Jeff MalatDan MeiselmanTori SoldivieroIris Ong

Divisions of the BrainDivisions of the Brain

Parietal Lobe-Parietal Lobe- posterior posterior to frontal lobesto frontal lobes

cognitioncognition information information

processingprocessing pain and touch pain and touch

sensationsensation spatial orientationspatial orientation speechspeech visual perceptionvisual perception

Frontal Lobe-Frontal Lobe- (front of (front of brain)brain)

Motor functionsMotor functions High order functionsHigh order functions Planning, reasoning, Planning, reasoning,

and judgmentand judgment MemoryMemory Impulse controlImpulse control

CEREBRUM

Divisions of the BrainDivisions of the BrainTemporal Lobe ( anterior to the

occipital lobes )

Emotional response Speech & hearing Memory

Occipital Lobe – most caudal portion of the cerebrum

VisionColor recognition

Divisions of the BrainDivisions of the BrainCerebellum

part of the brain stem fine motor

coordination body movement and

posture Balance

o interesting fact : a bird’s cerebellum is enlarged in order to control the action of flying

Medulla

lower half of the brainstem

controls autonomic function

relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord

Brain AbscessBrain Abscess Infection in the brain that is encapsulated Infection in the brain that is encapsulated

(confined within its own area) and localized (confined within its own area) and localized to one or more areas inside of the brain. to one or more areas inside of the brain.

This condition may cause problems with This condition may cause problems with the brain and spinal cord function. the brain and spinal cord function.

Brain abscesses are rare, but are more Brain abscesses are rare, but are more common in young school-aged children common in young school-aged children than other ages. than other ages.

Etiologies, Symptoms, and Etiologies, Symptoms, and Treatment of Brain AbscessesTreatment of Brain Abscesses

EtiologiesEtiologies ear infectionear infection sinusitis sinusitis scalp injury/woundscalp injury/wound alcoholismalcoholism urinary tract infectionurinary tract infection drug abusedrug abuse any body infection any body infection

(bacteria/virus)(bacteria/virus)

SymptomsSymptoms headacheheadache vomitingvomiting confusionconfusion SeizuresSeizures

TreatmentTreatment Surgery to reduce Surgery to reduce

pressure in the head and pressure in the head and to drain the infectionto drain the infection

antibiotics antibiotics

The Brain

Brain DiseasesBrain Diseaseso Alzheimer’s Disease-Alzheimer’s Disease- Most common form of Most common form of

dementia among older people. People have dementia among older people. People have trouble with memory.trouble with memory.

-Disease affects thought, memory, and -Disease affects thought, memory, and languagelanguage

o Brain CancerBrain Cancer-- Can be benign or malignant. Can be benign or malignant.-Symptoms- Headaches, nausea, problems -Symptoms- Headaches, nausea, problems

with balance, muscle twitching, changes with ability with balance, muscle twitching, changes with ability to walk, see, hearto walk, see, hear

Brain DiseasesBrain Diseaseso StrokeStroke- - When blood flow to the brain stops. When blood flow to the brain stops.

Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.

2 Types of Stroke:2 Types of Stroke:

1. 1. Ischemic Stroke- Ischemic Stroke- caused by a blood clot that caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brainblocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain

2. 2. Hemorrhagic stroke- Hemorrhagic stroke- caused by a blood vessel caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brainthat breaks and bleeds into the brain

ISCHEMIC STROKE

Brain DiseasesBrain DiseasesEpilepsyEpilepsy- - Causes person to have Causes person to have

recurring seizuresrecurring seizures

• Clusters of nerves in the brain send out Clusters of nerves in the brain send out the wrong signalsthe wrong signals

• Doctors use brain scans to diagnose Doctors use brain scans to diagnose epilepsy. epilepsy.

• There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicine There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicine can slow down seizures.can slow down seizures.

NeuronsNeurons• Neurons are cells which make up the Neurons are cells which make up the

nervous system. nervous system. • They consist of an axon, 2 or more dendrites They consist of an axon, 2 or more dendrites

and a cell body containing a nucleusand a cell body containing a nucleus• Composed of two main cell types: neurons Composed of two main cell types: neurons

and glial cellsand glial cells• Neurons transmit nerve messagesNeurons transmit nerve messages• The neuron is the functional unit of the The neuron is the functional unit of the

nervous systemnervous system• Humans have about 100 billion neurons in Humans have about 100 billion neurons in

their brain alone!their brain alone!

Parts of The NeuronParts of The Neurono Dendrites-Dendrites- Receives information Receives information

from another cell and transmit the from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body. message to the cell body.

o Cell Body-Cell Body- Contains the nucleus, Contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles mitochondria and other organelles typical of eukaryotic cells. typical of eukaryotic cells.

o Axon-Axon- Conducts messages away Conducts messages away from the cell body.from the cell body.

Functions of Neurons Functions of Neurons Sensory InputSensory Input Receptors are parts of Receptors are parts of

the nervous system that the nervous system that sense changes in the sense changes in the internal or external internal or external environments. environments.

Sensory input can be in Sensory input can be in many forms, including many forms, including pressure, taste, sound, pressure, taste, sound, light, blood pH, or light, blood pH, or hormone levels, that are hormone levels, that are converted to a signal and converted to a signal and sent to the brain or spinal sent to the brain or spinal cord. cord.

Integration/OutputIntegration/Output In the sensory centers of In the sensory centers of

the brain or in the spinal the brain or in the spinal cord, the barrage of input cord, the barrage of input is integrated and a is integrated and a response is generated response is generated

The response, a motor The response, a motor output, is a signal output, is a signal transmitted to organs than transmitted to organs than can convert the signal into can convert the signal into some form of action some form of action – Movement, change in Movement, change in

heart rateheart rate

Types of NeuronsTypes of Neuronso Sensory neuronsSensory neurons - - send information from the send information from the

sense organs (outside) to the C.N.S. They have sense organs (outside) to the C.N.S. They have long dendrites and short axons.long dendrites and short axons.

o Motor neuronsMotor neurons - - send information from the send information from the C.N.S to the muscles. Causing the muscles to C.N.S to the muscles. Causing the muscles to move. They have short dendrites and long move. They have short dendrites and long axons.axons.

o InterneuronInterneuron - connect different neurons - connect different neurons together, send information betweentogether, send information betweenneurons. They have short dendrites and short neurons. They have short dendrites and short axons. axons.

Sympathetic VS. Sympathetic VS. Parasympathetic Systems Parasympathetic Systems

Characteristic Sympathetic Parasympathetic

When does it function?

emergencies normal/everyday

Digestive System Inhibits/slows down promotes

Pupil dilates constricts

Heartbeat accelerates retards

Breathing Rate increases retards

Neurotransmitter norepinephrine acetylcholine

NeuronsNeuronsParasympathetic nervous system-Parasympathetic nervous system- originates in the originates in the

brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord • opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic

nervous systemnervous system• stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart;

constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels)constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels)

Sympathetic nervous system-Sympathetic nervous system- originates in the originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord thoracic regions of the spinal cord opposes physiological effects of the opposes physiological effects of the parasympatheticparasympathetic reduces digestive secretionsreduces digestive secretionsspeeds the heart; contracts blood vesselsspeeds the heart; contracts blood vessels

The Nervous The Nervous SystemSystem

Head InjuryHead InjuryTrauma to scalp, skull, brain:Trauma to scalp, skull, brain:

oMinor bumpMinor bumpoConcussionConcussionoContusionContusionoSubarachnoid hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhageoSubdural hemorrhageSubdural hemorrhage

Head InjuryHead InjuryMay cause:May cause:oComaComaoChronic headaches Chronic headaches o Loss of/change in sensesLoss of/change in senses

oSensation, hearing, vision, taste, or smell Sensation, hearing, vision, taste, or smell oParalysis Paralysis oSeizures Seizures oSpeech and language problemsSpeech and language problems

Head InjuryHead InjurySymptoms:Symptoms:

o Change in/unequal sized pupilsChange in/unequal sized pupilso Convulsions/lack of coordinationConvulsions/lack of coordinationo Personality/Attitude changesPersonality/Attitude changeso Distorted facial features (face/skull)Distorted facial features (face/skull)

• FracturesFractures• BruisingBruising• SwellingSwelling

o Headache, stiff neck, vomitingHeadache, stiff neck, vomitingo Impaired sensesImpaired senseso Change in consciousnessChange in consciousness

oAlwaysAlways assume spinal cord is injured assume spinal cord is injured

Head InjuryHead InjuryTreatmentTreatment

Seek immediate medical help if:Seek immediate medical help if:

Unusual drowsiness occurs Unusual drowsiness occurs

Abnormal behavior Abnormal behavior

Sever headache/stiff neck develops Sever headache/stiff neck develops

Loss of consciousness occurs, Loss of consciousness occurs, even briefly even briefly

Multiple vomiting episodes Multiple vomiting episodes

Head InjuryHead InjuryTreatment con’t.Treatment con’t.

oStop any bleeding presentStop any bleeding presentoCheck pulse; begin CPR if necessaryCheck pulse; begin CPR if necessary

Stabilize head/neckStabilize head/necko If skull fracture suspected:If skull fracture suspected:

Do notDo not apply pressure apply pressure Do notDo not remove debris, if any remove debris, if any

o If vomiting occurs:If vomiting occurs: roll body so airway is not obstructedroll body so airway is not obstructed

oApply ice packs to areaApply ice packs to area

Phineas GagePhineas Gageo 1848, so…1848, so…

Little was known about Little was known about the brain & how to treat the brain & how to treat injuries to itinjuries to it

3 foot long tamping iron 3 foot long tamping iron through the head… now through the head… now what?what?• Treated for 73 daysTreated for 73 days• Personality & Personality &

behavioral problems behavioral problems until death in 1861until death in 1861

Phineas GagePhineas Gage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBBdxnXhbz8

ReferencesReferences• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm • http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tbi/detail_tbi.htm • http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/blmedulla.htm• http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/bltemporallobe.htm• http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/dwolsko/index.cfm?subp

age=518888• http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/

BioBookNERV.html#The Brain• http://neurology.health-cares.net/brain-abscess-symptoms.php• http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/b/brain_abscess/

symptoms.htm• http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/UVAHealth/peds_neuro/

brainab.cfm• http://www.knowledgebase-script.com/demo/admin/

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