jefferson’s inauguration “we are all federalists; we are all republicans.” important concept:...

Jefferson’s Inauguration

“We are all federalists; we are all

republicans.”

Important concept:

Peaceful transfer of power between

opposing factions

Jefferson’s “Revolution”

Goals• Reduce or eliminate national debt• Reverse Hamilton’s Economic program• Repeal the Alien and Sedition Acts

Results• Some reduction of debt by closing embassies and

reducing the military• Left Hamilton’s program alone• Pardoned Alien and Sedition victims, let laws expire

in 1801

Pirates of the Barbary Coast

• Pirates from Tripoli boarded American ships

• Barbary Coast is North African coast (Berber is Arabic word for people there)

• Required “tribute” as ransom for sailors

• Jefferson fights them rather than pay as a cost-cutting measure

• 1801, complete in 1805

John Marshall

• Served 34 years as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (longest)

• Far outlived his Federalist Party

• Established Judicial Review, supremacy of Federal law over state law

Marbury vs. Madison• Marbury was one of

Adams’ midnight judge appointments

• Madison, Sec. of State, refused to deliver the commission to Marbury

• Marbury sued Madison• Marshall’s ruling went

against Marbury but established precedent of Judicial Review

• Case settled in 1803

Impeachment Trials

• Jefferson, frustrated with Federalist judges, tried to get some ousted

• Impeachment means trial in front of the Senate (does not say what the verdict was)

• He got rid of one judge for alcoholic insanity.• Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase was

acquitted• Judges were more careful not to be partisan

Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase• Originally to buy New Orleans, some of Florida• Robert Livingston & James Monroe negotiated• Price $15 million for all of Louisiana• Jefferson unsure if within his Presidential

powers• Already planned an expedition• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark• 1803 to 1806, eventually found the Pacific• Vast measurements, drawings and data• Interpreter’s wife, Sacajawea, had major impact

Sample QuestionAll of the following accurately describe Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France EXCEPT:

(A) It opened the Mississippi River permanently to western farmers. (B) It ended the threat of American Indian raids on western settlements. (C) It was made possible by the failure of Napoleon's forces to suppress a slave revolt in Haiti. (D) It showed Jefferson's considerable flexibility in dealing with foreign policy. (E) It violated Jefferson's own views concerning the strict construction of the Constitution.

Aaron Burr• Wanted “high” Feds to

break off PA, NY, NE & Nova Scotia as pro-British

• Ran for NY Governor• Killed Hamilton in duel• Weekhawken, NJ• Fled west, plotted

western attack on Mexico• Ten years in Europe• Back to US, died in 1836

Embargo Act 1807• 1803—Peace over between Britain and France• More impressments (6000 between 1803-1812)• Britain attacks USS Chesapeake, a naval ship

Embargo Act 1807

• The most controversial act of Jefferson’s presidency

• Stopped all trade between America and other countries to punish Britain & France

• Opposed by Albert Gallatin, Jefferson’s Secretary of the Treasury

• All parts of America suffered economically• Repealed in 1809 before Jefferson left office

Election of 1808Main Issues: •Embargo problems•Economy

James Madison/George Clinton vs. Charles C. Pinckney/Rufus King (same pair as 1804)

The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)Replaced the Embargo Act.

US could trade with anyone EXCEPT Britain and France

Remained U. S. policy until 1812.

Unexpected Consequences: N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient

again [old factories reopened]. Laid the groundwork for US industrial power. Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America,

ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US

The Prophet and Tecumseh• Tecumseh—Shawnee Chief,

sought alliance with other tribes.

• The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)—his brother

• The Prophet preached a return to native ways, give up alcohol, fight settlement

• Fought Wm. Henry Harrison at the Tippecanoe River

• Loss for Shawnee forced them to British side

General William HenryHarrison governor ofthe Indiana Territory.

Invited Native Indianchiefs to Ft. Wayne, INto sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US government.

Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands.

Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe.

This made Harrison a national hero![1840 election Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]

Battle of TippecanoeBattle of Tippecanoe

War of 1812

• Sometimes called “Mr. Madison’s War”

• Main issues were impressment, fear of British support for Indians, trade problems

• Was it America’s Second War of Independence?

• What did it achieve?

Avoiding War• Madison replaced the Embargo Act with the

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809• It allowed trade anywhere but Britain and

France• Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) stated that we would

trade with either Britain or France based on who respected our ships at sea, and we would prohibit trade with the other.

• Napoleon agreed to this, then he reneged after we had already angered Britain by prohibiting trade with them.

“War Hawks”• Leader: Henry Clay of

Kentucky, also John C. Calhoun (SC)

• Most wanted war because of economic problems

• War Hawks mostly from the South and West

• Called for expulsion of British from Canada and Spain from Florida

War of 1812

• Why Britain, not France?– Impressment: destroying US economy– British forts– Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)– Desire for Canada– No respect from British

• Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.

War of 1812• June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration

of war with England.– Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London

repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war

• New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war

• US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided

• Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in 1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada

• The British easily repulsed the Americans

American ProblemsAmerican ProblemsThe US was unprepared militarily:

Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s800 ships.

Americans disliked a draft preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias.

Financially unprepared:

Revenue from import tariffs declined.

Regional disagreements.

War of 1812Strategies

• Attack Canada:– To create a buffer

zone– To keep British

from supplying Indians

– To get prime land for themselves

•Keep defending against naval attacks

Presidential Election 1812• Madison vs.

De Witt Clinton, former Democratic-Republican

• Federalists supported Clinton, very close

• During war incumbents have always won

War of 1812US vs. Great Britain

Campaigns of 1812 Campaigns of 1813

1813--Battle of the Thames (Canada)—Victory for Wm. Henry Harrison . Tecumseh killed

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2008/09/battleofneworleans2.jpg

Attack on Washington City

• After landing in Maryland, British attacked an American militia group that fled

• Madison retreated to the Viriginia hills

• His wife, Dolley, gathered up the silver and a portrait of George Washington

• President’s Mansion and other buildings burned

Battle of Fort McHenry,1814

Battle of Fort McHenry,1814

Oh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

Treaty of Ghent

• Ghent is in Belgium• John Quincy Adams headed US team• Negotiation started almost at outset of war• British had strong demands based on their

reports of battle victories• In the end, it was an agreement for cease-fire

with no exchange of land• Battle of New Orleans happened two weeks

after treaty signed

Battle of New Orleans• Happened after

treaty signed• Only real defeat of

the war for British• Andrew Jackson

hailed a hero

The Hartford Convention, 1814-1815

• New England states wanted to redress grievances against the country

• Many New Englanders made money during the war getting around the boycotts and blockades

• Still strongly Federalist, felt out of step with Republicans.

• Took their demands to Washington with no success, considered almost like traitors

Effects of the War• End of Federalist party• A new feeling of strength

and resilience about the nation

• Freedom to embrace some federalist ideas

• Hartford Convention would influence south’s secession later

• Respect from other countries

• Acceptance of British Canada

Second National Bank

• Part of a plan known as the “American System,” with goal of making us self-sufficient

• First bank’s charter expired in 1811• 1816—Second National bank• American System included some tariffs and

industry protection• Eventually the policies caused the Panic of

1819, a depression especially affecting West

Congress’s attempt to unite the US National transportation system of

roads, canals, steamships and rivers.

1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation—including famed Cumberland Road and Erie Canal

Henry Clay’s American System

Provide economic growth Americans buying American

goods American self-sufficiency.

Protective Tariff to promote infant industry Tariff of 1816

2nd Bank of US to promote a stronger economy Rechartered in 1816

Henry ClayRepresentative &

Senator (KY)Speaker of the House

Secretary of State

James Monroe

• Madison’s handpicked successor

• Virginian, fought in Continental army

• Wanted to unite the country—not an extremist on any issue

• Called Era of Good Feelings by Boston newspaper

• First President to visit all states

Monroe and Era of Good Feelings• Cultural Nationalism

– Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism

• Economic Nationalism– Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political

movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM

• Political Nationalism– Movement to bring about the support for national

government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

Era of Good Feelings• National Transportation system

– Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal improvements to unite the US

– the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.– 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of

transportation– 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added

• The Land Act of 1820 – gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to

purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash;

– the West demanded transportation.

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)–Treaty with Great Britain

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years• the setting of the northern limits of the

Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)–Treaty with Great Britain

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years• the setting of the northern limits of the

Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east • Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain • to give up any territorial claims to Texas

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east • Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain • to give up any territorial claims to Texas

Rush-Bagot Treaty of

1818 with Great Britain

49th Parallel

Agreed to joint occupation

Map expansion

• Born in Virginia, 1755• Served as an officer with General

Washington during the Revolution• Attended College of William and

Mary and became a practicing attorney.

• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.

• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states.

• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

John Marshall

1. US troops suffer at Valley Forge• Need a strong govt. to tax

which AOC could not2. Merchants refused to pay

debts to British• Need strong to govt. to

demand obedience AOC could not

3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy”• Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not

John Marshall— Evolution as a Federalist

Marshall Evolves As A Federalist

4. French Revolution• Importance of US Govt to maintain order

5. Controversial: Neutrality/Whiskey Rebellion• Individuals should respect the office of the presidency even if one disagrees

with decisions

6. XYZ Affair• US Govt needed to be powerful enough to command respect from other

nations.

7. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions• States not the final authority over law but SC

8. Appointed as Chief Justice• Increase powers of SC and national govt.

9. Republicans took control of US Congress.• As chief justice, implements Federalist principles.

JUDICIAL AUTHORITYSupreme Court has the power to declare a law

unconstitutional with the principle of judicial review.

NATIONALISMThe National Government is over the states.

PROPERTY RIGHTSPrivate property is sacred and contracts

legal.

Marshall’s Decisions

• Marbury vs. Madison, 1803

– Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission.

– Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission.

– Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review” and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.


Chief Justice John Marshall stated, • “The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like

other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it.• If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part be true, then

written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.

• It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is

• If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution and no

such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both applicable”.

Marbury vs. Madison

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

– Case: involved Georgia legislature, bribed, granted 35 million acres in

the Yazoo River, Mississippi to private speculators. Next legislature

cancelled transaction. Appealed to the Supreme Court.

– Decision/Reason: SC concluded a state could not pass legislation

invalidating a contract thus protecting property rights against popular

pressures. State law cannot impair contracts violates Constitution

– Significance: Overturned a state decision because the legislative

grant was a contract and national govt. is over the states.


• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819– Case: Involved a law of NH that changed Dartmouth College

from a privately chartered college into a public institution– Decision/Reason: SC struck down the state law as

unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. Upheld the sanctity of contracts and private property.

– Significance: Decision was important in assuring economic development and encouraging investment in corporations. In addition, it set a precedent for the Supreme Court’s overturning acts of state legislatures and state courts.


• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)– Case: The state of MD tried to collect a tax from the

Second Bank of the United States– Decision/Reason: Using a loose interpretation of the

Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal government had the implied power to create the bank (which was in question)

– Significance: A state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state laws


• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)– Case: In VA, the Cohens were convicted of selling

Washington, D.C. lottery tickets authorized by Congress– Decision/Reason: Marshall and the Court upheld the

conviction. Case established the principle that the SC could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government

– Significance: Solidified the belief that the Supreme Court has the last and final say in law.


• Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)– Case: NY state granted a monopoly to a steamboat

company that conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress

– Decision/Reason: Marshall ruled NY monopoly was unconstitutional, establishing the federal govt’s broad control of interstate commerce. Congress regulates commerce.

– Significance: The decision secures the concept of a common market and prevents states from impeding (disrupting) commerce.


JUDICIAL AUTHORITYMarbury vs. Madison

NATIONALISMMcCulloch vs. Maryland

Gibbons vs. OgdenCohens vs. Virginia

PROPERTY RIGHTSDartmouth College vs. Woodward

Fletcher vs. Peck


Shaping the Government

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)– The Supreme Court established the

principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights


EconomyLeader____________

Role ofGovernment

NORTHEAST• Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster

_______________• Wanted Tariffs• Backed internal

improvementsEnd to cheap public

land• Increasingly

nationalistic• Against Slavery and

believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.

SOUTH• Cotton-growing

John C. Calhoun

_______________• Opposed tariffs and government

spending on American System• Increasingly supportive of states’ rights

• Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

WEST• Frontier agriculture

Henry Clay

______________• Supported internal

improvements and American System.

• Wanted cheap land• Loyal to the U.S.

Govt.• Against slavery but

some supported letting the people decide the slavery

issue

U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest.

EconomyLeader

__________

Role ofGovernmen

t

EconomyLeader

__________

Role ofGovernmen

t

NORTHEAST• Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster____________

• Wanted Tariffs• Backed internal

improvements• Wanted end to cheap

public land• Increasingly

nationalistic• Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt.

must abolish it.

EconomyLeader

__________

Role ofGovernmen

t

SOUTH• Cotton growing• John C. Calhoun

_____________• Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System

• Increasingly supportive of states’

rights• Pro-slavery and

opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try

and abolish it.

WEST• Frontier agriculture

• Henry Clay_____________

• Supported internal improvements

• Wanted cheap land• Loyal to the U.S.

Govt.• Against slavery but

some supported letting the people decide the slavery

issue

EconomyLeader

__________

Role ofGovernmen

t

In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states

– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into

Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a

state would be freed at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had

enough power to block it in the Senate.

After months of heated debate in Congress,

Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that

represented a compromise

– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

– Maine was to be admitted as a free state– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of

latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

Missouri Compromise

monroe doctrine

• Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western Hemisphere.

• Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

• In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, Monroe Doctrine.

• Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies.

• Claimed by the US, Great Britain and Russia

• Russia was claiming California too

Rush-Bagot 1818

• New Latin American

countries were formed from successful revolutions.

• US protector of new democracies

in the Western Hemisphere

• New Latin American

countries were formed from successful revolutions.

• US protector of new democracies


Monroe Doctrine

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe

US protector of new democracies


No European Colonization in the Americas

US recognized existing European Colonies

US will stay out of European affairs

jefferson’s inauguration “we are all federalists; we are all republicans.” important concept:...

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