JAXA Space Science Program and International Collaboration

The 21st “Science in Japan” Forum US-Japan Collaboration in Space Sciences

-Past, Present and Future- 10 June 2016

Cosmos Club, Washington, DC

Saku Tsuneta Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/iki50.htm

HAYABUSA 2003-2010 Asteroid Explorer

AKARI(ASTRO-F)2006-2011 Infrared Astronomy

KAGUYA（SELENE)2007-2009 Lunar Exploration

SUZAKU(ASTRO-E2)2005- X-Ray Astronomy

M-V Rocket

AKATSUKI 2010- Venus Meteorogy

Hisaki 2013 Planetary atmosphere

HINODE(SOLAR-B)2006- Solar Observation

IKAROS 2010 Solar Sail

JAXA recent science missions

HAYABUSA2 2014-2020 Asteroid Explorer

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Hitomi(ASTRO-H) 2016- X-Ray Astronomy

Fiscal Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Operating / C

oncluded

Under D

evelopment S

ounding

B

eing considered

R

ocket

ASTRO-EII（SUZAKU）’05

GEOTAIL’92

SOLAR-B（HINODE）’06

MUSES-C（HAYABUSA）’03

HAYABUSA1/2 SUZAKU

Daytime Dynamo ’11,’13 ▼ ▼ CLASP ’15 ▼

MMS ’14 ▼

Space Science Cooperation with NASA and ESA

ASTRO-F（AKARI）’05

PLANET-C（AKATSUKI） ’10

BepiColombo ’16 SPICA ’27-28

JUICE ’22 ▼

SPICA

Bepi Colombo

cooperation with NASA cooperation with ESA

HAYABUSA2 ’14 ▼

▼

▼

▼

▼

ASTRO-H’15

ATHENA ’28 ▼ Cooling Chain Core Technology Program

HINODE HITOMI

ASTRO-H X-ray Observatory

The ASTRO-H Hitomi was the result of close collaboration between NASA, JAXA and other countries from its initial concept throughout its construction.

Hitomi Launched in 17 Feb. 2016

Hitomi SXS In-flight calibration 4.6eV FWHM at 6keV 50mK achieved by the cryogenic system

Cryogenic soft X-ray spectrometer was in perfect shape until the moment when communication to the spacecraft was lost (Mar 26)

Hitomi SXS In-flight calibration 4.6eV FWHM at 6keV 50mK achieved by the cryogenic system

The Quiet Intracluster Medium in the Core of the Perseus Cluster submitted to Nature

Cryogenic soft X-ray spectrometer was in perfect shape until the moment when communication to the spacecraft was lost (Mar 26)

Hitomi mishap

• JAXA declared the shutdown of Hitomi on April 28, before achieving regular operations for science. This deeply disappointed the astrophysics community in the world, particularly people who have been involved in the development of the instruments aboard Hitomi over the years.

• We were able to obtain SXS data of the Perseus cluster in the initial operation phase, which is a stunning demonstration for the in-orbit performance of the X-ray micro-calorimeter developed by NASA/GSFC.

• ISAS, ISAS ASTRO-H project, primary contractor (NEC) and Japanese X-ray astronomy community are deeply aware of responsibility for the disaster. 8

Anomaly investigation and recovery of the mission

• The anomaly is due to two different design-problems and one improper operation procedure all related to the Hitomi’s attitude control/safe-hold system.

• Technical culprit was identified and deeper cause of the problems including sociological factors were analyzed in the JAXA report to GOJ. All findings are open to public.

• My priorities have been (1) to fix the problems in our system that led to the mishap, (2) to recover the Hitomi science with SXS with NASA, and (3) to maintain the strong partnership with NASA and other agencies. 9

とうえい

Mysterious bow in super-rotating Venus atmosphere

Akatsuki Long-wave infrared (LIR) camera

Akatsuki IR2 camera

Hayabusa 2 • Sample return from a

primordial asteroid Ryugu (formerly 1999JU3).

• Small lander MASCOT provided by DLR/CNES for surface spectroscopy with microscope.

• Small Carry-on Impactor to expose fresh subsurface materials

Hayabusa2 current status

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■ Original plan ● Revised plan ● Result (● and ● are overlapping with difference of 300m)

Allowed window to reach Ryugu

color contour every 10km, gray line altitude from Earth

l1300 hours of ion-engine operation lPrecision (300m) navigation with DDOR

technique lConsistent with JPL shadow navigation lExcellent calibration data using Earth and

Moon taken during flyby

OH/H2O

H2O/CO2 absorption feature

H2O

CO2

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Hayabusa2 Earth swingby ONC TIR

NIRS3 Earth

Plant distribution Color image TIR thermal image ONC-T multi color

Australia（higher T）

NIRS3 Moon

OH/H2O absorption feature?

Hayabusa 2 mission

1/5

falcon

hayabusa

Hayabusa2-OSIRIS-REx collaboration in operation

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Hayabusa 2 mission

1/5

falcon

hayabusa

Hayabusa2-OSIRIS-REx collaboration in operation

ISAS/JAXA HAYABUSA2 mission • Launched: 2014, arrival:2018, departure: 2019,

return: 2020 • Earth swing-by completed in Dec 2015 on its way for

arrival at Ryugu in 2018 NASA OSIRIS-Rex mission • Launch: 2016, arrival:2018, departure: 2021, return: 2023 • Target: BENNU Sample & return is regarded as a high-risk mission and the collaboration including sample-exchange serves as

a means for insurance for both science teams.

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2010 2020 2030

Hisaki(2013)

SPICA (2027-28)

BepiColombo (ESA, 2016)

SLIM(2020) #4 (2022) #5(2024)

ERG (2016)

Astro-H (2016)

JUICE (ESA, 2022)

ATHENA(ESA, 2028) WFIRST(NASA, 2025)

Phobos/Deimos (2022) LiteBIRD, Solar-Sail, Solar-C (2025)

Proposals being reviewed

NASA NewFrontiers2016

Strategic Large Missions (300M$ class) for JAXA-led flagship science mission with HIIA vehicle (3 in ten years)

Competitively-chosen medium-sized focused missions (<150M$ class) with Epsilon rocket (every 2 year)

Missions of opportunity for foreign agency-led mission

Space Policy Commission under cabinet office intends to guarantee predetermined steady

annual budget for space science and exploration to maintain its scientific activities

Large-size #3 Under selection

LiteBIRD, Solar-Sail, (Solar-C)

Strategic L-class missions with HIIA/H3

#4 ESA-Led SPICA

#2 Martian Moons eXplorer (MMX)

#1 ASTRO-H (Hitomi)

Strategic Large Missions (300M$ class) for JAXA-led flagship science mission with HIIA/H3 vehicle (3 in ten years) FY2015

FY2022

FY2025

FY2027

Large-size #3 Under selection

LiteBIRD, Solar-Sail, (Solar-C)

Strategic L-class missions with HIIA/H3

#4 ESA-Led SPICA

#2 Martian Moons eXplorer (MMX)

#1 ASTRO-H (Hitomi)

Strategic Large Missions (300M$ class) for JAXA-led flagship science mission with HIIA/H3 vehicle (3 in ten years) FY2015

FY2022

FY2025

FY2027 In spite of Hitomi mishap, MMX and SPICA are our top-priority missions. These missions should reach implementation phase as early as possible.

MMX JAXA’s exploration of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos

MMX JAXA’s exploration of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos

JAXA’s mission to the Martian moons (MMX) will make close-up remote

sensing and insitu observations of both moons, and return samples from Phobos.

MMX Mars at the outer-edge of the rocky planet region of the solar system

Rocky planets

Mars The location of the snow line

Gas giants, icy planets

The big question to be addressed with MMX

• Delivery of water, volatiles, organic compounds etc. from outside the snow line to entitle the rocky planet region to be habitable

• Small bodies as delivery capsules • Dynamics of small bodies around the snow line in the early solar

system • Mars at the gateway position to witness the process

Comet (ice) Primodal asteroid (Hydrous mineral)

- Two leading hypotheses, unsettled controversy. - Revealing the origin would lead to better understanding of

the behavior of small bodies around the snow line in the early solar system.

MMX Enigmatic origin of the Martian moons

Phobos samples are mixture of Mars materials and impactor materials: Mars sample return realized! We do learn about dynamics of the impactor.

Phobos sample analysis characterizes a capsule that was on its way to deliver water and organic compounds to the inner-solar system.

Mars sample return: When debris from the Mars surface found, we will be able to read-out the history of the Martian surface environment.

SPICA – Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics

• SPICA is optimized for mid- and far-IR astronomy. • SPICA unveils the “dusty era” in the Universe (evolution of

galaxies), and finds a route to habitable planets (formation of planetary systems).

• SPICA is launched at ambient temperature, and cooled down in space. The cryo-cooler system is a key heritage of JAXA ASTRO-H.

• To be proposed to the ESA M5 slot as an ESA-led mission.

l Baseline specifications lTelescope : 2.5 m aperture cooled <8 K lCore wavelength : 17–230 mm lOrbit : S-E L2 Halo Orbit l Launcher : JAXA H3 Vehicle l Launch Year : 2027–2028

AKARI FIS-FTS

JWST/MIRI

Lim

iting

Lin

e Fl

ux (5

s-1h

r) /

Wm

-2

10-16

10-18

10-17

10-19

100 1000 20 200 350

Wavelength / mm

2010's

SPICA Sensitivity Dramatic improvement

´100 Improvement

AKARI IRC

SPICA 2020's

ALMA

10-20

10

10-15

SPICA/SAFARI R=25000

R=300

SOFIA

HERSCHEL

Spitzer

R=3000

? Foreign agency-led

Large missions

#3 Athena (ESA)

#2 Jupiter Icy moons JUICE (ESA)

#1 Bepi-Colombo (ESA)

FY2018

FY2022

FY2028

Missions of opportunity for foreign agency-led mission

CNES Athena

ISAS Astrophysics and fundamental physics 2020s Lead cryogenic astrophysics missions

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Hot and Energetic Universe

Reds

hift

(z)

Wavelength (m) 10-12-10-8 m 10-5-10-4 m 10-3-10-2 m

z=0.5

z=3

z>>10

Galaxy Evolution Formation of Solar Systems

SPICA(ESA-led)

ATHENA(ESA-led)

Cosmic Microwave Background and Inflation

(X-ray) (IR) (Milli-wave)

LiteBIRD (JAXA-led) under assessment

Medium-size #4 Under selection

Competitive M-class missions with Epsilon

#3 Moon landing (SLIM)

#2 van Allen belt (ERG)

#1 Hisaki (UV planet)

Competitively-chosen medium-sized focused missions (<150M$ class) with Epsilon rocket (every 2 year) FY2013

FY2016

FY2019

FY2021

Current Status • Assembly, integration,

verification activities are going on at ISAS.

• To be launched via upgraded Epsilon#2 in 2016

ERG Flight model

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ISAS Engineering: Small lunar-lander (SLIM) for pinpoint landing technology

demonstration

SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon)

SLIM is a mission to demonstrate the technology for pin-point soft landing on lunar or planetary surface. • Image-based navigation utilizing Lunar terrain • Autonomous obstacle detection • Robust pin-point guidance • Landing shock absorber • High-performance propulsion • One science payload • Precursor of full-scale lunar or planetary missions

Total Weight:520kg

BepiColombo MMO(ESA-led)

Martian Moons eXplorer(MMX) (JAXA-led)

Asteroid Sample Return Hayabusa, Hayabusa2 (JAXA-led)

JUICE (ESA -led)

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SLIM Moon landing (JAXA-led)

ISAS Planetary science 2020s Lead sample & return

Solar-power sail to Jupiter Trojan asteroids (JAXA-led) under assessment

SPICA(ESA-led)

New JAXA Deep Space Station (available 2018, 54m, X&Ka bands)

• The location is in favor of cooperation with oversea deep space stations. – Provide new attractive baseline of triangular shape for DDOR with

either NASA or ESA stations. – Provide a complementary station for Australia.

● NASA ● ESA ● JAXA

● Goldstone

● New Norcia

Usuda ●

●Canberra

Madrid ● ● Cebreros

● Maralgüe

Hayabusa2 Earth flyby attained GNC accuracy of 300m via Differential One-way Ranging （Delta-DOR）

Technology driven Leads and creates space

science programs

Science driven Stimulates and encourages

new technology development

Uniqueness of ISAS: Close ties between space science and space technology

Space Science Divisions Space Astronomy Astrophysics

Solar System Science Interdisciplinary Space Science

Space Technology Divisions Space Flight Systems

Spacecraft Engineering

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Recent accomplishments HAYABUSA & IKAROS

Led by JAXA Lunar & Planetary Exploration Program Group 37

[Tech. Demo. #1] Solar sail deployment

[Tech. Demo. #3] Photon propulsion

[Tech. Demo. #4] Solar sail guidance, navigation and control

Launch (21/May/2010)

Venus Flyby (8/Dec/2010)

[Tech. Demo. #2] Power generation by sail-mounted thin film solar cells

Extended operation phase (Jan/2010 - now)

～9/June/2010

～10/June/2010

IKAROS Technology Demonstration of Interplanetary Solar Power Sail

Thin film solar cell

Solar sail Diagonal 20m

Led by JAXA Lunar & Planetary Exploration Program Group 38

2003 HAYABUSA-1 2014 HAYABUSA-2 2022 Phobos/ Deimos SR

Various missions related to sample return and/or atmospheric-entry are being discussed and proposed.

Phobos/Deimos SR Trojan SR with Solarsail Mars EDL mission

Deployable Aeroshell w/U. Tokyo

HTV-R capsule(JAXA)

Systems for 12km/s (Mpeak=40) reentry speed

Thermal durability and response in high aerodynamics heating environment are evaluated with various materials in ISAS arc wind tunnel.

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Summary

• JAXA and space science community deeply appreciate substantial support from NASA and US scientists during the Hitomi crisis

• My priorities have been (1) to fix the problems in our system that led to the mishap, (2) to recover the Hitomi science with SXS with NASA, and (3) to maintain the strong partnership with NASA and other agencies.

• JAXA moves forward in spite of Hitomi disaster. This mishap shall make us and our system stronger, and make us more reliable partner in space science in the long run.