Java Programming JAVA PART 1

Java programming language is usually associated with the World Wide Web, its origin predates the web. Java began life as the programming language Oak.

Features of Java:

Java is a simple language that can be learned easily, even if you have just started programming.

The syntax of Java is similar to C++. Unlike C++, in which the programmer handles memory manipulation, Java handles the required memory manipulations, and thus prevents errors that arise due to improper memory usage.

Java is purely object-oriented and provides abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. Even the most basic program has a class. Any code that you write in Java is inside a class.

Java is both interpreted and compiled. The code is complied to a bytecode that is binary and platform independent. When the program has to be executed, the code is fetched into the memory and interpreted on the user’s machine. As an interpreted language, Java has simple syntax.

Compilation is the process of converting the code that you type, into a language that the computer understands- machine language. When you compile a program using a compiler, the compiler checks for syntactic errors in code and list all the errors on the screen. You have to rectify the errors and recompile the program to get the machine language code. The Java compiler compiles the code to a bytecode that is understood by the Java environment.

Bytecode is the result of compiling a Java program. You can execute this code on any platform. In other words, due to the bytecode compilation process and interpretation by a browser, Java programs can be executed on a variety of hardware and operating systems. The only requirement is that the system should have a Java-enabled Internet browser. The Java interpreter can execute Java code directly on any machine on which a Java interpreter has been installed.

Thanks to bytecode, a Java program can run on any machine that has a Java interpreter. The bytecode supports connection to multiple databases. Java code is portable.

‘Java is a simple, Object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture neural, portable, high-performance, multithreaded, and dynamic language’.

Java Magic: Byte Code

The key that allows Java to solve both the security and the portability problems just described is that the output of a Java compiler is not executable code. Rather, it is bytecode. Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the Java run-time system, which is called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). That is, in its standard form, the JVM is an interpreter for bytecode.

The Java BuzzwordsNo discussion of the genesis of Java is complete without a look at the Java buzzwords. Although the fundamental forces that necessitated the invention of Java are portability and security, other factors also played an important role in molding the final form of the language. The key considerations were summed up by the Java team in the following list of buzzwords:

1. Simple

2. Secure

3. Portable

4. Object-oriented

5. Robust

6. Multithreaded

1. Architecture-neutral

2. Interpreted

3. High performance

4. Distributed

5. Dynamic

Object-OrientedJava was not designed to be source-code Compatible with any other language. This allowed the

Java team the freedom to design with a blank slate. One outcome of this was a clean, usable,

pragmatic approach to objects. Borrowing liberally from many seminal object-software

environments of the last few decades, Java manages to strike a balance between the purist's

"everything is an object" paradigm and the pragmatist's "stay out of my way" model. The object

model in Java is simple and easy to extend, while simple types, such as integers, are kept as high

performance non objects.

Robust The multiplatformed environment of the Web places extraordinary demands on a program, because the program must execute reliably in a variety of systems. Thus, the ability to create robust programs was given a high priority in the design of Java.

Multithreaded

Java was designed to meet the real-world requirement of creating interactive, networked programs. To accomplish this, Java supports multithreaded programming, which allows you to write programs that do many things simultaneously. The Java run-time system comes with an elegant yet sophisticated solution for multiprocess synchronization that enables you to construct smoothly running interactive systems. Java's easy-to-use approach to multithreading allows you to think about the specific behavior of your program, not the multitasking subsystem.

Architecture-Neutral A central issue for the Java designers was that of code longevity and portability. One of the main problems facing programmers is that no guarantee exists that if you write a program today, it will run tomorrow – even on the same machine. Operating system upgrades, processor upgrades, and changes in core system resources can all combine to make a program malfunction. The Java designers made several hard decisions in the Java language and the Java Virtual Machine in an attempt to alter this situation. Their goal was "write once; run anywhere, any time, forever." To a great extent, this goal was accomplished.

Interpreted and High Performance Java enables the creation of cross-platform programs by compiling into an intermediate representation called Java bytecode. This code can be interpreted on any system that provides a Java Virtual Machine. Most previous attempts at crossplatform solutions have done so at the expense of performance.

Java, however, was designed to perform well on very low-power CPUs. As explained earlier, while it is true that Java was engineered for interpretation, the Java bytecode was carefully designed so that it would be easy to translate directly into native machine code for very high performance by using a just-in-time compiler. Java run-time systems that provide this feature lose none of the benefits of the platform-independent code. "High-performance cross-platform" is no longer an oxymoron.

Distributed Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet, because it handles TCP/IP

protocols. In fact, accessing a resource using a URL is not much different from accessing a file.

The original version of Java (Oak) included features for intra-addressspace messaging. This

allowed objects on two different computers to execute procedures remotely. Java has recently

revived these interfaces in a package called Remote Method Invocation (RMI).

Dynamic Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of run-time type information that is used to

verify and resolve accesses to objects at run time. This makes it possible to dynamically link

code in a safe and expedient manner. This is crucial to the robustness of the applet environment,

in which small fragments of bytecode may be dynamically updated on a running system.