty-making persuaded him that his treaty-making power power under the Constitution would justify under the Constitution would justify the the purchase. purchase.

Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition

Meriweather LewisMeriweather LewisWilliam ClarkWilliam Clark SacajaweaSacajawea

Mission: cross the Mission: cross the continent to the continent to the Pacific OceanPacific OceanGather geological Gather geological factsfactsInvestigate Investigate prospects for trade prospects for trade with Native with Native AmericansAmericans

Burr-Hamilton Duel--1804Burr-Hamilton Duel--1804

The Burr Conspiracy The Burr Conspiracy

Aaron Burr J. Wilkinson J. Marshall Aaron Burr J. Wilkinson J. Marshall The Burr Conspiracy clearly indicated that theThe Burr Conspiracy clearly indicated that thelegitimacy of the federal government and the legitimacy of the federal government and the existence of the U. S. as a stable and united existence of the U. S. as a stable and united nation remained to be fully established.nation remained to be fully established.

Effects of Napoleon’s Continental SystemEffects of Napoleon’s Continental System

U. S. caught in the middle—both British U. S. caught in the middle—both British and and French policies violated U. S. neutrality French policies violated U. S. neutrality

British British impressment impressment of American of American sailors sailors British claimed the right British claimed the right to stop & searchto stop & searchU. S. merchant shipsU. S. merchant shipsand re-impress and re-impress deserters. Violated deserters. Violated own police that they own police that they would not touch native-born would not touch native-born AmericansAmericans

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident Chesapeake-Leopard Incident Capt. Barron refused to Capt. Barron refused to allow British to search allow British to search his navy frigatehis navy frigateBritish attacked; U. S. British attacked; U. S. sailors killed/woundedsailors killed/woundedBarron surrenderedBarron surrenderedSailors removedSailors removedJefferson expelled all British warships Jefferson expelled all British warships from from U. S. watersU. S. watersU. S.: British must renounce U. S.: British must renounce impressmentsimpressments

Embargo of 1807Embargo of 1807Jefferson: embargo on Jefferson: embargo on exports to other countries exports to other countries Hurt U.S. business more Hurt U.S. business more than Britishthan British Serious national depressionSerious national depression Hardest hit: NE merchants & Hardest hit: NE merchants & shipbuildersshipbuildersCongress lifted embargo 1809Congress lifted embargo 1809

Tecumseh Tecumseh Brother of Tenskwatawa the ProphetBrother of Tenskwatawa the ProphetLeader of secular effortsLeader of secular efforts(political and military)(political and military)Recognized that only Recognized that only in united action could in united action could the tribes hope tothe tribes hope to resist the advance of resist the advance of white civilization. Set out to unite all white civilization. Set out to unite all the the Native Americans of the Mississippi Native Americans of the Mississippi ValleyValley

The Battle of Tippecanoe The Battle of Tippecanoe

W. H. W. H. Harrison Harrison

Disillusioned many of the Prophet’s Disillusioned many of the Prophet’s followers; confederacy in disarrayfollowers; confederacy in disarray

Southerners and Florida Southerners and Florida Continuing threat to whitesContinuing threat to whites in Southern U. S.in Southern U. S.Slaves escaped across borderSlaves escaped across borderFrequent Indian raids launched intoFrequent Indian raids launched into Southern U. S. from FloridaSouthern U. S. from FloridaRivers in FL could provide residents Rivers in FL could provide residents of of the U. S. Southwest access to ports the U. S. Southwest access to ports of of the Gulf of Mexicothe Gulf of MexicoSpain was Britain’s allySpain was Britain’s ally

War hawks. . . War hawks. . .

Henry Clay (KY)Henry Clay (KY)Speaker of HouseSpeaker of House John C. Calhoun (SC)John C. Calhoun (SC)

Demanded war with Great BritainDemanded war with Great Britain

War of 1812 War of 1812

War of 1812 War of 1812 U. S. military unprepared for war; U. S. military unprepared for war; British preoccupied with war British preoccupied with war against France (Napoleon)against France (Napoleon)

Highlights of the War:Highlights of the War:U. S. attempts to invade Canada U. S. attempts to invade Canada failedfailedTecumseh killed 1813 at Battle of theTecumseh killed 1813 at Battle of the

Thames (disheartened Native AmericansThames (disheartened Native Americansof Northwest)of Northwest)

War of 1812 War of 1812

1813: Oliver Hazard Perry—1813: Oliver Hazard Perry—defeated British fleet on Lake Eriedefeated British fleet on Lake ErieU. S. also took control of Lake U. S. also took control of Lake Ontario and burned York (Toronto)Ontario and burned York (Toronto)

War of 1812 War of 1812

British burn Washington D.C. inBritish burn Washington D.C. in August 1814. Capitol and WhiteAugust 1814. Capitol and White House burned.House burned.

War of 1812 War of 1812 Battle of Fort McHenry—Battle of Fort McHenry—Baltimore, MD HarborBaltimore, MD Harbor

Francis ScottFrancis ScottKey Key Star Spangled Star Spangled BannerBanner

War of 1812 War of 1812 January 8, 1815—American victory January 8, 1815—American victory at at Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

War of 1812 War of 1812 January 8, 1815—American victory January 8, 1815—American victory at at Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans British:British:

700 KIA700 KIA 1,400 WIA1,400 WIA 500 POW500 POW U. S.U. S. 8 KIA8 KIA 13 WIA13 WIA

Hartford ConventionHartford ConventionFederalist delegates fromFederalist delegates from New EnglandNew EnglandHinted at secessionHinted at secessionReasserted right of Reasserted right of nullificationnullificationProposed 7 AmendmentsProposed 7 Amendments to the Constitutionto the ConstitutionEnd of war: Federalist Party seemed End of war: Federalist Party seemed futile, irrelevant and even treasonablefutile, irrelevant and even treasonableKilled Federalist Party & ended first Killed Federalist Party & ended first party syst.party syst.

Dec. 24, 1814—Treaty of GhentDec. 24, 1814—Treaty of Ghent

War ends War ends

U. S. gave up demand for British U. S. gave up demand for British renunciationrenunciation of impressments and cession of Canadaof impressments and cession of CanadaBritish: no Indian buffer state British: no Indian buffer state

Elbridge Gerry Elbridge Gerry Gerrymandering Gerrymandering

Remarkable Remarkable economiceconomic growthgrowthVigorous Vigorous nationalismnationalism

Memories of the RevolutionMemories of the RevolutionVeneration of Constitution & Veneration of Constitution &

framersframersBelief that America had a special Belief that America had a special

destiny in the worlddestiny in the worldVibrant patriotism Vibrant patriotism

Forces that Forces that drew the drew the nation nation together together

July 4, 1826 July 4, 1826

5050thth anniversary of the Declaration anniversary of the Declaration of of Independence, Jefferson & Adams Independence, Jefferson & Adams die die about 2 hours apart about 2 hours apart

Need for 2Need for 2ndnd Bank of the U. Bank of the U. S.S.Large number of state Large number of state banksbanksMany issued more Many issued more notes notes than they had gold or than they had gold or silver to supportsilver to supportA wide variety of A wide variety of bank-bank- notes, widely differing notes, widely differing in in valuevalueAn unstable system of An unstable system of bankingbanking

Strengths of 2Strengths of 2ndnd Bank of the Bank of the U. S.U. S.More capital than its More capital than its predecessorpredecessorSize and power Size and power enabled enabled it to dominate the it to dominate the state state banksbanksIt could compel them It could compel them to to issue only sound issue only sound notes notes or risk being forced or risk being forced out out of business of business

Lowell Mill, Waltham, MALowell Mill, Waltham, MA

Francis Cabot LowellFrancis Cabot Lowell

Power loomPower loomFounded first mill in U. S. to Founded first mill in U. S. to carry on the process of carry on the process of spinning spinning and weaving under and weaving under one roof one roof

Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816Infant industries cried out for protection Infant industries cried out for protection against British industries who unloadedagainst British industries who unloaded manufactured goods in the U. S. priced manufactured goods in the U. S. priced below costbelow costProtectionists—limited competition from Protectionists—limited competition from abroadabroadAgainst: Southern and western Against: Southern and western agricultural agricultural interestsinterestsThe theory of tariffs: what goes around The theory of tariffs: what goes around comes comes aroundaround

National Road National Road

Steam-powered Steam-powered shippingshippingGreat LakesGreat LakesMississippi and Mississippi and Ohio RiversOhio RiversUp and downUp and downStimulated Stimulated agricultural agricultural economyeconomy of South & Westof South & WestAccess to marketsAccess to markets at reduced costsat reduced costsEastern Eastern manufacturersmanufacturers ship finished goodsship finished goods west more easilywest more easily

Internal Internal transportationtransportationCalhoun: bill that Calhoun: bill that wouldwouldHave used funds Have used funds owed owed to the government by to the government by the Bank of the U. S.the Bank of the U. S.to finance internal to finance internal improvementsimprovementsCongress passed but Congress passed but Madison vetoedMadison vetoed Thought a Thought a constitutional constitutional amendment amendment necessarynecessary

Importance of westward movement of white Importance of westward movement of white pop.pop.

Profound effect on nation’s economyProfound effect on nation’s economyVast new regions into the emerging capitalist Vast new regions into the emerging capitalist systemsystemGreat political ramificationsGreat political ramificationsIntermingling of culturesIntermingling of cultures

Key factors drawing Americans westward Key factors drawing Americans westward

Nation’s population doubled 1800-1820Nation’s population doubled 1800-1820Most farmers but eastern lands now occupiedMost farmers but eastern lands now occupiedSouth: limited opportunities for new settlersSouth: limited opportunities for new settlersNative American population diminishedNative American population diminished

Cotton and the SouthCotton and the SouthBlack Belt of central Black Belt of central Alabama and Alabama and Mississippi—a vast Mississippi—a vast prairie with a dark,prairie with a dark, productive soil of productive soil of rottedrotted limestonelimestoneAt first, ordinary At first, ordinary peoplepeopleLater, wealthier Later, wealthier plantersplanters bought up the bought up the cleared cleared or partially cleared or partially cleared landland

Post-War of 1812 New StatesPost-War of 1812 New States

William Becknell John Jacob AstorWilliam Becknell John Jacob Astor

Great American DesertGreat American Desert

Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good FeelingsPres. James MonroePres. James MonroeEnd of First Party End of First Party SystemSystemNo major international No major international threatsthreatsCabinet: included both Cabinet: included both northerners and northerners and southernerssoutherners

J. Q. AdamsJ. Q. AdamsJ. C. CalhounJ. C. Calhoun

Goodwill tour or nationGoodwill tour or nationRe-elected without Re-elected without opposition in 1820opposition in 1820

The Virginia Dynasty The Virginia Dynasty

Washington Jefferson Madison Monroe Washington Jefferson Madison Monroe

Springboard to the presidency?Springboard to the presidency?

Secretary of State Secretary of State

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in Florida Florida Orders from Calhoun:Orders from Calhoun: “ “Adopt necessary Adopt necessary measures” to stop measures” to stop raids by Seminolesraids by SeminolesJackson invaded FL,Jackson invaded FL,Seized Spanish forts, & Seized Spanish forts, & ordered the hanging of ordered the hanging of two British subjects on the charge of two British subjects on the charge of inciting inciting and supplying Seminolesand supplying SeminolesAdams: U. S. had the right under Adams: U. S. had the right under internationalinternational law to defend itself against threats law to defend itself against threats from from across its borders across its borders

Panic of 1819Panic of 1819High foreign demand forHigh foreign demand for U. S. farm goodsU. S. farm goodsHigh prices led toHigh prices led toLand boom in WestLand boom in WestFueled by speculationFueled by speculationLand prices soaredLand prices soared1819: new management 1819: new management of Bank of U. S. tightened of Bank of U. S. tightened credit, called in loans and credit, called in loans and foreclosed on mortgagesforeclosed on mortgagesMany state banks failedMany state banks failedSix years of depressionSix years of depression

Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise

Tallmadge AmendmentTallmadge Amendment Missouri statehood billMissouri statehood bill Prohibit further introduction Prohibit further introduction of slaves into MOof slaves into MO Provided for gradual Provided for gradual emancipation of those emancipation of those already therealready thereSoutherners in Congress Southerners in Congress threatened to block Mainethreatened to block Maine statehood statehood

Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay brokered the Henry Clay brokered the compromise compromise Maine enters as a free state and Maine enters as a free state and Missouri as a slave stateMissouri as a slave stateSenator Jesse B. Thomas of ILSenator Jesse B. Thomas of IL Amendment prohibiting slavery Amendment prohibiting slavery in remainder of Louisiana in remainder of Louisiana Territory north of southern Territory north of southern boundary of Missouri (36 boundary of Missouri (36 degrees, 30 feet north latitude)degrees, 30 feet north latitude)

Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise

Chief Justice 35 yearsChief Justice 35 yearsDominated court as no one Dominated court as no one else before or sinceelse before or sinceFederalist among RepublicansFederalist among RepublicansMolded the development of the Molded the development of the ConstitutionConstitutionStrengthened judicial branch at the Strengthened judicial branch at the expenseexpense of the legislative and executive of the legislative and executive branchesbranchesIncreased power of federal government Increased power of federal government over over the states the states

John Marshall John Marshall

Key Decisions of Marshall CourtKey Decisions of Marshall Court Fletcher v. Peck Fletcher v. Peck (1810)(1810)Dartmouth College v. Woodward Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) (1819) Cohens v. Virginia Cohens v. Virginia (1821)(1821)McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819)Gibbons v. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)(1824)Johnson v. McIntosh Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)(1823)Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832) (1832)

                                                                                          

Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine U. S. protect profitable U. S. protect profitable trade with South Americatrade with South AmericaTime of revolutions in Time of revolutions in South AmericaSouth America1822—U. S. established1822—U. S. established diplomatic relations diplomatic relations with 5 new nationswith 5 new nationsThe U. S. would The U. S. would consider any foreignconsider any foreign challenge to the challenge to the sovereignty of any sovereignty of any existing American nationexisting American nation an unfriendly act an unfriendly act

The Election of 1824 The Election of 1824

J. Q. Adams H. Clay Crawford Jackson J. Q. Adams H. Clay Crawford Jackson

President John Quincy Adams President John Quincy Adams Jacksonians in Congress Jacksonians in Congress prevented him from securing prevented him from securing appropriations for his appropriations for his nationalist program nationalist program (similar to American System)(similar to American System)Diplomatic frustrations:Diplomatic frustrations: delayed Panama Conferencedelayed Panama Conference team due to objections by southerners team due to objections by southerners due due to Black delegates from Haitito Black delegates from HaitiTariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations

The Election of 1828 The Election of 1828 Similar to the election Similar to the election of 2004of 2004