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JAPANESE PERIODJAPANESE PERIODJanuary 2, 1942 – September 2, 1945January 2, 1942 – September 2, 1945

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TimelineTimeline

Japan opened a Japan opened a surprise attack on surprise attack on the Philippines on the Philippines on December 8, 1941December 8, 1941

Manila, declared an Manila, declared an open city to stop open city to stop its destruction, was its destruction, was occupied by the occupied by the Japanese on Japanese on January 2, 1942January 2, 1942

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April 9, 1942 – surrender of Bataan April 9, 1942 – surrender of Bataan and Death March; 10-day march from and Death March; 10-day march from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell in Capas, Tarlacin Capas, Tarlac

May 6, 1942 – Corregidor fell in the May 6, 1942 – Corregidor fell in the hands of Commander Homma of the hands of Commander Homma of the Japanese Imperial ForcesJapanese Imperial Forces

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DEATH MARCHDEATH MARCH

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Corregidor MapCorregidor Map

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TimelineTimeline

Oct. 14, 1943 – sponsored a “Philippine Oct. 14, 1943 – sponsored a “Philippine Republic,” with José P. Laurel, former Republic,” with José P. Laurel, former Supreme Court justice, as president. Supreme Court justice, as president.

Osmeña , with Douglas MacArthur Osmeña , with Douglas MacArthur returned to the Philippines with the first returned to the Philippines with the first liberation forces by Oct. 20, 1944 at Leyte, liberation forces by Oct. 20, 1944 at Leyte, in the heart of the islands, after months of in the heart of the islands, after months of U.S. air strikes against Mindanao. U.S. air strikes against Mindanao.

The Philippine government was The Philippine government was established at Tacloban, Leyte, on Oct. 23. established at Tacloban, Leyte, on Oct. 23.

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TimelineTimeline

July 5, 1945, MacArthur announced July 5, 1945, MacArthur announced “All the Philippines are now “All the Philippines are now liberated.” liberated.”

Fighting continued until Japan's formal Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. surrender on September 2, 1945.

The Philippine congress met on June The Philippine congress met on June 9, 1945, for the first time since its 9, 1945, for the first time since its election in 1941. election in 1941.

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TimelineTimeline

It faced huge problems. The land was It faced huge problems. The land was destroyed by war, the economy destroyed by war, the economy destroyed, the country torn by destroyed, the country torn by political warfare and guerrilla violence.political warfare and guerrilla violence.

Osmeña’s leadership was challenged Osmeña’s leadership was challenged (Jan., 1946) when one wing (now the (Jan., 1946) when one wing (now the Liberal party) of the Nationalist party Liberal party) of the Nationalist party nominated for president Manuel nominated for president Manuel Roxas, who defeated Osmeña in April. Roxas, who defeated Osmeña in April.

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Jose P. Laurel Jose P. Laurel - president of the president of the

Japanese-sponsored Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, Philippine Republic, Oct. 14, 1943Oct. 14, 1943

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POLITICSPOLITICS January 23, 1942 – Philippine Executive January 23, 1942 – Philippine Executive

Commission with Jorge B. Vargas as chairmanCommission with Jorge B. Vargas as chairman department heads: department heads:

– Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; – Antonio de las Alas, finance; Antonio de las Alas, finance; – Jose P. Laurel, justice;Jose P. Laurel, justice;– Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public

welfare; and welfare; and – Quintin Paredes, public works and communication;Quintin Paredes, public works and communication;– Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme

court.court.

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President Jose P. Laurel with Jorge Vargas and Benigno Aquino President Jose P. Laurel with Jorge Vargas and Benigno Aquino

Sr.Sr. President Jose P. Laurel with Jorge President Jose P. Laurel with Jorge

Vargas and Benigno Aquino Sr. Vargas and Benigno Aquino Sr. (24"x31") (24"x31")

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The Preparatory Commission for The Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI) - is to Philippine Independence (PCPI) - is to draw up a constitution for a free draw up a constitution for a free Philippines with Jose Laurel as its head. Philippines with Jose Laurel as its head.

Against the will of the PCPI delegates the Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on July new Constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943. Two months later it was 10, 1943. Two months later it was ratified by the ratified by the KALIBAPIKALIBAPI, which was the , which was the only political party allowed to exist at only political party allowed to exist at that time. that time. KALIBAPIKALIBAPI is the acronym for is the acronym for ""Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong PilipinasPilipinas".".

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The Second RepublicThe Second Republic

  

On September 20 1943, the On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPIKALIBAPI- under the leadership of its - under the leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a party convention to elect 54 held a party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. members of the National Assembly.

The Assembly was actually made up The Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but half of this of 108 members; but half of this number was composed of number was composed of incumbent governors and city incumbent governors and city mayors. mayors.

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Jose P. Laurel was elected as Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic and president of the second republic and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents.Avancena as a vice-presidents.

The new republic was inaugurated The new republic was inaugurated on October 14 1943 on the front on October 14 1943 on the front steps of the legislative building in steps of the legislative building in Manila. Manila.

The Philippine flag was hoisted as the The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played.  national anthem was played.  

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Meanwhile, the Japanese started Meanwhile, the Japanese started using propaganda to gain the trust using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence of Filipinos who and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant posters and They hung giant posters and distribute their materials that distribute their materials that contains such slogans as "the contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the Filipinos."Philippines belong to the Filipinos."

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they also used newspapers, movies, they also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same and others to publicize the same idea. Promoting Japanese idea. Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main propaganda was one of the main objectives of the objectives of the KALIBAPIKALIBAPI, but still , but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.the Filipinos.

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EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Japanese educational policies were Japanese educational policies were embodied in Military Order No. 2 in 1942. embodied in Military Order No. 2 in 1942.

The Philippine Executive Commission The Philippine Executive Commission established the Commission of established the Commission of Education, Health and Public Welfare and Education, Health and Public Welfare and schools were reopened in June 1942.schools were reopened in June 1942.

On October 14, 1943, the Japanese - On October 14, 1943, the Japanese - sponsored Republic created the Ministry sponsored Republic created the Ministry of Education. of Education.

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EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Under the Japanese regime, the Under the Japanese regime, the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine teaching of Tagalog, Philippine History, and Character Education was History, and Character Education was reserved for Filipinos. Love for work reserved for Filipinos. Love for work and dignity of labor was emphasized. and dignity of labor was emphasized.

On February 27, 1945, the On February 27, 1945, the Department of Instruction was made Department of Instruction was made part of the Department of Public part of the Department of Public Instruction Instruction

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Instructions – Japanese SentryInstructions – Japanese Sentry

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Japanese planJapanese plan

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PICTURESPICTURES

Tanks of Japanese Tanks of Japanese General Masaharu General Masaharu Homma's 14th Homma's 14th Army deploy in the Army deploy in the Philippines after Philippines after the Japanese the Japanese invasion of Luzon. invasion of Luzon.

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PICTURESPICTURES

Lieutenant General Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma Masaharu Homma steps ashore at steps ashore at Lingayen Gulf after Lingayen Gulf after his troops have his troops have secured a secured a beachhead.beachhead.

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PICTURESPICTURES

The island The island stronghold of stronghold of Corregidor at the Corregidor at the entrance to Manila entrance to Manila Bay has Bay has fallen after a fallen after a lengthy siege and lengthy siege and Japanese troops Japanese troops lower the American lower the American flag. flag.

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PICTURESPICTURES

Japanese troops Japanese troops scream "Banzai". scream "Banzai". They have They have conquered the conquered the Philippines and will Philippines and will now now take their revenge take their revenge on the American on the American and Philippine and Philippine troops who resisted troops who resisted them for so long.them for so long.

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PICTURESPICTURES

Death was to be Death was to be the fate of many of the fate of many of the American and the American and Philippine troops Philippine troops who were forced by who were forced by their Japanese their Japanese captors to take captors to take part in the part in the infamous Bataan infamous Bataan Death March.Death March.

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PICTURESPICTURES

To save them from To save them from execution by the execution by the Japanese guards, Japanese guards, prisoners carry prisoners carry comrades who comrades who have collapsed have collapsed during the Bataan during the Bataan Death March from Death March from sickness, heat and sickness, heat and exhaustion.exhaustion.

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POSTWARPOSTWAR

Legislative Building Legislative Building in Ruins, Manila in Ruins, Manila

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Manila, after Manila, after Warsaw, was the Warsaw, was the most destroyed most destroyed Allied city of World Allied city of World War II War II from Karnow, S. from Karnow, S. In In Our ImageOur Image

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Corner of Taft Corner of Taft Avenue and Calle Avenue and Calle HerranHerranFrom The Battle for From The Battle for Manila in 1954 by Manila in 1954 by Armand V. Fabella, Armand V. Fabella, Mabuhay Mabuhay Magazine, Magazine, February, 1995 February, 1995

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A nurse pushing a A nurse pushing a cart during an cart during an evacuation near the evacuation near the Philippine Women's Philippine Women's College. From the College. From the Battle for Manila in Battle for Manila in 1945 by Armand V. 1945 by Armand V. Fabella, Mabuhay Fabella, Mabuhay Magazine, February Magazine, February 1995.1995.

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COMFORT WOMENCOMFORT WOMEN

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COMFORT WOMENCOMFORT WOMEN Former Filipino comfort woman Former Filipino comfort woman

Piedad Nobleza, 86, holds Piedad Nobleza, 86, holds slogans during a demonstration slogans during a demonstration outside the Japanese Embassy in outside the Japanese Embassy in Pasay City Friday. Elderly Filipino Pasay City Friday. Elderly Filipino women and their supporters women and their supporters demanded Tokyo's clear-cut demanded Tokyo's clear-cut apology and compensation for apology and compensation for wartime sexual slavery by wartime sexual slavery by Japanese troops. AP/AARON Japanese troops. AP/AARON FAVILAAssociated PressFAVILAAssociated PressFirst Posted 17:41:00 First Posted 17:41:00 08/15/200808/15/2008