By-Ja

ysuk

h So

ngar

a

1

WATERSHED M

ANAGEMENT

STUDY OF M

ACHHU DAM

–III

(RAJKOT D

IST.)

USING

REMOTESENSIN

G AND G

IS

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT STUDY OF MACHHU DAM –III (RAJKOT DIST.) USING REMOTESENSING AND GIS

JAYSUKH C.SONGARA

ENROLLMENT NO.130310712015

PREPARED AT

Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications & Geo-informatics

Govt. of Gujarat, Science & Technology,

Gandhinagar

SUBMITTED TO

Gujarat Technological University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For

The Degree of Master of Engineering

In Water Resources Engineering and Management

June-2015

LUKHDHIRJI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SAMA KANTHE, MORVI – 363642

Co Guide External Guide Internal Guide

Mr. KHALID MEHMOOD Dr.INDRA PRAKASH Pro.N.M.JOSHIPURA

PROJECT MANAGER FACULTY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

BISAG, BISAG CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

GANDHINAGAR GANDHINAGAR L.E.COLLEGE-MORBI

1 Introduction2 Remote Sensing And GIS

3 Study area 4 Objectives of the Present Study

5 Methodology

6 Data Analyses

7 Results

8 References

CONTENTSCONTENTS

What is Watershed.......?

A watershed is defined as an area in which all water flowing into it goes to a common outlet. It is an area draining the rainwater into a stream. It is also called a drainage basin or catchment area.

It is a geo-hydrological unit area that drains to a common point and is considered as an appropriate physical unit for land resources evaluation, planning and management.

Management of Watershed is required for the Conservation, Development and optimal utilization of land and water resources for benefit of people.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

The Fig of Watershed Shown in below:-

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED :-

Size: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received,

retained, drained off.(Sub-watershed)

Shape: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like

geology and structure.

Phisiography: Lands altitude and physical disposition.

Slope: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement.(98% Slope

is less than 1 percent)

Climate: Meteorological parameters like precipitation, temperature,

wind velocity, humidity and evaporation decided quantitative

approach for arriving at water availability in a watershed

Introduction(Contd….)

Drainage: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion behavior.

Vegetation: Information of species gives a sure ground for selection plants and crops(Crop land, fallow land, land with Scrub).GeologyAndSoils: Their nature determines size, shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to greenery.(Fine sand & clayey type Soil)

LandUse:Land use pattern is vital for planning, programming and implementing a management project on a watershed.

Hydrogeology :The information should not only include nature, thickness and characteristics of aquifers but also contain quantity available for additional exploitation through specific number of wells.

Introduction(Contd….)Introduction(Contd….)

Different Size of WatershedMain Watershed (> 50,000 Hect)Sub-watershed (10,000 to 50,000 Hect)*Milli-watershed (1000 to10000 Hect)Micro watershed (100 to 1000 Hect)Mini watershed (1-100 Hect)

*Study area Between Machhu Dam-II

and Machhu dam-III Falls

under Sub-watershed

GIS is a tool for

1)Capture, 2)Storage, 3)Retrieval and manipulation, 4)Display and querying data, 5)Decision making.

RS is used for

1)Image Interpretation 2)Analysis of images into various fields like Agriculture, soil, water etc.

GIS and RSGIS and RS

10

Machhu Dam III is located across Machhu River in the Morbi Taluka of Rajkot district.

Machhu is major River one of the North’s flowing rivers of Saurashtra region in Gujarat state.

The study area falls under Survey of India sheet number 41J and 41N and it is situated between 220 44’ to 220 56’ North latitude and 700 40’ to 700 59’ East longitude and Altitude of the catchment area varies between Elevations 27m and 96 m.

Machhu Dam-IIIMachhu River

STUDY AREASTUDY AREASTUDY AREASTUDY AREA

11

Sr.No. Name Discription

1 RIVER NAME Machhu

2 GAUGING Rain & river

3 AUTHORITY State Government

4 TALUKA Morbi

5 DISTRICT Rajkot

6 STATE Gujarat

7 LATITUDE 220 44’ & 220 56’

8 LONGITUDE 700 40’ & 700 59’

9 CATCHMENT AREA (24212.123 hectare)

10 ANNUAL RAINFALL 457 mm

11 RAINGUAGE STATION Morbi

12 LENGTH OF DAM 220.53Mt

13 TOP WIDTH OF DAM 5.0Mt

14 TOP OF DAM 31.85Mt

15 F.R.L. 28.70

16 L.W.L. 22.50

17 STANDARD PROJECT FLOOD 19241 Cumecs

18 FLOOD DISCHARGE 13450 Cumecs

19 C.C.A 2040 hac.

To identify and demarcate various types of land, vegetation, water bodies and infrastructures occurring in the catchment area of Machhu dam III and develop land use map.

To identify and evaluate various types of land and infrastructures being submerged at various reservoir levels.

To study ground and hydrological conditions of the catchment area for the evaluation and demarcation of area vulnerable to erosion.

To develop management plan for the catchment of Machhu Dam III.

Description of the adopted methodology:

1.The data relevant with the thesis work will be collected from the G.W.R.D.C, S.W.D.C, and Bahumali Bhavan & G.W.S.S.B.

2.Analysis of the data will be doing using Microsoft Excel Sheet and GIS.

3.Development of thematic layer such as Land use, Drainage, topography, geology,

geohydrology, etc. using remote sensing.

4.Study and plotting of Rainfall-runoff graph using Microsoft Excel.

5.Find out Soil erosion and Runoff in the catchment area with help of RUSLE and

SCS-CN Method

6.Analysis and integration of various thematic layers and data in GIS.

7.Development of Watershed management plan using GIS technology for Machhu -III

basin.

Rainfall Pattern in the study areaRainfall Pattern in the study area

Over the last twenty years i.e. 1991 – 2010 there has been an increase in the amount of rainfall in the study area since 2010 as shown in Fig.

16

Land Use/Land Cover Classification Map

Land use depends on the natural and anthropogenic activities. These maps have been developed using Arc GIS software.

In the catchment area Crop land, Fallow land, Lakes / Ponds, Land with Scrub, Land without Scrub, Industrial Waste, Prosophis, Reservoirs, River, Towns/cities (Urban), Villages (Rural) have been identified and delineated

PREPARATION OF THEMATIC MAPS BY REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Land use map is used for the watershed management.

SR.NO. Name of Class Area(Ha) Percentage

1. Crop land12968.745 53.568

2. Fallow land 135.37 0.55912

3. Lakes / Ponds 153.83 0.63538

4. Land with Scrub 103.39 0.42704

5. Land without Scrub

4718.45 19.488

6. Mine Dumps / Industrial Waste

10.032 0.04144

7. Prosophis 3348.08 13.8282

8. Reservoirs 226.59 0.93588

9. River 599.86 2.47755

10. Towns/cities (Urban)

837.12 3.45746

11. Villages (Rural) 1110.60 4.58696

Total 24212.123 100 18

19

Where, If there are n station with rainfall all values P1,P2,P3,…..Pn and A1,A2,A3…….An are the areas of the respective Thiessen polygons

Rain gauge Station and Thiessen polygon

20

21

SCS-CN MethodSCS-CN Method

22

Rainfall (mm)

Calculation of the Runoff

Graph of Runoff over last 20-Year in the Study area

23

Graph of Rainfall – Runoff 2010 in the Study area

24

25

Sr.No. Different Classes Soil Type HSG % Area1 Crop land Fine C 66.86

Clayey D 56.752 Fallow land Fine C 0.02

Clayey D 0.073 Lakes / Ponds Fine C 0.77

Clayey D 0.694 Land with Scrub Fine C 0.00

Clayey D 0.135 Land without Scrub Fine C 6.65

Clayey D 24.746 Mine Dumps / Industrial Waste Fine C 0.10

Clayey D 0.007 Prosophis Fine C 10.28

Clayey D 10.638 Reservoirs Fine C 0.03

Clayey D 2.069 River Fine C 2.05

Clayey D 0.5410 Towns/cities (Urban) Fine C 4.40

Clayey D 2.81

Classification of Soil Type & HSG

26

Preparation of Hydrologic Soil Group Map

The runoff curve number is an parameter used in hydrology for predicting direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall excess.

This map can be generated by integrating or overlaying land Use/ land cover map on hydrological soil group map.

Preparation of Curve Number (CN) Map

Polygon which are formed out, assigned a curve number considering the antecedent moisture condition (AMC III).

The generated CN map is shown in fig.

28

Two types of soils have been identified in the area. The values for fine sand as( 42.40%) and Clayey (40.71%).The HSG group includes Crop land,Fallow land, Lakes / Ponds, Land with Scrub, Land without Scrub,Industrial/Waste , Prosophis,Reservoirs & River, Towns/cities (Urban),Villages (Rural)

29

In the study area it has been observed that about 98 % of land is having less than 1 percent slope and remaining land 1-3 percent except a few isolated patches in the southeastern part of the area where slope is higher due to local topography.

Slope map has been prepared from DEM and analysis has been done

to find out various categories of slopes and their percentage.

30

Prior to the filling of the reservoir

the area occupied by the water

body is (20522.93 hectare).

The submergence area has

been superimposed on the land use map and

number of land submergence classes has

been identified

Using GIS technology submergence area study has been done. After

the submergence up to FRL the land submergence would be 3674.04

hec.

Sr.No.

Name Area(Ha)

1 Industrial 28.26

2 Kharif+Rabi Crop 268.83

3 Kharif Crop 1782.95

4 Lakes/ponds 8.74

5 Land Without Scrub 211.65

6 Prosophis 831.04

7 River 459.03

8 Villages(Rural) 83.52

Total 3674.04

31

3D view of Machhu Dam-III catchment area showing reservoir level at elevation 22.50 m

Elevated, Rocky areaFloodplain

WATER LEVEL AT HEIGHT OF F.R.L. (28.70 M)WATER LEVEL AT HEIGHT OF F.R.L. (28.70 M)

Machhu Dam-III

33

Map showing partly submerge area of the catchment at Full reservoir level 28.70 m

34

Area above FRL

Area under Submergence

Sr.No. Name Area(Ha)

1 Current Fallow 134.62

2 Industrial 808.86

3 Kharif+Rabi Crop 1368.64

4 Kharif Crop 9538.30

5 Lakes/ponds 145.01

6 Land With Scrub 102.87

7 Land Without Scrub 4505.61

8 Industrial waste 10.03

9 Prosophis 2515.14

10 Reservoir 226.21

11 River 140.83

12 Villages(Rural) 1026.76

Total 20522.9035

Soil erosion is the deterioration of soil by the physical movement of soil particles from a given site. Wind, water, ice, animals, and the use of tools by man are usually the main causes of soil erosion.

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)

A=R*K*LS*C*P

Where, A= Annual computed Soil Loss (ton/ha/year)

R=Rainfall Erosivity factor

K=Soil Erodibility factor

LS= Slope-length factor

C= Crop management factor

P= Supporting Practice management factor

ESTIMATION OF SOIL EROSION USING UNIVERSALSOIL LOSS EQUATION

Soil erosion is closely related to rainfall through the combined effect

of detachment by raindrops striking the soil surface and by the runoff.

According to USLE method, soil loss from the cultivated field is

directly proportional to a rain storm parameter, if other factors remain

constant.

Rain-Erosivity (R) is calculated as a

product of storm kinetic energy (E)

and the maximum 30 minutes

rainfall intensity.

Ra=79+0.363*XaWhere, Ra = Annual R factor,Xa= Average Annual Rainfall in mm.

In present study, Rainfall data for 2 rainguage stations have available for estimating the R factor, such as Morbi and Machhu-ii.

38

Station Name Average Annual Rainfall91991-2010)

Rainfall in(mm) R-Factor(Ra)=79+0.363*Xa

Morbi 541.5 492.16

Machhu-II 523.14 478.15

Soil Erodibility factor represents the soil susceptibility to detachment and transport of soil particles under an amount of runoff for specific rainfall.

The K factor is rated mainly scale from 0 to 1, where 0 is for least susceptibility soil for erosion and 1 is for High susceptibility soil for erosion by water.

In the Machhu river watershed consist of soil texture classes namely 1) Fine Sand 2) Clayey. From

above texture of classes, organic matter

content normally varies from1.5 to 2.6 %

Based upon this study, organic matter

content for Machhu river watershed is

considered 2%.

Sr.no Sub watershed

Code

K-factor

1 SW1 0.351

2 SW2 0.207

Soil texture, organic matter, structure, and permeability determine the erodibility of a particular soil. K values for various soil types are presented in Table:

The K factor represents both susceptibility of soil to erosion and the amount and rate of runoff.

LS = (X/22.1)m * (0.065 + 0.045 S + 0.0065 S)2

X = slope length (m or km);

S = slope gradient (%)Slope value was derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Machhu watershed.The values of X and S were derived from DEM. To calculate the slope length (X) value, Flow Accumulation was derived from the DEM after conducting Fill and Flow Direction processes by using Arc Hydro tool in ArcGIS.

Procedure for LS factor using ArcGIS is given below:

42

Sr.no Sub

watershed

Code

LS factor

1 SW1 0.072

2 SW2 0.782

LS= (("Fac"*25/22.1)^0.2)*(0.065+0.045*"Slope"+0.0065*("Slope"*"Slope"))

Procedure for LS factor using ArcGIS is given below

The Effects of Topography on Soil ErosionThe effect of topography on erosion is accounted for by the LS factor in RUSLE, which combines the effects of a hill slope-length factor L, and a hill slope-gradient factor S.

As Hillslope length and/or hillslope gradient increase, soil loss increases.

LS-Factor Map

The crop management factor is used to reflect the effect of cropping and management purpose on erosion rates.

It is considered the second major factor (after topography) controlling soil erosion.

An increase in cover factor indicates a decrease in exposed soil , and thus an increase potential soil loss. The C factor was calculated depending upon different land use pattern. The C factor was calculated depending upon different land use types as per below Table

Crop management (C) factor

Crop management (C) factor

Sr.no Sub watershed

code

C-factor

1 SW1 0.275

2 SW2 0.285

Land use(SW1) C factor Land use(SW2) C factor

Crop land 0.5 Crop land 0.6

Industrial 0.2

Towns/cities (Urban)

Villages (Rural) 0.2

0.2

Villages (Rural) 0.2Prosophis 0.15

Land with Scrub 0.95

Land without Scrub 0.8

Land without Scrub 0.8

Lakes / Ponds 0 Lakes / Ponds 0

River 0

Reservoirs 0

River 0 Prosophis 0.15

C- factor values for different land use/ land cover

47

(P) factor in USLE expresses the

effect of conservation practices

that reduce the amount and rate of

runoff, which reduces soil

erosion.

48

Sr.no Slope percentage

(%)P factor

10 - 1 % 0.6

21 - 3 % 0.6

33 - 5 % 0.5

45 - 10 % 0.5

510 - 15 % 0.7

615 - 35 % 1

The value of P –factor ranges from 0 to 1, in which highest value is

assigned to areas with no conservation practices; the minimum values

corresponds to plantation and built up land area with strip and contour

cropping.

Conservation Practice (P) factor

Sr.no Sub watershed

code

P-factor

1 SW1 0.6

2 SW2 0.5749

In this study, After calculating all five parameters for Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), it is found that annual soil erosion is 14.89 ton/ha/year. The erosion potential according to the USLE models is shown in table respectively.

50

Sub

watershed

R-

factor

K-

factor

LS-

Factor

C-

factor

P-

factor

Annual soil

Erosion(A=R*K*LS

*C*P)

Prioritization

No.

sw1 492.2 0.351 0.072 0.275 0.62.05

2

sw2 478.2 0.207 0.782 0.287 0.57812.84

1

Annual Soil Erosion 14.89

Annual Soil Erosion

14.89

ton/ha/year

Soil Erosion Calculation

Sr.no Soil erosion class

group

Soil erosion range

(ton/ha/year)

1 Slight 0-5

2 Moderate 5-10

3 High 10-20

4 Very High 20-40

5 Severe 40-80

6 Very Severe >80

51

Sr.no Sub watershed Code Annual Soil

Erosion

Class group Priority

1 SW1 2.05Slight 1

2 SW2 12.84High 2

Different classes of soil erosion by water in India

52

Soil Erosion Hazard Map

53

Conclusion And Future Scope Of Work

Study of the watershed area of the Machhu Dam III has been carried out with the help of Remote sensing & GIS to understand ground and hydrological conditions of the catchment area for the proper planning and management of the water resources.

The study reveals that major part of the catchment area is occupied By the agriculture activity.

The area statistics of the various land use pattern have been determined with the help of Arc GIS tools.

Pre and post scenario of the submergence of the Machhu dam III reservoir has also been generated with the help of DEM.

Conclusion And Future Scope Of Work (Contd….)

Catchment area of Machhu III dam comes under sub catchment of Main Machhu River Basin. Size of the sub catchment area is about 24212 hectare.

SCS-CN method has been used for the calculation of this sub catchment/ watershed in GIS environment. Various thematic layers such as Land Use, Slope, Soil and hydrology have been synthesized and analyzed for the classification of HSG Group (C and D type soil) and for obtaining Curve Number.

The CN number calculated for the study area is 82.85. In the Machhu Dam III area watershed management studies

have been carried out to identify the areas which require remedial measures.

54

Conclusion And Future Scope Of Work…(Contd….)

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been used for the calculation of watershed code to demarcate the erosion area. Two sub watersheds having code SW1 & SW2 has been identified in the catchment of Machhu Dam-III. The computed Annual Soil loss of study area is 14.90 ton /ha/year.

Depending on the ground conditions, hydrological study, present land use pattern and future land use requirements suitable management plan can be evolved using remote sensing and GIS technology.

During analysis of the data it has been observed that 10 % area of the catchment needs to check further erosion and thus degradation of soil and to prevent silting in the reservoir by USLE method.

55

Conclusion And Future Scope Of Work…(Contd….)

Using GIS technology submergence area study has been done. Prior to the filling of the reservoir the area occupied by the water body is 20522.93 hectare. After the submergence up to FRL the land submergence would be 3674.04 hectare

56

The present study of the catchment & submergence area of Machhu dam-III has given base for the future monitoring and prevention of Erosion, waterlogging, effect on land use pattern etc.

With the help of GIS study proper management of catchment area can be done based on future needs.

Future Scope

PAPERS [1] Iyer Sowmiya Ranganathan, Dr. G.S. Joshi, Mr. Khalid mehmood “Flood Assessment and Mapping in Lower Mahi River Basin, Gujarat by Using GIs and Remote Sensing” 2012

[2] Prafull Singh , Ankit Gupta, Madhulika Singh “Hydrological inferences from watershed analysis for water resource management using remote sensing and GIS techniques” (2014)

[3] Satyendra Belwanshi, “Surface Water Management in Machhu Dam Command Area (Rajkot District) Using Geo-Informatics, Jun-2013

[4] Jankar d. Pandurang d., Kulkarni Dr.Mrs.sushma s. “A case study of watershed management for madgyal village int. j. adv. engg. res. studies/ii/iv/july-sept.2013/pp69-72

[5] Singh Prafull,Gupta Ankit, Singh Madhulika “Hydrological inferences from Watershed analysis for water resource management using remote sensing and GIS techniques” (2014)

[6] Jessel Beate, Jacobs Jorg “Land use scenario development and stakeholder involvement as tools for Watershed Management within the havel river basin” LIMNOLOGICA 35 (2005) PP-220–233

[7] V.Prasannakumar, H.Vijith, S.Abinod, N.Geeta, “Estimation of Soil Erosion risk within a small mountainous sub-watershed in Kerala, India using RUSLE and GIS” (Page 209-215).

[8] Tombu fazli engin, yuksel mahmut, sahin murat, ozulu ibrahim murat and cosar mustafa, “Assessment of Soil erosion based on the method usle; corum province example” knowing to manage the territory, protect the environment, evaluate the cultural heritage rome, italy, 6-10 may 2012

[9] Vora Krunali “Application of remote sensing & GIS IN Watershed landuse development” national conference on recent trends in engineering & technology, may 2011

[10] Wani P Suhas, Garg K Kaushal, “Watershed management concept and principles”

[18] Chandrakant D. Tank, “WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: Case Study of Mehsana District Using Geo-Spatial Technology” July 2013

[11] Biswas et.al, 1999, “Prioritization of Sub watershed based on Morphometric Analysis of Drainage Basin: A remote sensing and GIS approach Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing”, (pg.155-166).

[12] P.K. Gupta and S. Panigrahy “SCS and overland flow models were also used for runoff modeling over major land mass of India (2008)

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[13] Handbook of Hydrology (1972), Soil Conservation Department, New Delhi[14] Smith and Wischmer (1941), Agriculture Engineering (page no .173-175).[15] USDA-SCS (1972). "National Engineering Handbook" Hydrology Section 4, U. S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service, Chapters 4-10.[16] USDA-SCS (1986). "Urban hydrology for small watersheds" U. S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Release No. 55.[17] Mani, P.Kumar, R.and Chatterjee, C.(2003), “ Erosion Study of Part Of Majuli River- Island using Remote Sensing data”.Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing,31(1):11-18.[18] K. X. Soulis and J. D. Valiantzas “SCS-CN parameter determination using rainfall-runoff data in heterogeneous watersheds – the two-CN system approach” (2012)[19] P.Sundar Kumar, Dr.M.J.Ratna Kanth Babu, Dr. T.V.Praveen, Venkata kumar.vagolu “Analysis of the Runoff for Watershed Using SCS-CN Method and Geographic Information Systems” (2010),[20] T. Jang, Hakkwan Kim, Sangmin Kim and Chounghyun Seong “Assessing Irrigation Water Capacity of Land Use Change in a Data-Scarce Watershed of Korea” journal of irrigation and drainage engineering © asce / May 2012 / pp-445-454

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[21] Sindhu D, B L Shivakumar, A. S Ravikumar “ESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF IN NALLUR AMANIKERE WATERSHED USING SCS-CN METHOD” (2013)[22] Kapil Ghosh, Sunil Kumar De, Shreya Bandyopadhyay, Sushmita Saha “Assessment of Soil Loss of the Dhalai River Basin, Tripura, India Using USLE” (2013)[23] Patil, Shivraj G, Wayal, Abhaykumar S “Watershed Management in Rural Area –A Case Study” international journal of scientific engineering and research, volume 1 issue 1, september 2013LIST OF BOOKS

[1]MURTHY J.V.S. (2010) “WATERSHED MANAGEMENT” NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL[2] K.R.Arora “Irrigation, Water power and Water Resources Engineering”[3] Watershed Management Concept and Principles[4] R.Sharma. “Watershed Management”WEBSITES[1] www.images.google.co.in[2] http: // www.RecycleWorks.org

Thank

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