japan's education system and recent problems
TRANSCRIPT
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J apans Education System and
Recent Problems
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Introduction of modern education system
z
First modern school systemwas established in the late19th century.
z
In 1872, the government setup elementary and secondaryschools throughout thecountry.
z In 1886, every child wasrequired to attend elementaryschools for either three orfour years. In 1900,compulsory education wasmade free of charge, in 1908,
its duration was extended tosix years.
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Education in the Meiji period
Confucian precepts were stressed,especially those concerning thehierarchical nature of human
relations, service to the new state,the pursuit of learning, andmorality.
These ideals, embodiedin the 1890 ImperialRescript on Education,largely guided Japaneseeducation until the end
of World War .
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Establishment of the universities
Tokyo University (1877)Kyushu University (1911)
Hokkaido University (1918) Waseda University (1902)
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Education in wartimes In the 1930s, education was subject to strong military and
nationalistic influences. The rise of militarism led to a misuse of the education
system to prepare the nation for war.
The military even sent its own teachers to schools. By 1945, the Japanese education system had been
devastated
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Education Reform after the War
The education system wasrebuilt after the Americanmodel.
The six-three-three gradestructure was instituted and
compulsory schooling wasextended to nine years.
Curricula and textbooks
were revised, thenationalistic morals coursewas abolished and replaced
with social studies.
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Schools in J apan
Many kinds of schoolsexist in Japan at present.
The survey by the
MEXT indicated therewere 61,092 schools inMay, 2005.
Private schools exist inall stages of the system,
especially in preschools,Junior colleges anduniversities.
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Education System
Kindergarten: 1-3 years(age 3-5) 79.6% go to private
Elementary school: 6 years(age 6-12). CompulsoryMostly, public.
J unior high school: 3 years(age 12-15). Compulsory.
6.5% go to private.High school: 3 years (age 15-
18). 29.6% go to private
junior college: 2 years(age 18-20) 92.7% go to private
University: 4 years (age 18-22)
73.7% go to private
Schools Teachers andStudentsinJapan(2005)
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Schools, Teachers and Studentsin Japan (2005)
Item Schools Teachers (full-time) Pupils or students enrolledae emae ae emae
ota 61, 092 1, 322, 460 690, 545 631, 915 20, 367, 965 10, 578, 402 9, 789, 563n ergartens 13, 949 110, 393 6, 807 103, 586 1, 738, 766 882, 771 855, 995
u c 5, 595 25, 825 726 25, 099 355, 517 181, 195 174, 322r vate 8, 354 84, 568 6, 081 78, 487 1, 383, 249 701, 576 681, 673
ementary sc oo s 23, 123 416, 833 155, 274 261, 559 7, 197, 458 3, 679, 994 3, 517, 464u c 22, 929 413, 227 153, 459 259, 768 7, 126, 508 3, 651, 610 3, 474, 898r vate 194 3, 606 1, 815 1, 791 70, 950 28, 384 42, 566
un or g sc oo s 11, 035 248, 694 146, 603 102, 091 3, 626, 415 1, 854, 125 1, 772, 290u c 10, 314 235, 425 138, 150 97, 275 3, 383, 909 1, 740, 086 1, 643, 823r vate 721 13, 269 8, 453 4, 816 242, 506 114, 039 128, 467
g sc oos 5, 418 251, 408 181, 933 69, 475 3, 605, 242 1, 827, 534 1, 777, 708u c 4, 097 191, 598 137, 653 53, 945 2, 536, 319 1, 274, 160 1, 262, 159r vate 1, 321 59, 810 44, 280 15, 530 1, 068, 923 553, 374 515, 549
econ ary sc oo s 19 560 382 178 7, 456 4, 161 3, 295u c 10 276 187 89 3, 488 1, 573 1, 915r vate
9 284 195 89 3, 968 2, 588 1, 380c oo s or t e an cappe 1, 002 63, 632 26, 725 36, 907 101, 612 65, 191 36, 421u c 988 63, 370 26, 596 36, 774 100, 812 64, 711 36, 101r vate 14 262 129 133 800 480 320
ec n ca co eges 63 4, 469 4, 229 240 59, 160 49, 325 9, 835u c 60 4, 315 4, 083 232 56, 804 47, 174 9, 630r vate 3 154 146 8 2, 356 2, 151 205
un or co eges 488 11, 960 6, 392 5, 568 219, 355 28, 224 191, 131u c 52 1, 453 807 646 15, 990 2, 078 13, 912r vate 436 10, 507 5, 585 4, 922 203, 365 26, 146 177, 219
n verst es 726 161, 690 134, 740 26, 950 2, 865, 051 1, 740, 151 1, 124, 900u c 173 72, 363 62, 829 9, 534 752, 760 477, 180 275, 580r vate 553 89, 327 71, 911 17, 416 2, 112, 291 1, 262, 971 849, 320
pec a tran ng sc oo s 3, 439 41, 776 20, 566 21, 210 783, 783 365, 865 417, 918
u c 214 2, 859 499 2, 360 29, 895 4, 200 25, 695r vate 3, 225 38, 917 20, 067 18, 850 753, 888 361, 665 392, 223sce aneous sc oos 1, 830 11, 045 6, 894 4, 151 163, 667 81, 061 82, 606
u c 16 64 31 33 1, 212 323 889rvae , , , , , , ,
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Advance to higher education
Percentage of students who advance to highereducation (2005)
High school and technical college: 97.6%
(F: 97.9%, M: 97.2%)University and Junior College: 47.2.%
(F: 48.6%, M: 45.9%) As the entrance rate into universities and junior colleges
has risen for a long time, higher education has become
widespread among the general public.
A number of students enter vocational schools such as
special training schools and miscellaneous school.
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School activities the school year begins on
April 1. Excursions in spring and
fall mainly
Pre-graduation schooltrips are special favoriteswith most students.
Athletic meets or sportsmeets, plays and choralperformances, bandconcerts, culture festivals
Sports teams, musical
groups, artistic circles, andother clubsactivities
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School Lunch
Almost all elementary andjunior high schools providelunch for students.
Meals are taken in theclassroom with the teacher,providing another informal
opportunity for teachingnutrition and health andgood eating habits andsocial behavior.
Students also areresponsible for serving the
lunch and cleaning up.
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School uniforms
.
Most junior high schools andhigh schools adopt schooluniforms for their students.
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A classroom in Japanese school
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Teachers office
J k d Y bik
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J uku and Yobikoz A number of students attend
private cram schools called juku.
z Juku are special private schools
that offer highly organized lessonsconducted after regular school
hours and on the weekends.z Yobikare best known for their
specially designed full-time, year-
long classes for the unsuccessful
students in entrance examinations
z Cost of education for children is abig burden to parents.
Shiyuei preparatory
school in Sapporo
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University
Tokyo Unversity Kyoto University
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University
Keiou
UniversityWaseda University
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Entrance and tuition fees in universities
National universitiesEntrance fee: $2,800 (2002)
Tuition fee: $5,200/year (2002)
Private universities
Entrance fee: $2,800 (2001)Tuition fee: $10,000/year (2001)
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University Students Living Costs (2002Expenditure 2,017,700
(yen)
Income 2,237,800
(yen)
School expenses 1,161,200 From home 1,556,700
Tuition fee 792,100 Scholarships 225,800
Other school fees,etc
369,100 Part-time jobs 358,700
Living expenses 856,500 Full-time jobs,etc
96,600
Housing, heatingand electricity
266,800
Food expenses 217,200
Entertainment 158,300
Others 214,200
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Growth of Enrolled Students or Pupils
Child h f t t h l
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Elementary school J unior high school
Elementary schoolJ unior high schoolTotal
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Survey by the M
persons
Children who refuse to go to school
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Acts of Violence in the schools
Elementary school
Elementary school J unior high school High school
Elementary school
J unior high school
High school
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
The number of cases
Survey by the M
B ll i H t
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Bullying or Harassment
Elementary school J unior high school High school
The number of cases
Elementary school
J unior high school
High school
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Survey by the M
D t f hi h h l
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Dropout from high schools
Number of dropouts
percentage
Number of t dropouts
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
percentage
(persons)
Survey by the M