CURRICULUM VITAE (Updated January 2016)

1. PERSONAL DATA Name: JULIO A. URBINA R. Address: 200 Lakeside Drive, Oakland, 94612 California, United States Phone: 1 (510) 918-4665 Mobile: 1 (513) 407-2673 e-mail: jurbina@mac.com Marital Status: Married, four children 2. EDUCATION Licenciado in Biology, Central University of Venezuela (UCV), 1970. Ph.D. in Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 1975. 3. POSITIONS HELD 2008-2011, Adjunct Full Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 2006-present, Emeritus Senior Investigator, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC). 1998-2006, Senior Investigator, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC). 1993-1998, Senior Associated Investigator, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC). 1994, Head, Center for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC). 1993-2006, Head, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Center for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC). 1991-2006, Professor, Central University of Venezuela (UCV), currently retired. 1994-1999, Member, Superior Council, National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT).

1991-1993, Associated Investigator, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC). 1981-1984, Member, Superior Council, National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT). 1981-1984, Member, Board of Directors, National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT). 1984-1991, Associate Professor, Central University of Venezuela (UCV). 1975-1984, Assistant Professor, Central University of Venezuela (UCV). 4. PUBLICATIONS 1.- D. Chapman, J. Urbina (1971). Phase transitions and bilayer structure in Myoplasma laidlawii. Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc. (FEBS) Letter, 12, 169. 2.- D. Chapman, J. Urbina, K.M. Keough (1973). Biomembrane phase transitions. J. Biol. Chem., 249, 2512. 3.- J. Urbina, J.S. Waugh (1973). Application of proton-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of membranes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 222, 733. 4.- J. Urbina, J.S. Waugh (1974). Proton-enhanced 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of lipids and biomembranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 5062. 5.- J. Urbina, A. Crespo (1981). Enzimology of energy metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. in "The Biochemistry of Parasites", G. Slutzky, Ed., Pergamon Press, New York. p. 173. 6.- J. Urbina, A. Crespo, V. Azavache (1981). "Metabolismo energetico en Trypanosoma cruzi". en Bioquimica e Inmunologia de Parasitos", A. Hernández y H. Pérez. Eds., Ediciones Sociedad Parasitologica de Venezuela. 7.- N. Coello, J. Urbina. (1982). Aislamiento y purificacion de amastigotes de Leishmania braziliensis: su aplicación al estudio comparativo de la superficie celular de amastigotes y promastigotes de la cepa NR. Acta Cient. Venez., 33, 144. 8.- J. Vivas, J. Urbina (1982). Energy-dependent lectin induced algutination in Trypanosoma (Schiotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes. Acta Cient. Venez., 33, 396. 9.- J. Urbina (1983). Interacción de antibióticos poliénicos con promastigotes de Leishmania in "Leishmaniasis", A. Hernandez, Ed., Ediciones CONICIT, Caracas. 10.- J. Urbina, A. Crespo (1984). Regulation of energy metabolism in Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes. I. Hexokinase and Phosphofructokinase. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.,11, 225. 11.- J. Urbina, V. Azavache (1984). Regulation of energy metabolism in Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes. II. NAD+ dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 11, 241. 12.- A. De Maio, J. Urbina (1984). Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes: terminal oxidases in two growth phases in vitro. Acta Cient. Venez. 35, 136.

13.- B.E. Cohen, H. Ramos, M. Gamargo, J. Urbina (1986). The water and ionic permeability induced by polyene antibiotics across plasma membrane vesicles from Leishmania sp. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 860, 57. 14.- Z. Aguilar, J. Urbina (1986). The phosphofructokinase of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes: purification and kinetic mechanism. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 21, 103. 15.- J. Urbina, B.E. Cohen, E. Perozo, L. Cornivelli. (1986). Spin-labeled amphotericin B: synthesis, characterization, biological and spectroscopic properties. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 897, 467. 16.- J. Urbina (1987). The Phospho-enol-pyruvate carboxykinase of Trypasonoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes: molecular, kinetic and regulatory properties. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 258, 186. 17.- R. Maingon, R. Gerke, M. Rodriguez, T. Aguirre, J. Nehlin, T. Knapp, J. Carmpton. (1988). The tubulin genes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur. J. Biochem., 171, 285. 18.- G. Larralde, J. Vivas, J. Urbina. (1988) Concentration and time dependence of the effects of ketoconazole on growth and sterol biosynthesis by Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes. Acta Cient. Venez., 39. 140-146. 19.- J. Urbina, J. Vivas, H. Ramos, G.Larralde, Z. Aguilar, L. Avilan. (1988). Alteration of lipid order profile and permeability of plasma membranes from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes grown in the presence of ketoconazole. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 30, 185-196. 20.- J. Urbina, K. Lazardi, T. Aguirre, M.M. Piras, R. Piras (1988). Antiproliferative synergism of the allylamine SF-86327 and ketoconazole on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother. 32, 1237-1242. 21.- J. Urbina, L. Avilan (1989). The kinetic mechanism of phospho-enol-pyruvate carboxykinase from Panicum maximum". Phytochemistry, 28, 1349-1353. 22.- J. Urbina, X. Ysern, A.S. Mildvan. (1990). Involvement of a divalent cation in the binding of D-fructose-6-phosphate to Trypanosoma cruzi phosphofructokinase. Kinetic and magnetic resonance studies. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 278, 187-194. 23.- G. Benaim, R. Bermúdez, J.A. Urbina. (1990). Calcium transport in mitochondrial vesicles isolated from Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 31, 61-68. 24.- J.A. Urbina, C.E. Osorno, A. Rojas (1990). Inhibition of phospho-enol-pyruvate carboxykinase from Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes by 3-mercaptopicolinic acid. In vitro and in vivo studies. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 282, 91-99. 25.- K. Lazardi, J.A. Urbina, W. de Souza (1990). Ultrastructural effects of ketoconazole and terbinafine on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 2097-2105. 26.- J.A. Urbina, K. Lazardi, T. Aguirre, M.M. Piras, R. Piras (1991). Antiproliferative effects and mechanism of action of ICI 195, 739, a novel bis-triazole derivative on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 730-735.

27.- K. Lazardi, J.A. Urbina, W. de Souza (1991). Alterations of the subcellular structure of epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi induced by ICI 195, 739. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 736-741. 28.- J.A. Urbina, J.A., Maldonado, R.A., Payares, G., Marchan, E., Lazardi, K., Aguirre, T, Piras, M.M., Piras, R., De Souza, W. (1991). In vitro and in vivo synergism of binary and ternary combinations of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi: Therapeutic Implications". Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 86 (Supl. 1), 33-35. 29.- Urbina, J.A., Lazardi, K., Marchan, E., Visval, G., Aguirre, T., Piras, M.M., Piras, R., De Souza, W. (1991). Sinergismo en la acción antiproliferativa de inhibidores de la síntesis de esteroles sobre el Trypanosoma cruzi, in vitro e in vivo: implicaciones terapéuticas. In: "Miocardiopatías Chagasicas", Puigb_, J.J. y Acquatella, A., eds. Caracas. 30.- Urbina, J.A., Maldonado, R.A., Payares, G., Marchan, E., Lazardi, K., Aguirre, T., Piras, M.M., Piras, R., De Souza, W. 1991. In vitro and in vivo synergism, of binary and ternary -combinations of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors as antiproliferative agents against Trypanosoma cruzi: Therapeutic Implications. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 86(51), 33-35. 31.- Maldonado, R.A., Molina, J., Payares, G., Urbina, J.A. (1993). Experimental chemotherapy with combinations of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors in a murine model of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 37, 1353-1359 32.- Urbina, J.A., Lazardi, K., Marchan, E., Visbal, G., Aguirre, T., Piras, M.M., Piras, R., Maldonado, R.A., Payares, G., De Souza, W. (1993). Mevinolin (Lovastatin) potentiates the antiproliferative effects of ketoconazole and terbinafine against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: in vitro and in vivo studies. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 37, 580-589. 33.- Urbina, J.A., Marchan E., Lazardi, K., Visbal, G., Apitz-Castro, R., Gil, F., Aguirre, T., Piras, M.M., Piras, R. (1993). Ajoene, an antiplatelet compound isolated from garlic, inhibits phosphatidyl-choline biosynthesis and cell proliferation in Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45,2381-2387. 34.- Sánchez-Delgado, R., Lazardi, K., RincÛn Luis, Urbina, J.A., Huber, A.J., Noels, A.N. (1993). Towards a metal-based chemotheraphy against tropical diseases. I. Synthesis of Ru(Cl)2 (Clotrimazole)2 a highly active compound against Trypanosoma cruzi and other metalclotrimazole complexes. J. Med. Chem. 36,2041-2043. 35.- Oldfield, E., Urbina, J.A., Montez, B., Pekkerar, S., Husted, C., Patterson, J. (1993). Editing Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1152, 314-318. 36.- Urbina, J.A., Machín, I., Jurado, L. (1993). The limitations of paradigms: Studies on the energy metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi. Biol. Res. 26, 81-88. 37.- Linss, J., Goldenberg, S., Urbina, J.A. ,Amzel, L.A. (1993). "Cloning and characterization of the gene coding for the ATP-dependent phospho-enol-pyruvate carboxykinase (E.C.4..1.1.49) from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: comparison of primary and predicted secondary structure with the host's GTP-dependent enzyme". Gene, 136, 69-77. 38.- Urbina, J.A. (1994). Intermediary metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitology Today 10, 107-110.

39.- Vannier-Santos, M.A., Neves, A., Martiny, A., De Souza, W., Urbina, J.A. (1995). Alterations induced by the antifungal compounds ketoconazole and terbinafine in Leishmania J. Eukaryotic. Microbiol, 42, 337-346. 40.- Urbina, J.A., Pekerar, S. Montez, B., Patterson, J., Oldfield, E. (1995). Molecular order and dynamics of phosphatidyl-choline bilayer membranes in the presence of cholesterol, ergosterol and lanosterol: a comparative study using 2H, 13C, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1238, 163-176. 41. Urbina, J.A., Vivas, J., Visbal, G., Contreras, L.M. (1995). Modification of the sterol composition of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes D24(25) sterol methyl transferase inhibitors and their combinations with ketoconazole. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 73, 199-210. 42.- Jurado, L., Machin, I., Urbina, J.A. (1996). Trypanosoma cruzi phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP-dependent): transition metal ion requirement for activity and sulfhydryl group reactivity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1292, 188-196. 43.- Sanchez-Delgado, R., Navarro, M., Pérez, H., Urbina, J.A. (1996) Toward a novel metal-based chemotherapy against tropical diseases. 2. Synthesis and antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo of new ruthenium- and rhodium-chloroquine complexes. J. Med. Chem. 39, 1095-1099. 44.- Urbina, J., Vivas, J., Lazardi, K., Molina, J., Payares, G., Piras, M.M., Piras, R. (1996) Antiproliferative effects of D24(25) sterol methyl transferase inhibitors on Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: In vitro and in vivo studies. Chemotherapy. 42, 294-307. 45.- Urbina, J.A., Payares, G., Molina, J., Sanoja, C., Liendo, A., Lazardi, K., Perez, N., Piras, M.M., Piras, R., Wincker, P., Ryley, J.F. (1996). Cure of short- and long-term experimental Chagas’ disease using D0870. Science, 273, 969-971. 46.- Vivas, J., Urbina, J.A., De Souza, W. (1996). Ultrastructural effects of D24(25) sterol methyl transferase on Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents., 7, 235-240. 47.- Rangel, H., Dagger, F., Hern·ndez, A., Liendo, A., Urbina, J.A. (1996). Naturally azole-resistant Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes are rendered susceptible in the presence of terbinafine. A comparative study with azole-susceptible Leishmania mexicana. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 2785-2791. 48.- Quintas, L.E.M., de Castro, S.L., Urbina, J.A., Borba -Santos, J.A., Pinto, C.N., Siqueira-Batista, R., Miranda Filho, N. (1996) Tratamento da Doenca de Chagas, en: Molestia de Chagas (Siquiera-Batista, R., Correa, A.D. y Higgins, D.W.. editores), Editora Cultura Medica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil., pp. 125-170. 49.- Croft, S.L., Urbina, J.A., Brun, R. (1997) Chemotherapy of human Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis. En: Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis (eds. G. Hide, J.C. Mottram, G.H. Coombs and P.H. Holmes), CAB INTERNATIONAL, Londres, pp. 245-257. 50.- Contreras, L.M., Vivas, J., Urbina, J.A. (1997). Altered lipid composition and enzyme activities in plasma membranes from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes grown in the present of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Biochem. Pharmacol., 53, 697-704.

51.- Urbina, J.A., Visbal, G., Contreras, L.M., McLaughlin, G.M. and Docampo, R. (1997). Inhibitors of D24(25) sterol methyl transferase block sterol synthesis and cell proliferation in Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41, 1428-1432. 52.- San Blas, G., Urbina, J.A., Marchan, E., Contreras, L.M., Sorais, F. and San-Blas, F. (1997). Inhibition of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by ajoene is associated with blockade of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Microbiology 143, 1583-1586. 53.- Urbina, J.A. (1997) Lipid biosynthesis pathways as chemotherapeutic targets in kinetoplastid parasites. Parasitology 114, S91-S99. 54.- Liendo, A., Lazardi, K. and Urbina, J.A. (1998) In vivo antiprolifrative effects and mechanism of action of the bis-triazole D0870 and its S(-) enantiomer against Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41, 197-205. 55.- Urbina, J.A. and Oldfield, E. (1998) Solid State Nucler Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Approaches to the Study of the Molecular Organization of Biological Membranes. En: Biomembrane Structures (Haris, P. and Chapman, D.), IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 113-133. 56.- Concepcion, J.L., Gonzalez-Pacanowska, D. and Urbina, J.A. (1998) 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA Reductase in Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: Subcellular Localization and Kinetic Properties. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 352, 114-120. 57.- Urbina, J.A., Payares, G., Contreras, L.M., Liendo, A., Sanoja, C., Molina, J. Piras, M.M., Piras, R., Perez, N., Wincker, P., Loebemberg, D. (1998) Antiproliferative Effects and Mechanism of Action of SCH 56592 against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi : In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.42,1771-1777. 58.- Sanchez-Delgado, R., Navarro, M., Lazardi, K., Atencio, R., Caparelli, M., Urbina, J.A., Noels, A.N. (1998) Toward a novel metal-based chemotherapy against tropical diseases. 4. Synthesis and Characterization of New Metal-Clotrimazole Complexes and Evaluation of their Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Inorganica Chimica Acta 275-276, 528-540. 59.- Urbina, J., Moreno, B., Arnold, W. Taron, C.H., Orlean, P. and Oldfield, E. (1998) A Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Inter-Proton Pair Order Parameters: A New Approach to Study Order and Dynamics in Phospholipid Membrane Systems. Biophysical Journal 75, 1372-1383. 60.- Urbina, J.A. (1999) Chemotherapy of Chagas’ disease: The How and the Why. Journal of Molecular Medicine 77, 332-338. 61.- Martin, M.B., Arnold, W., Heath, H.T. 3rd, Urbina, J.A. and Oldfield, E. (1999) Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates as carbocation transition state analogs for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 263, 754-758. 62.- Urbina, J.A., Moreno, B., Vierkotter, S., Oldfield, E., Payares, G., Sanoja, C., Bailey, B.N., Yan, W., Scott, D.A., Moreno, S.N.J. and Docampo, R. (1999) Trypanosoma cruzi contains major pyrophosphate stores, and its growth in vitro and in vivo is blocked by pyrophosphate analogs. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 33609-33615. 63.- Vannier-Santos, M.A., Martiny, A., Lins, U., Urbina, J.A., Borges, V.M., and De Souza, W. (1999). Impairment of sterol biosynthesis leads to phosphate and calcium accumulation in Leishmania acidocalcisomes. Microbiology 145, 3213-3220.

64.- Liendo, A., Visbal, G., Piras, M.M., Piras, R. and Urbina, J.A. (1999) Sterol composition and biosynthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 104, 81-91. 65.- Molina, J., Martins-Filho, O., Brener, Z., Romanha, A.J., Loebenberg, D. and Urbina, J.A. (2000). Activities of the triazole derivative SCH 56592 (posaconazole) against drug-resistant strains of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed murine hosts. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, 150-155. 66. Urbina, J.A. (2000) Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors for Chagas’ disease. Current Opinion in Anti-infective Investigational Drugs 2, 40-46. 67. Molina, J., Brener, Z., Romanha, A.J., and Urbina, J.A. (2000). In vivo activity of the bis-triazole D0870 against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46, 137-140. 68. Diaz, M., Lopez, F., Hernandez, F. and Urbina, J.A. (2000) L-carnitine effects on chemical composition of plasma lipoproteins of rabbits fed with normal and high cholesterol diets. Lipids 35, 627-632. 69. Moreno, B., Urbina, J.A., Oldfield, E., Bialey, B.N., Rodrigues, C.O., and Docampo, R. (2000). 31P NMR spectroscopy of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major: Evidence for high levels of condensed inorganic phosphates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 28356-28362. 70. Urbina, JA. , Lira, R., Visbal, G., and Bartroli, J. (2000) In vitro antiproliferative effects and mechanism of action of the new triazole derivative UR-9825 against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, 2498-2502. 71. Rodrigues, C.O., Scott, D.A., Bailey, B.N., De Souza, W., Benchimol, M., Moreno, B., Urbina, J.A., Oldfield, E. and Moreno, S.N.J. (2000). Vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase and pyrophosphate in Toxoplasma gondii as possible chemotherapeutic targets. Biochemical Journal 349, 737-745. 72.- Navarro, M., Lehmann, T., Cisneros, E., Fuentes, A., Sanchez-Delgado, R., Silva, P., Urbina, J.A.(2000). Towards novel metal-based chemostherapy against tropical diseases.5. Synthesis and characterization of new Ru(II) and Ru(III) clotrimazole and ketoconazole complexes and evaluation of their activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Polyhedron 19, 2319-2325. 73.- Molina, J., Urbina, J.A., Gref, R., Brener, Z., Urbina, J.A. (2001) Cure of experimental Chagas’ disease by the bis-triazole D0870 incorporated into ‘stealth’ polyethyleneglycol-polylactide nanospheres. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 47, 101-104. 74.- Martin, M.B., Grimley, J.S., Lewis, J.C., Heath, III, H.T., Bailey, B.N., Kendrick, H., Yardley, V., Caldera, A., Lira, R., Urbina, J.A., Moreno, S.N.J., Docampo, R. and Oldfield, E. (2001) Bisphosphonates inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum: a potential route to chemotherapy. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 44, 909-916. 75.- Lira, R., Contreras, L.M. Santa Rita, R,M, and Urbina, J.A. (2001) Mechanism of action of antiproliferative alkyl-lysophospholipids against the protozoan parasite

Trypanosoma cruzi. Potentiation by the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor ketoconazole. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 47, 537-546. 76.- Atencio, R., Visbal, G., Pekerar, S., Papale, J. and Urbina, J.A. (2001) Studies of molecular structure parameters of 20-piperidin-2-yl-5-a-pregnan-3b,20-diol and its N-methyl derivative: two inhibitors of ?24(25) sterol methyl transferase and ?24(24’) sterol methyl reductase of Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Crystallographica B57, 714-721. 77.- Rodrigues, C.O., Catisti, R., Uyemura, S.A., Vercesi, A., Lira, R., Rodriguez, C., Urbina, J.A. and Docampo, R. (2001) The sterol composition of Trypanosoma cruzi changes after growth in different culture media and results in different sensitivity to digitonin permeabilization. J.Eukaryotic Microbiology 48, 588-594. 78.- Urbina, J.A. (2001) Specific treatment of Chagas disease: current status and new developments. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14, 733-741. 79.- Navarro M, Cisneros-Fajardo EJ, Lehmann T, Sanchez-Delgado RA, Atencio R, Silva P, Lira R, Urbina JA. (2001) Toward a novel metal-based chemotherapy against tropical diseases. 6. Synthesis andcharacterization of new copper(II) and gold(I) clotrimazole and ketoconazole complexes and evaluation of their activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Inorganic Chemistry 40, 6879-84 80.- Urbina, J.A. (2002) Chemotherapy of Chagas Disease. Current Pharmaceutical Design 8, 287-295. 81.- Rodríguez, J.C.F., Attias, M., Rodríguez, C., Urbina, J.A. and De Souza, W. (2002) Ultrastructural and biochemical alterations induced by 22,26-azasterol, a D24(25) sterol methyl transferase inhibitor, on amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, 487-499. 82.- Rodriguez, N., Bailey, B.N., Martin, M.B., Oldfield, E., Urbina, J.A. and Docampo, R. (2002) Radical cure of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis by the bisphosphonate pamidronate. J.Infect.Dis 186, 138-140. 83.- Moreno, B., Rodrigues, C.O., Bailey, B.N., Urbina, J.A., Moreno, S.N.J., Docampo, R. and Oldfield, E. (2002) Magic angle 31P NMR spectroscopy of condensed phosphates in parasitic protozoa: Visualizing the invisible. FEBS Lett. 503, 207-212. 84.- Urbina, J.A., Concepción, J.L., Visbal, G., Rangel, S. and Lira, R. (2002). Squalene synthase as a chemotherapeutic target in Trypanosoma cruzi and Leismania mexicana. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 125, 35-45. 85.- Mendoza, M., Mijares, A., Rojas, H., Rodriguez, J.P., Urbina, J.A. and DiPolo, R. (2002) Physiological and morphological evidences for the presence of acidocalcisomes in Trypanosoma evansi. Single cell fluorescence and 31P NMR studies. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 125, 23-33. 86.- de Souza, W., Rodrigues, J.C.F. and Urbina, J.A. (2002) Effects of inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis on the structural organization of trypanosomatids. Recent Research Developments in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 5, 79-97. 87.- Urbina, J.A., Payares, G., Sanoja, C., Molina, J., Lira, R. and Romanha, A. (2003) In vitro and in vivo activities of ravuconazole on Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 27-38. 88.- Urbina, J.A., Payares, G., Sanoja, C., Molina, J., Lira, R., Brener. Z. and Romanha, A. (2003) Parasitological cure of acute and chronic experimental Chagas disease using the long-acting experimental triazole TAK-187. Activity against drug-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi strains. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 21, 39-48.

89.- Urbina, J.A. (2003) Rational approaches to specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease. In: World Class Parasites: Volume 7. American Trypanosomiasis. Tyler, K.M. and Miles, M.A., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 127-135. 90.- Urbina, J.A. (2003) New chemotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 13, 661-669. 91.- Urbina, J.A., Concepcion, J.L., Montalvetti, A., Rodriguez, J.B. and Docampo, R. (2003) Mechanism of action of 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (WC-9) against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas’ disease. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, 2047-2050. 92.- Urbina, J.A. and Docampo, R. (2003) Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: controversies and advances. Trends in Parasitology 19, 495-501. 93.- Magaraci, F., Jimenez C.J., Rodrigues, C., Rodrigues, J.C.F., Braga M.V., Yardley, V., de Luca-Fradley, K., Croft, S.L., de Souza, W., Ruiz-Perez, L.M., Urbina, J.A., Gonzalez- Pacanowska, D. and Gilbert, I.H. (2003) Azasterols as Inhibitors of Sterol 24-Methyltransferase in Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi, J.Med.Chem. 46, 4717-4727. 94.- de Castro, S.L., Santa-Rita, R., Urbina, J.A., Croft, S. L. (2004) Antiprotozoal lysophospholipid analogues: a comparison of their activity against Trypanosomatid parasites and tumor cells. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 4, 139-148. 95.- Garzoni, L.R., Caldera, Aura, Meirelles, M.N.L., de Castro, S. L., Docampo, R. , Meints, G:A., Oldfield, E. and Urbina, J.A. (2004) Selective in vitro effects of the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor risedronate on Trypanosoma cruzi. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 23, 273-285. 96.- Garzoni, L.R., Waghabi, M. C., Baptista, M.M., de Castro, S. L., Meirelles, M.N.L., Docampo, R., Britto, C., Oldfield, E. and Urbina, J.A. (2004) Antiparasitic activity of risedronate in a murine model of acute Chagas’ disease. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 23, 286-290. 97.- Quiñonez, Wilfredo, Urbina, J.A., Dubourdier, M. and Concepcion, J.L. (2004) The glycosome membrane of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes: protein and lipid composition. Experimental Parasitology 106, 135-149. 98.- Urbina, J.A., Concepcion, J.L., Caldera, A., Payares, G.. Sanoja, C., Otomo, T. and Hiyoshi, H. (2004) In vitro and in vivo activities of E5700 and ER-119884, two novel orally active squalene synthase inhibitors, against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, 2379-2387. 99.- Braga, M.V., Urbina, J.A. and de Souza, W. (2004) Effects of squalene synthase inhibitors on the growth and ultrastructure of Trypanosoma cruzi. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 24, 72-78. 100.- Dantas-Leite, L., Urbina, J.A., de Souza, W.,Vommaro, R.C. (2004) Selective anti-Toxoplasma gondii activities of azasterols. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 23. 620-626. 101.- Lorente, S.O., Rodrigues, J.C.F., Jiménez, C.J., Joyce-Menekse, M., Rodrigues, C., Croft, S.L., Yardley, V., de Luca-Fradley, K., Ruiz-Pérez, L.M., Urbina, J.A., de Souza, W., González-Pacanowska, D. and Gilbert, I.H. (2004) Novel Azasterols as Potential Agents for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, 2937-2950.

102.- Guedes, P.M.M., Urbina, J. A., Lana, M., Afonso, L.C.C., Veloso, V.M., Tafuri, W.L., Machado-Coelho, G.L.L., Chiari, E. and Bahia, M.T. (2004) Activity of the New-Triazole Derivative Albaconazole (UR-9825) Against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi in a Dog Host, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, 4286-4292. 103.- Dantas-Leite, L., Urbina, J.A., de Souza, W.,Vommaro, R.C. (2005) Antiproliferative synergism of azasterols and antifolates against Toxoplasma gondii. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 25, 130-135. 104.- Corrales, M., Cardozo, M., Segura, M.A., Urbina, J.A. and Basombrío. M.A. (2005) Efficacy of TAK-187, a long lasting ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor, in preventing cardiac damage in a murine model of Chagas disease. A comparative study with benznidazole, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, 1556-1560. 105.- Santa-Rita, R., Lira, R. Barbosa, H.S., Urbina, J.A. and de Castro, S.L. (2005) Antiproliferative synergism of lysophospholipid analogues and ketoconazole against Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae): cellular and ultrastructural analysis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 55, 780-784. 106.- Lorente, S.O., Gomez, R., Jimenez. C.J., Cammerer, S., Yardley, V., de Luca-Fradley, K., Croft, S.L., Ruiz Perez, L.M., Urbina J., Gonzalez Pacanowska, D., Gilbert, I.H. (2005) Biphenylquinuclidines as inhibitors of squalene synthase and growth of parasitic protozoa, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13, 3519-3529. 107.- Rodrigues J.C., Urbina, J.A. and de Souza W. (2005) Antiproliferative and ultrastructural effects of BPQ-OH, a specific inhibitor of squalene synthase, on Leishmania amazonensis. Exp. Parasitol. 111, 230-238. 108.- Croft S.L., Barrett M.P. and Urbina J.A. (2005) Chemotherapy of trypanosomiases and leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol. 21, 508-512. 109.- Hudock, M. P., Sanz-Rodriguez, C. E., Song, Y., Chan, J. M., Zhang, Y., Odeh, S., Kosztowski, T., Leon-Rossell, A., Concepcion, J. L., Yardley, V., Croft, S. L., Urbina, J. A., Oldfield, E. (2006) Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi Hexokinase by Bisphosphonates. J. Med. Chem. 49, 215-223. 110.- Benaim, G., Sanders, J.M., Garcia-Marchán, Y., Colina. C., Lira, R., Caldera, A.R., Payares, G., Sanoja, C., Burgos, J.M., Leon-Rossell, A., Concepcion, J.L., Schijman, A.G., Levin, M.L., Oldfield, E. and Urbina, J.A. (2006) Amiodarone has intrinsic anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity and acts synergistically with posaconazole. J. Med. Chem. 49, 892-899. 111.- Palmie-Peixoto, I. V., Rocha, M. R., Urbina, J. A., de Souza, W., Einicker-Lamas, M., Machado Motta, M. C. (2006) Effects of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors on endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 255, 33-42. 112.- Silva, D. T., de Meirelles, N., Almeida, D., Urbina, J. A. and Pereira, M. C. (2006) Cytoskeleton reassembly in cardiomyocytes infected by Trypanosoma cruzi is triggered by treatment with ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Int J Antimicrob Agents 27, 530-537. 113.- Gros, L., Castillo-Acosta, V. M., Jimenez Jimenez, C., Sealey-Cardona, M., Vargas, S., Manuel Estevez, A., Yardley, V., Rattray, L., Croft, S. L., Ruiz-Perez, L. M., Urbina, J. A., Gilbert, I. H., Gonzalez-Pacanowska, D. (2006) New azasterols against Trypanosoma brucei: role of 24-sterol methyltransferase in inhibitor action. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, 2595-2601. 114.- Martins-Duarte, E. S., Urbina, J. A., de Souza, W., Vommaro, R. C. (2006) Antiproliferative activities of two novel quinuclidine inhibitors against Toxoplasma

gondii tachyzoites in vitro. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58, 59-65. 115.- Berman, J., Bryceson, A. D., Croft, S. L., Engel, J., Gutteridge, W., Karbwang, J., Sindermann, H., Soto, J., Sundar, S., Urbina, J. A. (2006) Miltefosine: issues to be addressed in the future. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100S, S41-S44. 116.- Urbina, J. A. (2006) Mechanisms of action of lysophospholipid analogues against trypanosomatid parasites. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 100S, S9-S16. 117.- Ferraz, M.L., Gazzinelli, R.T., Alves, R.O., Urbina J.A., Romanha, A.J. (2007) The anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of Posaconazole in a murine model of acute Chagas disease is less dependent on interferon-γ than that of Benznidazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, 1359-1364. 118.- Sanz-Rodriguez, C. E., Concepcion, J. L., Pekerar, S., Oldfield, E., Urbina, J. A. (2007) Bisphosphonates as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi hexokinase: Kinetic and metabolic studies. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 12377-12387. 119.- Granthon, A. C., Braga, M. V., Rodrigues, J. C., Cammerer, S., Lorente, S. O., Gilbert, I. H., Urbina, J. A., de Souza, W. (2007) Alterations on the growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi induced by squalene synthase inhibitors. Vet. Parasitol. 146, 25-34. 120.- Sealey-Cardona, M. , Cammerer, S. , Jones S. , Ruiz Pérez, L.M., Brun R., Gilbert, I.H., Urbina, J.A., González-Pacanowska, D. (2007) Kinetic characterization of squalene synthase from Trypanosoma cruzi: selective inhibition by quinuclidine derivatives. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, 2123-2129. 121.- Rodrigues, J.F.C., Bernardes, C.F., Visbal, G., Urbina, J.A., Vercesi, A.E., de Souza, W. (2007) Sterol methenyl transferase inhibitors alter the ultrastructure and function of Leishmania amazonensis mitochondrion leading to potent growth inhibition. Protist 158, 447-456. 122.- Cammerer, S. B., Jimenez, C, Jones, S., Gros, L., Lorente, S. O., Rodrigues, C., Rodrigues, J. C., Caldera, A., Ruiz Perez, L. M., da Souza, W., Kaiser, M., Brun, R., Urbina, J. A., Gonzalez Pacanowska, D., Gilbert, I. H. (2007). Quinuclidine Derivatives as Potential Anti-parasitics. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, 4049-4061. 123.- Maia, C., Attias, M., Urbina, J., Gilbert, I., Magaraci, F., de Souza, W. (2007) Azasterols impair Giardia lamblia proliferation and induces encystation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 363, 310-316. 124.- Tarleton, R. L., Reithinger, R., Urbina, J. A., Kitron, U., Gurtler, R. E. (2007) The challenges of Chagas Disease-- grim outlook or glimmer of hope. PLoS Medicine 4, e332. 125.- Gerpe, A., Odreman-Nuñez, I., Draper, P., Boiani, L. A., Urbina, J. A., Gonzalez, M., Cerecetto, H. (2008) Heteroallyl-containing 5-nitrofuranes as new anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents with a dual mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem. 16, 569-577. 126.- Fernandes, J.C., Concepcion, J.L., Rodrigues, C., Caldera, A., Urbina, J.A., de Souza, W. (2008) In vitro activities of ER-119884 and E5700, two potent squalene synthase inhibitors, against Leishmania amazonensis: antiproliferative, biochemical and ultrastructural effects. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52(11): 4098-114. 127. Jimenez-Jimenez, C., J. Carrero-Lerida, Sealey-Cardona, M., Ruiz Perez, L. M. Urbina, J. A., Gonzalez Pacanowska, D. (2008). D24(25)-sterol methenyltransferase: intracellular localization and azasterol sensitivity in Leishmania major promastigotes overexpressing the enzyme. Mol Biochem Parasitol 160(1): 52-9.

128.- Ferraz, M.L., Gazzinelli, R.T., Alves, R.O., Urbina J.A., Romanha, A.J. (2009) Absence of CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, or B lymphocytes has different effects on the efficacy of posaconazole and benznidazole in treatment of experimental acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53: 174-9. 129.- Ishida K., J.C. Rodrigues, M.D. Ribeiro, T.V. Vila, W. de Souza, J.A. Urbina, C.V. Nakamura, S. Rozental (2009) Growth inhibition and ultrastructural alterations induced by D24(25)-sterol methyltransferase inhibitors in Candida spp. isolates, including non-albicans organisms, BMC Microbiol 9, 74. 130.- Reithinger R., R.L. Tarleton, J.A. Urbina, U. Kitron, R.E. Gurtler (2009) Eliminating Chagas disease: challenges and a roadmap, BMJ 338 b1283. 131.- Torres-Santos E.C., M.I. Sampaio-Santos, F.S. Buckner, K. Yokoyama, M. Gelb, J.A. Urbina, B. Rossi-Bergmann (2009) Altered sterol profile induced in Leishmania amazonensis by a natural dihydroxymethoxylated chalcone, J Antimicrob Chemother 63, 469-472. 132.- Urbina, J.A. (2009) Ergosterol biosynthesis and drug development for Chagas disease, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104 Suppl 1, 311-318 133.- Urbina, J.A. (2009) New advances in the management of a long neglected disease. Clin Infect Dis 49(11): 1685-1687. 134.- Urbina, J.A. (2010) Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: Relevance, current limitations and new approaches. Acta Trop. 115, 55-68. 135.- Pinazo, M. J., Espinosa, G., Gallego, M., Lopez-Chejade, P., Urbina, J.A. Gascon, J. (2010) Successful treatment with posaconazole of patient with chronic Chagas disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 82, 583-587. 136.- Olivieri, B. P., Molina, J., de Castro, S. L., Pereira, M., Calvet, C.M., Urbina, J. A. Araujo-Jorge, T. C. (2010) A comparative study of posaconazole and benznidazole in the prevention of heart damage and promotion of trypanocidal immune response in a murine model of Chagas disease. Int J. Anticrob. Agents, 36, 79-83. 137.- Diniz, L.F., Caldas, I.S., Guedes, P. M., Crepalde, G. P., Lana, M., Carneiro, C. M., Talvani, A., Urbina, J.A., Bahia, M. T. (2010) Effects of ravuconazole treatment on parasite load and immune response in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54, 2979-2983. 138.- Urbina, J.A. (2010) New insights in Chagas’ disease treatment. Drugs of the Future 35, 409-419. 139.- Adesse, D., Azzam E.M., Meirelles, M.N.L., Urbina, J.A., Garzoni, L.R. (2011). Amiodarone inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi infection and promotes cardiac cell recovery with gap junction and cytoskeleton reassembly in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55, 203-210. 140.- de Andrade Rosa, I., Rocha, D. A., de Souza, W., Urbina, J. A., Benchimol, M.. (2011) Ultrastructural alterations induced by D24(25) -sterol methyltransferase inhibitors on Trichomonas vaginalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 315, 72-78. 141.- Ishida, K., Fernandes Rodrigues, J. C., Cammerer, S., Urbina, J. A., Gilbert, I., de Souza, W., Rozental, S. (2011) Synthetic arylquinuclidine derivatives exhibit antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilopsis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 10, 3-10. 142.- Ishida, K., Visbal, G., Rodrigues, J. C., Urbina, J. A., de Souza, W. Rozental, S. (2011) Two squalene synthase inhibitors, E5700 and ER-119884, interfere

with cellular proliferation and induce ultrastructural and lipid profile alterations in a Candida tropicalis strain resistant to fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B. J Infect Chemother, 17(4): 563-570. 143.- de Macedo-Silva, S. T., de Oliveira Silva, T. L., Urbina, J. A., de Souza, W., and Rodrigues, J. C. (2011) Antiproliferative, Ultrastructural, and Physiological Effects of Amiodarone on Promastigote and Amastigote Forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Mol Biol Int 2011, 876021. 144.- Rodrigues-Poveda, C. A., Perez-Moreno, G., Vidal, A. E., Urbina, J. A., Gonzalez-Pacanowska, D., and Ruiz-Perez, L. M. (2012) Kinetic analyses and inhibition studies reveal novel features in peptide deformylase 1 from Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 182, 83-87. 145.- Veiga-Santos, P., Barrias, E. S., Santos, J. F., de Barros Moreira, T. L., de Carvalho, T. M., Urbina, J. A., and de Souza, W. (2012) Effects of amiodarone and posaconazole on the growth and ultrastructure of Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Antimicrob Agents 40, 61-71. 146.- Pérez-Moreno, Guiomar, Marco Sealey-Cardona, Carlos Rodrigues-Poveda, Michael H Gelb, Luis Miguel Ruiz-Pérez, Víctor Castillo-Acosta, Julio A Urbina, and Dolores González-Pacanowska (2012) Endogenous Sterol Biosynthesis Is Important for Mitochondrial Function and Cell Morphology in Procyclic Forms of Trypanosoma Brucei. International Journal for Parasitology 42, 975-989. 147.- Buckner, F. S. and Urbina, J. A. (2012) Recent developments in sterol 14-demethylase inhibitors for Chagas disease. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 2, 236-242. 148.- Diniz, L. d. e. F., Urbina, J. A., de Andrade, I. M., Mazzeti, A. L., Martins, T. A., Caldas, I. S., Talvani, A., Ribeiro, I., and Bahia, M. T. (2013) Benznidazole and posaconazole in experimental Chagas disease: positive interaction in concomitant and sequential treatments, PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7, e2367. 149.- de Macedo-Silva S.T., Urbina J.A., de Souza W. and Rodrigues J.C.F. (2013) In Vitro Activity of the Antifungal Azoles Itraconazole and Posaconazole against Leishmania amazonensis. PLoS ONE 8(12): e83247. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083247 150.- Rocha, Débora Afonso Silva, Ivone de Andrade Rosa, Julio A Urbina, Wanderley de Souza, and Marlene Benchimol. The Effect of 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-hydoxyquinuclidine (BPQ-OH) and Metronidazole on Trichomonas Vaginalis: A Comparative Study. (2014) Parasitology Research 113(6), 2185-2197. 151.- Shang, Na, Qian Li, Tzu-Ping Ko, Hsiu-Chien Chan, Jikun Li, Yingying Zheng, Chun-Hsiang Huang, Feifei Ren, Chun-Chi Chen, Zhen Zhu, Melina Galizzi, Zhu-Hong Li, Carlos A Rodrigues-Poveda, Dolores Gonzalez-Pacanowska, Phercyles Veiga-Santos, Tecia Maria Ulisses de Carvalho, Wanderley de Souza, Julio A Urbina, Andrew H-J Wang, Roberto Docampo, Kai Li, Yi-Liang Liu, Eric Oldfield and Rey-Ting Guo. (2014) Squalene synthase as a target for Chagas disease therapeutics. PLoS Pathog 10 (5): e1004114. 152.- Tarleton, R.L., Gürtler, R.E., Urbina, J.A., Ramsey, J. and Viotti, R. (2014). Chagas disease and the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(10), e3219.

153.- Urbina, J.A. (2014), Recent Clinical Trials For The Etiological Treatment Of Chronic Chagas Disease: Advances, Challenges And Perspectives. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62(1), 149-56. 154.- Veiga-Santos, P., Li, K., Lameira, L., de Carvalho, T.M., Huang, G., Galizzi, M., Shang, N., Li, Q., Gonzalez-Pacanowska, D., Hernandez-Rodriguez, V., Benaim, G., Guo, R.T., Urbina, J.A., Docampo, R., de Souza, W. & Oldfield, E. (2015). SQ109: A New Drug Lead for Chagas Disease. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(4), 1950-56. 155.- Soy D., Aldasoro E., Guerrero L., Posada E., Serret N., Mejía T., Urbina J.A. & Gascón J. (2015). Population pharmacokinetics of benznidazole in adult patients with Chagas disease. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(6), 3342-9. 156.- de Macedo-Silva S.T., Visbal, G., Urbina J.A., de Souza W. and Rodrigues J.C.F. (2015). Potent in vitro antiproliferative synergism of combinations of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors against Leishmania amazonensis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(10), 6402-18. 157.- Urbina, J.A. (2015). Recent clinical trials for the etiological treatment of chronic Chagas disease: advances, challenges and perspectives. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 62(1), 149-56. 158.- Urbina, J.A. and McKerrow, J.H. (2015). Drug susceptibility of genetically engineered Trypanosoma cruzi strains and sterile cure in animal models as a criterion for potential clinical efficacy of anti-T. cruzi drugs. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(12), 7923-4. 5. DISTINCTIONS 1970-1975, Graduate Fellowship, National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT) 1987, Prize to Best Publication in Biological Sciences. National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT) 1989, Prize to Best Publication in Medical Sciences. National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT) 1991, Prize to Best Publication in Biological Sciences. National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT) 1993, Top Level Investigator (Level III). National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT) 1994, Prize to Best Publication in Biological Sciences. National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT) 1992, 1995, Advisor, World Health Organization. Special Programme for Research and Training on Tropical Diseases (TDR).

1988,1990,1993, Visiting Scientist, Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry. School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 1992-2000, Visiting Scientist, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. 1989, 1991,1994, Visiting Scientist, Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 1994, Visiting Scientist, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual del Norte Fluminense, Campos, Brasil. 1996,1999 Visiting Professor, Institute of Parasitology "Lopez Neyra" Granada, Spain. 1996-1997, Fellow, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, New York, U.S.A. 1997, Lorenzo Mendoza Fleury Prize for Basic Sciences, Fundación Polar, Caracas, Venezuela. 1997, Prize to Best Publication in Biological Sciences. National Research Council of Venezuela (CONICIT) 1999, Visiting Professor, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 2000-2005, International Research Scholar, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, U.S.A. 2003-2009, Member, Scientific Advisory Committee, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi). 2007-2009, Chairman, Scientific Advisory Committee, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi). 2003-2010, Member, Product Development Team, Chagas Disease, WHO/TDR. 2009-present, Consultant, Chagas Drug Discovery Consortium, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens. 2007-2012, Consultant, Schering-Plough (now Merck). 2008-2010 Consultant, Pan-American Health Organization 2009-2010, Consultant, Novartis.

2011- September to December, Visiting Senior Scientist, INMETRO, Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, Brazil. 2012-2014 Scientific Advisor, Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California, San Francisco. 2013- March, Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 2015, Scientific Advisor, Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco.