jason m. watson, ph.d. departments of psychology and neurology center on aging center for...
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Jason M. Watson, Ph.D.Departments of Psychology and Neurology
Center on AgingCenter for Alzheimer’s Care, Imaging, & Research
The Brain InstituteUniversity of Utah
Email: [email protected]: 801-581-5040
Individual Differences inIndividual Differences inControlled Cognition Controlled Cognition
Academic Interests As a Cognitive Scientist, my overarching research goal is to use scientific methods to investigate brain-behavior relations.
Given the inter-disciplinary nature of Cognitive Science, I employ a combination of methods from Cognitive Psychology, Neuropsychology, and Cognitive Neuroscience to investigate controlled cognition including:
measuring reaction times & accuracy measuring memory performance cross-population studies functional neuroimaging
What Is Cognitive Control?
One of the primary functions of working memory is cognitive control.
Cognitive control refers to how working memory is used to maintain task goals in the presence of interfering or distracting information.
Individual differences in working memory capacity will influence behavioral performance in cognitively challenging tasks where interference must be minimized.
The neural substrates of controlled cognition are in prefrontal cortex.
Kane & Engle (2002)
Inducing false memoriesvia semantic associates
bed
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comfort
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pajamas Deese (1959)Roediger & McDermott (1995) Roediger, Balota, & Watson (2001)
sleepsleep
Associative Strength: List to Critical Item
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r = -.43
r = +.73
Roediger, Watson, McDermott, & Gallo (2001)
Two Factor Theory
Automatic Spreading of Activation
Controlled Monitoring
Additional Evidence for Two-Factor TheoryOf Associative Memory Illusions
Presentation Duration Aging & Dementia
Functional Neuroimaging
McDermott & Watson (2001)
Watson, Balota, & Sergent-Marshall (2001)
McDermott, Petersen, Watson, & Ojemann (2003)
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Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Associative False Memories
Watson, Bunting, Poole, and Conway (2005; Experiment 2, JEP:LMC)
Tested 100 young adults with varying levels of WMC
25 subjects/cell in a between-subjects factorial crossing of WMC (high vs. low span) with a warning manipulation (present vs. absent) using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott or DRM false memory paradigm
All participants received 5 study/test trials (i.e., practice).
Prediction: All subjects were expected to benefit from practice but only high spans were expected to benefit from forewarning.
Watson, Bunting, Poole, & Conway (2005)
Watson, Bunting, Poole, & Conway (2005)
Conclusion: Low spans had difficulty actively maintain task goal (warnings) intended to reduce susceptibility to false memories. Repeated study-test trials (practice) afforded greater environmental support to suppress false memories.
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Associative False Memories
Warning Effects on False Recall
Operation Span
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Summary & Conclusions – Part I
Activation-monitoring theories can explain DRM false memories.
Individual differences in working memory capacity may reflect underlying variability in frontally-mediated cognitive control.
Low spans may be less able to control false recall in the DRM paradigm via forewarning manipulations (Watson et al., 2005).
However, low spans can use forewarnings to reduce memory illusions – so long as you are using episodic recognition tests.
Recognition memory tests may offer participants greater environmental support to compensate for cognitive control deficits.
Localizing Impairment in Executive Functionin Early Alzheimer’s Disease with Neuroimaging
Memory loss is the cardinal, clinical symptom of Alzheimer’s disease.
There is increasing evidence that executive function or working memory is also compromised early in the disease with a prominent role for prefrontal cortex in goal-directed, controlled cognition.
Change in executive function in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be documented with carefully designed experimental procedures.
GOAL: Use advances in neuroimaging technology in combination with neuropsychological testing to determine the neural mechanisms of cognitive change in early AD.
Localizing Impairment in Executive Functionin Early Alzheimer’s Disease with Neuroimaging
HYPOTHESIS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and neuropsychological testing will localize the breakdown in executive function in early AD to frontal cortex.
PREDICTIONS: (1) fMRI will reveal decreased neural activity in prefrontal cortex due to increased plaque burden in early AD.
(2) DTI will reveal impaired white matter functional connectivity with prefrontal cortex in early AD.
(3) Neuropsychological testing will reveal deficits in executive function mediated by prefrontal cortex in early AD.
Why is the Simon Task Optimal?
Healthy older adults and AD patients differ behaviorally on this task.
Castel, Balota, et al. (2007)
Simon Says AD Patients Lose Cognitive Set with Deficits in Executive Function
Why is the Simon Task Optimal?
Healthy older adults and AD patients differ behaviorally on this task.
The Simon task is a relatively process-pure measure of executive function with minimal memory demands.
The Simon task activates the executive function network including prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate (Peterson et al., 2002).
The Simon task can be administered quickly (about 45 min.) and on two occasions to assess its reliability and validity.
High Congruency Group
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RT Density FunctionHigh Congruency, Incongruent Trials
RT Bin
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High Congruency Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
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ExGuassian ParametersMu = 403Sigma = 39Tau = 101
High Congruency GroupFirst Replication
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High Congruency GroupSecond Replication
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High Congruency Group
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u250
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High Congruency Group
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Summary & Conclusions – Part II
The Simon task is optimal for investigating individual differences in cognitive control and goal maintenance.
AD deficits in Simon task may be due to breakdowns in prefrontal cortex and erosion of executive functions/cognitive control.
Investigations of cognitive control and reaction time distributions in young adults may offer predictions for age- or dementia-related changes in executive function.
High span young adults may attempt to automate control functions, resulting in decreased tails of RT distributions and increased errors.
Reactive vs. proactive control AND relative degradation with age/AD.
Status Report and Future Directions
Enrolled 10 healthy older adults who have already completed neuropsychological testing. Scanning to commence in March.
Actively recruiting AD patients who have already completed neuropsychological testing as part of their routine clinical care.
Data analysis, data analysis, data analysis (spring/summer 2008).
Grant writing and submission (fall 2008) using pilot data obtained to justify application of protocol to patient populations who may be at risk for developing AD (e.g., Mild Cognitive Impairment).
Continued, parallel investigation of controlled cognition in young adults as a possible model for age- or dementia-related declines in cognitive function and to determine if RT distribution parameters can truly be wed to functional neuroanatomy.
Executive
Function
1. Inhibition2. Task Switching3. Manipulation4. Goal
Maintenance
Cognitive
Control
Automatic/Controlled
Young Adult
NormalMCIAD
PFC
Ospan
Simon
Task
Individual Differences
ACC
A set of cognitive abilities that control and
regulate other abilities and behaviors.A “supervisory
attention system” that is engaged during conflicts
among task goals, external stimuli and well-learned
response schemas
“Span measures strongly predict a
very broad range of higher-order
cognitive capabilities,
including language comprehension,
reasoning and even general
intelligence”