japanese - lone star college - start close. go far

Mango Educator Edition™

Japanese

Unit 2Course Guide

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Table of Contents

Table of ContentsChapter 1: Welcome to Our Home!Chapter 2: Family and PetsChapter 3: Work and PastimesChapter 4: Dating 101Chapter 5: Planning for the WeekendChapter 6: Weather and LandChapter 7: Cooking and Food CultureChapter 8: ShoppingChapter 9: Bank and Post OfficeChapter 10: At the HospitalVocabulary ReviewPhrase ReviewCultural NotesGrammar Notes

Chapter 1: Welcome to Our Home! いらっしゃい！いらっしゃい！

Chapter 1: Welcome to Our Home!

Conversational GoalsAsk or Describe What or Who Is in a CertainLocationAsk or Describe Where Something IsDescribe What Color Something IsGet Familiar with Japanese Houses andVisiting CustomsOffer to Do Something for Someone

Grammar GoalsDifferentiate the Verbs あるある and いるいるUnderstand the Dependent IndefinitePronoun ののUse the Disjunctive Subordinate ConjunctionけどけどUse the Particle にに to Indicate the Place ofExistenceUse ましょうかましょうか to Offer a Service ("Shall I~?")

ConversationEnglish Japanese

Hello. ごめんください。ごめんください。 (gomenkudasai.)

Welcome! Now, please come in. いらっしゃい！さあ、どうぞ。いらっしゃい！さあ、どうぞ。 (irasshai! saa, doozo.)

Thank you. This is a big house, isn't it! おじゃまします。おおきいおうちですね。おじゃまします。おおきいおうちですね。 (ojama shimasu. ookii oochi desu ne.)

It's old, though. Shall I show you around the housea bit?

ふるいですけど。ちょっとうちのなかをごあんなふるいですけど。ちょっとうちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。いしましょうか。 (furui desu kedo. chotto uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)

Yes, by all means. ええ、ぜひおねがいします。ええ、ぜひおねがいします。 (ee, zehi onegai shimasu.)

This is the drawing room. Next to it is the roomwith the family Buddhist altar.

こちらはざしきです。そのとなりはぶつまです。こちらはざしきです。そのとなりはぶつまです。 (kochira wa zashiki desu. sono tonari wabutsuma desu.)

There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden. にわにちゃしつがあります。にわにちゃしつがあります。 (niwa ni chashitsu ga arimasu.)

Wow, there are a lot of carp in the pond, aren'tthere!

わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね！わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね！ (waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusan imasune!)

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They are ornamental carp. There are red ones,gold ones, orange ones and others, you know.

にしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレンにしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレンジいろのがいますよ。ジいろのがいますよ。 (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu yo.)


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Hello (when announcing one's arrival at someone'shouse).ごめんください。ごめんください。

English Japanese

1 Hello (when announcing one's arrival atsomeone's house).

ごめんください。ごめんください。 (gomenkudasai.)

2 ごめんくださいごめんください is a common greeting used at the entrance of someone's house to announceone's arrival. It literally means "Please forgive (me)," but it's equivalent to "Hello" in English!

3 Welcome. いらっしゃい。いらっしゃい。 (irasshai.)

4Did you remember いらっしゃいませいらっしゃいませ , a polite greeting to welcome customers at a store orrestaurant? We can use the same greeting to welcome visitors at our house. In a less formalsituation, we can simply say いらっしゃいいらっしゃい .

5 Oh, Yoko. Welcome! ああ、ようこさん。いらっしゃい！ああ、ようこさん。いらっしゃい！ (aa, yooko san. irasshai!)

6 Did you remember that we add さんさん after a person's name to be polite?

7 Please come in. どうぞ。どうぞ。 (doozo.)

8 Do you remember that どうぞどうぞ is a versatile polite phrase that can mean "Here you go" or "Pleaseget in/out/on"? You can use it to usher a visitor into your place!

9 now (when encouraging some course ofaction)

さあさあ (saa)

10 Welcome! Now, please come in. いらっしゃい！さあ、どうぞ。いらっしゃい！さあ、どうぞ。 (irasshai! saa, doozo.)

11 Thank you for inviting me in. (I'll hinder you.)

おじゃまします。おじゃまします。 (ojama shimasu.)

12

おじゃましますおじゃまします is a common phrase we can use when we enter someone's house in Japan. Itliterally means "(I'll) hinder (you by my visit)." There is no exact match in English, but it'ssomething akin to "Thank you for inviting me in." Like ごめんくださいごめんください or すみませんすみません (as "Thankyou"), many Japanese phrases sound apologetic and self-effacing, reflecting the culture ofpoliteness and modesty.

13 Good afternoon. Thank you for inviting me in. こんにちは。おじゃまします。こんにちは。おじゃまします。 (konnichiwa. ojama shimasu.)

14 Thank you for your time and hospitality. (I hindered you.)

おじゃましました。おじゃましました。 (ojama shimashita.)

15おじゃましましたおじゃましました is the past form of おじゃましますおじゃまします . It means something like "I'm sorry forhaving hindered you by my visit," but the English equivalent would be "Thank you for your timeand hospitality." It's a common phrase you can use when you are leaving someone's house.

16 Thank you for your time and hospitality. Good-bye.

おじゃましました。さようなら。おじゃましました。さようなら。 (ojama shimashita. sayoonara.)

Continued on next page


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English Japanese

17

A typical Japanese house has a distinct entrance space called げんかんげんかん . It's a transition areabetween outside and inside, with the "inside" clearly defined with a raised floor. You remove yourshoes here and step directly onto the hallway. Don't stand barefooted on the entrance floor;that's considered "outside" even though it's indoors. Once up on the hallway, put on the houseslippers provided by the host and follow him or her.


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It's old, though. ふるいですけど。ふるいですけど。English Japanese

1 It's old, though. ふるいですけど。ふるいですけど。 (furui desu kedo.)

2 old ふるいふるい (furui)

3We can use ふるいふるい (old) to describe various things including objects (as in an "old house"),concepts (as in an "old belief"), and relationships (as in "old friends"). We shouldn't, however, useit to talk about someone's age!

4 It's old. ふるいです。ふるいです。 (furui desu.)

5 though けどけど (kedo)

6～けど～けど (though) is a plain version of ～が～が (..., but ...) and connects two contradictory sentences tomake them into a longer one. Like ～が～が , ～けど～けど is attached to the end of the first half of the two-part sentence. In conversations, the second half of the sentence is often omitted and onlyimplied.

7As you may recall, Japanese people typically try hard not to appear vain or boastful. When theyreceive compliments, they would invariably negate them or counter them with self-effacingphrases. For example, when someone praises their house, they would counter with a negativecomment on it such as ふるいですけどふるいですけど (It's old, though).

8 house うちうち (uchi)

9うちうち literally means "the inside," but it can be used to mean a "house," "(one's) home," "(one'sown) family," or more! うちうち is such a simple word, but it's one of the key terms that helps usunderstand the Japanese culture and language.

10 house おうちおうち (ouchi)

11 Did you remember that we can simply attach おお to a word to make the expression more polite?

12 big house おおきいおうちおおきいおうち (ookii ouchi)

13 It's a big house, isn't it! おおきいおうちですね！おおきいおうちですね！ (ookii ouchi desu ne!)

14 rented house しゃくやしゃくや (shakuya)

15 It's a rented house, though. しゃくやですけど。しゃくやですけど。 (shakuya desu kedo.)

16 garden/yard にわにわ (niwa)



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English Japanese

17にわにわ is the outdoor space belonging to a residence. Its equivalent is a "garden" or "yard" inEnglish. Please note that we cannot use にわにわ to mean a particular garden plot such as a flowergarden or vegetable garden.

18 garden おにわおにわ (oniwa)

19 spacious ひろいひろい (hiroi)

20 spacious garden ひろいおにわひろいおにわ (hiroi oniwa)

21 Wow! わあ！わあ！ (waa!)

22 Wow, it's a spacious garden, isn't it! わあ、ひろいおにわですね！わあ、ひろいおにわですね！ (waa, hiroi oniwa desu ne!)

23 No, no. いえいえ。いえいえ。 (ie ie.)

24 いえいえ is a shortened form of いいえいいえ (no). When you want to lightly deny what has just been said (asin a compliment), you can say いえいえいえいえ (no, no).

25 Not so much. それほどでも。それほどでも。 (sore hodo demo.)

26 No, no, not so much. いえいえ、それほどでも。いえいえ、それほどでも。 (ie ie, sore hodo demo.)

27With a particular verbal expression comes a gesture that is often unique to the culture. WhenJapanese people say いえいえいえいえ (no, no) as in the response to a compliment, they often wave oneor both hands before their chest with the palm facing their listener. Try it!


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Shall I show you around the house?うちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。うちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。

English Japanese

1 Shall I show you around the house? うちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。うちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。 (uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)

2 to show around あんないするあんないする (an-nai suru)

3

So far we have learned verbs in the polite form that ends with ますます (as in はなしますはなします or "speak")or ましたました (as in しましたしました or "did"). Such a verb form is called the "ますます-form." In this section, weare going to start learning another form called the "dictionary form" that is used for dictionaryentries. It will not only help us find words easily in a dictionary, but also enable us to understandthe verb conjugation better!

4 show around あんないしますあんないします (an-nai shimasu)

5 inside なかなか (naka)

6 the inside of the house うちのなかうちのなか (uchi no naka)

7Do you remember the expression えきのうらえきのうら (literally, "backside of station"), in which えきえき(station) indicates the place that is used as the base, and うらうら (the backside) is a word thatindicates a specific position? うちのなかうちのなか (the inside of the house) uses the same pattern, "X ののY."

8 I'll show you around the house. (I'll show you around the inside of the house.)

うちのなかをあんないします。うちのなかをあんないします。 (uchi no naka o an-nai shimasu.)

9Did you add をを after うちのなかうちのなか? It's the same をを we used in the sentence にほんごをはなしますにほんごをはなします(I speak Japanese). The particle をを is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. In うちのなかをうちのなかをあんないしますあんないします (I'll show you around the house), をを indicates that うちのなかうちのなか (literally, "the insideof the house") is what the speaker will show around!

10 Shall I show you around? あんないしましょうか。あんないしましょうか。 (an-nai shimashoo ka.)

11 When we want to offer to do something to our listener, we can replace the verb ending ますます withましょうかましょうか , as in あんないしましょうかあんないしましょうか (Shall I show you around?).

12 Shall I show you around? ごあんないしましょうか。ごあんないしましょうか。 (go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)

13 Did you remember that we sometimes need to use ごご instead of おお to make a certain word orexpression more polite? あんないしますあんないします is one of these words!

14

Japanese people usually do not offer their guests a tour of their house as Americans often do,unless the guests are staying overnight or the hosts are particularly proud of some features oftheir house. Even then, the hosts would show their guests (who are "outsiders") only what isconsidered as the "outer" areas of the house. The hostess, for example, might hate to havepeople coming into her kitchen since it is considered one of the innermost areas of the house.

15 Shall I show you around the garden? にわをごあんないしましょうか。にわをごあんないしましょうか。 (niwa o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)



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English Japanese

16 to open あけるあける (akeru)

17 open あけますあけます (akemasu)

18 Shall I open it? あけましょうか。あけましょうか。 (akemashoo ka.)

19 window まどまど (mado)

20 Shall I open the window? まどをあけましょうか。まどをあけましょうか。 (mado o akemashoo ka.)

21 to close しめるしめる (shimeru)

22 close しめますしめます (shimemasu)

23 Shall I close the window? まどをしめましょうか。まどをしめましょうか。 (mado o shimemashoo ka.)

24 It's a little bit cold, isn't it! Shall I close thewindow?

ちょっとさむいですね。まどをしめましょうちょっとさむいですね。まどをしめましょうか。か。 (chotto samui desu ne. mado oshimemashoo ka.)

25 by all means ぜひぜひ (zehi)

26 Yes, by all means, please. ええ、ぜひおねがいします。ええ、ぜひおねがいします。 (ee, zehi onegai shimasu.)


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This is the Japanese-style drawing room.こちらはざしきです。こちらはざしきです。

English Japanese

1 This is the Japanese-style drawing room. こちらはざしきです。こちらはざしきです。 (kochira wa zashiki desu.)

2 this place こちらこちら (kochira)

3Do you remember こちらこちら (this way), the word indicating a general direction? こちらこちら and itscounterparts そちらそちら (that way) and あちらあちら (that way over there) can also be used as the politeform for ここここ (this place), そこそこ (that place), and あそこあそこ (that place over there).

4 Japanese-style drawing room ざしきざしき (zashiki)

5ざしきざしき is a Japanese-style drawing room with its floor covered by たたみたたみ--thick, rectangle matsmade of tightly-woven dried stalks of plants called いぐさいぐさ (rushes). ざしきざしき usually has slidingdoors. The ones covered with translucent white rice paper are called しょうじしょうじ . The ones that aredouble-paned with thick paper or cloth and on which pictures are often painted are called ふすまふすま .

6

Before you enter ざしきざしき , take off your house slippers and leave them outside the room. Inside,there is a low table, and you sit on square cushions called ざぶとんざぶとん . In a formal situation, youshould sit せいざせいざ-style, with your legs folded underneath your thighs and keeping your backstraight. If your feet are hurting you, you may say すみませんすみません to your host and discreetly changeyour position. Please be aware, though, that sitting cross-legged will be frowned upon if you are awoman!

7 bathroom ふろばふろば (furoba)

8

A typical Japanese bathroom is quite different from one in the US. ふろばふろば is literally a "bathplace." It's a room with a bathtub and a shower, and its tiled floor has a drainage hole. You washyour body outside the bathtub before getting into it to keep the bathwater clean. When you aredone, don't drain the tub! Other members in the household usually share the same bathwater forthe day.

9 This is the bathroom. The restroom is thatway.

こちらはふろばです。おてあらいはそちらでこちらはふろばです。おてあらいはそちらです。す。 (kochira wa furoba desu. otearai wasochira desu.)

10おてあらいおてあらい or トイレトイレ in a typical Japanese house is a space separate from ふろばふろば (the bathroom)or せんめんじょせんめんじょ (the room with a bathroom sink). Japanese people take hygiene very seriously. Inside おてあらいおてあらい , you'll find a pair of "toilet" slippers. Put them on, leaving your house slippersoutside the door. When you come out, don't forget to leave the toilet slippers where they belong!

11 room へやへや (heya)

12 this room このへやこのへや (kono heya)

13 What is this room? このへやはなんですか。このへやはなんですか。 (kono heya wa nan desu ka.)

14 a room with the family Buddhist altar ぶつまぶつま (butsuma)


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English Japanese

15 That room is the room with the familyBuddhist altar.

そのへやはぶつまです。そのへやはぶつまです。 (sono heya wa butsuma desu.)

16

Many Japanese households have family Buddhist altars called ぶつだんぶつだん , which hold mortuarytablets (いはいいはい) for deceased family members. Contrary to the popular Western perception,Japanese people do not worship the dead. Instead, they revere and honor their ancestors and tryto console their spirits by offering incense and prayer. In this sense, ぶつだんぶつだん is a link betweenthe past and the present. The room with ぶつだんぶつだん is called ぶつまぶつま .

17 next-door となりとなり (tonari)

18 kitchen だいどころだいどころ (daidokoro)

19 next to the kitchen (next-door of kitchen)

だいどころのとなりだいどころのとなり (daidokoro no tonari)

20If the context makes it clear that you are talking about the kitchen, だいどころのだいどころの in the phrase だだいどころのとなりいどころのとなり (next to the kitchen) can be replaced with the "pointing" word そのその (that). Let'stry to use the shorter version in the next question!

21 next to it そのとなりそのとなり (sono tonari)

22 Japanese-style family room (space for tea)

ちゃのまちゃのま (chanoma)

23ちゃのまちゃのま (literally, "space for tea") or おちゃのまおちゃのま originally meant a room where tea was servedfor guests, but it has become a Japanese-style family room where family members relax over acup of tea and watch TV. Usually, ちゃのまちゃのま is next to the kitchen and used as the family diningroom as well.

24 This is the kitchen. Next to it is the Japanese-style family room.

こちらはだいどころです。そのとなりはちゃのこちらはだいどころです。そのとなりはちゃのまです。まです。 (kochira wa daidokoro desu. sono tonariwa chanoma desu.)

25If you visit a Japanese home in winter, you may be ushered into a room with こたつこたつ . こたつこたつ is alow table equipped with an electric space heater. The entire table is covered by a quilt to trap thewarm air in and keep your legs and feet toasty. It's a cozy space to spend time with your friendsand family on a cold day!


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There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden.にわにちゃしつがあります。にわにちゃしつがあります。

English Japanese

1 There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden. にわにちゃしつがあります。にわにちゃしつがあります。 (niwa ni chashitsu ga arimasu.)

2Do you remember the expression ここにここに ("here" or "at this place")? When we want to indicate theplace where something exists, we add the particle にに after the place noun. It's equivalent to "at,""on," or "in" in English. Let's try that in the next question!

3 to exist or to be (when referring to things) あるある (aru)

4 there is (when referring to things) ありますあります (arimasu)

5 tea-ceremony room ちゃしつちゃしつ (chashitsu)

6

ちゃしつちゃしつ (literally, "tea room") is a space specifically designed to have a tea ceremony. A typicalちゃしつちゃしつ is a small structure built in a Japanese-style garden. It looks like a simple rustic hut, butthe simplicity is a well-calculated one! Guests go through the well-tended garden and enter ちゃちゃしつしつ through a small door called にじりぐちにじりぐち . Inside, they enjoy not only green tea but also theambiance and hospitality carefully prepared and presented by the host.

7 There is a tea-ceremony room. ちゃしつがあります。ちゃしつがあります。 (chashitsu ga arimasu.)

8Did you add がが after ちゃしつちゃしつ and say ちゃしつがありますちゃしつがあります (There is a tea-ceremony room)? It'sthe same がが we learned to use in the sentence ほんやがありますほんやがあります (There is a bookstore). In thesesentences, the particle がが is used to mark the subject of a verb.

9 entrance hall げんかんげんかん (genkan)

10 the next-door of the entrance hall げんかんのとなりげんかんのとなり (genkan no tonari)

11 In the following questions, let's assume that we are talking about the locations where things exist!

12 next to the entrance hall (at the next-door of the entrance hall)

げんかんのとなりにげんかんのとなりに (genkan no tonari ni)

13 spacious Japanese-style drawing room ひろいざしきひろいざしき (hiroi zashiki)

14 There is a spacious Japanese-style drawingroom next to the entrance hall.

げんかんのとなりにひろいざしきがあります。げんかんのとなりにひろいざしきがあります。(genkan no tonari ni hiroi zashiki gaarimasu.)

15The pronunciation of なんなん (what) changes to なになに depending on the word that comes after it. ななんん is used when it is followed by a counter as in なんじなんじ (what time) or by a word that starts withthe "t" sound (such as とと), "d" sound (such as でで), or "n" sound (such as のの). In all other cases,we use なになに .

16 What is there? なにがありますか。なにがありますか。 (nani ga arimasu ka.)



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English Japanese

17 Japanese-style closet おしいれおしいれ (oshi-ire)

18 A typical おしいれおしいれ (Japanese-style closet) is two-tiered with paper-covered sliding doors.

19 the inside of the Japanese-style closet おしいれのなかおしいれのなか (oshi-ire no naka)

20 in the Japanese-style closet (at the inside of the Japanese-style closet)

おしいれのなかにおしいれのなかに (oshi-ire no naka ni)

21 What is in the Japanese-style closet? おしいれのなかになにがありますか。おしいれのなかになにがありますか。 (oshi-ire no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka.)

22 Japanese-style bedding ふとんふとん (futon)

23 Japanese ふとんふとん (futon) is different from the American version. The authentic ふとんふとん is a set of athick cotton-filled mattress and a fluffy quilt. It's quite light, mobile, and comfortable!

24 There is Japanese-style bedding in theJapanese-style closet, you know.

おしいれのなかにふとんがありますよ。おしいれのなかにふとんがありますよ。 (oshi-ire no naka ni futon ga arimasu yo.)

25

ざしきざしき , or any room with たたみたたみ floor, is very versatile. During the day, the room can be used asa drawing room, with a low table and ざぶとんざぶとん (square cushions) as the furniture. At night, theroom can be turned into a bedroom with the table and ざぶとんざぶとん set aside and ふとんふとん spread onthe floor. When the morning comes, ふとんふとん will be folded and put into おしいれおしいれ . Voila! The roombecomes a public space again!


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There are carp in the pond.いけのなかにこいがいます。いけのなかにこいがいます。

English Japanese

1 There are carp in the pond. いけのなかにこいがいます。いけのなかにこいがいます。 (ike no naka ni koi ga imasu.)

2 to exist or to be (when referring to livingcreatures)

いるいる (iru)

3Both あるある and いるいる mean "to exist" or "to be (present)." While あるある is used for things such as adesk or a house, いるいる is primarily used to talk about the existence of living creatures includingpeople and animals.

4 there is (when referring to living creatures) いますいます (imasu)

5 carp こいこい (koi)

6 There are carp. こいがいます。こいがいます。 (koi ga imasu.)

7 Did you remember that we can use the same form of verbs and nouns to talk about both singularand plural objects?

8 pond いけいけ (ike)

9 the inside of the pond いけのなかいけのなか (ike no naka)

10

Traditional Japanese gardens have gained some popularity in North America as well as Europe. The basic concept is to recreate natural landscapes so that people can enjoy their beautyeveryday at home throughout the year. The most popular center piece is a pond, often pairedwith a miniature mountain adorned with trees, rocks, and stone lanterns. Some gardenssubstitute white sand and pebbles for water, creating a simple yet profound world for Zenmeditation.

11 plentifully たくさんたくさん (takusan)

12 There are a lot of carp. (There are carp plentifully.)

こいがたくさんいます。こいがたくさんいます。 (koi ga takusan imasu.)

13 Wow, there are a lot of carp in the pond, aren'tthere!

わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね。わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね。(waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusanimasu ne.)

14 What is there? (when referring to livingcreatures)

なにがいますか。なにがいますか。 (nani ga imasu ka.)

15 What is in the pond? (when referring to livingcreatures)

いけのなかになにがいますか。いけのなかになにがいますか。 (ike no naka ni nani ga imasu ka.)

16 red あかいあかい (akai)



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English Japanese

17 red carp あかいこいあかいこい (akai koi)

18 black くろいくろい (kuroi)

19 red carp and black carp あかいこいとくろいこいあかいこいとくろいこい (akai koi to kuroi koi)

20 Did you remember that we can link two or more nouns or noun phrases with the particle とと (and)?

21 There are red carp and black carp in the pond,you know.

いけのなかにあかいこいとくろいこいがいますいけのなかにあかいこいとくろいこいがいますよ。よ。 (ike no naka ni akai koi to kuroi koi gaimasu yo.)

22

こいこい (carp) are voracious and highly adaptive freshwater fish that have a long history of beingused as food in Asia and Europe. にしきごいにしきごい (ornamental carp), however, are bred in northernJapan exclusively for their beautiful colors and patterns. Today, にしきごいにしきごい are a ubiquitouspresence in water gardens around the globe, entertaining people with their vivid beauty andfeeding frenzies!


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There are red ones, white ones, and others. (whenreferring to living creatures)あかいのやしろいのがいます。あかいのやしろいのがいます。

English Japanese

1 There are red ones, white ones, and others.(when referring to living creatures)

あかいのやしろいのがいます。あかいのやしろいのがいます。 (akai no ya shiroi no ga imasu.)

2 red one あかいのあかいの (akai no)

3のの in あかいのあかいの is not a particle but a pronoun that is equivalent to "one" or "ones" in English. Wecan use this kind of のの only when we can reasonably assume that our listener understands whatwe are talking about. When we are talking about carp, for example, あかいのあかいの means あかいこいあかいこい(red carp).

4 There are red ones. (when referring to livingcreatures)

あかいのがいます。あかいのがいます。 (akai no ga imasu.)

5 white しろいしろい (shiroi)

6 white ones しろいのしろいの (shiroi no)

7 red ones and white ones あかいのとしろいのあかいのとしろいの (akai no to shiroi no)

8 red ones, white ones, and others あかいのやしろいのあかいのやしろいの (akai no ya shiroi no)

9やや in あかいのやしろいのあかいのやしろいの is a linking word that is used to list two or more nouns or noun phrases. While とと list all the items, やや shows a few representative items, implying that there are more. ああかいのやしろいのかいのやしろいの is equivalent to "red ones, white ones, and others."

10 color いろいろ (iro)

11

Do you remember that "brown" in Japanese is ちゃいろちゃいろ (literally, "tea color")? Traditional Japanesecolors are often named after objects that represent the particular colors. For example, pink is もももいろもいろ (literally, "peach color"), yellowish brown is かきいろかきいろ (persimmon color), and sky-blue is そそらいろらいろ (sky color). Nowadays, however, younger generations prefer to use "borrowed" words suchas ピンクピンク (pink) or ベージュベージュ (beige) !

12 orange color オレンジいろオレンジいろ (orenji iro)

13In Japanese, basic colors such as "red" or "white" have both nouns (あかあか or しろしろ) and adjectives(あかいあかい or しろいしろい). Others, however, have nouns only. "Orange," for example, is オレンジいろオレンジいろ(literally, "orange color").

14 orange-colored carp (carp in orange color)

オレンジいろのこいオレンジいろのこい (orenji iro no koi)

15Did you use the particle のの and say オレンジいろのこいオレンジいろのこい (literally, "carp in orange color")? This isanother instance of the "X のの Y" pattern, in which the particle のの indicates that the first noun X"modifies" the second noun Y--that is, X is the information about Y.

16 gold color きんいろきんいろ (kin-iro)


19







20





English Japanese

17 gold-colored carp きんいろのこいきんいろのこい (kin iro no koi)

18 gold-colored ones きんいろのきんいろの (kin-iro no)

19 Notice that we don't say きんいろののきんいろのの but simply say きんいろのきんいろの to mean "gold-colored ones"!

20 ornamental carp にしきごいにしきごい (nishikigoi)

21にしきにしき in にしきごいにしきごい (ornamental carp) literally means a Japanese silk brocade known for itsgorgeous colors and intricate patterns. It's an apt name for carp adorned with vivid colors andmarkings! The pronunciation of こいこい changes to ごいごい when combined with another word.

22They are ornamental carp. There are redones, gold-colored ones, orange-coloredones, and others.

にしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレにしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレンジいろのがいます。ンジいろのがいます。 (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu.)

23

こいこい (carp) are considered auspicious fish. Chinese legend has it that carp that could climb a bigwater fall on the Yellow River would turn into dragons and fly through the sky--a greatachievement for a creature as small and insignificant as a fish! That's why we have こいのぼりこいのぼり--colorful carp-shaped windsocks traditionally flown in May to wish success and good health for malechildren in the family.


21





The TV is in the living room.テレビはリビングにあります。テレビはリビングにあります。

English Japanese

1 The TV is in the living room. (As for TV, it exists in the living room.)

テレビはリビングにあります。テレビはリビングにあります。 (terebi wa ribingu ni arimasu.)

2

このへやにテレビがありますこのへやにテレビがあります and テレビはこのへやにありますテレビはこのへやにあります might sound similar, but theirfunctions are different. このへやにテレビがありますこのへやにテレビがあります describes what is in a certain location (In thisroom, there is a TV). テレビはこのへやにありますテレビはこのへやにあります , on the other hand, tells where a certain thingis located (As for the TV, it's in this room). Please note that the former uses the particle がが tomark the subject (テレビテレビ), while the latter uses the topic marker はは to indicate テレビテレビ as the"topic" of the sentence.

3

Here's one of the basic rules on when to use the particle はは or がが . We use がが if the subject is firstintroduced in the conversation and use はは if the subject is already introduced or otherwise knownto your listener. For example, when we want to inform our listener that there is a TV in the room,we say このへやにテレビがありますこのへやにテレビがあります because テレビテレビ is a new piece of information. Then if we wantto talk about the said TV, we start our sentence with テレビはテレビは ... (As for the TV...).

4 living room リビングリビング (ribingu)

5 It is in the living room. リビングにあります。リビングにあります。 (ribingu ni arimasu.)

6リビングにありますリビングにあります (It is in the living room) can be rephrased as リビングですリビングです . They mean thesame, though リビングにありますリビングにあります more specifically denotes the existence of the object. In thischapter, let's use ありますあります to point out where things are. Please note that we need the particleにに to indicate the location when we use the verb ありますあります as well as いますいます .

7 TV テレビテレビ (terebi)

8 desk つくえつくえ (tsukue)

9 side よこよこ (yoko)

10 the side of the desk つくえのよこつくえのよこ (tsukue no yoko)

11 by the desk (at the side of the desk)

つくえのよこにつくえのよこに (tsukue no yoko ni)

12 bookshelf ほんだなほんだな (hondana)

13 The bookshelf is by the desk. ほんだなはつくえのよこにあります。ほんだなはつくえのよこにあります。 (hondana wa tsukue no yoko ni arimasu.)

14 Where is it? どこにありますか。どこにありますか。 (doko ni arimasu ka.)



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English Japanese

15 Did you notice that we need the particle にに after the question word どこどこ (where) since we areasking about the location of something, using the verb ありますあります?

16 newspaper しんぶんしんぶん (shinbun)

17 Um, where is the newspaper? あのう、しんぶんはどこにありますか。あのう、しんぶんはどこにありますか。 (anoo, shinbun wa doko ni arimasu ka.)

18 table テーブルテーブル (teeburu)

19 topside or upper part うえうえ (ue)

20 the topside of the table テーブルのうえテーブルのうえ (teeburu no ue)

21 on the table (at the topside of the table)

テーブルのうえにテーブルのうえに (teeburu no ue ni)

22 Oh, the newspaper is on the table, you know.ああ、しんぶんはテーブルのうえにありますああ、しんぶんはテーブルのうえにありますよ。よ。 (aa, shinbun wa teeburu no ue ni arimasuyo.)

23 cat ねこねこ (neko)

24 Where is your cat? ねこはどこにいますか。ねこはどこにいますか。 (neko wa doko ni imasu ka.)

25 Did you remember to use the verb いますいます to talk about a cat--a living creature?

26 bed ベッドベッド (beddo)

27 underneath or lower part したした (shita)

28 the underneath of the bed ベッドのしたベッドのした (beddo no shita)

29 under the bed (at the underneath of the bed)

ベッドのしたにベッドのしたに (beddo no shita ni)

30 The cat is under the bed, you know. ねこはベッドのしたにいますよ。ねこはベッドのしたにいますよ。 (neko wa beddo no shita ni imasu yo.)

31

Many modern houses in Japan incorporate Western-style rooms and furniture. Traditional ざしきざしきand ちゃのまちゃのま are often replaced by Western-style リビングリビング . Young people in particular preferwooden or carpet floor to たたみたたみ , chairs and couches to ざぶとんざぶとん , and beds to ふとんふとん . Somenewer apartments and condos even have Western-style bathrooms. Though the appearance maybe different, there is one thing that never changes: people still take off their shoes at げんかんげんかん(entrance hall)!


23





Chapter 2: Family and Pets 家族とペット家族とペット

Chapter 2: Family and Pets

Conversational GoalsAddress Family Members Using KinshipWordsComment on PetsInquire about Someone's Family Membersand PetsTalk about Personal Traits and PhysicalAttributes

Grammar GoalsForm Adjective SentencesUnderstand the Prenominal Use of AdjectivesUse the Counters for Age, People, andAnimalsUse the Interrogatives だれだれ /どなたどなた , なんさなんさいい /おいくつおいくつ , なんにんなんにん , なんびきなんびき


Who is this? これはどなたですか。これはどなたですか。 (kore wa donata desu ka.)

That's my grandmother. ぼくのそぼです。ぼくのそぼです。 (boku no sobo desu.)

How old is she? おいくつですか。おいくつですか。 (oikutsu desu ka.)

She is 96. But, she's still full of energy, you know.９６さいです。でも、まだまだげんきですよ。９６さいです。でも、まだまだげんきですよ。 (kyuujuu-roku sai desu. demo, mada madagenki desu yo.)

That's good to hear, isn't it! それはなによりですね！それはなによりですね！ (sore wa naniyori desu ne!)

Do you have pets? ペットがいますか。ペットがいますか。 (petto ga imasu ka.)

Yes, we have two dogs. ええ、いぬがにひきいます。ええ、いぬがにひきいます。 (ee, inu ga nihiki imasu.)

What kind of dogs are they? どんないぬですか。どんないぬですか。 (don-na inu desu ka.)

They are Akitas. They are big dogs, but gentle.あきたです。おおきいいぬですが、おとなしいであきたです。おおきいいぬですが、おとなしいです。す。 (akita desu. ookii inu desu ga, otonashiidesu.)


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Who is this person? このひとはどなたですか。このひとはどなたですか。English Japanese

1 Who is this person? このひとはどなたですか。このひとはどなたですか。 (kono hito wa donata desu ka.)

2 who/whom どなたどなた (donata)

3 Who is it? どなたですか。どなたですか。 (donata desu ka.)

4 person ひとひと (hito)

5 this person このひとこのひと (kono hito)

6

Do you remember that Japanese speakers tend to avoid using pronouns such as "you" or "she,"and either omit them whenever the context makes the meaning clear or substitute real namesfor them? Instead of using real names, we can also use generic noun phrases as substitutes. Common substitutes for "he" or "she," for example, are このひとこのひと (this person), そのひとそのひと (thatperson), and あのひとあのひと (that person over there).

7 female (for humans) おんなおんな (on-na)

8 おんなおんな (female) can also mean a "woman," but it sounds very rude to use the term to refer tosomeone. Let's figure out an appropriate way to talk about a woman!

9 woman (female person)

おんなのひとおんなのひと (on-na no hito)

10Did you connect the two nouns おんなおんな (female) and ひとひと (person) with the noun-linking particleのの , using the now-familiar "X のの Y" pattern? おんなのひとおんなのひと (literally, a "female person" or "a personwho is female") is the proper way to refer to a woman in general.

11 this woman このおんなのひとこのおんなのひと (kono on-na no hito)

12 male (for humans) おとこおとこ (otoko)

13 man (male person)

おとこのひとおとこのひと (otoko no hito)

14 that man そのおとこのひとそのおとこのひと (sono otoko no hito)

15 Who is that man? そのおとこのひとはどなたですか。そのおとこのひとはどなたですか。 (sono otoko no hito wa donata desu ka.)

16 boy (male child)

おとこのこおとこのこ (otoko no ko)



25





English Japanese

17We have learned that many traditional Japanese female names end with ここ as in ようこようこ . ここmeans a "child," and it's usually used in phrases such as おとこのこおとこのこ (literally, a "male child") or ああのこのこ (that child over there).

18 girl おんなのこおんなのこ (on-na no ko)

19 that girl over there あのおんなのこあのおんなのこ (ano on-na no ko)

20 who/whom だれだれ (dare)

21

Do you remember that there are two versions for the question word "where" in Japanese--thepolite どちらどちら and the plain どこどこ? Likewise, the polite question word どなたどなた (who/whom) has theplain counterpart だれだれ . As in the case of どこどこ , the "plain" label does not mean that it's used onlyin casual conversations! As long as we use だれだれ in a sentence that ends with either ですです or ますます ,we are still talking in the polite form--only sounding less formal or respectful than when we use どどなたなた .

22 Who is that girl over there? あのおんなのこはだれですか。あのおんなのこはだれですか。 (ano on-na no ko wa dare desu ka.)

23 photograph しゃしんしゃしん (shashin)

24 this photograph このしゃしんこのしゃしん (kono shashin)

25 the boy in this photograph このしゃしんのおとこのここのしゃしんのおとこのこ (kono shashin no otoko no ko)

26 Did you use のの to connect このしゃしんこのしゃしん (this photograph) and おとこのこおとこのこ (boy)? It's another useof the "X のの Y" pattern, in which このしゃしんこのしゃしん is the location where おとこのこおとこのこ appears.

27 Excuse me. Who is the boy in thisphotograph?

すみません。このしゃしんのおとこのこはだれすみません。このしゃしんのおとこのこはだれですか。ですか。 (sumimasen. kono shashin no otoko noko wa dare desu ka.)


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This is my grandmother. これはわたしのそぼです。これはわたしのそぼです。English Japanese

1 This is my grandmother. これはわたしのそぼです。これはわたしのそぼです。 (kore wa watashi no sobo desu.)

2 grandmother そぼそぼ (sobo)

3 my grandmother わたしのそぼわたしのそぼ (watashi no sobo)

4We have so far learned that the "pointing" word これこれ and its counterparts それそれ and あれあれ are usedfor things and not for people, right? Exceptions are when we are talking about people inphotographs!

5 grandfather そふそふ (sofu)

6 my grandfather and grandmother わたしのそふとそぼわたしのそふとそぼ (watashi no sofu to sobo)

7 Oh, those are my grandfather andgrandmother, you know.

ああ、それはわたしのそふとそぼですよ。ああ、それはわたしのそふとそぼですよ。 (aa, sore wa watashi no sofu to sobodesu yo.)

8 elder brother あにあに (ani)

9 younger brother おとうとおとうと (otooto)

10 This is my elder brother, and that is myyounger brother.

これはわたしのあにです。そしてそれはおとうこれはわたしのあにです。そしてそれはおとうとです。とです。 (kore wa watashi no ani desu. soshitesore wa otooto desu.)

11 I/me ぼくぼく (boku)

12Do you remember that there are different ways of referring to oneself other than わたしわたし (I/me) inJapanese? ぼくぼく is used by male speakers. It's often used by boys, but adult men also use itwhen they are in less formal (but not too casual) settings, such as among family members orcoworkers.

13 elder sister あねあね (ane)

14 younger sister いもうといもうと (imooto)

15 Um, this is my elder sister. She is not myyounger sister.

あのう、これはぼくのあねです。いもうとじゃあのう、これはぼくのあねです。いもうとじゃありません。ありません。 (anoo, kore wa boku no ane desu. imootoja arimasen.)



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English Japanese

16

In Japanese schools and workplaces, younger members are expected to pay respect to oldermembers, calling them せんぱいせんぱい (akin to "seniors"). In families, youngsters call their older siblingsnot by their first names but by their family titles such as おねえさんおねえさん (the polite form for "eldersister") or おにいさんおにいさん (the polite form for "elder brother"). Even parents use these titles whentalking about their older children in front of their younger ones!


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How old is your grandmother?おばあさんはおいくつですか。おばあさんはおいくつですか。

English Japanese

1 How old is your grandmother? おばあさんはおいくつですか。おばあさんはおいくつですか。 (obaasan wa oikutsu desu ka.)

2 Did you remember that we can omit personal pronouns such as "you" or "yours" whenever we canreasonably assume that our listeners understand who we are talking about?

3 how old おいくつおいくつ (oikutsu)

4 How old is she? おいくつですか。おいくつですか。 (oikutsu desu ka.)

5 grandmother おばあさんおばあさん (obaasan)

6We have so far learned that the Japanese equivalent to "grandmother" is そぼそぼ . When we want torefer to someone else's grandmother or directly address our own grandmother, we should usethe polite term おばあさんおばあさん to show our respect.

7

Asking an adult his or her age is a delicate matter in Japan. The notable exception, however, iswhen asking the person's age is considered as a compliment. Traditionally, Japanese respectelderly members of society, celebrating their longevity on けいろうのひけいろうのひ (Respect-for-the-AgedDay) in September. Just be aware, though, that in a society with average life expectancy of 83,the definition of "elderly" is quite different from what you think!

8 grandfather おじいさんおじいさん (ojiisan)

9 Excuse me. How old is your grandfather? すみません。おじいさんはおいくつですか。すみません。おじいさんはおいくつですか。 (sumimasen. ojiisan wa oikutsu desu ka.)

10 ninety-six years old きゅうじゅうろくさいきゅうじゅうろくさい (kyuujuu roku sai)

11 Do you remember that Japanese uses different counting words to count different things? さいさい isthe counter for age and is equivalent to "years old" in English!

12 My grandfather is ninety-six years old. そふはきゅうじゅうろくさいです。そふはきゅうじゅうろくさいです。 (sofu wa kyuujuu roku sai desu.)

13 Did you use そふそふ , the "plain" word for "grandfather," to refer to your own?

14 how old なんさいなんさい (nansai)

15 なんさいなんさい is the "plain" version of おいくつおいくつ (how old). It's the combination of the question word ななんん (what) and the age counter さいさい .

16 How old is she? なんさいですか。なんさいですか。 (nansai desu ka.)

17 the girl in that photograph そのしゃしんのおんなのこそのしゃしんのおんなのこ (sono shashin no on-na no ko)



29





English Japanese

18 How old is the girl in that photograph?そのしゃしんのおんなのこはなんさいですか。そのしゃしんのおんなのこはなんさいですか。(sono shashin no on-na no ko wa nansaidesu ka.)

19 eight years old はっさいはっさい (hassai)

20 eighteen years old じゅうはっさいじゅうはっさい (juu hassai)

21Did you notice that the pronunciation for the number eight (はちはち) changes when it's combinedwith さいさい? A similar change happens when the number is "one" (いちいち））or "ten" (じゅうじゅう). "Oneyear old," for example, is いっさいいっさい , and "ten years old" is じゅっさいじゅっさい .

22 twenty-one years old にじゅういっさいにじゅういっさい (nijuu issai)

23 My younger sister is eighteen years old. Myyounger brother is twenty-one years old.

いもうとはじゅうはっさいです。おとうとはにいもうとはじゅうはっさいです。おとうとはにじゅういっさいです。じゅういっさいです。 (imooto wa juu hassai desu. otooto wanijuu issai desu.)


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How many people are in your family?ごかぞくはなんにんですか。ごかぞくはなんにんですか。

English Japanese

1 How many people are in your family? (As for family, how many people are they?)

ごかぞくはなんにんですか。ごかぞくはなんにんですか。 (gokazoku wa nan-nin desu ka.)

2 family かぞくかぞく (kazoku)

3 family ごかぞくごかぞく (gokazoku)

4 Notice that we need ごご instead of おお to politely say "family" in Japanese.

5 how many people なんにんなんにん (nan-nin)

6 にんにん in the question word なんにんなんにん is the counter for people.

7 How many people are they? なんにんですか。なんにんですか。 (nan-nin desu ka.)

8 one person ひとりひとり (hitori)

9 two people ふたりふたり (futari)

10 Although the counter for people is にんにん , we say ひとりひとり for "one person" and ふたりふたり for "twopeople." These are two special cases that need to be memorized!

11 three people さんにんさんにん (san-nin)

12 four people よにんよにん (yonin)

13 To count three or more people, we attach にんにん to the number, as in さんにんさんにん . The exception isfor "four people": the number four is よんよん , but we say よにんよにん .

14 There are four people in my family. (As for family, they are four people.)

かぞくはよにんです。かぞくはよにんです。 (kazoku wa yonin desu.)

15 father ちちちち (chichi)

16 mother はははは (haha)

17 There are four people in my family: my father,my mother, my elder brother, and me.

かぞくはよにんです。ちちとははとあにとわたかぞくはよにんです。ちちとははとあにとわたしです。しです。 (kazoku wa yonin desu. chichi to haha toani to watashi desu.)

18 sibling きょうだいきょうだい (kyoodai)



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English Japanese

19 Strictly speaking, きょうだいきょうだい means "brother(s)," but it also means "sibling(s)" in general. If thereare only sisters, we can use the term しまいしまい (sisters).

20 siblings ごきょうだいごきょうだい (gokyoodai)

21 How many siblings do you have? (How many are your siblings?)

ごきょうだいはなんにんですか。ごきょうだいはなんにんですか。 (gokyoodai wa nan-nin desu ka.)

22 There are two siblings in my family. (As for siblings, they are two.)

きょうだいはふたりです。きょうだいはふたりです。 (kyoodai wa futari desu.)

23 When we say きょうだいはふたりですきょうだいはふたりです in Japanese, it usually includes ourselves. To avoid amisunderstanding, however, it's a good idea to list all the members!

24 There are three siblings in my family. My elderbrother, my elder sister and me.

きょうだいはさんにんです。あにとあねとわたきょうだいはさんにんです。あにとあねとわたしです。しです。 (kyoodai wa san-nin desu. ani to ane towatashi desu.)

25 only child (one child)

ひとりっこひとりっこ (hitorikko)

26 Do you remember that ここ means a "child"? ひとりっこひとりっこ literally means "one child." Did you noticethat the pronunciation slightly changes when ひとりひとり and ここ are combined?

27 I am the only child. わたしはひとりっこです。わたしはひとりっこです。 (watashi wa hitorikko desu.)

28

The concept of family has been rapidly changing in Japan. Three-generation households wereonce common. The eldest son would take care of his parents in their old age, and youngergenerations would learn to respect their elders by living with their grandparents. Now nuclearfamilies with fewer children are the norm, especially in urban society. The average size of familyin 1975 was 3.35. It shrank to 2.65 in 2008.


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Do you have pets? ペットがいますか。ペットがいますか。English Japanese

1 Do you have pets? ペットがいますか。ペットがいますか。 (petto ga imasu ka.)

2 to have (when referring to living creatures) いるいる (iru)

3 We have so far learned the verb いるいる as the equivalent of "to exist/to be" when we are talkingabout people, animals, and other living creatures. いるいる can also mean "to have."

4 have (when referring to living creatures) いますいます (imasu)

5 pet ペットペット (petto)

6 I have a pet. ペットがいます。ペットがいます。 (petto ga imasu.)

7Did you notice that we need がが after ペットペット and say ペットがいますペットがいます (I have a pet)? Some verbsrequire us to use がが , not をを , to mark their objects. It's the same がが we used in the question ちずちずがありますかがありますか (Do you have maps?).

8

As the number of children per household is decreasing in Japan, the number of pets seems to begoing up! It is said that almost half the Japanese households with two or more people have somekind of pet. The most popular pets are dogs, followed by cats, fish, and birds. Among dogs, themost popular breeds are Dachshund, Chihuahua, and Poodle--all small breeds, reflecting,perhaps, the Japanese taste for dainty things and the size of Japanese houses!

9 Now let's figure out a simple way to answer the question, ペットがいますかペットがいますか (Do you have pets?)!

10 Yes, I have them. ええ、います。ええ、います。 (ee, imasu.)

11 No, I don't have any. いいえ、いません。いいえ、いません。 (iie, imasen.)

12 dog いぬいぬ (inu)

13 Do you have dogs? いぬがいますか。いぬがいますか。 (inu ga imasu ka.)

14 how many (small animals, fish, or insects) なんびきなんびき (nanbiki)

15The counter for small animals (such as dogs and cats), fish, and insects is ひきひき . Please note thatthe pronunciation of ひきひき changes just like ほんほん (the counter for thin, long objects), depending onwhat word or number comes before it. When combined with the question word なんなん , it becomes びびきき as in なんびきなんびき .

16 How many dogs do you have? いぬがなんびきいますか。いぬがなんびきいますか。 (inu ga nanbiki imasu ka.)



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English Japanese

17 one dog いぬがいっぴきいぬがいっぴき (inu ga ippiki)

18 two dogs いぬがにひきいぬがにひき (inu ga nihiki)

19 three dogs いぬがさんびきいぬがさんびき (inu ga sanbiki)

20 I have three dogs. いぬがさんびきいます。いぬがさんびきいます。 (inu ga sanbiki imasu.)

21 six cats ねこがろっぴきねこがろっぴき (neko ga roppiki)

22 I have two dogs and six cats. いぬがにひきとねこがろっぴきいます。いぬがにひきとねこがろっぴきいます。 (inu ga nihiki to neko ga roppiki imasu.)

23Did you know that animals in Japan speak Japanese? Japanese dogs, for example, don't bark"bow-wow" but say ワンワンワンワン . Cats don't "meow" but say ニャアニャアニャアニャア . Cows bellow モーモー , sheepbleat メェーメェー , and crows croak カアカアカアカア . Roosters? They will wake you up with a loud コケコッコケコッコーコー while you are in Japan!


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What kind of dog is it? どんないぬですか。どんないぬですか。English Japanese

1 What kind of dog is it? どんないぬですか。どんないぬですか。 (don-na inu desu ka.)

2 what kind of dog どんないぬどんないぬ (don-na inu)

3When someone asks you どんないぬですかどんないぬですか (What kind of dog is it?), he or she may be askingabout your dog's breed or characteristics such as its size, color, or disposition. Let's assume thelatter is the case here.

4 a big dog おおきいいぬおおきいいぬ (ookii inu)

5 cute かわいいかわいい (kawaii)

6 a cute cat かわいいねこかわいいねこ (kawaii neko)

7Have you noticed that both おおきいおおきい (big) and かわいいかわいい (cute) end with いい? So does あかいあかい (red)and しろいしろい (white), right? In fact, the dictionary form of many adjectives in Japanese ends withいい . That's why we call this type of adjective the "いい-adjective."

8 Wow, she is a cute cat, isn't she! わあ、かわいいねこですね！わあ、かわいいねこですね！ (waa, kawaii neko desu ne!)

9 gentle (as for animals) おとなしいおとなしい (otonashii)

10 gentle dog おとなしいいぬおとなしいいぬ (otonashii inu)

11 the Akita あきたいぬあきたいぬ (akita inu)

12 The Chinese character for いぬいぬ (dog) can be read as けんけん , and many people in Japan call the Akitaあきたけんあきたけん . The official name for the breed, however, is あきたいぬあきたいぬ .

13 The Akitas are big, but they are gentle dogs.あきたいぬはおおきいですが、おとなしいいぬあきたいぬはおおきいですが、おとなしいいぬです。です。 (akita inu wa ookii desu ga, otonashii inudesu.)

14 beautiful きれいきれい (kiree)

15 beautiful dog きれいないぬきれいないぬ (kireena inu)

16

Did you notice that we say きれいないぬきれいないぬ (beautiful dog) with なな added after the adjective きれいきれい? Even though きれいきれい ends with いい , it's a type of adjective different from いい-adjectives such as おおおおきいきい . Since this type of adjective always needs なな when used before a noun to modify it, we call it"なな-adjective." There are not many なな-adjectives that end with いい . So, let's memorize きれいきれい as aなな-adjective and use it accordingly!



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English Japanese

17 What is her name? なまえはなんですか。なまえはなんですか。 (namae wa nan desu ka.)

18 She is a beautiful dog, isn't she! What is hername?

きれいないぬですね。なまえはなんですか。きれいないぬですね。なまえはなんですか。 (kireena inu desu ne. namae wa nandesu ka.)

19

Some Japanese dog breeds have gained popularity in North America as well as in Europe. あきたあきたいぬいぬ (the Akita) is a large dog originally bred for dog fighting in northern Japan that is highly loyaland intelligent. しばいぬしばいぬ (the Shiba) is an ancient breed used for hunting in mountains, smaller insize but brave and patient. ちんちん (the Japanese Spaniel) is a small dog with a beautiful long coat,playful yet quiet and affectionate.


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My grandmother is still full of energy.そぼはまだまだげんきです。そぼはまだまだげんきです。

English Japanese

1 My grandmother is still full of energy. そぼはまだまだげんきです。そぼはまだまだげんきです。 (sobo wa mada mada genki desu.)

2 full of energy げんきげんき (genki)

3 げんきげんき can be either a noun ("good health," "good cheer," or "vitality") or a なな-adjective ("healthy,""fine," "cheerful," "spry," or "full of energy"). Here we use it as a なな-adjective.

4 My grandmother is full of energy. そぼはげんきです。そぼはげんきです。 (sobo wa genki desu.)

5Did you notice that げんきげんき (which is a なな-adjective) does not need なな when it's used as thesentence-ending word along with ですです as in げんきですげんきです? Let's call sentences that end with anadjective and ですです "adjective sentences"!

6 quiet しずかしずか (shizuka)

7 My grandfather is quiet. そふはしずかです。そふはしずかです。 (sofu wa shizuka desu.)

8 strict きびしいきびしい (kibishii)

9 My father is a little strict. ちちはちょっときびしいです。ちちはちょっときびしいです。 (chichi wa chotto kibishii desu.)

10 cheerful あかるいあかるい (akarui)

11 My mother is very cheerful. はははとてもあかるいです。はははとてもあかるいです。 (haha wa totemo akarui desu.)

12 funny おもしろいおもしろい (omoshiroi)

13 My mother is very cheerful. And she is funny.はははとてもあかるいです。そして、おもしろはははとてもあかるいです。そして、おもしろいです。いです。 (haha wa totemo akarui desu. soshite,omoshiroi desu.)

14 a hundred years old ひゃくさいひゃくさい (hyaku sai)

15 My grandmother is a hundred years old. But,she is still full of energy.

そぼはひゃくさいです。でも、まだまだげんきそぼはひゃくさいです。でも、まだまだげんきです。です。 (sobo wa hyaku sai desu. demo, madamada genki desu.)

16 most desirable なによりなにより (nani yori)

17 That's good to hear. (That is most desirable.)

それはなによりです。それはなによりです。 (sore wa nani yori desu.)



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English Japanese

18

Japan is a country of longevity. Based on the government's 2010 estimate, people over 65consist of 23% of the entire population--the highest rate in the world. Women generally livelonger than men: of 8,220,000 people over 80, about the two-thirds are female. Long life is ablessing, but with the shrinking birth rate and the erosion of the traditional family arrangement,how to take care of the aging population has become a serious challenge for society.


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Chapter 3: Work and Pastimes 仕事と余暇仕事と余暇

Chapter 3: Work and Pastimes

Conversational GoalsOffer or Accept an InvitationPolitely Decline an InvitationShare Likes and DislikesTalk about Careers and ProfessionsTalk about Pastimes and Celebrations

Grammar GoalsLearn the Functions of Conjunction からから andthe Particle ももUse the "ますます-from + ましょうましょう" Pattern forInvitationUse the "ますます-from + ませんかませんか" Pattern forInvitationUse the Particle がが for Adjectives DescribingPreference & Ability


We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow.

あした、おはなみをします。あした、おはなみをします。 (ashita, ohanami o shimasu.)

Won't you come with us? いっしょにいきませんか。いっしょにいきませんか。 (issho ni ikimasen ka.)

Well..., who's going? そうですね・・・。どんなメンバーですか。そうですね・・・。どんなメンバーですか。 (soo desu ne.... don-na menbaa desu ka.)

My coworkers and my gym friends.かいしゃのひとたちや、スポーツジムのともだちかいしゃのひとたちや、スポーツジムのともだちです。です。 (kaisha no hitotachi ya, supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)

One of them is a doctor. The other is a highschool teacher.

ひとりはいしゃです。もうひとりはこうこうのひとりはいしゃです。もうひとりはこうこうのきょうしです。きょうしです。 (hitori wa isha desu. moo hitori wa kookoono kyooshi desu.)

Are you going to have karaoke too? カラオケもありますか。カラオケもありますか。 (karaoke mo arimasu ka.)

Of course! 'Cause we all love karaoke.もちろんです！みんなカラオケがすきですから。もちろんです！みんなカラオケがすきですから。 (mochiron desu! min-na karaoke ga sukidesu kara.)

I don't care for karaoke much.... I'm sorry.わたしはカラオケはちょっと・・・。すみませわたしはカラオケはちょっと・・・。すみません。ん。 (watashi wa karaoke wa chotto....


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sumimasen.)

I'm sorry to hear that. Well, maybe next time. それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこんど。それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこんど。 (sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, mata kondo.)


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We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow.あした、おはなみをします。あした、おはなみをします。

English Japanese

1 We are going to have a cherry-blossomviewing picnic tomorrow.


2 to do するする (suru)

3Do you remember the verb しますします (do) and its past form しましたしました (did)? するする (to do) is itsdictionary form. This verb is very versatile. It takes a wide range of nouns as its object, includingsports, events, games, chores, or other various activities, and it means that the activity is carriedout. The translation, therefore, varies depending on the object.

4 do しますします (shimasu)

5 cherry-blossom viewing picnic おはなみおはなみ (ohanami)

6 As in the case of おちゃおちゃ , people often say おはなみおはなみ with the polite-word maker おお even in a casualconversation.

7はなみはなみ or おはなみおはなみ (literally, "flower viewing") is a cherry-blossom viewing picnic, a very popularspring activity in Japan. Contrary to the serene image the word might evoke, real はなみはなみ is oftena quite boisterous outdoor party under bloomed cherry trees, where people eat, drink, and singwith their coworkers, friends, and family!

8 We have a cherry-blossom viewing picnic. (We do a cherry-blossom viewing picnic.)

おはなみをします。おはなみをします。 (ohanami o shimasu.)

9 We are going to have a cherry-blossomviewing picnic.


10 tomorrow あしたあした (ashita)

11 Please note that あしたあした (tomorrow) is a noun, but it's often used as an adverb without anyaccompanying particle.

12

Japanese people love to get together and enjoy food, drink, and karaoke! There are manychances for celebration. In January, they celebrate the new year. In March, they hold send-offparties for coworkers who are going to be transferred. In April, they have cherry-blossom-viewingpicnics as well as welcome parties for employees newly-transferred to their departments. But thebusiest season of all is December when they have a ぼうねんかいぼうねんかい (forget-the-old-year party)almost every night!

13 party パーティーパーティー (paatii)

14 to have a party (to do party)

パーティーをするパーティーをする (paatii o suru)

15 Christmas クリスマスクリスマス (kurisumasu)

16 Christmas party クリスマスパーティークリスマスパーティー (kurisumasu paatii)


41







42





English Japanese

17

Japanese people have adopted Christmas from the West and celebrate it big time - though not forreligious reasons. Families celebrate it with artificial クリスマスツリークリスマスツリー (Christmas trees) andstore-bought クリスマスケーキクリスマスケーキ (Christmas cakes). Friends celebrate it with boisterous クリスマクリスマスパーティースパーティー (Christmas parties), and couples celebrate it with expensive クリスマスプレゼントクリスマスプレゼント(Christmas presents). And shop keepers? They celebrate it with lucrative クリスマスセールクリスマスセール(Christmas sales)!

18 We'll have a Christmas party tomorrow. あしたクリスマスパーティーをします。あしたクリスマスパーティーをします。 (ashita kurisumasu paatii o shimasu.)

19 What are you going to do? なにをしますか。なにをしますか。 (nani o shimasu ka.)

20 Did you use the question word なになに instead of なんなん because the word that follows it is をを , whichstarts with neither the "t," "d," nor "n" sound?

21 today きょうきょう (kyoo)

22 Like あしたあした (tomorrow), きょうきょう is a noun that is often used as an adverb.

23 What are you going to do today? きょうなにをしますか。きょうなにをしますか。 (kyoo nani o shimasu ka.)

24 birthday たんじょうびたんじょうび (tanjoobi)

25Until the early 1900s, Japanese people counted their age not based on their birthdays, but on thenumber of New Year's Days they had. Consequently, people did not put much significance ontheir birthdays back then. Today, it's a special day for many. Family members and close friendsoften celebrate each other's birthday with バースデーケーキバースデーケーキ (birthday cake) and gifts.

26 Let's assume that our listener knows that we are talking about our own mother in the followingquestions. This means we can safely omit the pronoun わたしのわたしの (my).

27 my mother's birthday ははのたんじょうびははのたんじょうび (haha no tanjoobi)

28 Today is my mother's birthday. きょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。きょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。 (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu.)

29Did you notice that the sentence きょうは、ははのたんじょうびですきょうは、ははのたんじょうびです (Today is my mother'sbirthday) has the familiar "X はは Y ですです" pattern, in which X is the topic of the sentence? Since きょきょうう (today) is actually a noun, we can use it as the topic.

30 birthday party たんじょうびパーティーたんじょうびパーティー (tanjoobi paatii)

31 Today is my mother's birthday. We are goingto have a birthday party!

きょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。たんじょきょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。たんじょうびパーティーをします！うびパーティーをします！ (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu.tanjoobi paatii o shimasu!)

32While most birthdays are private affairs, there is one special birthday celebrated nationwide inJapan. The Emperor's birthday (てんのうたんじょうびてんのうたんじょうび) is on December 23, and it's a nationalholiday!


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Why don't you come with us?いっしょにいきませんか。いっしょにいきませんか。

English Japanese

1 Why don't you come with us? (Won't you go together?)

いっしょにいきませんか。いっしょにいきませんか。 (issho ni ikimasen ka.)

2 to go いくいく (iku)

3 go いきますいきます (ikimasu)

4 don't go いきませんいきません (ikimasen)

5 won't go いきませんいきません (ikimasen)

6 why don't you go? (won't you go?)

いきませんかいきませんか (ikimasen ka)

7When you want to politely invite someone to do something, you replace the polite verb ending まますす with the negative form ませんません and attach the question marker かか . ～ませんか～ませんか is equivalent to"Why don't you ~?" or "Why don't we ~?" depending on the context.

8 together いっしょにいっしょに (issho ni)

9いっしょにいっしょに consists of いっしょいっしょ (which means "being together") and the particle にに . We can useいっしょにいっしょに with regular verbs such as いきますいきます (go) or しますします (do) to mean "together" or "with(someone)."

10

When we are going out and want to invite someone to join us, we say in English, "Why don't youcome with us?" When we want to issue the same invitation in Japanese, we need to say いっしょいっしょにいきませんかにいきませんか ("Why don't you go with us?"). In general, we use いくいく (to go) to describe themovement in the direction away from the place where the speaker is as she or he speaks, whileくるくる (to come) is used to describe the movement toward the speaker.

11We are going to have a cherry-blossomviewing picnic tomorrow. Why don't you comewith us?

あしたおはなみをします。いっしょにいきませあしたおはなみをします。いっしょにいきませんか。んか。 (ashita ohanami o shimasu. issho niikimasen ka.)

12 meal しょくじしょくじ (shokuji)

13 to have a meal しょくじするしょくじする (shokuji suru)

14

The generic verb するする (to do) sometimes attaches itself directly to a common activity noun suchas しょくじしょくじ (a meal) or さんぽさんぽ (a walk) without using the particle をを . The longer verbs thusformed (as in しょくじするしょくじする or さんぽするさんぽする) are called "compound verbs." In theory, it's possibleto create an infinite number of compound verbs in this way, but only well-established expressionsare considered grammatically legitimate verbs!

15 dine (have a meal)

しょくじしますしょくじします (shokuji shimasu)



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English Japanese

16 why don't we dine? しょくじしませんかしょくじしませんか (shokuji shimasen ka)

17 tonight こんばんこんばん (konban)

18

こんこん in こんばんこんばん means "this" or "now" (used only as a part of time expression) and ばんばん means"evening" or "night." こんばんこんばん (tonight), therefore, literally means "this evening." If you arewondering whether こんばんこんばん is related to the greeting こんばんはこんばんは , which we use when we meetsomeone after dark, you are right! The greeting, in fact, is derived from a sentence that beginswith こんばんはこんばんは or "As for tonight."

19 Why don't we dine together tonight? こんばんいっしょにしょくじしませんか。こんばんいっしょにしょくじしませんか。 (konban issho ni shokuji shimasen ka.)

20 to watch or to look at みるみる (miru)

21 watch みますみます (mimasu)

22 why don't we watch? みませんかみませんか (mimasen ka)

23 movie えいがえいが (eega)

24 Why don't we watch a movie? えいがをみませんか。えいがをみませんか。 (eega o mimasen ka.)

25 Um, why don't we watch a movie togethertomorrow?

あのう、あしたいっしょにえいがをみませんあのう、あしたいっしょにえいがをみませんか。か。 (anoo, ashita issho ni eega o mimasenka.)


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Let's go together. いっしょにいきましょう。いっしょにいきましょう。English Japanese

1 Let's go together. いっしょにいきましょう。いっしょにいきましょう。 (issho ni ikimashoo.)

2 Let's go. いきましょう。いきましょう。 (ikimashoo.)

3When you want to invite someone to do something with you or accept an invitation withenthusiasm, we can replace the polite verb ending ますます with ましょうましょう , as in いきましょういきましょう . It'sequivalent to "Let's ~" in English. Compared with いきませんかいきませんか (literally, "Won't you go?"), いきまいきましょうしょう sounds more positive and direct.

4 Let's go together by all means. ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。 (zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)

5 good いいいい (ii)

6 It sounds good! (It is good, isn't it!)

いいですね！いいですね！ (ii desu ne!)

7 It sounds good! Let's go together by allmeans.

いいですね！ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。いいですね！ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。 (ii desu ne! zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)

8 Well.... そうですね・・・。そうですね・・・。 (soo desu ne....)

9 When we don't want to give a straight answer right away or need time to think, we can buy time bysaying そうですね・・・そうですね・・・ . It's equivalent to "Well...," "Let's see...," or "Let me think..." in English!

10 Sometimes you have to decline an invitation. Let's learn how to do it politely a la Japanese!

11 Today isn't good for me... (Today is a little bit....)

きょうはちょっと・・・。きょうはちょっと・・・。 (kyoo wa chotto....)

12 Well..., today isn't good for me... そうですね・・・、きょうはちょっと・・・。そうですね・・・、きょうはちょっと・・・。(soo desu ne..., kyoo wa chotto....)

13 next time こんどこんど (kondo)

14 Maybe next time. (Again next time.)

またこんど。またこんど。 (mata kondo.)

15 I'm sorry. Tomorrow isn't good for me.... But,maybe next time!

すみません。あしたはちょっと・・・。でも、すみません。あしたはちょっと・・・。でも、またこんど！またこんど！ (sumimasen. ashita wa chotto.... demo,mata kondo!)

16 regrettable ざんねんざんねん (zan-nen)

17 It's regrettable. ざんねんです。ざんねんです。 (zan-nen desu.)



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English Japanese18 Now, let's learn how to reply graciously when someone has declined your invitation!

19 I'm sorry to hear that. (That is regrettable, isn't it!)

それはざんねんですね。それはざんねんですね。 (sore wa zan-nen desu ne.)

20 Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. Well then, maybenext time!

ああ、それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこああ、それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこんど！んど！ (aa, sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, matakondo!)


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Who will be there? どんなメンバーですか。どんなメンバーですか。English Japanese

1 Who will be there? (What kind of members are they?)

どんなメンバーですか。どんなメンバーですか。 (don-na menbaa desu ka.)

2 member メンバーメンバー (menbaa)

3 people ひとたちひとたち (hitotachi)

4Do you remember how to say "we" in Japanese? That's right, it's わたしたちわたしたち . たちたち in わたしたちわたしたちand ひとたちひとたち is one of the several "plural markers." In general, we don't need to create thespecific plural form for Japanese nouns. However, personal pronouns (such as "we" or "you") and"human" nouns (such as "people" or "children") are exceptions!

5 company かいしゃかいしゃ (kaisha)

6 coworkers (people of company)

かいしゃのひとたちかいしゃのひとたち (kaisha no hitotachi)

7 gym スポーツジムスポーツジム (supootsu jimu)

8 gym friends スポーツジムのともだちスポーツジムのともだち (supootsu jimu no tomodachi)

9 They are my coworkers, gym friends, andothers.

かいしゃのひとたちやスポーツジムのともだちかいしゃのひとたちやスポーツジムのともだちです。です。 (kaisha no hitotachi ya supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)

10 medical doctor いしゃいしゃ (isha)

11 One person is a doctor. ひとりはいしゃです。ひとりはいしゃです。 (hitori wa isha desu.)

12 teacher きょうしきょうし (kyooshi)

13There are two words for "teacher" in Japanese: きょうしきょうし and せんせいせんせい . きょうしきょうし is a generic termfor the occupation. Use this word when you are describing your family members, your friends, oryourself. If you want to show your respect to the person whom you are describing, as in the caseof introducing a teacher to someone else, use せんせいせんせい instead.

14 high school こうこうこうこう (kookoo)

15 high school teacher こうこうのきょうしこうこうのきょうし (kookoo no kyooshi)

16 another person もうひとりもうひとり (moo hitori)



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English Japanese

17 We can use もうひとりもうひとり to mean either "another person" or "the other person," depending on thecontext.

18 Another person is a high school teacher. もうひとりはこうこうのきょうしです。もうひとりはこうこうのきょうしです。 (moo hitori wa kookoo no kyooshi desu.)

19 One person is a doctor. Another person is ahigh school teacher.

ひとりはいしゃです。もうひとりはこうこうのひとりはいしゃです。もうひとりはこうこうのきょうしです。きょうしです。 (hitori wa isha desu. moo hitori wakookoo no kyooshi desu.)

20 company employee かいしゃいんかいしゃいん (kaisha-in)

21いんいん in かいしゃいんかいしゃいん (company employee) means a "(staff) member" in Japanese. かいしゃいんかいしゃいん ,therefore, literally means a "company staff member." Please note that いんいん is always used withother words, as in ぎんこういんぎんこういん (bank employee) or えきいんえきいん (station worker)!

22かいしゃいんかいしゃいん is a generic term for company employees, regardless of industry or gender. Malecompany employees are often called サラリーマンサラリーマン (salary man). Female office workers are calledOL, the acronym for "office lady"!

23 all みんなみんな (min-na)

24 Oh, they are all company employees, youknow.

ああ、みんなかいしゃいんですよ。ああ、みんなかいしゃいんですよ。 (aa, min-na kaisha-in desu yo.)

25

Among various occupations available in Japan, arguably the least popular among youth, but themost ubiquitous in the adult world is サラリーマンサラリーマン (literary "salary man"). They are white-collarsalary-earners who work for a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, sales, finance,and construction. Clean-shaven, dark-suit-clad, unhappy-looking men in packed commutertrains--the term サラリーマンサラリーマン has negative connotations, but they are the backbone of Japan'seconomic power!


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Are you going to have karaoke, too?カラオケもありますか。カラオケもありますか。

English Japanese

1 Are you going to have karaoke, too? カラオケもありますか。カラオケもありますか。 (karaoke mo arimasu ka.)

2 We are going to have karaoke. カラオケがあります。カラオケがあります。 (karaoke ga arimasu.)

3 We are going to have karaoke, too. カラオケもあります。カラオケもあります。 (karaoke mo arimasu.)

4 もも in カラオケもありますカラオケもあります is equivalent to "too," "also," or "either" in English. Please note that もも isa particle--that is, it usually appears right after a noun or a noun phrase!　　

5

カラオケカラオケ (karaoke) once was a side entertainment for bar customers, but it has evolved into anational pastime in Japan! Portable karaoke machines allow people to turn any gathering into akaraoke party. Die-hard enthusiasts can also go to カラオケボックスカラオケボックス (Karaoke Box), a place withsmall sound-proof rooms where you and your friends can sing your hearts out without worryingabout other people's reactions!

6 of course もちろんもちろん (mochiron)

7 Of course we have karaoke, too. もちろんカラオケもあります。もちろんカラオケもあります。 (mochiron karaoke mo arimasu.)

8 Karaoke? Of course! カラオケですか。もちろんです！カラオケですか。もちろんです！ (karaoke desu ka. mochiron desu!)

9 tennis テニステニス (tenisu)

10 I'll play tennis. (I'll do tennis.)

テニスをします。テニスをします。 (tenisu o shimasu.)

11 golf ゴルフゴルフ (gorufu)

12 I'll play golf. ゴルフをします。ゴルフをします。 (gorufu o shimasu.)

13 I'll play tennis tomorrow. I'll play golf, too.あしたテニスをします。ゴルフもします。あしたテニスをします。ゴルフもします。 (ashita tenisu o shimasu. gorufu moshimasu.)

14 both tennis and golf テニスもゴルフもテニスもゴルフも (tenisu mo gorufu mo)

15 X もも Y もも is equivalent to "both X and Y" or "neither X nor Y" in English.

16 I played both tennis and golf yesterday. きのう、テニスもゴルフもしました。きのう、テニスもゴルフもしました。 (ki-noo, tenisu mo gorufu mo shimashita.)

17 Japanese pinball パチンコパチンコ (pachinko)



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English Japanese

18パチンコパチンコ is a noisy pinball-meets-slot-machine game with colorful, mesmerizing designs. It's avery popular form of entertainment for adults, and you'll see garishly decorated パチンコやパチンコや(pachinko parlors) in every town you visit in Japan!

19 mahjong マージャンマージャン (maajan)

20マージャンマージャン is a Chinese game usually played with four participants. Though its popularity haswaned in the U.S., マージャンマージャン is still popular among Japanese men. Though not as visible as パチパチンコやンコや , you'll find じゃんそうじゃんそう (mahjong parlors) in most Japanese towns.

21 neither Japanese pinball nor mahjong パチンコもマージャンもパチンコもマージャンも (pachinko mo maajan mo)

22 My father plays neither Japanese pinball normahjong.

ちちはパチンコもマージャンもしません。ちちはパチンコもマージャンもしません。 (chichi wa pachinko mo maajan moshimasen.)

23Did you notice that we use the expression "X もも Y もも" (neither X nor Y) with the negative form ofverb, but it does not form double-negative? It's similar to the usage of あまりあまり ("not very much" or"not very well").

24

Typical middle-aged Japanese businessmen or サラリーマンサラリーマン spend long hours with theircoworkers and/or clients. After a day's work they go out together to bars to entertain their clientsor each other. Some nights, they might prefer to play mahjong or Japanese pinball games (パチパチンコンコ). On the weekends, they may play golf with their clients on the company tab. When theyfinally get home, tired サラリーマンサラリーマン usually take a nap or watch TV to relax!


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I like tennis. わたしはテニスがすきです。わたしはテニスがすきです。English Japanese

1 I like tennis. (As for me, I like tennis.)

わたしはテニスがすきです。わたしはテニスがすきです。 (watashi wa tenisu ga suki desu.)

2 like すきですすきです (suki desu)

3 When we want to say "(I) like" in Japanese, we say すきですすきです . Please note that すきすき is a なな-adjectivethat is equivalent to "fond" or "favorite" in English.

4 I like tennis. テニスがすきです。テニスがすきです。 (tenisu ga suki desu.)

5Did you notice that we need to use the particle がが to say テニスがすきですテニスがすきです (I like tennis)? As inthe case of ありますあります or いますいます (have), すきですすきです use がが , not をを , to mark the object. Let'smemorize "Xがすきですがすきです" (I like X) as a set phrase!

6 baseball やきゅうやきゅう (yakyuu)

7For Japanese males over 30, the most popular sport to watch on TV is やきゅうやきゅう (baseball),whether it's プロやきゅうプロやきゅう (professional baseball) or こうこうやきゅうこうこうやきゅう (high school baseball). Younger men prefer サッカーサッカー (soccer), and women generally prefer フィギュアスケートフィギュアスケート (figureskating) and バレーボールバレーボール (volleyball).

8 love だいすきですだいすきです (daisuki desu.)

9だいだい in だいすきですだいすきです literally means "big" or "great." When combined with すきですすきです , it works like"very much." The English equivalent of "Xがだいすきですがだいすきです ," therefore, is "(I) like X very much" or"(I) love X"!

10 My husband loves baseball. おっとはやきゅうがだいすきです。おっとはやきゅうがだいすきです。 (otto wa yakyuu ga daisuki desu.)

11 sports スポーツスポーツ (supootsu)

12 hate きらいですきらいです (kirai desu)

13きらいきらい is a なな-adjective, which can mean "hateful," "disgusting," "offensive," or "detestable"--anything that is the opposite of すきすき ("fond" or "favorite")! To say "(I) hate," we say きらいですきらいです . Ifyou want to emphasize your negative feelings even more, you can say だいきらいですだいきらいです!

14 My wife hates sports. つまはスポーツがきらいです。つまはスポーツがきらいです。 (tuma wa supootsu ga kirai desu.)

15 don't like すきじゃありませんすきじゃありません (suki ja arimasen)

16

Do you remember that Japanese people try to avoid strong statements especially when they haveto give a negative answer to a question? When we are asked about our preference, it's probablybetter to avoid strong words such as きらいきらい ("hate" or "dislike") even though that might be theway you actually feel. One way to soften the impact of your statement is to use a negative formsuch as すきじゃありませんすきじゃありません (I don't like).



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English Japanese

17 don't like very much あまりすきじゃありませんあまりすきじゃありません (amari suki ja arimasen)

18 Did you remember that あまりあまり ("not very" or "not much") is only used in a negative sentence, butit does not make the sentence double-negative?

19 professional wrestling プロレスプロレス (puroresu)

20 neither my husband nor I おっともわたしもおっともわたしも (otto mo watashi mo )

21 Neither my husband nor I like professionalwrestling very much.

おっともわたしもプロレスがあまりすきじゃあおっともわたしもプロレスがあまりすきじゃありません。りません。 (otto mo watashi mo puroresu ga amarisuki ja arimasen.)

22 Now let's use the simple yet discreet way to give a negative answer.

23 I don't care for professional wrestling much... (Professional wrestling is a little bit....)

プロレスはちょっと・・・。プロレスはちょっと・・・。 (puroresu wa chotto....)

24 sumo wrestling すもうすもう (sumoo)

25 I like sumo, but (As for sumo, I like it, but)

すもうはすきですがすもうはすきですが (sumoo wa suki desu ga)

26Did you notice that we used the particle はは instead of がが in すもうはすきですがすもうはすきですが (I like sumo,but...)? In a two-part sentence such as "I like X, but I don't like Y," we use the particle はは for bothparts to emphasize that we are contrasting two things.

27 I'm sorry. I like sumo, but I don't care forprofessional wrestling much....

すみません。すもうはすきですが、プロレスはすみません。すもうはすきですが、プロレスはちょっと・・・。ちょっと・・・。 (sumimasen. sumoo wa suki desu ga,puroresu wa chotto....)

28

すもうすもう is a form of wrestling with its roots in ancient Shinto rituals in Japan. In a すもうすもう match,two wrestlers (りきしりきし), who are clad only with stiff thongs called まわしまわし , fight in a sandy ring calledどひょうどひょう . The one who successfully pushes the other off the ring or lets any part of theopponent's body (except for his soles) touch the ground wins. The popularity of professional すもすもうう is said to be waning, but it's still holding up among older generations.


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Because we all like karaoke.みんなカラオケがすきですから。みんなカラオケがすきですから。

English Japanese

1 Because we all like karaoke. みんなカラオケがすきですから。みんなカラオケがすきですから。 (min-na karaoke ga suki desu kara.)

2 We like karaoke. カラオケがすきです。カラオケがすきです。 (karaoke ga suki desu.)

3 We all like karaoke. みんなカラオケがすきです。みんなカラオケがすきです。 (min-na karaoke ga suki desu.)

4 because からから (kara)

5からから connects two sentences together by appearing at the end of the first sentence and indicatesthat the first sentence is the cause or reason for the second sentence. It's equivalent to"because," "since" or "so" in English. In conversations, the second sentence (one that tells theeffect or result) is often omitted and only implied.

6 often よくよく (yoku)

7 I often play mahjong. よくマージャンをします。よくマージャンをします。 (yoku maajan o shimasu.)

8 enjoyable おもしろいおもしろい (omoshiroi)

9 Do you remember that the equivalent of "funny" in Japanese is おもしろいおもしろい? おもしろいおもしろい can alsomean "enjoyable" or "interesting."

10 Because it is enjoyable, I often play mahjong.おもしろいですから、よくマージャンをしまおもしろいですから、よくマージャンをします。す。 (omoshiroi desu kara, yoku maajan oshimasu.)

11 a practice れんしゅうれんしゅう (renshuu )

12 to practice (to do practice)

れんしゅうするれんしゅうする (renshuu suru)

13 Did you notice that れんしゅうするれんしゅうする (to practice) is a compound verb using the noun れんしゅうれんしゅう (apractice) and the generic verb するする (to do)?

14 practice れんしゅうしますれんしゅうします (renshuu shimasu)

15 every day まいにちまいにち (mai-nichi)

16 I practice every day. まいにちれんしゅうします。まいにちれんしゅうします。 (mai-nichi renshuu shimasu.)

17 Because I like golf, I practice it every day.ゴルフがすきですから、まいにちれんしゅうしゴルフがすきですから、まいにちれんしゅうします。ます。 (gorufu ga suki desu kara, mai-nichirenshuu shimasu.)


54







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English Japanese

18 We are going to have a party tomorrow. あしたパーティーをします。あしたパーティーをします。 (ashita paatii o shimasu.)

19 why どうしてどうして (dooshite)

20 Why are you going to have a party tomorrow? どうしてあしたパーティーをしますか。どうしてあしたパーティーをしますか。 (dooshite ashita paatii o shimasu ka.)

21 Because tomorrow is my mother's birthday. あしたは、ははのたんじょうびですから。あしたは、ははのたんじょうびですから。 (ashita wa, haha no tanjoobi desu kara.)


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Chapter 4: Dating 101 デート入門デート入門

Chapter 4: Dating 101

Conversational GoalsAsk or Tell the TimeInquire about Somebody's HabitsOffer an ExplanationPresent Yourself ModestlyStrike Up a Conversation

Grammar GoalsAdd Counters for Time to NumbersUnderstand Different Functions of the ParticleととUse the "なな-adjective or Noun + なんですなんです"Form to Offer an ExplanationUse the Particle でで to Indicate the Place ofAction


Excuse me. Is someone sitting here? すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。 (sumimasen. koko, dareka imasu ka.)

No. Go ahead. いいえ。どうぞ。いいえ。どうぞ。 (iie. doozo.)

Thanks. It's terribly crowded, isn't it! どうもありがとう。すごいひとですね。どうもありがとう。すごいひとですね。 (doomo arigatoo. sugoi hito desu ne.)

Yes. Are you by yourself? ええ。おひとりですか。ええ。おひとりですか。 (ee. o-hitori desu ka.)

No. As a matter of fact, I'm here for a blind dateparty, but I'm a poor dancer.

いいえ、ごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてないいえ、ごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてなんです。んです。 (iie, gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)

Oh? Same here. My name is Takashi. What'syours?

へえ、ぼくもですよ。ぼくはたかしといいます。へえ、ぼくもですよ。ぼくはたかしといいます。おなまえは？おなまえは？ (hee, boku mo desu yo. boku wa takashi toiimasu. o-namae wa?)

I'm Yoko. Nice to meet you. ようこです。どうぞよろしく。ようこです。どうぞよろしく。 (yooko desu. doozo yoroshiku.)

It's noisy here, isn't it! Why don't we have coffee orsomething at the cafe next door?

ここはうるさいですね。となりのカフェでコーここはうるさいですね。となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。ヒーでものみませんか。 (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no kafe dekoohii demo nomimasen ka.)

いいですね！そうしましょう。いいですね！そうしましょう。


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Sounds good! Let's do so. いいですね！そうしましょう。いいですね！そうしましょう。 (ii desu ne! soo shimashoo.)


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Is someone sitting here? ここ、だれかいますか。ここ、だれかいますか。English Japanese

1 Is someone sitting here? (Is there someone here?)

ここ、だれかいますか。ここ、だれかいますか。 (koko, dare ka imasu ka.)

2 In everyday conversation, the particle にに in ここにここに (here) is often omitted. Let's try it!

3

You have learned that Japanese people usually don't greet or talk to total strangers. Don't think,however, that you'll be lonely while visiting Japan! It all depends on opportunities--where you areand whom you are with. The easiest way to meet many people and make new friends is to visitpopular nightclubs, local festivals, or outdoor concerts, where various people gather together withopen minds and a common goal: to have fun!

4 someone or anyone だれかだれか (dareka)

5 There is someone. だれかいます。だれかいます。 (dareka imasu.)

6Do you remember we used the particle がが to mark the subject of verbs as in こいがいますこいがいます (Thereare carp)? In everyday conversations, the particle がが is often omitted when the subject of thesentence is だれかだれか (someone) or its counterpart なにかなにか (something).

7 Is there someone? だれかいますか。だれかいますか。 (dareka imasu ka.)

8 Is there someone here? ここにだれかいますか。ここにだれかいますか。 (koko ni dareka imasu ka.)

9 Um, excuse me. Is someone sitting here?あのう、すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。あのう、すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。(anoo, sumimasen. koko, dareka imasuka.)

10 there is not (when referring to living creatures) いませんいません (imasen)

11 no one だれもだれも (daremo)

12 Please note that though だれもだれも means "no one" or "nobody," it must be used with the negativeform of a verb in a sentence.

13 There is no one. だれもいません。だれもいません。 (daremo imasen.)

14 Did you notice that we don't need the particle がが after だれもだれも?

15 Go ahead. どうぞ。どうぞ。 (doozo.)

16 So far, we have used どうぞどうぞ to mean "Here you go," "Please come in," or "Please get on." We canalso use どうぞどうぞ to allow someone to take an action. It's equivalent to "Go ahead" or "Please do"!

17 No, there is no one. Go ahead. いいえ、だれもいません。どうぞ。いいえ、だれもいません。どうぞ。 (iie, daremo imasen. doozo.)



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English Japanese

18 boyfriend (he/him)

かれかれ (kare)

19Do you remember that Japanese people usually avoid using pronouns as long as the contextallows it? かれかれ literally means "he" or "him," but it is often used to mean a very special "he"--(one's) boyfriend!

20 my boyfriend's seat かれのせきかれのせき (kare no seki)

21 I'm sorry. That is my boyfriend's seat. すみません。そこはかれのせきです。すみません。そこはかれのせきです。 (sumimasen. soko wa kare no seki desu.)

22 Did you use the pointing word そこそこ (that place) instead of それそれ (that thing) to point to せきせき (seat),which is considered as a place rather than an object?

23

In Japanese, terms of endearment such as "Honey" or "Sweetheart" are almost non-existent. Unmarried couples call each other by their first names or nicknames. Wives may call theirhusbands あなたあなた (literally, "You"), which is perhaps the closest thing to "Honey" in English. Morecommonly, wives call their husbands おとうさんおとうさん (Father) or パパパパ (Papa) while husbands call theirwives おかあさんおかあさん (Mother) or ママママ (Mom)--depending on how their children call them!


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Are you by yourself? おひとりですか。おひとりですか。English Japanese

1 Are you by yourself? おひとりですか。おひとりですか。 (ohitori desu ka.)

2 being by oneself ひとりひとり (hitori)

3Do you remember that we count people as ひとりひとり (one person), ふたりふたり (two people), さんにんさんにん(three people), and so on? ひとりひとり can also mean "(being) single," "(being) alone," or "(being) byoneself"!

4 is/am/are by oneself ひとりですひとりです (hitori desu)

5 Are you by yourself? ひとりですか。ひとりですか。 (hitori desu ka.)

6 being by oneself おひとりおひとり (ohitori)

7 Yes, I'm by myself. ええ、ひとりです。ええ、ひとりです。 (ee, hitori desu.)

8 No, I'm not by myself. いいえ、ひとりじゃありません。いいえ、ひとりじゃありません。 (iie, hitori ja arimasen.)

9 with my boyfriend かれとかれと (kare to)

10So far we have used the particle とと as the Japanese equivalent of "and," as in ちちとははちちとはは (fatherand mother). The same particle has another function: in the phrase かれとかれと , とと means "with" inEnglish!

11 I'm together with my boyfriend. かれといっしょです。かれといっしょです。 (kare to issho desu.)

12 Did you notice that we don't need the particle にに when we use the word いっしょいっしょ (being together)along with ですです , as in かれといっしょですかれといっしょです (I'm together with my boyfriend)?

13 girlfriend かのじょかのじょ (kanojo)

14 Like かれかれ ("[one's] boyfriend"; literally, "he" or "him"), かのじょかのじょ is the pronoun for "she" or "her,"but is often used to mean "(one's) girlfriend"!

15 No, I'm not by myself. I'm together with mygirlfriend, you know.

いいえ、ひとりじゃありません。かのじょといいえ、ひとりじゃありません。かのじょといっしょですよ。いっしょですよ。 (iie, hitori ja arimasen. kanojo to isshodesu yo.)

16

"Love" in Japanese is あいあい , and the standard translation for "I love you" is あいしていますあいしています (literally,"am loving"). This expression, however, sounds rather foreign to native speakers. The morecommon and natural-sounding expression for confession of love is すきですすきです (literally, "like"). Established Japanese couples, by the way, don't tell each other "I love you" as often as Americansdo. For most Japanese, true love is something that should be understood without words!


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Is this your first time to come to this place ofbusiness?このみせははじめてですか。このみせははじめてですか。

English Japanese

1Is this your first time to come to this place ofbusiness? (As for this place of business, is it for the firsttime?)

このみせははじめてですか。このみせははじめてですか。 (kono mise wa hajimete desu ka.)

2You have already learned that most Japanese don't walk up to a total stranger and introducethemselves. If you want to make new friends in Japan, start with small talk. Commenting on yoursurroundings (such as the weather or the size of the crowd) is an age-old icebreaker, and so isasking about the person's familiarity with the particular place you are both in!

3 for the first time はじめてはじめて (hajimete)

4 It's my first time. (It is for the first time.)

はじめてです。はじめてです。 (hajimete desu.)

5 store or place of business みせみせ (mise)

6

みせみせ is a generic term for a place of business that is open for customers, including retail stores,restaurants, and bars. Native speakers often use the term whenever they assume that theirlisteners understand which place of business they are talking about. It's one of those words thatis very simple and useful, but it's hard to find an English equivalent! For convenience, let's use a"place of business" for its English translation even though it may sound a bit strange.

7 this place of business このみせこのみせ (kono mise)

8 Yes, it's my first time. ええ、はじめてです。ええ、はじめてです。 (ee, hajimete desu.)

9 No, it's not my first time. いいえ、はじめてじゃありません。いいえ、はじめてじゃありません。 (iie, hajimete ja arimasen.)

10 the second time にかいめにかいめ (nikaime )

11かいめかいめ in にかいめにかいめ (the second time) is the counter indicating the status of the current action inregard to the frequency. Please note that in order to say "(for) the first time" in Japanese, weoften say はじめてはじめて without using the combination of the number and the counter.

12 This is my second time. にかいめです。にかいめです。 (nikaime desu.)

13 the third time さんかいめさんかいめ (sankaime)

14 No, it's not my first time. It's my third time.いいえ、はじめてじゃありません。さんかいめいいえ、はじめてじゃありません。さんかいめです。です。 (iie, hajimete ja arimasen. sankaimedesu.)

15 to come くるくる (kuru)


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English Japanese

16 come きますきます (kimasu)

17 Do you come often? よくきますか。よくきますか。 (yoku kimasu ka.)

18 night club クラブクラブ (kurabu)

19 Do you come to this club often? (As for this club, do you come often?)

このクラブはよくきますか。このクラブはよくきますか。 (kono kurabu wa yoku kimasu ka.)

20 Yes, I come often. ええ、よくきます。ええ、よくきます。 (ee, yoku kimasu.)

21 あまりあまり ("not very" or "not much") can also mean "not very often." Let's use it in this way in thenext question!

22 No, I don't come very often. いいえ、あまりきません。いいえ、あまりきません。 (iie, amari kimasen.)

23 sometimes ときどきときどき (tokidoki)

24 I come sometimes. ときどききます。ときどききます。 (tokidoki kimasu.)

25 together with my boyfriend かれといっしょにかれといっしょに (kare to issho ni)

26The two expressions "X とと" (with X) and "X といっしょにといっしょに" (together with X) mean the same thing. We can use them interchangeably to indicate that X is the person with whom you share an action,such as going to a club or watching a movie.

27 I come sometimes together with myboyfriend.

かれといっしょにときどききます。かれといっしょにときどききます。 (kare to issho ni tokidoki kimasu.)

28 with whom だれとだれと (dare to)

29 With whom do you come? だれときますか。だれときますか。 (dare to kimasu ka.)

30 my coworkers, my friends, and others かいしゃのひとたちやともだちかいしゃのひとたちやともだち (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi)

31 I come with my coworkers, my friends, andothers, you know.

かいしゃのひとたちやともだちときますよ。かいしゃのひとたちやともだちときますよ。 (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi tokimasu yo.)

32

From the 1970s to the early 1990s, the ディスコディスコ (discotheque) was the rage all over Japan. Today, the name of ディスコディスコ has become a thing of the past. It's now called a クラブクラブ (nightclub),and that's the place young crowds gather for dancing. If you are planning to visit one, bewarethat there is another kind of クラブクラブ in Japan. These are expensive nightclubs staffed with kimono-clad hostesses, where the bill for a sip of whiskey might bust your entire travel budget!


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As a matter of fact, I am a poor dancer.ダンスがにがてなんです。ダンスがにがてなんです。

English Japanese

1 As a matter of fact, I am a poor dancer. (As a matter of fact, I am poor at dancing.)

ダンスがにがてなんです。ダンスがにがてなんです。 (dansu ga nigate nandesu.)

2 poor at にがてにがて (nigate)

3 にがてにがて is a なな-adjective we can use to describe our weak points. It's equivalent to "poor at" or"weak in" in English!

4 I am poor at it. にがてです。にがてです。 (nigate desu.)

5 As a matter of fact, I am poor at it. にがてなんです。にがてなんです。 (nigate nandesu.)

6

When you say にがてですにがてです , you are simply stating (or "reporting") that you are not good atsomething. When you say にがてなんですにがてなんです , however, you are offering the fact to your listener asan explanation for your action or your previous remark. The ending なんですなんです , attached to eithernouns, なな-adjectives, or adverbs, adds the nuance of "as a matter of fact" or "to tell you the truth"to the sentence. For the sake of convenience, let's call this mode of speech the "explanationmode"!

7 dancing ダンスダンス (dansu)

8 I am poor at dancing. ダンスがにがてです。ダンスがにがてです。 (dansu ga nigate desu.)

9Do you remember the expression にほんごがじょうずですにほんごがじょうずです (You are good at Japanese) or テニステニスがすきですがすきです (I like tennis)? As in the case of じょうずですじょうずです or すきですすきです , we use the particle がが toindicate the object of にがてですにがてです--that is, what we are poor at --as in ダンスがにがてですダンスがにがてです .

10 I hate sports. スポーツがきらいです。スポーツがきらいです。 (supootsu ga kirai desu.)

11 As a matter of fact, I hate sports. スポーツがきらいなんです。スポーツがきらいなんです。 (supootsu ga kirai nandesu.)

12 neither tennis nor golf テニスもゴルフもテニスもゴルフも (tenisu mo gorufu mo)

13 I play neither tennis nor golf. As a matter offact, I hate sports.

テニスもゴルフもしません。スポーツがきらいテニスもゴルフもしません。スポーツがきらいなんです。なんです。 (tenisu mo gorufu mo shimasen.supootsu ga kirai nandesu.)

14 blind-date party ごうコンごうコン (gookon)

15

コンパコンパ (a slang derived from the English word "company") is a form of a party popular with youngpeople, particularly college students. They go out to a pub or restaurant with classmates or clubmembers and enjoy each other's company over food and drinks. When コンパコンパ is organized tomeet new people of the opposite sex, it's called a ごうどうコンパごうどうコンパ (literally, "joint コンパコンパ") or ごうごうコンコン in short. The closest English equivalent would be a "blind-date party"!



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English Japanese

16 It's a blind-date party. ごうコンです。ごうコンです。 (gookon desu.)

17 As a matter of fact, it's a blind-date party. ごうコンなんです。ごうコンなんです。 (gookon nandesu.)

18 As a matter of fact, it's a blind-date party, butI am a poor dancer.

ごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてなんでごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてなんです。す。 (gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)

19 Me, too. (I am too.)

わたしもです。わたしもです。 (watashi mo desu.)

20 Oh? へえ？へえ？ (hee?)

21 へえ？へえ？ is a casual way to express your surprise or doubt. It's equivalent to "Indeed?" "Really?" or"Oh?" in English!

22 Can you answer the next question using the casual "I" for a male speaker?

23 Oh, is that so? Me, too. へえ、そうですか。ぼくもです。へえ、そうですか。ぼくもです。 (hee, soo desu ka. boku mo desu.)

24

Once upon a time, みあいみあい or おみあいおみあい , chaperoned dates arranged by relatives or family friendswho acted as matchmakers, was the way to find one's better half in Japan. Today, less than 10%of marriages go through such a traditional method while "love matches" have become the norm. The concept of おみあいおみあい , however, seems to still be thriving. おみあいパーティーおみあいパーティー , organizedcollective dating similar to speed dating in the US, has become a big business all over Japan!


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My name is Takashi. ぼくはたかしといいます。ぼくはたかしといいます。English Japanese

1 My name is Takashi. (As for me, I am called Takashi.)

ぼくはたかしといいます。ぼくはたかしといいます。 (boku wa takashi to iimasu.)

2

You have met someone whom you want to be friends with. You approach him or her and strike upan innocent conversation. After making small talk for some time, you are ready to introduceyourself and find out the person's name. If you find yourself in such a scenario, it sounds morenatural and polite to tell your name in an indirect manner, using the expression わたしはわたしは X といいといいますます . It's equivalent to "My name is X," but you are actually saying, "I'm called X"!

3 to say いういう (yuu)

4 is/am/are called といいますといいます (to iimasu)

5Do you remember the expression 「うに」といいます「うに」といいます (We call it "uni")? といいますといいます is a commonexpression we use to introduce the name of a thing or a person in somewhat indirect manner. It'sequivalent to "is/am/are called ~" or "we call (something) ~." Let's memorize it as a phrase sothat all we have to do is to insert the name before とと!

6 I'm called Takashi. たかしといいます。たかしといいます。 (takashi to iimasu.)

7 My name is Takashi. What's your name? ぼくはたかしといいます。おなまえは？ぼくはたかしといいます。おなまえは？ (boku wa takashi to iimasu. onamae wa?)

8 I'm Yoko. Nice to meet you. ようこです。どうぞよろしく。ようこです。どうぞよろしく。 (yooko desu. doozo yoroshiku.)

9

Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer to be asked out by men rather than asking men outthemselves. It does not mean, however, that Japanese women are all shy and passive--especiallyyounger generations! In fact, as more women strive for economic independence, they have alsobecome more assertive in relationships. More men, on the other hand, are said to have becomegentler and more passive. Such males are sometimes called そうしょくけいそうしょくけい--a "herbivorouskind"!

10Though we often get by without using any pronouns such as わたしわたし (I or me) or あなたあなた (you) inJapanese, sometimes we have to be specific to avoid misunderstandings or mix-ups--especially inrelationships! In the following questions, let's clearly state whose boyfriend we are talking about!

11 my boyfriend わたしのかれわたしのかれ (watashi no kare)

12 My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. (As for my boyfriend, he is called Ichiro.)

わたしのかれはいちろうといいます。わたしのかれはいちろうといいます。 (watashi no kare)

13 wonderful すてきすてき (suteki)

14 すてきすてき is a なな-adjective that means "wonderful," "lovely," or "nice."



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English Japanese

15 a wonderful person すてきなひとすてきなひと (sutekina hito)

16 Did you remember to add なな and say すてきなひとすてきなひと since すてきすてき is a なな-adjective?

17 My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. He is awonderful person, you know!

わたしのかれはいちろうといいます。すてきなわたしのかれはいちろうといいます。すてきなひとですよ！ひとですよ！ (watashi no kare wa ichiroo to iimasu.sutekina hito desu yo!)

18In general, Japanese people are modest and try not to sound boastful. People in love, however,can't help talking proudly about their partners--even in Japan! Such affectionate remarks arecalled のろけのろけ or おのろけおのろけ and are generally well-tolerated among good friends.

19

While mild のろけのろけ (affectionate boasting about one's partner) is kindly received among friends,public display of affection by couples is not well-tolerated in Japan. Holding hands is ok, but publickissing and hugging would compel people around you to avert their eyes quickly or stare at you asif you are characters from an American TV show. Either way, it's not very pleasant for any of theparties involved. Let's do in Japan as the Japanese do and be modest in your actions!


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Why don't we have coffee or something at the cafenext-door?となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。

English Japanese

1 Why don't we have coffee or something at thecafe next-door?

となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。(tonari no kafe de koohii demonomimasen ka.)

2 to drink のむのむ (nomu)

3 drink のみますのみます (nomimasu)

4 I drink coffee. コーヒーをのみます。コーヒーをのみます。 (koohii o nomimasu.)

5 Why don't we have coffee? (Why don't we drink coffee?)

コーヒーをのみませんか。コーヒーをのみませんか。 (koohii o nomimasen ka.)

6 cafe カフェカフェ (kafe)

7

The Japanese term for "coffee shop" is きっさてんきっさてん (literally, "drinking-tea shop"), but the term isfast becoming obsolete while カフェカフェ (cafe) has become quite popular. Strictly speaking, カフェカフェand きっさてんきっさてん are different: カフェカフェ serves alcohol while きっさてんきっさてん doesn't. However, even non-alcohol coffee shops often call themselves カフェカフェ or コーヒーハウスコーヒーハウス (coffee house), hoping tocreate more sophisticated images with the use of the "borrowed" words!

8 cafe next-door (cafe at the next-door)

となりのカフェとなりのカフェ (tonari no kafe)

9Can you see the difference between となりのカフェとなりのカフェ and カフェのとなりカフェのとなり? While となりのカフェとなりのカフェ(literally, "cafe at the next-door") describes the cafe in regard to its location, カフェのとなりカフェのとなり(literally, "the next-door of the cafe") indicates the location of something else in relation to thecafe.

10 Why don't we have coffee at the cafe next-door?

となりのカフェでコーヒーをのみませんか。となりのカフェでコーヒーをのみませんか。 (tonari no kafe de koohii o nomimasenka.)

11

Did you notice that we need to use the particle でで and say となりのカフェでとなりのカフェで? This is the sameparticle we learned to use in the sentence ここでおりますここでおります (I'm getting off at this place). Theparticle でで attaches itself to a noun denoting a place, just as the particle にに does, and works as"at," "in," or "on" in English. While にに indicates the place where something or someone exists, ででindicates the place where some action takes place.

12 coffee or something コーヒーでもコーヒーでも (koohii demo)

13

When we want to give an example while making a suggestion, we use でもでも , instead of the particleをを , after the noun. For instance, when suggesting that someone join us for refreshments, we canpick コーヒーコーヒー (coffee) as an example out of other drinks available and say コーヒーでもコーヒーでも , whichmeans "coffee or something" or "coffee, for example." Please note that this でもでも is different fromでもでも that means "but"!

14 Why don't we have coffee or something? コーヒーでものみませんか。コーヒーでものみませんか。 (koohii demo nomimasen ka.)


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15 noisy うるさいうるさい (urusai)



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English Japanese

16 It is noisy. うるさいです。うるさいです。 (urusai desu.)

17 This place is noisy, isn't it! ここはうるさいですね。ここはうるさいですね。 (koko wa urusai desu ne.)

18 the place of business next-door となりのみせとなりのみせ (tonari no mise)

19 tea or something おちゃでもおちゃでも (ocha demo)

20This place is noisy, isn't it! Why don't we havetea or something at the place of businessnext-door?

ここはうるさいですね。となりのみせでおちゃここはうるさいですね。となりのみせでおちゃでものみませんか。でものみませんか。 (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no misede ocha demo nomimasen ka.)

21

When people say おちゃでものみませんかおちゃでものみませんか (Why don't we have tea or something?), chances arethat they are not really thinking of a cup of green tea or even black tea. It's an idiomaticexpression native speakers use to mean "Let's have a break." It's also an age-old pick-up lineadopted by guys on the streets! Nowadays, young people often opt for the pseudo-verb おちゃすおちゃするる (literally, "to do tea"), saying おちゃしませんかおちゃしませんか or more casually, おちゃしない？おちゃしない？

22 terrible or amazing すごいすごい (sugoi)

23 terribly crowded (amazing person)

すごいひとすごいひと (sugoi hito)

24 すごいひとすごいひと can mean either an "amazing person" or "terribly crowded." Let's use it in the lattersense here!

25 It's terribly crowded, isn't it! すごいひとですね。すごいひとですね。 (sugoi hito desu ne.)

26 bar バーバー (baa)

27 bar across the street (bar on the opposite side)

むかいのバーむかいのバー (mukai no baa)

28 むかいのバーむかいのバー can mean either "the bar across the street" or "the bar across the hallway (oraisle)."

29 cocktail カクテルカクテル (kakuteru)

30It's terribly crowded, isn't it! Why don't we havecocktails or something at the bar across thestreet?

すごいひとですね。むかいのバーでカクテルですごいひとですね。むかいのバーでカクテルでものみませんか。ものみませんか。 (sugoi hito desu ne. mukai no baa dekakuteru demo nomimasen ka.)

31 I'll do so. そうします。そうします。 (soo shimasu.)

32 Let's do so. そうしましょう。そうしましょう。 (soo shimashoo.)

33 It sounds good! Let's do so. いいですね！そうしましょう。いいですね！そうしましょう。 (ii desu ne! soo shimashoo.)


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English Japanese

34Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer paying their own way when they wine and dine withfriends--whether these friends are male or female. However, when asked out by men for the firsttime, many women probably expect their dates to pay the whole tab. "Going Dutch" in Japaneseis わりかんわりかん . If you want to suggest to split the cost, you can say わりかんにしましょうわりかんにしましょう!


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What time is it now? いま、なんじですか。いま、なんじですか。English Japanese

1 What time is it now? いま、なんじですか。いま、なんじですか。 (ima, nanji desu ka.)

2 what time (what o'clock)

なんじなんじ (nanji)

3 じじ in なんじなんじ is the counter for the hour. It's equivalent to "o'clock" in English!

4 What time is it? なんじですか。なんじですか。 (nanji desu ka.)

5 now いまいま (ima)

6Asking the time is the simplest and most innocent way to strike up a conversation with astranger. It can also be a convenient segue for a safe retreat after you have decided that yournew acquaintance is not the right one for you!

7 three o'clock さんじさんじ (sanji)

8 It's three o'clock now. いま、さんじです。いま、さんじです。 (ima, sanji desu.)

9 four o'clock よじよじ (yoji)

10 Did you notice that the pronunciation of よんよん (four) changes when it's used to tell the hour?

11 half (referring to time period) はんはん (han)

12 half past four よじはんよじはん (yoji han)

13 afternoon or p.m. ごごごご (gogo)

14 half past four in the afternoon ごごよじはんごごよじはん (gogo yoji han)

15 seven o'clock しちじしちじ (shichiji )

16

Some Japanese numbers have two different pronunciations. For example, we have so far learned"seven" is なななな , but the same number can be read as しちしち . In general, we can use bothpronunciations interchangeably, but sometimes we have to use a particular one, depending onthe counter that follows it. When we say "seven o'clock," for example, we have to say しちじしちじ . Let'smemorize it and use it as it is!

17 morning or a.m. ごぜんごぜん (gozen)



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English Japanese

18 It's seven o'clock in the morning now. いま、ごぜんしちじです。いま、ごぜんしちじです。 (ima, gozen shichiji desu.)

19 nine o'clock くじくじ (kuji)

20 Like "seven," "nine" in Japanese has two pronunciations: きゅうきゅう and くく . When we tell the hour, wehave to say くじくじ (nine o'clock). Let's memorize this one, too!

21 already もうもう (moo)

22 It's already half past nine. もうくじはんです。もうくじはんです。 (moo kuji han desu.)

23 What!? えっえっ!? (e!?)

24 What!? It's eleven o'clock already? えっえっ!? もうじゅういちじですか。もうじゅういちじですか。 (e!? moo juuichiji desu ka.)

25 to go home かえるかえる (kaeru)

26 かえるかえる means "to return," but we often use it to mean "to go home."

27 go home かえりますかえります (kaerimasu)

28 I'm sorry, but I'm going home. すみませんが、かえります。すみませんが、かえります。 (sumimasen ga, kaerimasu.)

29 Good night. おやすみなさい。おやすみなさい。 (oyasuminasai.)

30 What!? It's twelve o'clock already? I'm sorry,but I'm going home. Good night!

えっえっ!? もうじゅうにじですか。すみませんもうじゅうにじですか。すみませんが、かえります。おやすみなさい！が、かえります。おやすみなさい！ (e!? moo juuniji desu ka. sumimasen ga,kaerimasu. oyasuminasai!)


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Chapter 5: Planning for the Weekend 週末の計画週末の計画

Chapter 5: Planning for the Weekend

Conversational GoalsDiscuss Plans for the WeekendMake AppointmentsName the Days of the WeekRemind Someone to Bring SomethingSuggest What to Do or Where to Go

Grammar GoalsForm the "ますます-form + たいですたいです" PatternRecognize the "ますます-form/Noun + にに + いいくく /くるくる" PatternUse the Particle にに to Indicate the Point ofTime of ActionUse the Particle へへ to Indicate the Direction ofMovement


Do you have any plans for the weekend, Yoko?ようこさん、しゅうまつよていがありますか。ようこさん、しゅうまつよていがありますか。 (yooko san, shuumatsu yotee ga arimasuka.)

No, nothing in particular. いいえ、とくにありません。いいえ、とくにありません。 (iie, toku ni arimasen.)

Well then, why don't we go for a hike on Saturday? じゃあ、どようびハイキングにいきませんか。じゃあ、どようびハイキングにいきませんか。 (jaa, do-yoobi haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)

Sounds good! Where do you want to go? いいですね。どこへいきたいですか。いいですね。どこへいきたいですか。 (ii desu ne. doko e ikitai desu ka.)

How about Mt. Takao? It offers a very fine view,you know.

たかおさんはどうですか。とてもいいけしきですたかおさんはどうですか。とてもいいけしきですよ。よ。 (takaosan wa doo desu ka. totemo ii keshikidesu yo.)

OK. We need tea and box lunch, right?わかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますねわかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますね?(wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo ga irimasune?)

Don't forget your hat and camera, either! ぼうしとカメラもおわすれなく！ぼうしとカメラもおわすれなく！ (booshi to kamera mo owasurenaku!)

Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nine o'clockin the morning.

あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。 (asa, ku-ji ni shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)


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Do you have any plans for the weekend?しゅうまつよていがありますか。しゅうまつよていがありますか。

English Japanese

1 Do you have any plans for the weekend? しゅうまつよていがありますか。しゅうまつよていがありますか。 (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu ka.)

2

Until late 1980s, most businesses and schools in Japan were open for half a day on Saturdays.Today, the しゅうきゅうふつかしゅうきゅうふつか (two-day weekend) has become the norm, and the concept of aweekend has expanded to include not only Saturdays and Sundays but also Friday evenings. Though most Japanese calenders now start with Sundays, many people still think that the first dayof the week is Monday!

3 plan よていよてい (yotee)

4 I have plans. よていがあります。よていがあります。 (yotee ga arimasu.)

5 weekend しゅうまつしゅうまつ (shuumatsu)

6 I have plans for the weekend. しゅうまつよていがあります。しゅうまつよていがあります。 (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu.)

7Did you notice that we don't need any particle after しゅうまつしゅうまつ (weekend) to say "for theweekend"? Most time expressions that do not include specific numbers such as the hour or thedate can be used as they are without particles equivalent to "at," "on," "in," or "for."

8 Monday げつようびげつようび (getsu-yoobi)

9

Japanese terms for the day of the week originate in the ancient Babylonian traditions that hadbeen transmitted to Japan through China in the ninth century. Each term corresponds to theJapanese names for the sun, the moon, and five planets (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, andSaturn). ようよう in ようびようび (the day of the week) literally means "to shine"--a reference to shiningstars--while びび means "day." げつようびげつようび , therefore, literally means the "Moon-shining Day"!

10 Do you have plans for Monday, Yoko?ようこさん、げつようびよていがありますか。ようこさん、げつようびよていがありますか。(yooko san, getsu-yoobi yotee gaarimasu ka.)

11 Tuesday かようびかようび (ka-yoobi)

12 かか in かようびかようび (Tuesday) means "fire," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Mars, かせいかせい(literally, "Fire Star").

13 Wednesday すいようびすいようび (sui-yoobi)

14 すいすい in すいようびすいようび (Wednesday) means "water," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forMercury, すいせいすいせい (literally, "Water Star").

15 Thursday もくようびもくようび (moku-yoobi)

16 もくもく in もくようびもくようび (Thursday) means "wood" or "tree," and it corresponds to the Japanese termfor Jupiter, もくせいもくせい (literally, "Wood Star").

17 Friday きんようびきんようび


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17 Friday (kin-yoobi)



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English Japanese

18 きんきん in きんようびきんようび (Friday) means "metal" or "gold," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forVenus, きんせいきんせい ("Gold Star").

19 Saturday どようびどようび (do-yoobi)

20 どど in どようびどようび (Saturday) means "earth," "soil" or "dirt," and it corresponds to the Japanese termfor Saturn, どせいどせい (literally, "Dirt Star").

21 Sunday にちようびにちようび (nichi-yoobi)

22にちにち in にちようびにちようび (Sunday) means "the sun," just like in English! Please note, however, にちにちitself cannot be used independently to mean the sun. Neither are the corresponding parts inother days of the week such as げつげつ in げつようびげつようび or かか in かようびかようび , except for きんきん (gold) in きんきんようびようび!

23

Here is the simple, yet effective way to memorize all the Japanese terms for the days of the week:say, "げつげつ, かか(ああ), すいすい, もくもく, きんきん, どど(おお), にちにち" (the extra vowels are added after かか and どど forthe sake of the rhythm). Repeat it, like a mantra, until it gets stuck in your head. Then, all youneed to do is to add ようびようび after each component. Make sure, though, to remember that this"week mantra" starts with Monday!

24 things to do ようじようじ (yooji)

25 I have things to do. ようじがあります。ようじがあります。 (yooji ga arimasu.)

26 Do you have things to do on Sunday? にちようびようじがありますか。にちようびようじがありますか。 (nichi-yoobi yooji ga arimasu ka.)

27 No, I don't have any. いいえ、ありません。いいえ、ありません。 (iie, arimasen.)

28 in particular とくにとくに (toku ni)

29 No, nothing in particular. (No, I don't have in particular.)

いいえ、とくにありません。いいえ、とくにありません。 (iie, toku ni arimasen.)

30 busy いそがしいいそがしい (isogashii)

31 I'm busy. いそがしいです。いそがしいです。 (isogashii desu.)

32 free (when referring to one's schedule) ひまひま (hima)

33 I'm free on Friday. (As for Friday, I am free.)

きんようびはひまです。きんようびはひまです。 (kin-yoobi wa hima desu.)

34 Well.... I'm busy on Saturday, but free onSunday.

そうですね・・・。どようびはいそがしいですそうですね・・・。どようびはいそがしいですが、にちようびはひまです。が、にちようびはひまです。 (soo desu ne.... do-yoobi wa isogashiidesu ga, nichi-yoobi wa hima desu.)

35 Did you remember that we use the particle はは as in "Xはは・・・・・・がが、、Yはは・・・・・・" (X is..., but Y is...)when we contrast two statements in one sentence?


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English Japanese

36

In Japan, we officially have Happy Mondays! The ハッピーマンデーせいどハッピーマンデーせいど (Happy Mondayssystem) was introduced in the year 2000, and the government has since changed the dates offour national holidays to Mondays in order to create three-day weekends. These blessed holidaysare せいじんのひせいじんのひ or "Coming-of-Age Day" in January, うみのひうみのひ or "Ocean Day" in July, けいろうのけいろうのひひ or "Respect-for-the-Aged Day" in September, and たいいくのひたいいくのひ or "Physical Education Day" inOctober.


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Why don't we go to a mountain for a hike?やまへハイキングにいきませんか。やまへハイキングにいきませんか。

English Japanese

1 Why don't we go to a mountain for a hike? やまへハイキングにいきませんか。やまへハイキングにいきませんか。 (yama e haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)

2

アウトドアライフアウトドアライフ (outdoor life) has become fashionable among city dwellers in Japan. Unfortunately, there are a very limited number of accessible nature spots close to home. Whether on hiking trails, camping grounds, or fishing spots, those who try to escape the hubbubof city life often find themselves trapped among similarly-minded crowds at their destinations andstuck in traffic jams on the way to and from home!

3 Why don't we go? いきませんか。いきませんか。 (ikimasen ka.)

4 mountain やまやま (yama)

5 to a mountain やまへやまへ (yama e)

6Do you remember the expression とうきょうえきまでとうきょうえきまで (to Tokyo station)? Both までまで and へへ canbe used to indicate a destination, but while までまで emphasizes the end of a movement, like "as faras" in English, the particle へへ puts more emphasis on the direction of movement as in "toward." In this section, let's use へへ as the equivalent of "to" in English!

7 Why don't we go to a mountain? やまへいきませんか。やまへいきませんか。 (yama e ikimasen ka.)

8 for a hike ハイキングにハイキングに (haikingu ni)

9

We have learned to use the particle にに to indicate a location where something exists, as in ここにここにありますあります (It exists here). We can also use the particle にに to express the purpose of movementwith verbs such as いくいく (to go), くるくる (to come), or かえるかえる (to go home). In such a case, the nounthat comes before にに is an activity noun like hiking or shopping. Sometimes, an event such as aconcert or a festival can be used before the particle にに as well.

10 Why don't we go for a hike? ハイキングにいきませんか。ハイキングにいきませんか。 (haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)

11 Why don't we go to the park? こうえんへいきませんか。こうえんへいきませんか。 (kooen e ikimasen ka.)

12 for a walk さんぽにさんぽに (sanpo ni)

13 Why don't we go to the park for a walk onSaturday?

どようびこうえんへさんぽにいきませんか。どようびこうえんへさんぽにいきませんか。 (do-yoobi kooen e sanpo ni ikimasen ka.)

14 river かわかわ (kawa)

15 I'm going to the river with my friends. ともだちとかわへいきます。ともだちとかわへいきます。 (tomodachi to kawa e ikimasu.)



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English Japanese

16 fishing つりつり (tsuri)

17 I'm going to the river with my friends forfishing.

ともだちとかわへつりにいきます。ともだちとかわへつりにいきます。 (tomodachi to kawa e tsuri ni ikimasu.)

18I'm going to the river with my friends forfishing on Sunday. Why don't you come withus?

にちようびともだちとかわへつりにいきます。にちようびともだちとかわへつりにいきます。いっしょにいきませんか。いっしょにいきませんか。 (nichi-yoobi tomodachi to kawa e tsuri niikimasu. issho ni ikimasen ka.)

19

If you want to try some fishing in Japan but have no idea where to go, try つりぼりつりぼり or artificialfishing ponds! There you can rent different kinds of fishing rods with all the necessary accessoriesand catch various fish for an hourly fee. Some つりぼりつりぼり are catch-and-release only; others allowyou to keep what you catch within a certain limit. Some places even rent barbecue pits whereyou can cook the fish you've just caught.


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Let's go to the beach to swim.うみへおよぎにいきましょう。うみへおよぎにいきましょう。

English Japanese

1 Let's go to the beach to swim. うみへおよぎにいきましょう。うみへおよぎにいきましょう。 (umi e oyogi ni ikimashoo.)

2

Japan is an island nation, and even the northern parts of the country have beaches open forswimming in summer. Except for Okinawa, however, the swimming season is usually limited toJuly and August. The short season means...crowded beaches! For example, えのしまえのしま , arguablythe most famous beach near Tokyo, is said to host more than three million people in onesummer!

3 to swim およぐおよぐ (oyogu)

4 swim およぎますおよぎます (oyogimasu)

5 go to swim およぎにいきますおよぎにいきます (oyogi ni ikimasu)

6We have learned that the particle にに indicates the purpose of movement. The word that comesbefore にに can be either an activity noun or a verb! When we use a verb, simply drop ますます fromthe polite form and add にに . For example, to say "I go to swim," we drop ますます from およぎますおよぎます(swim) and say およぎにいきますおよぎにいきます .

7 Let's go to swim. およぎにいきましょう。およぎにいきましょう。 (oyogi ni ikimashoo.)

8 ocean or sea うみうみ (umi)

9 うみうみ means the "ocean" or "sea," but we can also use it to mean the "beach" when we want to say"Let's go to the beach" or "This beach is clean."

10 Let's go to the beach. (Let's go to the ocean.)

うみへいきましょう。うみへいきましょう。 (umi e ikimashoo.)

11 to play or to have fun あそぶあそぶ (asobu)

12 have fun あそびますあそびます (asobimasu)

13 go to have fun あそびにいきますあそびにいきます (asobi ni ikimasu)

14 amusement park ゆうえんちゆうえんち (yuuenchi)

15 We'll go to the amusement park to have fun. ゆうえんちへあそびにいきます。ゆうえんちへあそびにいきます。 (yuuenchi e asobi ni ikimasu.)

16 next Sunday (Sunday of the next time)

こんどのにちようびこんどのにちようび (kondo no nichi-yoobi)



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17 Let's go to the amusement park to have funnext Sunday.

こんどのにちようび、ゆうえんちへあそびにいこんどのにちようび、ゆうえんちへあそびにいきましょう。きましょう。 (kondo no nichi-yoobi, yuuenchi e asobini ikimashoo.)

18Theme parks or テーマパークテーマパーク are big business in Japan. They attract not only families withchildren but also adults who cannot have enough of all the fun rides they offer! The most famousones are とうきょうディズニーランドとうきょうディズニーランド (Tokyo Disneyland) and ディズニーシーディズニーシー (DisneySea) in ううらやすらやす in Chiba Prefecture, which, combined, boast about 25,000,000 visitors a year.

19 to come over for a visit あそびにくるあそびにくる (asobi ni kuru)

20あそびにくるあそびにくる literally means "to come to have fun," but we can use the phrase to mean "to comeover for a visit" when we invite others to our own home. In turn, we can say あそびにいくあそびにいく (literally,"to go to have fun") when we go to someone's home for a visit!

21 Why don't you come over for a visit? あそびにきませんか。あそびにきませんか。 (asobi ni kimasen ka.)

22 next Saturday こんどのどようびこんどのどようび (kondo no do-yoobi)

23 Why don't you come over to my house for avisit next Saturday?

こんどのどようび、うちへあそびにきませんこんどのどようび、うちへあそびにきませんか。か。 (kondo no do-yoobi, uchi e asobi nikimasen ka.)


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Where do you want to go? どこへいきたいですか。どこへいきたいですか。English Japanese

1 Where do you want to go? どこへいきたいですか。どこへいきたいですか。 (doko e ikitai desu ka.)

2 want to go いきたいですいきたいです (ikitai desu)

3

Here is another formula that uses the ますます-form of a verb: when we want to express our desire todo something, we drop ますます from the polite form of the verb and add たいですたいです . For example, いいきたいですきたいです means "(I) want to go." Please note that we cannot use ～たいです～たいです to describe thedesire of the third person. Neither can we use it when we are making offers or issuing invitationsas in "Would you like to have some coffee?"

4 Where do you go? どこへいきますか。どこへいきますか。 (doko e ikimasu ka.)

5 Did you add へへ after the question word どこどこ (where) and say どこへいきますかどこへいきますか (Where do yougo)? We need the particle へへ to indicate the destination, even when we are asking about it!

6 Where do you want to go on the weekend? しゅうまつどこへいきたいですか。しゅうまつどこへいきたいですか。 (shuumatsu doko e ikitai desu ka.)

7 Where do you want to go to swim? どこへおよぎにいきたいですか。どこへおよぎにいきたいですか。 (doko e oyogi ni ikitai desu ka.)

8 What do you want to do? なにをしたいですか。なにをしたいですか。 (nani o shitai desu ka.)

9 evening ばんばん (ban)

10 Friday evening きんようびのばんきんようびのばん (kin-yoobi no ban)

11 What do you want to do on Friday evening? きんようびのばん、なにをしたいですか。きんようびのばん、なにをしたいですか。 (kin-yoobi no ban, nani o shitai desu ka.)

12 want to watch みたいですみたいです (mitai desu)

13 What do you want to watch? なにをみたいですか。なにをみたいですか。 (nani o mitai desu ka.)

14 Now, for the next question, let's pretend that someone has suggested that you go to a movietogether. Can you come up with an enthusiastic response?

15 A movie? It sounds good! What do you want towatch?

えいがですか。いいですね！なにをみたいですえいがですか。いいですね！なにをみたいですか。か。 (eega desu ka. ii desu ne! nani o mitaidesu ka.)


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How about Mt. Takao? たかおさんはどうですか。たかおさんはどうですか。English Japanese

1 How about Mt. Takao? たかおさんはどうですか。たかおさんはどうですか。 (takaosan wa doo desu ka.)

2

Only a one-hour train ride from central Tokyo, たかおさんたかおさん (Mt. Takao) offers popular day-hike trailsthat award hikers with a nice view of ふじさんふじさん (Mt. Fuji). たかおさんたかおさん is only about 2,000 ft. high,but it's the starting point for the 1,000-mile-long Tokai Nature Trails. Besides well-preservedforests and great views, points of interest include the tram and lift rides, a monkey park, a beergarden, and a Buddhist temple with 1,200 years of history!

3 How about ~? (How is it?)

どうですか。どうですか。 (doo desu ka.)

4 We can use どうですかどうですか (literally, "How is it?") not only to ask how something is, but also to make asuggestion, like saying "How about ~?" in English!

5 Mt. Takao たかおさんたかおさん (takaosan)

6Do you remember that the Japanese word for a "mountain" is やまやま? The Chinese character for ややまま (山山) is often read as さんさん when it's used in the names of mountains, as in たかおさんたかおさん (Mt.Takao). It may sound like a person's name, but さんさん in たかおさんたかおさん and さんさん in ようこさんようこさん (Ms.Yoko) are completely different things!

7 It offers a fine view, you know. (It is a fine view, you know.)

いいけしきですよ。いいけしきですよ。 (ii keshiki desu yo.)

8 How about Mt. Takao? It offers a very fineview, you know.

たかおさんはどうですか。とてもいいけしきでたかおさんはどうですか。とてもいいけしきですよ。すよ。 (takaosan wa doo desu ka. totemo iikeshiki desu yo.)

9 famous ゆうめいゆうめい (yuumee)

10 ゆうめいゆうめい ends with いい , but it's a なな-adjective that means "famous" or "well-known."

11 beach ビーチビーチ (biichi)

12 famous beach ゆうめいなビーチゆうめいなビーチ (yuumeena biichi)

13 Enoshima えのしまえのしま (enoshima)

14 How about Enoshima? It's a very famousbeach, you know.

えのしまはどうですか。とてもゆうめいなビーえのしまはどうですか。とてもゆうめいなビーチですよ。チですよ。 (enoshima wa doo desu ka. totemoyuumeena biichi desu yo.)

15 "Seven Samurai" 「しちにんのさむらい」「しちにんのさむらい」 ("shichi-nin no samurai")



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English Japanese

16

しちにんのさむらいしちにんのさむらい (Seven Samurai), directed by くろさわあきらくろさわあきら and starring みふねとしろうみふねとしろう , isone of the most popular Japanese films inside and outside Japan. Originally released in 1954, theblack-and-white film features the story of seven unemployed samurai warriors, or ろうにんろうにん , whohelp poor villagers defend their livelihood against bandits. しちにんのさむらいしちにんのさむらい inspired manyother works, including the popular American film, The Magnificent Seven.

17 interesting movie おもしろいえいがおもしろいえいが (omoshiroi eega)

18 How about "Seven Samurai"? It's a veryinteresting movie, you know.

「しちにんのさむらい」はどうですか。とても「しちにんのさむらい」はどうですか。とてもおもしろいえいがですよ。おもしろいえいがですよ。 ("shichi-nin no samurai" wa doo desu ka.totemo omoshiroi eega desu yo.)

19

くろさわあきらくろさわあきら is arguably the most famous and influential Japanese film director, nicknamed せせかいのくろさわかいのくろさわ (Kurosawa of the World). Born in 1910, くろさわくろさわ started his long career in 1943and won numerous awards worldwide with highly acclaimed films such as らしょうもんらしょうもん(Rashomon), いきるいきる (Ikiru; literally, "To Live"), しちにんのさむらいしちにんのさむらい (Seven Samurai), and らんらん(Ran; literally, "War"). He died in 1998 at age 88.


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We need tea and a box lunch.おちゃとおべんとうがいります。おちゃとおべんとうがいります。

English Japanese

1 We need tea and a box lunch. おちゃとおべんとうがいります。おちゃとおべんとうがいります。 (ocha to obentoo ga irimasu.)

2

Buying おべんとうおべんとう (box lunch) is not an easy task in Japan: there are too many kinds to choosefrom! If you just can't settle on a single kind, try the type called まくのうちまくのうち (literally, "inside-the-curtains"). Its name originates from the box lunch eaten by theater goers between acts duringthe Edo period (1603-1868). A typical まくのうちべんとうまくのうちべんとう has small おにぎりおにぎり (rice balls) andvariety of savory pieces such as grilled fish, omelet, vegetables, pickles, and more!

3 to need いるいる (iru)

4 need いりますいります (irimasu)

5 We need tea. おちゃがいります。おちゃがいります。 (ocha ga irimasu.)

6Did you notice that we need to use the particle がが , not をを , along with the verb いりますいります (I need)? As you have already learned, some verbs and adjectives need がが to mark their objects, as in ペッペットがいますトがいます (I have a pet) or テニスがすきですテニスがすきです (I like tennis). Let's remember that いりますいります is oneof them!

7 box lunch おべんとうおべんとう (obentoo)

8

べんとうべんとう or おべんとうおべんとう can be a bring-your-own lunch in general, or a meal-in-a box in particular.If you don't have time to fix your own box lunch in the morning, you can buy one at anyconvenience store, supermarket, or Japanese-style deli specialized for おべんとうおべんとう . As is the casewith おちゃおちゃ (tea), many people say おべんとうおべんとう , adding the polite-word maker おお to avoidsounding rude.

9 tea and a box lunch おちゃとおべんとうおちゃとおべんとう (ocha to obentoo)

10 You can buy various bottled teas in Japan, including りょくちゃりょくちゃ (green tea), こうちゃこうちゃ (black tea),and ウーロンちゃウーロンちゃ (oolong tea or Chinese tea)!

11 OK. (I understood.)

わかりました。わかりました。 (wakarimashita.)

12 OK. We need tea and a box lunch, right?わかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますわかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますね？ね？ (wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo gairimasu ne?)

13 Did you remember that the sentence-ending particle ねね can be used to seek a confirmation with arising intonation? It's equivalent to "..., right?" in English!

14 camera カメラカメラ (kamera)

15 We need a camera and a hat. カメラとぼうしがいります。カメラとぼうしがいります。 (kamera to booshi ga irimasu.)

16 We need a camera and a hat, too, you know. カメラとぼうしもいりますよ。カメラとぼうしもいりますよ。 (kamera to booshi mo irimasu yo.)


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17 Did you replace the particle がが with the particle もも to add the meaning of "also" or "too"? Alsoremember that we can use もも in a negative sentence, as in "either" in English!

18 Don't forget! おわすれなく！おわすれなく！ (owasurenaku!)

19 おわすれなくおわすれなく is a polite way to say "Don't forget!" in everyday conversation. It's based on thenegative form of the verb わすれるわすれる (to forget).

20 Don't forget a camera and a hat, either! カメラとぼうしもおわすれなく！カメラとぼうしもおわすれなく！ (kamera to booshi mo owasurenaku!)

21

Many Japanese women hate getting suntan (ひやけひやけ). Besides putting on strong sunscreens (ひやひやけどめけどめ), they wear long sleeves and even gloves in the summer heat. On top of that, many ofthem carry black parasols (ひがさひがさ) to shade themselves. Lately, ひがさひがさ for men are gainingpopularity among older men, who are trying to protect themselves not from suntan but fromheatstroke!


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Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nine o'clock inthe morning.あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。

English Japanese

1 Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nineo'clock in the morning.

あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。(asa, ku-ji ni shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)

2

If you are planning to meet up with your friends at a station in Japan, be forewarned: Japanesestations in urban areas are extremely crowded during morning and evening rush hours! With somany people passing in every direction, it's almost impossible to spot someone unless you andyour friends are very specific about the meeting place. Also hard to spot are public phones, whichhave become less and less needed in the age of cell phones!

3 to meet あうあう (au)

4 meet あいますあいます (aimasu)

5 Let's meet. あいましょう。あいましょう。 (aimashoo)

6 Shinjuku station しんじゅくえきしんじゅくえき (shinjuku eki)

7 Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station. しんじゅくえきであいましょう。しんじゅくえきであいましょう。 (shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)

8 Did you remember to use the particle でで to indicate the location where the action takes place?

9 morning あさあさ (asa)

10 Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station in themorning.

あさ、しんじゅくえきであいましょう。あさ、しんじゅくえきであいましょう。 (asa, shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)

11 at nine o'clock くじにくじに (ku-ji ni)

12 Here is another use for the particle にに . When we indicate the point in time that an action takesplace, we need to use にに after the time, as in くじにくじに (at nine o'clock).

13 to eat たべるたべる (taberu)

14 eat たべますたべます (tabemasu)

15 Let's eat box lunch. おべんとうをたべましょう。おべんとうをたべましょう。 (obentoo o tabemashoo)

16 Let's eat box lunch at the park. こうえんでおべんとうをたべましょう。こうえんでおべんとうをたべましょう。 (kooen de obentoo o tabemashoo.)



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English Japanese

17 half past twelve じゅうにじはんじゅうにじはん (juuni-ji han)

18 Let's eat box lunch in the park at half pasttwelve.

じゅうにじはんにこうえんでおべんとうをたべじゅうにじはんにこうえんでおべんとうをたべましょう。ましょう。 (juuni-ji han ni kooen de obentoo otabemashoo.)

19 We are going to watch a movie on Thursday. もくようび、えいがをみにいきます。もくようび、えいがをみにいきます。 (moku-yoobi, eega o mi ni ikimasu.)

20 What time are you going to watch a movie onThursday?

もくようび、なんじにえいがをみにいきますもくようび、なんじにえいがをみにいきますか。か。 (moku-yoobi, nan-ji ni eega o mi niikimasu ka.)

21 Did you remember to add the particle にに after the question word なんじなんじ (what time) to find outthe point in time when an action (here going to a movie) takes place?

22 around four o'clock よじごろよじごろ (yo-ji goro)

23 When we mention approximate times, we add ごろごろ after the time, as in よじごろよじごろ . When we useごろごろ , we can omit the particle にに that indicates the time of action.

24 We are going around four o'clock. よじごろいきます。よじごろいきます。 (yoji goro ikimasu.)

25 front of Hachiko ハチこうのまえハチこうのまえ (hachikoo no mae)

26

ハチこうハチこう is the name of a legendary dog, famous for his loyalty. The male Akita is said to havecome to the JR Shibuya Station in Tokyo every evening for almost ten years to patiently wait forhis master's return after the master, a university professor, had died at work. The bronze statueof ハチこうハチこう now stands in front of Shibuya Station and is used by many people as a meetingplace. The nearest ticket gate of the station is also named ハチこうぐちハチこうぐち (Hachiko Ticket Gate)!

27 We are going around four o'clock. Let's meetin front of Hachiko.

よじごろいきます。ハチこうのまえであいまよじごろいきます。ハチこうのまえであいましょう。しょう。 (yoji goro ikimasu. hachikoo no mae deaimashoo.)

28The real ハチこうハチこう died in 1935, but his legend has lived on and inspired many people all overJapan and beyond. A Japanese movie called ハチこうものがたりハチこうものがたり (The Story of Hachiko) wasreleased in 1987. The movie was recently remade in Hollywood under the title "Hachiko: A Dog'sStory" starring Richard Gere and three Akitas!


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Chapter 6: Weather and Land 気候と地形気候と地形

Chapter 6: Weather and Land

Conversational GoalsDescribe the LandDescribe the Weather, Climate, and SeasonsDiscuss Your or Others' Assumption onSomethingMake Small Talk on ExcursionsUse Proper Measurement for Temperatureand Distance

Grammar GoalsForm Comparison Sentences and QuestionsForm the Past Tense of Noun and AdjectiveSentencesUse そうですそうです to Express Your ObservationUse でしょうでしょう to Express Your Assumption


We are tired, aren't we! Shall we rest a little bit?つかれましたね。ちょっとやすみましょうか。つかれましたね。ちょっとやすみましょうか。 (tsukaremashita ne. chotto yasumimashooka.)

Sure. It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you thinkit is now, approximately?

ええ。むしあついですね。いま、なんどぐらいでええ。むしあついですね。いま、なんどぐらいでしょうか。しょうか。 (ee. mushiatsui desu ne. ima, nando guraideshoo ka.)

It's probably about thirty degrees, I think. It'scooler than yesterday, you know.

たぶんさんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。きのうよりたぶんさんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。きのうよりすずしいですよ。すずしいですよ。 (tabun sanjuu do gurai deshoo. ki-noo yorisuzushii desu yo.)

Yes. It was very hot yesterday, wasn't it, since itwas sunny.

ええ。きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかっええ。きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったですね。たですね。 (ee. ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu ne.)

How far is it from here to the summit?ここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですか。ここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですか。 (koko kara choojoo made, donokurai desuka.)

Well.... We have about one more kilometer to go. そうですね・・・。あといちキロぐらいです。そうですね・・・。あといちキロぐらいです。 (soo desu ne.... ato ichi kiro gurai desu.)

It kind of looks like it's going to rain, doesn't it! なんだか、あめがふりそうですね。なんだか、あめがふりそうですね。 (nandaka, ame ga furisoo desu ne.)

ええ、ちょっといそぎましょう！ええ、ちょっといそぎましょう！


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Yes. Let's hurry a little bit! ええ、ちょっといそぎましょう！ええ、ちょっといそぎましょう！ (ee, chotto isogimashoo!)


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Shall we rest a little bit? ちょっとやすみましょうか。ちょっとやすみましょうか。English Japanese

1 Shall we rest a little bit? ちょっとやすみましょうか。ちょっとやすみましょうか。 (chotto yasumimashoo ka.)

2

Here are some tips on how to use three similar phrases. We use やすみましょうやすみましょう (Let's rest) toexpress our will to involve our listener directly or to enthusiastically support another person'ssuggestion. We use やすみましょうかやすみましょうか (Shall we rest?) when we want to prompt our listener tostart a mutual action. やすみませんかやすみませんか (Why don't we rest?) is a gentler invitation in the form of anegative question, showing our respect to our listener's will.

3 to rest やすむやすむ (yasumu)

4 rest やすみますやすみます (yasumimasu)

5 We'll rest a little bit. ちょっとやすみます。ちょっとやすみます。 (chotto yasumimasu.)

6 Shall we rest? やすみましょうか。やすみましょうか。 (yasumimashoo ka.)

7Do you remember the expression タクシーをよびましょうかタクシーをよびましょうか (Should I call a taxi?). We used theverb ending ましょうかましょうか to offer a service to someone. Now, we can use the same ending whenwe want to make a polite suggestion. It's equivalent to "Shall we ~?" in English!

8 to tire oneself つかれるつかれる (tsukareru)

9 tire oneself つかれますつかれます (tsukaremasu)

10 I'm tired. (I tired myself. )

つかれました。つかれました。 (tsukaremashita.)

11 We are tired, aren't we! つかれましたね。つかれましたね。 (tsukaremashita ne.)

12

As you already know, Japanese people often end their sentences with ねね , sharing their feelings oropinions and seeking agreement or confirmation from their listeners. つかれましたねつかれましたね is anotherexample. In this expression, the tired speaker assumes that the other person is also tired andseeks an agreement from him or her. It's a very common way of communicating in Japanese,though the English equivalent--"We're tired, aren't we?"--may sound a bit strange!

13 We are tired, aren't we! Shall we rest a littlebit?

つかれましたね。ちょっとやすみましょうか。つかれましたね。ちょっとやすみましょうか。 (tsukaremashita ne. chottoyasumimashoo ka.)

14 stifling hot むしあついむしあつい (mushiatsui)

15With the exception of northern regions, summer in Japan is hot and humid. むしあついむしあつい ("muggy"or "stifling hot") is the very word that describes how you would feel out there! むしむし in むしあついむしあついderives from the verb むすむす ("to steam" or "to be muggy").



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English Japanese

16 It's stifling hot today. きょうはむしあついです。きょうはむしあついです。 (kyoo wa mushiatsui desu.)

17 shade ひかげひかげ (hikage)

18 Shall we rest in the shade? ひかげでやすみましょうか。ひかげでやすみましょうか。 (hikage de yasumimashoo ka.)

19 It's stifling hot, isn't it! Shall we rest in theshade?

むしあついですね。ひかげでやすみましょうむしあついですね。ひかげでやすみましょうか。か。 (mushiatsui desu ne. hikage deyasumimashoo ka.)


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How hot do you think it is now?いまなんどでしょうか。いまなんどでしょうか。

English Japanese

1 How hot do you think it is now? (What degree do you think it is now?)

いまなんどでしょうか。いまなんどでしょうか。 (ima nando deshoo ka.)

2For temperature, Japanese use the degree Celsius (℃) or せっしせっし while Americans use the degreeFahrenheit (°F) or かしかし . 0℃ is 32°F; 10℃ is 50°F; 20℃ is 68°F; and 30℃ is 86°F. In this course,we'll use the degree Celsius as the Japanese do!

3 what degree なんどなんど (nan-do)

4 The counter for the temperature in Japanese is どど . We can also use どど for the degree of an angle.

5 How hot is it? (What degree is it?)

なんどですか。なんどですか。 (nan-do desu ka.)

6 We can use なんどですかなんどですか (literally, "What degree is it?") to ask how hot or cold　　something is.

7 How hot do you think it is? なんどでしょうか。なんどでしょうか。 (nan-do deshoo ka.)

8

When we end our sentence with ですです , we imply that what we are saying is a fact. When we want toavoid sounding definite and imply that what we are saying is only our assumption, we can end oursentence with でしょうでしょう instead of ですです . To ask your listener his or her assumption, simply addthe question marker かか and end the sentence with でしょうかでしょうか . It's equivalent to "do you think?"or "I wonder" in English.

9 It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you think itis now?

むしあついですね。いまなんどでしょうか。むしあついですね。いまなんどでしょうか。 (mushiatsui desu ne. ima nan-do deshooka.)

10 thirty degrees さんじゅうどさんじゅうど (sanjuu-do)

11 around thirty degrees さんじゅうどぐらいさんじゅうどぐらい (sanjuu-do gurai)

12Do you remember that we use ごろごろ to tell an approximate time as in よじごろよじごろ (around fouro'clock)? When we talk about the approximate amount of something (such as temperature, time,distance, weight, or price), we use ぐらいぐらい after the number to mean "about," "around," or"approximately." For example, さんじゅうどぐらいさんじゅうどぐらい means "around thirty degrees."

13 It's around thirty degrees, I think. さんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。さんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。 (sanjuu-do gurai deshoo.)

14 probably たぶんたぶん (tabun)

15 Well.... It's probably around thirty-five degrees,I think.

そうですね・・・。たぶんさんじゅうごどぐらそうですね・・・。たぶんさんじゅうごどぐらいでしょう。いでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... tabun sanjuu-go-do guraideshoo.)

16 How cold is it, approximately? (About what degree is it?)

なんどぐらいですか。なんどぐらいですか。 (nan-do gurai desu ka.)

17 It's cold, isn't it! How cold do you think it isさむいですね。いま、なんどぐらいでしょうさむいですね。いま、なんどぐらいでしょうか。か。


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17 now, approximately? (samui desu ne. ima, nan-do guraideshoo ka.)



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English Japanese

18 zero れいれい (ree)

19 zero degrees れいどれいど (ree-do)

20 "Zero" in Japanese can be either れいれい or ゼロゼロ . When talking about the temperature, however, wemust use れいれい and say れいどれいど (zero degrees).

21 Let me see.... えーっと・・・。えーっと・・・。 (eetto....)

22When we want to signal our listeners that we are thinking, as in "Let me see..." in English, we cansay えーっと・・・えーっと・・・ . It's similar to そうですね・・・そうですね・・・ (Well...), but えーっとえーっと・・・・・・ is more casualand spontaneous!

23 In the next question, let's assume that someone has asked about the outside temperature, andyou are looking at a thermometer to find the information.

24 Let me see.... Wow, it's zero degrees, youknow!

えーっと・・・。わあ、れいどですよえーっと・・・。わあ、れいどですよ! (eetto.... waa, ree do desu yo!)

25

Winter in Japan is relatively mild, except for the northern interior regions where the lowesttemperature can be as low as -30℃. The average temperature for January is -4.1℃ in Sapporo,5.8℃ in Tokyo, and 16.6℃ in Naha, Okinawa. That said, you may feel a lot colder than thethermometer tells you while visiting Japan in winter months. It may be due to windiness, higherhumidity, or the lack of central heating systems in most private residences!


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It's cooler today than yesterday.きょうはきのうよりすずしいです。きょうはきのうよりすずしいです。

English Japanese

1 It's cooler today than yesterday. きょうはきのうよりすずしいです。きょうはきのうよりすずしいです。 (kyoo wa ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)

2 cool すずしいすずしい (suzushii)

3Please note that we mainly use すずしいすずしい (cool) to describe the temperature of the air or theclimate with a positive connotation. Make sure not to use it as the equivalent of "cool" inexpressions like "He's so cool!"

4 It's cool. すずしいです。すずしいです。 (suzushii desu.)

5 more than よりより (yori)

6 よりより is a particle that comes after the word used as the counterpart of a comparison. It'sequivalent to "than" or "more than" in English!

7 more than yesterday きのうよりきのうより (ki-noo yori)

8 It's cooler than yesterday. (It is more cool than yesterday.)

きのうよりすずしいです。きのうよりすずしいです。 (ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)

9Did you notice that in きのうよりすずしいですきのうよりすずしいです (It's cooler than yesterday), the adjective (すずしすずしいい) itself does not change its form? What tells us that this is a comparison sentence? That'sright! It's the particle よりより!

10 spring はるはる (haru)

11 this year ことしことし (kotoshi)

12 this spring (spring of this year)

ことしのはることしのはる (kotoshi no haru)

13 last year きょねんきょねん (kyo-nen)

14 last spring (spring of last year)

きょねんのはるきょねんのはる (kyo-nen no haru)

15 warm あたたかいあたたかい (atatakai)

16 This spring is warmer than last spring, isn't it!ことしのはるはきょねんのはるよりあたたかいことしのはるはきょねんのはるよりあたたかいですね。ですね。 (kotoshi no haru wa kyo-nen no haru yoriatatakai desu ne.)

17 summer なつなつ (natsu)



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English Japanese

18 mountains in summer なつのやまなつのやま (natsu no yama)

19 autumn あきあき (aki)

20 Mountains in autumn are more beautiful thanmountains in summer, you know.

あきのやまはなつのやまよりきれいですよ。あきのやまはなつのやまよりきれいですよ。 (aki no yama wa natsu no yama yori kireedesu yo.)

21While Japanese people love the fragile beauty of さくらさくら (cherry blossoms) in spring, they also lovethe colorful displays of autumn leaves that paint the nation vivid red, yellow, and orange! Onsunny weekends, popular nature spots are filled with people enjoying "autumn-leaves viewing" orもみじがりもみじがり (literally, "red-leaves hunting") with their friends and family.

22 winter ふゆふゆ (fuyu)

23 Hokkaido ほっかいどうほっかいどう (hokkaidoo)

24

Japan is an arc-shaped island country, consisting of four major "islands" and about 7,000 smallerones. These four major "islands" are (from north to south) ほっかいどうほっかいどう , ほんしゅうほんしゅう , しこくしこく , andきゅうしゅうきゅうしゅう . ほんしゅうほんしゅう , the largest, is a little bigger than Minnesota, while しこくしこく , thesmallest, is slightly smaller than Vermont. Since they are all fairly large, people who live in themdon't consider themselves as living on islands!

25 winter in Hokkaido ほっかいどうのふゆほっかいどうのふゆ (hokkaidoo no fuyu)

26 Kyushu きゅうしゅうきゅうしゅう (kyuushuu)

27 much more ずっとずっと (zutto)

28 It's much colder. ずっとさむいです。ずっとさむいです。 (zutto samui desu.)

29 The winter in Hokkaido is much colder thanthe winter in Kyushu.

ほっかいどうのふゆはきゅうしゅうのふゆよりほっかいどうのふゆはきゅうしゅうのふゆよりずっとさむいです。ずっとさむいです。 (hokkaidoo no fuyu wa kyuushuu no fuyuyori zutto samui desu.)

30

Japan has four distinct seasons or しきしき . はるはる (spring) is warm and nice, and people enjoy おなはみおなはみ(cherry-blossom viewing picnic) and other outdoor activities. なつなつ (summer) is hot and humid,and the deafening chorus of cicadas fill the air. あきあき (autumn) is cool and crisp, and it's theseason for sports, cultural events, and もみじがりもみじがり (autumn-leaves viewing). ふゆふゆ (winter) isrelatively mild although the northern parts of Japan receive much snow.


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Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains?うみとやまと、どちらがすきですか。うみとやまと、どちらがすきですか。

English Japanese

1 Which do you like better, the ocean ormountains?

うみとやまと、どちらがすきですか。うみとやまと、どちらがすきですか。 (umi to yama to, dochira ga suki desu ka.)

2

The total area of Japan is slightly smaller than Montana. 73% of its land is mountains, and half ofthe population lives in plains (へいやへいや) that occupy 14% of the land. Rivers (かわかわ) are relativelyshort, running down mountain sides and pouring into the surrounding seas, which include the にほにほんかいんかい (Japan Sea), ひがしシナかいひがしシナかい (East China Sea), オホーツクかいオホーツクかい (the Sea of Okhotsk), andたいへいようたいへいよう (the Pacific Ocean).

3 which どちらどちら (dochira)

4Do you remember that we have so far used どちらどちら as the polite version of どこどこ (where)? We canalso use どちらどちら as the equivalent of "which" in English in a question asking our listener tocompare two things and choose one of them.

5 Which do you like better? (Which do you like?)

どちらがすきですか。どちらがすきですか。 (dochira ga suki desu ka.)

6 Did you remember that we use the particle がが to indicate what we like? We also need to add ががafter the question word どちらどちら to say どちらがすきですかどちらがすきですか (Which do you like?).

7 the ocean or mountains (in a comparisonquestion)

うみとやまとうみとやまと (umi to yama to)

8 To form a comparison question using the question word どちらどちら , we mention two things by addingthe particle とと after each word, as in "X とと Y とと ." It's the equivalent of "X or Y" in English.

9 I like the ocean better. うみのほうがすきです。うみのほうがすきです。 (umi no hoo ga suki desu.)

10When we want to pick one over the other in our answer to the comparison question, such as うみうみとやまと、どちらがすきですかとやまと、どちらがすきですか (Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains?), we can usethe pattern "X のほうが・・・ですのほうが・・・です ." Let's memorize the pattern and practice using it in aconversation!

11 Well.... I like mountains better, you know.そうですね・・・。やまのほうがすきですよ。そうですね・・・。やまのほうがすきですよ。(soo desu ne.... yama no hoo ga sukidesu yo.)

12 both or neither どちらもどちらも (dochira mo)

13 We can use どちらもどちらも in both affirmative and negative sentences.

14 I like both. どちらもすきです。どちらもすきです。 (dochira mo suki desu.)

15 I like neither. どちらもすきじゃありません。どちらもすきじゃありません。 (dochira mo suki ja arimasen.)

16 Did you notice that although どちらもどちらも is the equivalent of "neither," we have to use it along withthe negative sentence ending, as in どちらもすきじゃありませんどちらもすきじゃありません?

17 Which is bigger, Hokkaido or Kyushu?ほっかいどうときゅうしゅうと、どちらがおおほっかいどうときゅうしゅうと、どちらがおおきいですか。きいですか。 (hokkaidoo to kyuushuu to, dochira ga


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ookii desu ka.)



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English Japanese

18 Hokkaido is bigger. ほっかいどうのほうがおおきいです。ほっかいどうのほうがおおきいです。 (hokkaidoo no hoo ga ookii desu.)

19 Mt. Aso あそさんあそさん (asosan)

20

Japan has many volcanoes or かざんかざん (literally, "fire mountain"), and that's why it also has so manyhot springs and earthquakes! あそさんあそさん (Mt. Aso) is an active volcano located in KumamotoPrefecture and is well-known for its huge caldera. The highest peak is 1,592 meters high. Visitorscan drive up to the main crater that is filled with turquoise-colored hot water and hike around itwhen the wind is blowing the sulfurous gas away from the visitor access area.

21 Mt. Fuji ふじさんふじさん (fujisan)

22ふじさんふじさん (Mt. Fuji) is 3,776 meters or 12,388 feet high and the tallest mountain in Japan. It'slocated at the border of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures and visible from Tokyo on cleardays. Though not as visibly active as あそさんあそさん , ふじさんふじさん is actually an active volcano, whose lastexplosion was in 1707.

23 high or tall たかいたかい (takai)

24 Which is taller, Mt. Aso or Mt. Fuji?あそさんとふじさんと、どちらがたかいですあそさんとふじさんと、どちらがたかいですか。か。 (asosan to fujisan to, dochira ga takaidesu ka.)

25 Mt. Fuji is much taller, you know. ふじさんのほうがずっとたかいですよ。ふじさんのほうがずっとたかいですよ。 (fujisan no hoo ga zutto takai desu yo.)

26

ふじさんふじさん has long been considered a sacred mountain, and women couldn't climb it until 1800. Today, anyone can drive half way up the mountain and hike the rest of the way to the summit,using one of the four well-established routes. The official climbing season is July and August,during which lodges and kiosks are available on the trails. Many people hike up the mountain atnight in order to watch the sunrise from the top!


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Which season do you like best?きせつで、いつがいちばんすきですか。きせつで、いつがいちばんすきですか。

English Japanese

1 Which season do you like best? (Among seasons, when do you like best?)

きせつで、いつがいちばんすきですか。きせつで、いつがいちばんすきですか。 (kisetsu de, itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)

2

The Japanese love of seasonal beauty is reflected in the famous four-season garden described inthe eleventh-century Japanese classic, げんじものがたりげんじものがたり or "The Tale of Genji." This fictionalgarden consists of four parts, each occupying a corner of the great mansion built by thehandsome (and rich) protagonist. Each part is designed to accentuate the beauty of an individualseason: flowers for spring, water and shade for summer, color-changing leaves for autumn, andsnow-clad pine trees for winter!

3 best or most (number one)

いちばんいちばん (ichiban)

4When we want to compare more than three things and pick one as the highest (or the lowest)ranking among them, we add いちばんいちばん (literally, the "number one") before the adjective. It'sequivalent to "(the) most" or "(the) best" in English.

5 I like it best. いちばんすきです。いちばんすきです。 (ichiban suki desu.)

6 when いついつ (itsu)

7 Which time period do you like best? (When do you like best?)

いつがいちばんすきですか。いつがいちばんすきですか。 (itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)

8 season きせつきせつ (kisetsu)

9 among seasons きせつできせつで (kisetsu de)

10 In order to indicate the range of choices, we use the particle でで as in きせつできせつで (among seasons)or にほんでにほんで (in Japan).

11 I like spring best. はるがいちばんすきです。はるがいちばんすきです。 (haru ga ichiban suki desu.)

12 What do you like best? なにがいちばんすきですか。なにがいちばんすきですか。 (nani ga ichiban suki desu ka.)

13 Japanese flowers にほんのはなにほんのはな (nihon no hana)

14 What do you like best among Japaneseflowers?

にほんのはなで、なにがいちばんすきですか。にほんのはなで、なにがいちばんすきですか。(nihon no hana de, nani ga ichiban sukidesu ka.)

15 cherry blossom さくらさくら (sakura)

16 Japanese flowers? I like cherry blossoms best.にほんのはなですか。さくらがいちばんすきでにほんのはなですか。さくらがいちばんすきです。す。 (nihon no hana desu ka. sakura gaichiban suki desu.)



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English Japanese

17

The Japanese people's fondness for cherry blossoms, or さくらさくら , has a long history, but it was notalways "the flower" of Japan. Poems written in the eighth century praise plum blossoms or うめうめmore often than さくらさくら . The popularity of さくらさくら increased around the tenth century, when theJapanese began establishing their own cultural identity, leaving the Chinese influence behind. Since then, さくらさくら has come to symbolize spring as well as the Japanese spirit!

18 coldest (most cold)

いちばんさむいいちばんさむい (ichiban samui)

19 Where is the coldest place? (Where is the coldest?)

どこがいちばんさむいですか。どこがいちばんさむいですか。 (doko ga ichiban samui desu ka.)

20 in Japan にほんでにほんで (nihon de)

21 Where is the coldest place in Japan?にほんでどこがいちばんさむいですか。にほんでどこがいちばんさむいですか。 (nihon de doko ga ichiban samui desuka.)

22 Well.... Hokkaido is the coldest, I think.そうですね・・・。ほっかいどうがいちばんさそうですね・・・。ほっかいどうがいちばんさむいでしょう。むいでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... hokkaidoo ga ichibansamui deshoo.)


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Since yesterday was sunny, it was very hot.きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったです。きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったです。

English Japanese

1 Since yesterday was sunny, it was very hot.きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったできのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったです。す。 (ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu.)

2 sunny weather はれはれ (hare)

3はれはれ is a noun that describes sunny or clear weather. That's the word you'll be looking for whenyou watch the weather forecast on Japanese TV! You can also describe the same nice weather asいいてんきいいてんき (fine weather) in everyday conversations.

4 It is sunny today. きょうははれです。きょうははれです。 (kyoo wa hare desu.)

5 was or were でしたでした (deshita)

6 It was sunny yesterday. きのうははれでした。きのうははれでした。 (ki-noo wa hare deshita.)

7 It was hot. あつかったです。あつかったです。 (atsukatta desu.)

8Did you notice that the past form of あついですあついです is different from the past form of はれですはれです? It'sbecause あついですあついです is made of an いい-adjective (あついあつい) and ですです , while はれですはれです consists of anoun (はれはれ) and ですです . If the sentence ends with an いい-adjective and ですです , the past form takes thesame pattern as あつかったですあつかったです : simply drop いですいです at the end and replace it with かったですかったです!

9 Now, do you remember からから ("because" or "since") that marks the sentence as the cause of thesubsequent sentence? Let's use it in the next question!

10 Since it was sunny yesterday, it was hot.きのうははれでしたから、あつかったです。きのうははれでしたから、あつかったです。 (kinoo wa hare deshita kara, atsukattadesu.)

11 rain or rainy weather あめあめ (ame)

12 It was rainy. あめでした。あめでした。 (ame deshita.)

13

Japan receives much rainfall every year. The annual average is 1,718mm, about twice the worldaverage. Much of it falls during two distinct periods: June to mid-July and September. June to mid-July is the rainy season called つゆつゆ or ばいうばいう (literally, "plum rain"), notorious for mold-yieldingmugginess. September rain is brought on by たいふうたいふう (typhoons), which often cause floods andlandslides.

14 It was cool. すずしかったです。すずしかったです。 (suzushikatta desu.)

15 Since it was rainy yesterday, it was cool,wasn't it!

きのうはあめでしたから、すずしかったですきのうはあめでしたから、すずしかったですね。ね。 (ki-noo wa ame deshita kara,suzushikatta desu ne.)

むしあつかったです。むしあつかったです。


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16 It was stifling hot. むしあつかったです。むしあつかったです。 (mushiatsukatta desu.)



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English Japanese

17 cloudy weather くもりくもり (kumori)

18 It was cloudy. くもりでした。くもりでした。 (kumori deshita.)

19 It was cloudy in Tokyo. (As for Tokyo, it was cloudy.)

とうきょうはくもりでした。とうきょうはくもりでした。 (tookyoo wa kumori deshita.)

20 It was cloudy in Tokyo, but it was stifling hot.とうきょうはくもりでしたが、むしあつかったとうきょうはくもりでしたが、むしあつかったです。です。 (tookyoo wa kumori deshita ga,mushiatsukatta desu.)

21 It was beautiful. きれいでした。きれいでした。 (kiree deshita.)

22Did you notice that the past form of きれいですきれいです is different from the past form of あついですあついです? It'sbecause きれいきれい is a なな-adjective! If the sentence ends with a なな-adjective and ですです , simplyreplace ですです with でしたでした!

23 snow or snowy weather ゆきゆき (yuki)

24 It was snowy in Hokkaido. ほっかいどうはゆきでした。ほっかいどうはゆきでした。 (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita.)

25 It was cold. さむかったです。さむかったです。 (samukatta desu.)

26 It was snowy in Hokkaido. It was cold, but itwas beautiful, you know!

ほっかいどうはゆきでした。さむかったですほっかいどうはゆきでした。さむかったですが、きれいでしたよ！が、きれいでしたよ！ (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita. samukattadesu ga, kiree deshita yo!)

27

Much of northern Japan receives heavy snowfall every year. The thick layers of snow that coverthese regions easily reach 2 meters (6.6ft) or more, and people struggle to stay ahead of the fastaccumulating snow. The famous Japanese novel ゆきぐにゆきぐに (Snow Country), written by the Nobel-Prize winner かわばたやすなりかわばたやすなり , features a snowy mountain village as the backdrop for thebeautiful but sad story of a love triangle.


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How far is it from here to the summit?ここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですか。ここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですか。

English Japanese

1 How far is it from here to the summit?ここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですか。か。 (koko kara choojoo made, donokuraidesu ka.)

2Because どのくらいどのくらい can be used in many situations, you may find that some questions soundrather vague. ちょうじょうまでどのくらいですかちょうじょうまでどのくらいですか , for example, can be asking about the distanceto the summit or time that it takes to get there. In this section, let's assume that the question isabout the distance!

3 how far どのくらいどのくらい (donokurai)

4どのくらいどのくらい is a very versatile question word that we can use to ask the amount or degree ofsomething, including distance, temperature, weight, duration of time, cost, and size. Thetranslation, therefore, can vary, depending on what measurement we are dealing with. To bespecific, we can use なんなん (what) plus the counter as in なんどなんど for the temperature.

5 How far is it? どのくらいですか。どのくらいですか。 (donokurai desu ka.)

6 from here ここからここから (koko kara)

7 summit ちょうじょうちょうじょう (choojoo)

8 from here to the summit ここからちょうじょうまでここからちょうじょうまで (koko kara choojoo made)

9Did you use the particle までまで , not へへ , as the equivalent of "to" in the phrase "from here to thesummit"? When talking about the distance between two points, we use からから (from) to indicatethe starting point and までまで ("to" or "as far as") to indicate the end. Let's memorize "X からから Y までまで"as a stock phrase! When the starting point is obvious, it's often omitted.

10 meter メートルメートル (meetoru)

11 kilometer キロメートルキロメートル (kiro-meetoru)

12 one kilometer いちキロメートルいちキロメートル (ichi kiro-meetoru)

13Japanese people use the metric system for measurement. One kilometer is equal to about 0.6miles, and 1 meter is about 1.1 yards or 3.3 feet. When it's clear that we are talking aboutdistance and not weight, we can simply say キロキロ (kilo), as in いちキロいちキロ (one kilo), instead of sayingキロメートルキロメートル (kilometer).

14 about one kilometer いちキロメートルぐらいいちキロメートルぐらい (ichi kiro-meetoru gurai)

15 It's about one kilometer from here to thesummit.

ここからちょうじょうまでいちキロメートルぐここからちょうじょうまでいちキロメートルぐらいです。らいです。 (koko kara choojoo made ichi kiro-meetoru gurai desu.)


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English Japanese

16 one more kilometer to go あといちキロメートルあといちキロメートル (ato ichi kiro-meetoru)

17あとあと is a word that points to a place that is behind, a time that comes later, or things thatremain. We can use あとあと before some numbers (such as distance, time, or quantity) to indicatethe remaining amount. あといちキロメートルあといちキロメートル , for example, means "one more kilometer to go"!

18 We have one more kilometer to go. (It's one more kilometer to go.)

あといちキロメートルです。あといちキロメートルです。 (ato ichi kiro-meetoru desu.)

19 Well.... We have about three more kilometersto go, I think.

そうですね・・・。あとさんキロメートルぐらそうですね・・・。あとさんキロメートルぐらいでしょう。いでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... ato san kiro-meetorugurai deshoo.)


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It seems that it's going to rain. あめがふりそうです。あめがふりそうです。English Japanese

1 It seems that it's going to rain. (Rain seems to fall. )

あめがふりそうです。あめがふりそうです。 (ame ga furisoo desu.)

2

The Japanese are weather-conscious people who watch てんきよほうてんきよほう (weather forecasts)religiously. It's not only the possibility of rain or shine that they care about. In the nation whereone in every five people suffers hay fever, getting かふんじょうほうかふんじょうほう (pollen info) is a matter ofsurvival. Weather forecasters also offer さくらじょうほうさくらじょうほう (cherry-blossoms info) to the viewersso that they can plan when and where to have おはなみおはなみ (cherry-blossom viewing picnic)!

3 to fall (referring to rain or snow) ふるふる (furu)

4 fall (referring to rain or snow) ふりますふります (furimasu)

5 It rains. (Rain falls. )

あめがふります。あめがふります。 (ame ga furimasu.)

6 When we describe a natural phenomenon, we use the particle がが to mark the subject, as in あめがあめがふりますふります (literally, "Rain falls"). In this case, we can't replace がが with the topic marker はは .

7 seems to fall (referring to rain or snow) ふりそうですふりそうです (furisoo desu.)

8

Do you remember the sentence ending でしょうでしょう , which implies that what we are telling is ourassumption? When we want to indicate that what we are telling is our conjecture based onobservation, we end the sentence with そうですそうです instead. It's equivalent to "it seems" or "it looks"in English. For regular verbs such as ふるふる (to fall), simply drop ますます from the polite form and addそうですそうです to form the pattern, as in ふりそうですふりそうです .

9 somewhat なんだかなんだか (nandaka)

10なんだかなんだか is a phrase we can use in everyday conversations to express the vagueness of ourfeelings or judgments. It's equivalent to "I don't know why, but ...," "somewhat," "a little," "kind of,"or "somehow" in English!

11 It somewhat seems that it's going to rain. なんだかあめがふりそうです。なんだかあめがふりそうです。 (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu.)

12 to hurry いそぐいそぐ (isogu)

13 hurry いそぎますいそぎます (isogimasu)

14 Let's hurry. いそぎましょう。いそぎましょう。 (isogimashoo.)

15 It somewhat seems that it's going to rain,doesn't it! Let's hurry a little bit.

なんだかあめがふりそうですね。ちょっといそなんだかあめがふりそうですね。ちょっといそぎましょう。ぎましょう。 (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu ne. chottoisogimashoo.)



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English Japanese

16 to stop (when referring to rain or snow) やむやむ (yamu)

17 stop (when referring to rain or snow) やみますやみます (yamimasu)

18 seems to stop (when referring to rain or snow) やみそうですやみそうです (yamisoo desu)

19 It seems that it's going to stop snowing. (Snow seems to stop.)

ゆきがやみそうです。ゆきがやみそうです。 (yuki ga yamisoo desu.)

20 by and by そろそろそろそろ (soro soro)

21Some Japanese adverbs mimetically describe movements with repeated words. そろそろそろそろ is one ofthem, giving the listener a sense of slowness. The English equivalents include "slowly," "softly,""gradually," "(not right now but) soon," or "by and by."

22 We'd better be going. (Shall we go by and by?)

そろそろいきましょうか。そろそろいきましょうか。 (soro soro ikimashoo ka.)

23そろそろいきましょうかそろそろいきましょうか literally means "Shall we go by and by?"ーーa suggestion to start in a shorttime. However, people sometimes use the same expression to hurry others in a polite way. Inthat case, the English equivalent would be "It's about time for us to go" or "We'd better be going!"

24 Oh, it seems that it's going to stop snowing,doesn't it! We'd better be going.

ああ、ゆきがやみそうですね。そろそろいきまああ、ゆきがやみそうですね。そろそろいきましょうか。しょうか。 (aa, yuki ga yamisoo desu ne. soro soroikimashoo ka.)


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Chapter 7: Cooking and Food Culture 料理と食文化料理と食文化

Chapter 7: Cooking and Food Culture

Conversational GoalsAsk or Tell How to Cook SomethingAsk or Tell What You or Others Are DoingDiscuss What Is in a Dish or What It Is MadeFromLearn Common Local or Cultural Foods inJapanRefer to Food Preparation Processes

Grammar GoalsConnect Two or More Verbs Using the てて-formIdentify Three Types of Verbs and TheirConjugation PatternsUse the "てて-form + いますいます" Pattern for Actionin Progress and Continuous StateUse the Particle でで to Indicate a Method orMeans


Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko. What are youdoing now?

もしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。いもしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。いま、なにをしていますか。ま、なにをしていますか。 (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu. ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)

I'm making chicken curry. チキンカレーをつくっています。チキンカレーをつくっています。 (chikin karee o tsukutte imasu.)

Oh? Tell me, how do you make it? へえ。どうやってつくるんですか。へえ。どうやってつくるんですか。 (hee. doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)

First, we sauté chicken and vegetables, add water,and cook for twenty minutes or so.

まずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれまずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれて、２０ぷんぐらいにます。て、２０ぷんぐらいにます。 (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)

Then, we add the curry roux, and cook for a littlewhile over low heat.

それからカレールーをいれて、しばらくよわびでそれからカレールーをいれて、しばらくよわびでにます。にます。 (sore kara karee ruu o irete, shibarakuyowabi de nimasu.)

It sounds delicious, doesn't it! おいしそうですね！おいしそうですね！ (oishisoo desu ne!)

It's almost ready, you know. Why don't you comeover for a bite?

もうすぐできますよ。たべにきませんか。もうすぐできますよ。たべにきませんか。 (moo sugu dekimasu yo. tabe ni kimasen ka.)

Oh, are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringえっ、いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもってえっ、いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもっていきます。いきます。


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desserts. (e, iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)

It sounds good! Well, I'll be waiting for you. いいですね！じゃあ、まっています。いいですね！じゃあ、まっています。 (ii desu ne! jaa, matte imasu.)


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What are you doing now?いま、なにをしていますか。いま、なにをしていますか。

English Japanese

1 What are you doing now? いま、なにをしていますか。いま、なにをしていますか。 (ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)

2There are only two basic Group III verbs whose conjugation patterns we have to memorize: するする(to do) and くるくる (to come). The rest of Group III verbs are "compound" verbs based on these two,and they conjugate just as the basic verbs do.

3 to do (in the "te"-form) してして (shite)

4In Japanese, there is a verb form called the てて-form, which we can use in various verb phrases. Tocreate the てて-form for a Group III (or irregular) verb, we simply delete ますます from its polite form andadd てて . The てて-form for するする (or しますします) therefore is してして .

5 is/am/are doing していますしています (shite imasu)

6 When we want to talk about some action or motion in progress, we use the てて-form of the verbfollowed by いますいます . していますしています is equivalent to "is/am/are doing" in English!

7 are you doing? していますかしていますか (shite imasu ka)

8 What are you doing? なにをしていますか。なにをしていますか。 (nani o shite imasu ka.)

9 hello (for telephone calls) もしもしもしもし (moshi moshi)

10もしもしもしもし is an everyday expression we can use when we make a phone call, pick up the phone, ormake sure that the person on the other end of the phone line is still there. This funny soundingphrase is derived from the verb もうすもうす (humble version of "to say"). The English equivalent is"Hello," but remember that もしもしもしもし is almost exclusively used during phone conversations!

11 In the next questions, let's pretend that you are making a phone call!

12 Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko.もしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。もしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。 (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu.)

13 Hello, it's Ichiro. What are you doing now?もしもし、いちろうです。いま、なにをしていもしもし、いちろうです。いま、なにをしていますか。ますか。 (moshi moshi, ichiroo desu. ima, nani oshite imasu ka.)

14 cooking りょうりりょうり (ryoori)

15 We can use りょうりりょうり to mean not only "cooking" but also "a dish" (as in おいしいりょうりおいしいりょうり or "atasty dish") or cuisine (as in にほんりょうりにほんりょうり or "Japanese cuisine").

16 to cook (to do cooking)

りょうりするりょうりする (ryoori suru)

17 cook りょうりしますりょうりします (ryoori shimasu)


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English Japanese

18 is/am/are cooking りょうりしていますりょうりしています (ryoori shite imasu)

19 I am cooking at my house now. いま、うちでりょうりしています。いま、うちでりょうりしています。 (ima, uchi de ryoori shite imasu.)

20 is/am/are having a meal しょくじしていますしょくじしています (shokuji shite imasu)

21 I am having a meal at the restaurant with myfriends now.

いま、ともだちとレストランでしょくじしていいま、ともだちとレストランでしょくじしています。ます。 (ima, tomodachi to resutoran de shokujishite imasu.)

22

"Eating out" in Japanese is がいしょくがいしょく (literally, "outside eating") and "cooking at home" is じすいじすい(literally, "self cooking"). Between these two options lies the thriving category of takeouts anddeliveries, providing the convenience and relative economy for busy Japanese people. Theconcept, however, is not at all modern. The quick home delivery service called でまえでまえ has beenaround since the eighteenth century for the patrons of そばやそばや (buckwheat noodle shops)!


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I am having supper now.いま、ばんごはんをたべています。いま、ばんごはんをたべています。

English Japanese

1 I am having supper now. (I am eating evening meal now.)

いま、ばんごはんをたべています。いま、ばんごはんをたべています。 (ima, bangohan o tabete imasu.)

2

The Japanese alphabet chart consists of five columns (or lines) and ten rows with the addition ofthe single letter んん . The first row is all vowels, あいうえおあいうえお , each of which heads each line, as in ああ-line or いい-line. Each of the remaining rows is made of the combination of a vowel and aconsonant, in the order of k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w. The additional chart covers consonants g, z, d,b, p. In other words, each row uses the same consonant, while each line uses the same vowel.

3

The conjugation pattern for Group II verbs involves a single "line" of the alphabet chart: either いい-line or ええ-line. For example, all the conjugated forms of the verb たべるたべる (to eat) contain べべ (whichbelongs to the ええ-line), as in たべますたべます and たべてたべて . Because it involves a single line (or いちだんいちだん inJapanese), the conjugation pattern for Group II verbs is called いちだんかつよういちだんかつよう (single-lineconjugation).

4 to eat (in the "te"-form) たべてたべて (tabete)

5Forming the てて-form for Group II verbs is easy! All you have to do is to drop ますます from the polite-form (or drop るる from the dictionary form) and add てて instead! So, the てて-form for たべるたべる or たべたべますます is たべてたべて!

6 is/am/are eating たべていますたべています (tabete imasu)

7 supper (evening meal)

ばんごはんばんごはん (ban gohan)

8Do you remember that ごはんごはん means "steamed rice" in Japan? Because steamed rice is thestaple food for Japanese people, they also use the same word to mean "meal" in general. ばんごばんごはんはん , therefore, literally means "evening meal"--that is, "supper"!

9 to make (a telephone call) かけるかける (kakeru)

10 make (a telephone call) かけますかけます (kakemasu)

11The dictionary form for "to make (a telephone call)" is かけるかける , and the polite form is かけますかけます . Can you tell what type of verb this is? That's right! It's Group II. We can easily tell that becauseかけかけ in かけますかけます matches perfectly with かけかけ in かけるかける . We are now ready to figure out the てて-form of the verb!

12 to make (a telephone call) (in the "te"-form) かけてかけて (kakete)

13 is/am/are making (a telephone call) かけていますかけています (kakete imasu)

14 でんわでんわ can mean either a "telephone" as an instrument or a "telephone call." Let's use the wordin the latter meaning in the next question!

15 I am making a telephone call. でんわをかけています。でんわをかけています。 (denwa o kakete imasu.)



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English Japanese

16 I'm sorry. I am making a telephone call now. すみません。いま、でんわをかけています。すみません。いま、でんわをかけています。 (sumimasen. ima, denwa o kakete imasu.)

17 to watch (in the "te"-form) みてみて (mite)

18 is/am/are watching みていますみています (mite imasu)

19 I am watching TV now. いまテレビをみています。いまテレビをみています。 (ima terebi o mite imasu.)

20 program (for TV and radio) ばんぐみばんぐみ (bangumi)

21 cooking show (cooking program)

りょうりばんぐみりょうりばんぐみ (ryoori bangumi)

22 Now? I am watching a cooking show, youknow.

いまですか。りょうりばんぐみをみていますいまですか。りょうりばんぐみをみていますよ。よ。 (ima desu ka. ryoori bangumi o miteimasu yo.)

23

Among numerous cooking shows in Japan, arguably the most popular and influential was りょうりりょうりのてつじんのてつじん (literally, "Iron Man of Cooking"). The elaborate TV cook-offs ran between 1993 and1999 and reportedly spent more than ¥840,000,000 (or about eight million dollars) on cookingingredients (しょくざいしょくざい)! It has been shown in the United State under the title "Iron Chef" andbecame the model for the American show called "Iron Chef America."


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I am making chicken curry.チキンカレーをつくっています。チキンカレーをつくっています。

English Japanese

1 I am making chicken curry. チキンカレーをつくっています。チキンカレーをつくっています。 (chikin karee o tsukutte imasu.)

2

Let's have a closer look at the Group I verb つくるつくる . When we compare つくるつくる and つくりますつくります , wesee that the first part つくつく is unchanged. Since the ますます ending of つくりますつくります is a commonaddition to all the polite forms, let's put it aside. Now, what is changed is the dictionary formending るる , which becomes りり in the polite form. りり belongs to the いい-line of the Japanese alphabetchart, while るる belongs to the うう-line. Let's see whether other Group I verbs follow the pattern!

3 to make つくるつくる (tsukuru)

4 make つくりますつくります (tsukurimasu)

5Let's figure out which verb group つくるつくる belongs to. Though つくるつくる ends with るる , what is left afterdropping ますます from つくりますつくります does not match what comes before るる in the dictionary form,right? Therefore, this verb belongs not to Group II but to Group I.

6 to make (in the "te"-form) つくってつくって (tsukutte)

7How to make the てて-form for Group I verbs is a little more involved than Group II or III: it dependson the verb ending of the dictionary form. For the Group I verb whose dictionary form ends withうう or つつ or るる , drop the ending and add ってって . Since つくるつくる is a Group I verb and ends with るる , theてて-form will be つくってつくって!

8 is/am/are making つくっていますつくっています (tsukutte imasu)

9 chicken curry チキンカレーチキンカレー (chikin karee)

10 to cook (rice) たくたく (taku)

11Can you tell what kind of verb たくたく (to cook [rice]) is? It does not belong to Group III, whichconsists of only two verbs, するする (to do) and くるくる (to come). Neither does it belong to Group II,whose dictionary form always ends with るる . Therefore, we can safely conclude that たくたく is aGroup I verb!

12 cook (rice) たきますたきます (takimasu)

13Let's compare たくたく and たきますたきます . For this Group I verb, what is unchanged is たた , and what ischanged is the dictionary form ending くく , which becomes きき in the polite form. きき belongs to theいい-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, and くく belongs to the うう-line. So, we can tell that たくたくfollows the same basic conjugation pattern as つくるつくる!

14 To make the てて-form for the Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with くく , we drop くく fromthe dictionary form and add いていて . Now, let's figure out the てて-form for たくたく!



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15 to cook (rice) (in the "te"-form) たいてたいて (taite)

16 I am cooking rice now. (I am cooking steamed rice now.)

いま、ごはんをたいています。いま、ごはんをたいています。 (ima, gohan o taite imasu.)

17

If language is the window into a culture, then the existence of various Japanese verbs that mean"to boil" or "to cook in liquid" tells us that that's probably been the primary cooking method forgenerations in Japan! The verb たくたく is one of them, and it's almost exclusively used for cookingrice as in ごはんをたくごはんをたく (to cook rice). Please note that ごはんをたくごはんをたく literally means "to cooksteamed rice," but it doesn't mean that you have to cook rice twice!

18 to boil (water) わかすわかす (wakasu)

19 わかすわかす (to boil) is used as the method for boiling water or some kind of liquid such as tea or soup. We can't use it to say, for example, "to boil an egg (or potato)"!

20 boil (water) わかしますわかします (wakashimasu)

21

Let's examine one more Group I verb for the conjugation pattern. わかすわかす does not end with るる , sowe know that this is a Group I verb. When we compare わかすわかす and わかしますわかします , the unchangedpart is わかわか , and the changed part is the dictionary form ending すす , which is changed to しし in thepolite form. しし belongs to the いい-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, while すす belongs to the うう-line. So, わかすわかす also follows the same conjugation pattern as つくるつくる and たくたく!

22For those Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with すす , we make the てて-form by dropping theverb ending すす from the dictionary form and adding してして . Now, what do you think the てて-form forわかすわかす is?

23 to boil (water) (in the "te"-form) わかしてわかして (wakashite)

24 hot water おゆおゆ (oyu)

25 The Japanese equivalent to "hot water" is ゆゆ , but most people say おゆおゆ in everyday conversation!

26 I am boiling water. (I am boiling hot water.)

おゆをわかしています。おゆをわかしています。 (oyu o wakashite imasu.)

27Just like ごはんをたくごはんをたく (to cook rice), おゆをわかすおゆをわかす is a commonly used expression. Literally, itmeans "to boil hot water," which sounds like a waste of energy, but it actually means "to boilwater"!

28We have learned from our examination of three Group I verbs that the conjugation pattern for thisverb type involves at least two lines from the Japanese alphabet chart: the いい-line and うう-line. Infact, most Group I verbs use all five lines to complete their conjugation pattern. That's why we callthe conjugation pattern for Group I verbs ごだんかつようごだんかつよう (five-line conjugation)!

29 I am boiling water now. Why don't we have teaor something?

いま、おゆをわかしています。おちゃでものみいま、おゆをわかしています。おちゃでものみませんか。ませんか。 (ima, oyu o wakashite imasu. ocha demonomimasen ka.)



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30

To make a perfect cup of English tea, we have to use boiling water. For most green tea, boilingwater would be too hot to draw out the best aroma and flavor. The rule of thumb is that the moreexpensive the tea leaf is, the lower the water temperature and the longer the brewing time shouldbe. The lower temperature, however, does not mean half-boiled water! You have to boil freshwater first and then let it cool down to the perfect temperature for your particular kind of tea.

31 come over to eat (come to eat)

たべにきますたべにきます (tabe ni kimasu)

32 Did you remember that to tell the purpose of movement (in this case "to come"), we drop ますますfrom the polite form of verbs and add the particle にに , as in たべにきますたべにきます (come to eat)?

33 Why don't you come over for a bite? (Won't you come to eat?)

たべにきませんか。たべにきませんか。 (tabe ni kimasen ka.)

34 ramen noodle soup ラーメンラーメン (raamen)

35 I am making ramen noodle soup now. Whydon't you come over for a bite?

いま、ラーメンをつくっています。たべにきまいま、ラーメンをつくっています。たべにきませんか。せんか。 (ima, raamen o tsukutte imasu. tabe nikimasen ka.)

36

ラーメンラーメン (ramen noodle soup) is originally a Chinese dish, but Japanese people loved it so muchthat not only did they adopt it as their own but also created unique regional brands or ごとうちごとうちラーメンラーメン . In Sapporo, for example, you'll enjoy the garlic-flavored さっぽろラーメンさっぽろラーメン with themiso-based soup. In Fukuoka, you'll find はかたラーメンはかたラーメン featuring the milky "pork-bone" soupgarnished with pickled red ginger. They are all yummy, filling, and inexpensive!


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Tell me, how do you make chicken curry?チキンカレーはどうやってつくるんですか。チキンカレーはどうやってつくるんですか。

English Japanese

1Tell me, how do you make chicken curry? (Tell me, as for chicken curry, how do youmake it?)

チキンカレーはどうやってつくるんですか。チキンカレーはどうやってつくるんですか。 (chikin karee wa doo-yatte tsukurundesuka.)

2

カレーライスカレーライス (curry and rice), or カレーカレー for short, originally came to Japan as an English dish inthe late nineteenth century. As in the case of ラーメンラーメン , Japanese people loved it so much thatthey adopted it as their own. Now it's one of the most popular home-cooked dishes in Japan! Themain ingredients are onions, potatoes, carrots, some type of meat, and カレールーカレールー --a solidsauce-mix that contains curry powder, flour, and other spices.

3 how (when asking the method) どうやってどうやって (doo-yatte)

4 How do you make it? どうやってつくりますか。どうやってつくりますか。 (doo-yatte tsukurimasu ka.)

5 Tell me, how do you make it? どうやってつくるんですか。どうやってつくるんですか。 (doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)

6

Do you remember the "explanation" mode of speech we used to say ダンスがにがてなんですダンスがにがてなんです (Asa matter of fact, I'm a poor dancer)? While using なんですなんです after nouns, なな-adjectives andadverbs, we use んですんです after いい-adjectives and verbs. When asking for an explanation for theother person's current or future action, simply add んですかんですか after the dictionary form of the verb,as in つくるんですかつくるんですか . It adds to your question the nuance of "Tell me" or "I'm wondering."

7 to broil やくやく (yaku)

8 The verb やくやく can mean "to broil," "to roast," "to grill," "to barbecue," "to sear," "to bake," "totoast," or even "to burn." It's very versatile, isn't it!

9 broil やきますやきます (yakimasu)

10 I broil fish. さかなをやきます。さかなをやきます。 (sakana o yakimasu.)

11 How do you broil fish? どうやってさかなをやきますか。どうやってさかなをやきますか。 (doo-yatte sakana o yakimasu ka.)

12 Tell me, how do you broil fish? (Tell me, as for fish, how do you broil it?)

さかなはどうやってやくんですか。さかなはどうやってやくんですか。 (sakana wa doo-yatte yakundesu ka.)

13 It looks tasty. おいしそうです。おいしそうです。 (oishisoo desu.)

14

Do you remember that そうですそうです in あめがふりそうですあめがふりそうです (It seems that it's going to rain) indicatesthe speaker's judgment based on his or her observation? We can use the same ending withadjectives as well to mean "it seems..." or "it looks...." For なな-adjectives such as しずかしずか (quiet),simply add そうですそうです to the dictionary form, as in しずかそうですしずかそうです (It seems quiet). For いい-adjectives such as おいしいおいしい , we drop the word-ending いい and add そうですそうです , as in おいしそうですおいしそうです(It looks tasty).



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15 An observation can be made not only through our eyes, but also our ears or noses. Let's figureout the next question!

16 It sounds tasty. おいしそうです。おいしそうです。 (oishisoo desu.)

17 It sounds tasty, doesn't it! Tell me, how doyou make it?

おいしそうですね。どうやってつくるんですおいしそうですね。どうやってつくるんですか。か。 (oishisoo desu ne. doo-yattetsukurundesu ka.)

18 Tell me, how do you eat it? どうやってたべるんですか。どうやってたべるんですか。 (doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)

19 shabu shabu しゃぶしゃぶしゃぶしゃぶ (shabu shabu)

20 Shabu shabu? It looks tasty, doesn't it! Tellme, how do you eat it?

しゃぶしゃぶですか。おいしそうですね。どうしゃぶしゃぶですか。おいしそうですね。どうやってたべるんですか。やってたべるんですか。 (shabu shabu desu ka. oishisoo desu ne.doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)

21

しゃぶしゃぶしゃぶしゃぶ is a simple yet savory one-pot dish, eaten as you cook right on the dining table. The main ingredients are thinly sliced beef or pork, often accompanied with tofu, mushrooms, andvarious vegetables. You lift a piece of meat with your chopsticks, swish it back and forth in the potof simmering kelp broth or こんぶだしこんぶだし , and eat the cooked meat after dipping it in the citrus-based sauce called ポンずポンず . The dish is allegedly named after the sound of the meat swishing inthe pot!


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We sauté chicken and vegetables, and add water.とりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれます。とりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれます。

English Japanese

1 We sauté chicken and vegetables, and addwater.

とりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれまとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれます。す。 (tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oiremasu.)

2Did you get it right? Just as we can connect as many nouns as we like using the particle とと , wecan, at least theoretically, connect an infinite number of verbs by using the てて-form. This "てて-form,てて-form" pattern indicates that the action is taking place in the order stated. Please note that thelast verb in the sentence remains in the ますます-form.

3 to sauté いためるいためる (itameru)

4 sauté いためますいためます (itamemasu)

5 Can you figure out what type of verb いためるいためる is by comparing it with the polite form, いためますいためます? That's right! It's a Group II verb!

6 to sauté (in the "te"-form) いためていためて (itamete)

7 chicken (as meat) (bird meat)

とりにくとりにく (tori-niku)

8 vegetable やさいやさい (yasai)

9 chicken and vegetable とりにくとやさいとりにくとやさい (tori-niku to yasai)

10We have so far learned that we can use the particle とと (and) to connect two or more nouns ornoun phrases, right? When we want to connect two or more verbs, however, we can't use theparticle とと . Instead, we use the てて-form of the verb!

11 We sauté chicken and vegetables, and とりにくとやさいをいためてとりにくとやさいをいためて (tori-niku to yasai o itamete)

12 to put in or to add いれるいれる (ireru)

13 add いれますいれます (iremasu)

14 いれるいれる ("to put in" or "to add") becomes いれますいれます in the polite form. Which verb group does いれいれるる belong to? Group II, of course!

15 We add water. みずをいれます。みずをいれます。 (mizu o iremasu.)

16 two minutes にふんにふん (ni-fun)



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17

ふんふん is the counter for minutes. We can use it to talk about the duration of time (as in "for twentyminutes") or the point of time (as in "3:20"). Please note that the pronunciation of ふんふんsometimes changes to ぷんぷん , depending on what number or word comes before it. One to tenminutes goes like this: いっぷんいっぷん , にふんにふん , さんぷんさんぷん , よんぷんよんぷん（（or よんふんよんふん）） , ごふんごふん , ろっぷんろっぷん , なななふんなふん , はっぷんはっぷん , きゅうふんきゅうふん , and じゅっぷんじゅっぷん! The question word is なんぷんなんぷん (literally, "whatminute").

18 ten minutes じゅっぷんじゅっぷん (juppun)

19 about ten minutes じゅっぷんぐらいじゅっぷんぐらい (juppun gurai)

20 to cook (in liquid) にるにる (niru)

21So far we have learned two verbs that are the equivalents of "to boil" or "to cook in liquid" inEnglish: たくたく for rice and わかすわかす for water. にるにる also means "to boil" or "cook in liquid." We use ににるる when cooking things like vegetables, meat, and fish in broth or any kind of seasoned liquid. Forboiling food in plain water, we have to use either ゆでるゆでる or ゆがくゆがく .

22 cook (in liquid) にますにます (nimasu)

23 We cook for about ten minutes. じゅっぷんぐらいにます。じゅっぷんぐらいにます。 (juppun gurai nimasu.)

24 Do you remember that いれるいれる ("to put in" or "to add") is a Group II verb? Now let's figure out itsてて-form!

25 to put in or to add (in the "te"-form) いれていれて (irete)

26 we add water, and みずをいれてみずをいれて (mizu o irete)

27 about twenty minutes にじゅっぷんぐらいにじゅっぷんぐらい (nijuppun gurai)

28 We add water, and cook it for about twentyminutes.

みずをいれて、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。みずをいれて、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。 (mizu o irete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)

29 first of all まずまず (mazu)

30Though the "てて-form、、てて-form" pattern indicates the order of events, we can throw in some"signaling" words to help our listeners understand what's going on! まずまず ("first" or "first of all") isone of such signaling words, alerting the listeners that a series of events will follow.

31 First, we sauté chicken and vegetables, addwater, and cook it for about twenty minutes.

まずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれまずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれて、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。て、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。 (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)

32 then それからそれから (sore kara)

33 curry roux カレールーカレールー (karee ruu)



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English Japanese

34The word カレールーカレールー (curry roux) is made up of the English word "curry" and the French word"roux." It's a solid mixture of curry powder, flour, and other spices neatly packaged in a smallbox. There are various brands with different levels of spiciness. You can pick just one or mixthem together to create more complex flavors!

35 Then, we add the curry roux. それからカレールーをいれます。それからカレールーをいれます。 (sore kara karee ruu o iremasu.)

36 low heat よわびよわび (yowabi)

37よわびよわび (low heat; literally, "weak fire") is the word that describes the level of heat for cookingstoves. Other options include つよびつよび (high heat; literally "strong fire"), ちゅうびちゅうび (medium heat),and とろびとろび (slow heat).

38 over low heat (by means of low heat)

よわびでよわびで (yowabi de)

39The particle でで in the phrase よわびでよわびで indicates some kind of method or means for actions,including cooking heat (as in "over low heat"), utensils (as in "with chopsticks"), communicationtools (as in "by phone" or "on TV"), transportation (as in "by bus"), language (as in "in Japanese"),and so on. Very versatile, isn't it!

40 We cook it over low heat. よわびでにます。よわびでにます。 (yowabi de nimasu.)

41 for a while しばらくしばらく (shibaraku)

42 We cook it over low heat for a while. しばらくよわびでにます。しばらくよわびでにます。 (shibaraku yowabi de nimasu.)

43 Then, we add the curry roux and cook over lowheat for a while.

それからカレールーをいれて、しばらくよわびそれからカレールーをいれて、しばらくよわびでにます。でにます。 (sore kara karee ruu o irete, shibarakuyowabi de nimasu.)


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How much water do you add?どのくらいみずをいれますか。どのくらいみずをいれますか。

English Japanese

1 How much water do you add? どのくらいみずをいれますか。どのくらいみずをいれますか。 (dono kurai mizu o iremasu ka.)

2 Do you add water? みずをいれますか。みずをいれますか。 (mizu o iremasu ka.)

3 how much (for quantities) どのくらいどのくらい (donokurai)

4 cup カップカップ (kappu)

5

The regular Japanese measuring cup (けいりょうカップけいりょうカップ or カップカップ in short) is smaller than itsAmerican counterpart. While the American cup holds 8 onces (or about 237 milliliters) of water,the Japanese cup holds 200 milliliters. Japanese people also use a special cup for measuringuncooked rice. The rice measuring cup can hold 180 milliliters or いちごういちごう--the amount ofuncooked rice traditionally considered as one serving!

6 The counter for the measuring cup is the same as the counter for a coffee cup or a glass. Do youremember what it is?

7 one cupful (one cup)

カップいっぱいカップいっぱい (kappu ippai)

8 two cupfuls カップにはいカップにはい (kappu ni-hai)

9 three cupfuls カップさんばいカップさんばい (kappu san-bai)

10 First, we add three cupfuls of water. まず、みずをカップさんばいいれます。まず、みずをカップさんばいいれます。 (mazu, mizu o kappu san-bai iremasu.)

11 tablespoon (big spoon)

おおさじおおさじ (oosaji)

12Japanese measuring spoons (けいりょうスプーンけいりょうスプーン) have two basic types: おおさじおおさじ (literally, "bigspoon") and こさじこさじ (small spoon). おおさじおおさじ is equivalent to the "tablespoon" in English and holds15 milliliters of water. こさじこさじ is equivalent to the "teaspoon" and holds 5 milliliters of water. Forboth types, we can use the counter はいはい .

13 four tablespoonfuls おおさじよんはいおおさじよんはい (oosaji yon-hai)

14 next (when referring to the order of events) つぎにつぎに (tsugi ni)

15 soy sauce しょうゆしょうゆ (shooyu)

16 Next, we add four tablespoonfuls of soysauce.

つぎに、しょうゆをおおさじよんはいいれまつぎに、しょうゆをおおさじよんはいいれます。す。 (tsugi ni, shooyu o oosaji yon-haiiremasu.)



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English Japanese

17 teaspoon (small spoon)

こさじこさじ (kosaji)

18 two teaspoonfuls こさじにはいこさじにはい (kosaji ni-hai)

19 sugar さとうさとう (satoo)

20 Then, we add two teaspoonfuls of sugar. それから、さとうをこさじにはいいれます。それから、さとうをこさじにはいいれます。 (sore kara, satoo o kosaji nihai iremasu.)

21 salt しおしお (shio)

22 one pinch ひとつまみひとつまみ (hitotsumami)

23 We add a pinch of salt. しおをひとつまみいれます。しおをひとつまみいれます。 (shio o hitotsumami iremasu.)

24 pepper こしょうこしょう (koshoo)

25 しょうしょうしょうしょう , the polite version of すこしすこし (a little), is often used as a cooking term that isequivalent to "a dash" in English. Let's try to use it in the next question!

26 We add a dash of pepper. こしょうをしょうしょういれます。こしょうをしょうしょういれます。 (koshoo o shoo shoo iremasu.)

27 one hour いちじかんいちじかん (ichi jikan)

28じかんじかん means "time" in general, but we can also use it as the counter for hours. Please don't mixit up with the counter for the hour, じじ . For example, いちじかんいちじかん means "one hour," and いちじいちじmeans "one o'clock"!

29 We cook it for one hour over low heat. よわびでいちじかんにます。よわびでいちじかんにます。 (yowabi de ichi-jikan nimasu.)

30 the end or the last さいごさいご (saigo )

31 We can use the noun さいごさいご ("the end" or "the last") to talk about the end of a time period,action, event, place, and so on.

32 lastly (at the end)

さいごにさいごに (saigo ni)

33 Lastly, we add a pinch of salt, and cook forone hour over low heat.

さいごにしおをひとつまみいれて、よわびでいさいごにしおをひとつまみいれて、よわびでいちじかんにます。ちじかんにます。 (saigo ni shio o hitotsumami irete,yowabi de ichi-jikan nimasu.)



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English Japanese

34

Some Japanese cookbooks use exact measurements in grams and milliliters that require us toown a scale. Many people, however, get by with less rigid definitions. For example, ひとつまみひとつまみ (apinch) means the amount that our thumb, index finger and middle finger can pinch. しょうしょうしょうしょう(a dash), on the other hand, means the amount that our thumb and index finger can pinch. When we forget about measuring altogether and go with our experience (or instinct), it's called めめぶんりょうぶんりょう--the "amount measured by eyes"!


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What is miso paste made from?みそはなにからできていますか。みそはなにからできていますか。

English Japanese

1 What is miso paste made from? みそはなにからできていますか。みそはなにからできていますか。 (miso wa nani kara dekite imasu ka.)

2 to be made できるできる (dekiru)

3 The verb できるできる has several meanings. Here, we use it as the equivalent of "to be made" inEnglish.

4 is made できますできます (dekimasu)

5 Can you tell what type of verb できるできる is? That's right! It's Group II.

6 to be made (in the "te"-form) できてできて (dekite)

7 is being made できていますできています (dekite imasu)

8

When we are looking at something and want to ask or describe what it is made from, we use できできていますています instead of できますできます . できていますできています (literally, "is being made") describes not the action inprogress but the continuing state resulting from what has happened in the past. That is,someone has made something using certain ingredients, and as the result, the ingredients arestill in it. This is another function of the "てて-form + いますいます" pattern!

9 from what なにからなにから (nani kara)

10 We have so far used からから (from) to indicate the starting point as in ここからここから (from here). We canalso use からから to indicate materials from which something is made.

11 What is it made from? (From what is it being made?)

なにからできていますか。なにからできていますか。 (nani kara dekite imasu ka.)

12 miso paste みそみそ (miso)

13 soybeans だいずだいず (daizu)

14 Miso paste? It is made from soybeans. みそですか。だいずからできています。みそですか。だいずからできています。 (miso desu ka. daizu kara dekite imasu.)

15 both miso paste and soy sauce みそもしょうゆもみそもしょうゆも (miso mo shooyu mo)

16 Both miso paste and soy sauce are madefrom soybeans, you know.

みそもしょうゆもだいずからできていますよ。みそもしょうゆもだいずからできていますよ。(miso mo shooyu mo daizu kara dekiteimasu yo.)



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English Japanese

17

There are several basic Japanese seasonings. みそみそ is made from soybeans fermented with eitherrice, wheat, or soybean itself. しょうゆしょうゆ is also made from soybeans fermented with wheat. Bothみそみそ and しょうゆしょうゆ contain a fairly large amount of しおしお (salt). すす (vinegar), on the other hand, ismade from rice or grains. みりんみりん is Japanese cooking wine made from sweet rice, and it's quitesweet like さとうさとう (sugar)!

18 ingredient ざいりょうざいりょう (zai-ryoo)

19 What are the ingredients? ざいりょうはなんですか。ざいりょうはなんですか。 (zai-ryoo wa nan desu ka.)

20 "parent-child" rice bowl おやこどんぶりおやこどんぶり (oyako donburi)

21 the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl おやこどんぶりのざいりょうおやこどんぶりのざいりょう (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo)

22 Um, what are the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl?

あのう、おやこどんぶりのざいりょうはなんであのう、おやこどんぶりのざいりょうはなんですか。すか。 (anoo, oyako donburi no zai-ryoo wa nandesu ka.)

23 egg たまごたまご (tamago)

24The ingredients for the "parent-child" ricebowl? They are steamed rice, chicken, andeggs, you know.

おやこどんぶりのざいりょうですか。ごはんとおやこどんぶりのざいりょうですか。ごはんととりにくとたまごですよ。とりにくとたまごですよ。 (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo desu ka.gohan to tori-niku to tamago desu yo.)


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I'll bring desserts. デザートをもっていきます。デザートをもっていきます。English Japanese

1 I'll bring desserts. (I'll take desserts.)

デザートをもっていきます。デザートをもっていきます。 (dezaato o motte ikimasu.)

2

Do you remember that we use いくいく (to go) when we describe the movement in the direction awayfrom where we are as we speak, while くるくる (to come) is used to describe the movement towardus? The same basic rule applies to the verb もっていくもっていく and its counterpart もってくるもってくる . Forexample, when we tell our friends on the phone that we will bring desserts, we say デザートをもっデザートをもっていきますていきます because we are going to their house, moving away from where we are!

3 to take (something with one) もっていくもっていく (motte iku)

4もっていくもっていく consists of two parts: the てて-form of the Group I verb もつもつ (to hold or have) and theGroup I verb いくいく (to go). Here, let's use it as a compound verb equivalent to "to take(something with)."

5 take (something with one) もっていきますもっていきます (motte ikimasu)

6 dessert デザートデザート (dezaato)

7

Traditional Japanese sweets or わがしわがし are treats not only for our palate but also for our eyes! They are so beautiful in shape and color that you almost regret that you have to eat them--untilyou put them in your mouth...then all you can think of is their excellent taste! Typical ingredientsare rice flour and sweetened red-bean paste called あんこあんこ . They should be accompanied by aperfect cup of green tea!

8 to be ready できるできる (dekiru)

9 We have so far used できるできる to mean "to be made" as in みそはだいずからできていますみそはだいずからできています (Misopaste is made from soybeans). We can also use できるできる to mean "to be ready."

10 will be ready できますできます (dekimasu)

11 in no time もうすぐもうすぐ (moo sugu)

12 It will be ready in no time. もうすぐできます。もうすぐできます。 (moo sugu dekimasu.)

13 It will be ready in no time, you know. Why don'tyou come over for a bite?

もうすぐできますよ。たべにきませんか。もうすぐできますよ。たべにきませんか。 (moo sugu dekimasu yo. tabe ni kimasenka.)

14 いいいい ("good," "fine," or "OK") is a いい-adjective. Do you remember how to turn it into the"explanation" mode?

15 Are you sure it's OK? (Tell me, is it OK?)

いいんですか。いいんですか。 (iindesu ka.)

16 Oh! Are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringdesserts.

えっ！いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもっえっ！いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもっていきます。ていきます。 (e! iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)


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English Japanese

17 to wait まつまつ (matsu)

18Can you tell what type of verb まつまつ (to wait) is? That's right! Since it does not end with るる , it's aGroup I verb! Now based on what you have learned about the conjugation pattern for Group I,can you tell what the polite form for まつまつ is?

19 wait まちますまちます (machimasu)

20 Now, まつまつ (to wait) is a Group I verb that ends with つつ . Do you remember how to make the てて-form for Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with うう or つつ or るる , as in つくるつくる (to make)?

21 to wait (in the "te"-form) まってまって (matte)

22 I'll be waiting for you. (I am waiting.)

まっています。まっています。 (matte imasu.)

23 It sounds good! Well then, I'll be waiting foryou.

いいですね！じゃあ、まっています。いいですね！じゃあ、まっています。 (ii desu ne! jaa, matte imasu.)

24

When visiting someone's house, Japanese people almost always take small gifts called おみやげおみやげwith them. These gifts are usually some type of sweets or fruits (or drinks if it's a dinner party),which the host can serve right away. Don't consider it as an obligation, but think of it as athoughtful gesture from guests, who naturally want to spare their host the anxiety of being caughtbetween the arrival of visitors and the bareness of his or her cupboard!


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Chapter 8: Shopping 買い物買い物

Chapter 8: Shopping

Conversational GoalsCommunicate Your Shopping NeedsInquire about Store Hours and LocationRefer to Different Types of StoresRequest Someone to Do SomethingUnderstand Sizing in Japan

Grammar GoalsCommunicate Desires Using the "Noun + ががほしいですほしいです" PatternCreate the "てて-form + くださいください" Pattern toMake RequestsForm the "いい-Adjective + なりますなります" Pattern toIndicate ChangesUse the "てて-form + いますいます" Pattern toDescribe the Continuing State


Oh, hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?あれ、ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですあれ、ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですか。か。 (are, yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimono desuka.)

Yes. Since it's getting cooler, I'm looking for somelong-sleeved blouses and sweaters.

ええ、すずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラええ、すずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラウスとセーターをさがしています。ウスとセーターをさがしています。 (ee, suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasodeno burausu to seetaa o sagashite imasu.)

But, I haven't found exactly what I want. でも、ちょうどいいのがありません。でも、ちょうどいいのがありません。 (demo, choodo ii no ga arimasen.)

How about Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya? They arehaving a sale now, you know.

しぶやのとうきょうプラザはどうですか。いま、しぶやのとうきょうプラザはどうですか。いま、セールちゅうですよ。セールちゅうですよ。 (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa doo desu ka.ima, seeruchuu desu yo.)

Really? What time do they close? へえ、なんじまでですか。へえ、なんじまでですか。 (hee, nanji made desu ka.)

They are open until 9 o'clock on Saturdays. Doyou know where it is?

どようびはくじまでです。ばしょをしっていますどようびはくじまでです。ばしょをしっていますか。か。 (do-yoobi wa ku-ji made desu. basho o shitteimasu ka.)

No, I don't. Please tell me where. いいえ、しりません。おしえてください。いいえ、しりません。おしえてください。 (iie, shirimasen. oshiete kudasai.)


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As a matter of fact, I want some new clothes, too.Let's go together.

ぼくもあたらしいふくがほしいんです。いっしょぼくもあたらしいふくがほしいんです。いっしょにいきましょう。にいきましょう。 (boku mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiindesu.issho ni ikimashoo.)


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The price of suits has gone down.スーツがやすくなりました。スーツがやすくなりました。

English Japanese

1 The price of suits has gone down. (Suits became inexpensive.)

スーツがやすくなりました。スーツがやすくなりました。 (suutsu ga yasuku narimashita.)

2

Did you notice that we needed to use the particle がが to mark the subject of the sentence? Wecan't use the topic marker はは here because the whole sentence, スーツがやすくなりましたスーツがやすくなりました (Theprice of suits has gone down), is communicating a new piece of information; that is, the speakerhas "discovered" (or otherwise observed) some fact or phenomenon and is reporting it to thelistener for the first time in the conversation. It's similar to the case of あめがふりそうですあめがふりそうです (Itseems that it is going to rain).

3 to become なるなる (naru)

4 become なりますなります (narimasu)

5 became なりましたなりました (narimashita)

6 inexpensive やすいやすい (yasui)

7 やすいやすい is equivalent to "inexpensive," "cheap," or "low (price)" in English. It doesn't, however,necessarily carry a negative connotation as "cheap" often does.

8 become inexpensive やすくなりますやすくなります (yasuku narimasu)

9We can describe how things change by using the "adjective plus なりますなります" pattern. Please notethat if the adjective is an いい-adjective such as やすいやすい , we have to drop the ending いい and insteadadd くく before なりますなります as in やすくなりますやすくなります (become inexpensive).

10 The price has gone down. (It became inexpensive.)

やすくなりました。やすくなりました。 (yasuku narimashita.)

11 suits スーツスーツ (suutsu)

12 discount sale セールセール (seeru)

13 having a sale (in the middle of discount sale)

セールちゅうセールちゅう (seeruchuu)

14ちゅうちゅう attaches itself to nouns for events such as セールセール (a sale) or for activities such as さんぽさんぽ(a walk), indicating that the event or activity is in progress. It's equivalent to "in the middle of" inEnglish, but it can be translated differently according to the context, as in "on (sale)," "under(repair)," or "in (conversation)"!

15 They are having a sale now. いま、セールちゅうです。いま、セールちゅうです。 (ima, seeruchuu desu.)



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English Japanese

16 Tokyo Plaza とうきょうプラザとうきょうプラザ (tookyoo puraza)

17 Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya しぶやのとうきょうプラザしぶやのとうきょうプラザ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza)

18しぶやしぶや is one of the busiest shopping districts in Tokyo and quite popular among youngshoppers. As you may recall, this is the place where the statue of the famous Akita, ハチこうハチこう ,stands. とうきょうプラザとうきょうプラザ , by the way, is a fictional shopping mall.

19 Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya is having a sale now.The price of suits has gone down, you know.

しぶやのとうきょうプラザはいまセールちゅうしぶやのとうきょうプラザはいまセールちゅうです。スーツがやすくなりましたよ。です。スーツがやすくなりましたよ。 (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa imaseeruchuu desu. suutsu ga yasukunarimashita yo.)

20セールセール (discount sale) is another popular "borrowed" word in Japan. Lately, traditional Japaneseterms such as うりだしうりだし (literally, "selling out") or やすうりやすうり (literally, "cheap selling") are replacedby セールセール , バーゲンバーゲン (bargain), or even "SALE" in the English spelling.

21 won't become inexpensive やすくなりませんやすくなりません (yasuku narimasen)

22 Can't you lower the price? (Won't it become inexpensive?)

やすくなりませんか。やすくなりませんか。 (yasuku narimasen ka.)

23 a little more もうすこしもうすこし (moo sukoshi)

24 Can't you lower the price a little more? もうすこしやすくなりませんか。もうすこしやすくなりませんか。 (moo sukoshi yasuku narimasen ka.)

25 expensive たかいたかい (takai)

26 That is expensive, isn't it! Can't you lower theprice a little more?

それはたかいですね。もうすこしやすくなりまそれはたかいですね。もうすこしやすくなりませんか。せんか。 (sore wa takai desu ne. moo sukoshiyasuku narimasen ka.)

27Generally speaking, you don't see many Japanese customers haggling for discounts. You may try,however, some modest negotiations in open markets or friendly neighborhood stores selling freshproducts. Sometimes, shopkeepers may give you discounts for bulk purchases, or they mightthrow in something extra as a おまけおまけ (giveaway) if you are a good customer!


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I am looking for some long sleeve blouses.ながそでのブラウスをさがしています。ながそでのブラウスをさがしています。

English Japanese

1 I am looking for some long sleeve blouses.ながそでのブラウスをさがしています。ながそでのブラウスをさがしています。 (nagasode no burausu o sagashiteimasu.)

2 to look for さがすさがす (sagasu)

3 look for さがしますさがします (sagashimasu)

4 さがすさがす is a Group I verb that ends with すす like わかすわかす (to boil water), right? Do you remember howto make the てて-form for the verb like this?

5 to look for (in the "te"-form) さがしてさがして (sagashite)

6 am looking for さがしていますさがしています (sagashite imasu)

7 blouse ブラウスブラウス (burausu)

8 I am looking for a blouse. ブラウスをさがしています。ブラウスをさがしています。 (burausu o sagashite imasu.)

9 sleeve そでそで (sode)

10 long sleeve ながそでながそで (nagasode)

11 The Japanese word for "long" is ながいながい . ながそでながそで is the shortened form of ながいそでながいそで (literally,"long sleeve"), but it's used as one word!

12 long sleeve blouse (blouse with long sleeves)

ながそでのブラウスながそでのブラウス (nagasode no burausu)

13 are you looking for? さがしていますかさがしていますか (sagashige imasu ka)

14 are you looking for? おさがしですかおさがしですか (osagashi desu ka)

15 おさがしですかおさがしですか is the polite form of さがしていますかさがしていますか (Are you looking for?). You'll hear thephrase a lot in Japanese retail stores!

16 something なにかなにか (nanika)

17 Are you looking for something? なにかおさがしですか。なにかおさがしですか。 (nanika osagashi desu ka.)

18 Did you remember that we don't have to use the particle をを after なにかなにか (something) or だれかだれか(someone) in everyday conversation?

19We have so far used the word はんはん (half) to talk about time, as in にじはんにじはん (half past two). Wecan't use はんはん by itself, but we can combine it not only with time expressions but also with othernouns. Let's try it in the next question!


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English Japanese

20 short sleeve (half sleeve)

はんそではんそで (hansode)

21 short sleeve T-shirt はんそでのはんそでのTシャツシャツ (hansode no tiishatsu)

22 I am looking for some short sleeve T-shirts.はんそでのはんそでのTシャツをさがしています。シャツをさがしています。 (hansode no tiishatsu o sagashiteimasu.)

23 thing ものもの (mono)

24 summer item (summer thing)

なつものなつもの (natsumono)

25なつものなつもの (literally, "summer thing") means any personal items made for summer includingclothes, shoes, and hats. Please note that we don't need to use the particle のの to connect なつなつand ものもの since なつものなつもの has gained the status of a single word!

26 inexpensive winter item やすいふゆものやすいふゆもの (yasui fuyumono)

27 I am looking for some inexpensive winteritems.

やすいふゆものをさがしています。やすいふゆものをさがしています。 (yasui fuyumono o sagashite imasu.)

28 It has become cool. すずしくなりました。すずしくなりました。 (suzushiku narimashita.)

29 Since it has become cool, I am looking forsome long sleeve blouses and sweaters.

すずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラウスすずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラウスとセーターをさがしています。とセーターをさがしています。 (suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasodeno burausu to seetaa o sagashiteimasu.)


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They don't have what I really want.ちょうどいいのがありません。ちょうどいいのがありません。

English Japanese

1 They don't have what I really want. (They don't have one that is just right.)

ちょうどいいのがありません。ちょうどいいのがありません。 (choodo ii no ga arimasen.)

2 just ちょうどちょうど (choodo)

3 right or suitable いいいい (ii)

4So far, we have been using いいいい as "fine" (as in いいてんきいいてんき or "fine weather"), "good" (as in いいでいいですねすね or "It sounds good"), or "okay" (as in いいですかいいですか or "Is it okay?"). We can also use いいいい tomean "right" or "suitable." Let's use the word in this last way here!

5 just right ちょうどいいちょうどいい (choodo ii)

6 Do you remember that we can have のの as a generic substitute for a noun as in あかいのあかいの (redone)? Let's use it like this in the next question.

7 one that is just right (just right one)

ちょうどいいのちょうどいいの (choodo ii no)

8 size サイズサイズ (saizu)

9 the right size (just right size)

ちょうどいいサイズちょうどいいサイズ (choodo ii saizu)

10 They don't have the right size. ちょうどいいサイズがありません。ちょうどいいサイズがありません。 (choodo ii saizu ga arimasen.)

11 It's a little bit small. ちょっとちいさいです。ちょっとちいさいです。 (chotto chiisai desu.)

12 bigger size (big size)

おおきいサイズおおきいサイズ (ookii saizu)

13 Do you have a bigger size? おおきいサイズがありますか。おおきいサイズがありますか。 (ookii saizu ga arimasu ka.)

14 a pair of boots (boots)

ブーツブーツ (buutsu)

15 This pair of boots is a little bit small. Do youhave a bigger size?

このブーツはちょっとちいさいです。おおきいこのブーツはちょっとちいさいです。おおきいサイズがありますか。サイズがありますか。 (kono buutsu wa chotto chiisai desu.ookii saizu ga arimasu ka.)

16 coat コートコート (kooto)

17 Do you remember that すてきすてき (wonderful) can also be used to mean "nice" or "lovely"?

18 nice coat すてきなコートすてきなコート (sutekina kooto)



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English Japanese

19 short みじかいみじかい (mijikai)

20 The sleeves are short. そでがみじかいです。そでがみじかいです。 (sode ga mijikai desu.)

21 It's a nice coat, but the sleeves are a little bitshort.

すてきなコートですが、そでがちょっとみじかすてきなコートですが、そでがちょっとみじかいです。いです。 (sutekina kooto desu ga, sode ga chottomijikai desu.)

22 shopping かいものかいもの (kaimono)

23 Are you out shopping? (Is it shopping?)

かいものですか。かいものですか。 (kaimono desu ka.)

24 Ah! あれあれ! (are!)

25 We can use あれあれ! to show our surprise at something or some event that is unexpected. It'sequivalent to "Ah!" or "Oh!" in English.

26 Ah! Hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?あれ！ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですあれ！ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですか。か。 (are! yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimonodesu ka.)

27 winter coat (coat for winter)

ふゆのコートふゆのコート (fuyu no kooto)

28 Yes. I am looking for a winter coat, but theydon't have what I really want.

ええ。ふゆのコートをさがしていますが、ちょええ。ふゆのコートをさがしていますが、ちょうどいいのがありません。うどいいのがありません。 (ee. fuyu no kooto o sagashite imasu ga,choodo ii no ga arimasen.)


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What is your shoe size? くつのサイズはなんですか。くつのサイズはなんですか。English Japanese

1 What is your shoe size? くつのサイズはなんですか。くつのサイズはなんですか。 (kutsu no saizu wa nan desu ka.)

2

Japanese shoe sizes are in centimeters or センチセンチ , including half sizes. For women, Americansizes 7, 8, and 9 roughly match Japanese sizes 23.5, 24.5, and 25.5, respectively. For men,American sizes 8, 9, and 10 are Japanese sizes 26, 27, and 28, respectively. In general, Japanese(especially women) have smaller feet than Americans. If you wear a women's size 9 or larger, youmay have a difficult time finding a nice-looking pair of Japanese shoes!

3 shoes くつくつ (kutsu)

4 shoe size (size of shoes)

くつのサイズくつのサイズ (kutsu no saizu)

5 What is it? なんですか。なんですか。 (nan desu ka.)

6 twenty-three centimeters にじゅうさんセンチにじゅうさんセンチ (ni-juu-san senchi)

7 twenty-six point five centimeters にじゅうろくてんごセンチにじゅうろくてんごセンチ (ni-juu-roku ten go senchi)

8 The decimal point in Japanese is read as てんてん (literally, a "dot" or "point") as in にじゅうろくてんごにじゅうろくてんご(twenty-six point five).

9 When we are talking about our shoe size in Japan, we can often omit the word センチセンチ(centimeter). Let's try it in the next question.

10 My shoe size? It's twenty-six point five.くつのサイズですか。にじゅうろくてんごでくつのサイズですか。にじゅうろくてんごです。す。 (kutsu no saizu desu ka. ni-juu-roku tengo desu.)

11 clothes ふくふく (fuku)

12 ふくふく is a general term for "clothes." To be more specific, we can say ようふくようふく for Western-styleclothes and わふくわふく or きものきもの for traditional Japanese-style clothes.

13 What is your size for clothes? ふくのサイズはなんですか。ふくのサイズはなんですか。 (fuku no saizu wa nan desu ka.)

14 dress (one-piece)

ワンピースワンピース (wanpiisu)

15 ワンピースワンピース (literally, "one piece") is a one-piece dress with an above-floor hem length. A formal,or otherwise fancy, long dress is called ドレスドレス (literally, "dress").

16 size nine きゅうごうきゅうごう (kyuugoo)



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English Japanese

17

Japanese sizes for women's clothes are often indicated by odd numbers followed by the counterfor size, ごうごう . In general, Japanese dress sizes run small. For example, American sizes 6, 8, 10roughly match Japanese sizes 9, 11, and 13, respectively. Please note that these sizes varydepending on the manufacturer and design. When you buy clothes in Japan, make sure to trythem on before you buy!

18 size nine dress きゅうごうのワンピースきゅうごうのワンピース (kyuugoo no wanpiisu)

19 Do you have a size nine dress? きゅうごうのワンピースがありますか。きゅうごうのワンピースがありますか。 (kyuugoo no wanpiisu ga arimasu ka.)

20 medium size (M-size)

エムサイズエムサイズ (emu saizu)

21In addition to numbers, Japanese manufacturers use the letter sizes: XS (extra small), S (small),M (medium), L (large), and XL or LL (extra large). The sizes bigger than XL are written as 3L,4L, and so on.

22 swimsuit みずぎみずぎ (mizugi)

23 I am looking for a swimsuit. My size ismedium.

みずぎをさがしています。サイズはみずぎをさがしています。サイズはMです。です。 (mizugi o sagashite imasu. saizu wa emudesu.)

24 Japanese sizes にほんのサイズにほんのサイズ (nihon no saizu)

25 I don't understand Japanese sizes. にほんのサイズがわかりません。にほんのサイズがわかりません。 (nihon no saizu ga wakarimasen.)

26 fitting room しちゃくしつしちゃくしつ (shichaku-shitsu)

27 Do you have a fitting room? しちゃくしつがありますか。しちゃくしつがありますか。 (shichaku-shitsu ga arimasu ka.)

28 jacket うわぎうわぎ (uwagi)

29 It's a nice jacket, but I don't understandJapanese sizes. Do you have a fitting room?

すてきなうわぎですが、にほんのサイズがわかすてきなうわぎですが、にほんのサイズがわかりません。しちゃくしつがありますか。りません。しちゃくしつがありますか。 (sutekina uwagi desu ga, nihon no saizuga wakarimasen. shichaku-shitsu gaarimasu ka.)


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What time does that store close?そのみせはなんじまでですか。そのみせはなんじまでですか。

English Japanese

1 What time does that store close? (Until what time is that store?)

そのみせはなんじまでですか。そのみせはなんじまでですか。 (sono mise wa nan-ji made desu ka.)

2We have so far used までまで to indicate a destination as in とうきょうえきまでとうきょうえきまで (to Tokyo Station) orちょうじょうまでちょうじょうまで (to the summit). We can also use までまで to indicate the end point in time like"until" in English!

3 until what time なんじまでなんじまで (nan-ji made)

4 What time does it close? (Until what time is it?)

なんじまでですか。なんじまでですか。 (nan-ji made desu ka.)

5 shoe store くつやくつや (kutsu-ya)

6Have you noticed that many Japanese terms for stores end with やや? やや means a "store," "shop,"or "place of business" in general. ほんやほんや is a book store, くつやくつや a shoe store, and ラーメンやラーメンや aramen-noodle shop. Some stores and restaurants use やや in their business names, as in しろきやしろきやor たまやたまや!

7 the station-front area (station front)

えきまええきまえ (ekimae)

8

The area developed on the main entrance side of a train station is called えきまええきまえ (literally,"station-front"). It's a prime location for stores, restaurants, and hotels that cater to busycommuters, business travelers, and tourists. Please note that, as in the case of なつものなつもの(summer item), we don't have to use the particle のの to connect two nouns (えきえき and まえまえ)because えきまええきまえ is used as a single word!

9 the shoe store in the station-front area えきまえのくつやえきまえのくつや (ekimae no kutsu-ya)

10 What time does the shoe store in the station-front area close?

えきまえのくつやはなんじまでですか。えきまえのくつやはなんじまでですか。 (ekimae no kutsu-ya wa nan-ji made desuka.)

11 evening (before dark) ゆうがたゆうがた (yuugata)

12We have learned that ばんばん means "evening" and used it in expressions such as こんばんはこんばんは (Goodevening) or ばんごはんばんごはん ("evening meal" or "supper"). While we generally use ばんばん to mean thetime period after dark, we use ゆうがたゆうがた to point to the time period between around four andsunset.

13 half past six in the evening ゆうがたろくじはんゆうがたろくじはん (yuugata roku-ji han)

14 We can say ゆうがたろくじはんゆうがたろくじはん or ゆうがたのろくじはんゆうがたのろくじはん . They mean the same--"half past six inthe evening"!

15 It is open until half past six in the evening. (It is until half past six in the evening.)

ゆうがたろくじはんまでです。ゆうがたろくじはんまでです。 (yuugata roku-ji han made desu.)

16 from what time なんじからなんじから (nan-ji kara)


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17 Did you remember that we can use からから to indicate the starting point in time as well as in space?



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English Japanese

18 What are the store hours? (From what time until what time is it?)

なんじからなんじまでですか。なんじからなんじまでですか。 (nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka.)

19 supermarket スーパースーパー (suupaa)

20 What are the store hours for the supermarketin the station-front area?

えきまえのスーパーは、なんじからなんじまでえきまえのスーパーは、なんじからなんじまでですか。ですか。 (ekimae no suupaa wa, nan-ji kara nan-jimade desu ka.)

21

Large shopping malls have become ubiquitous sights in Japanese suburbs, catering to weekendshoppers who arrive in their cars. For many people, however, grocery shopping is still a daily affairperformed on foot, by bicycle or by moped. In the evenings, shoppers crowd スーパースーパー(supermarkets) on the way home from work, taking advantage of the end-of-the-day discounthours to find bargains for the dinner table!

22 night よるよる (yoru)

23よるよる and ばんばん are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are certain distinctions. In general,よるよる means after dark until sunrise. ばんばん is the early part of night when people are still awake andactive. The English equivalents would be "night" for よるよる and "evening (after dark)" for ばんばん .

24 ten o'clock at night よるじゅうじよるじゅうじ (yoru juu-ji)

25The supermarket in the station-front area isopen from nine o'clock in the morning untilten o'clock at night.

えきまえのスーパーは、あさくじからよるじゅえきまえのスーパーは、あさくじからよるじゅうじまでです。うじまでです。 (ekimae no suupaa wa, asa ku-ji karayoru juu-ji made desu.)

26 shopping district しょうてんがいしょうてんがい (shootengai)

27The shopping district in the station-front area?It is open until nine o'clock at night onSaturdays.

えきまえのしょうてんがいですか。どようびはえきまえのしょうてんがいですか。どようびはよるくじまでです。よるくじまでです。 (ekimae no shootengai desu ka. do-yoobiwa yoru ku-ji made desu.)

28

Shopping at スーパースーパー or デパートデパート is convenient, but not as fun as browsing through the local しょしょうてんがいうてんがい (shopping district), where many retail stores and fresh produce vendors congregatealong narrow streets. There, you can buy さかなさかな (fish) at さかなやさかなや , にくにく (meat) at にくやにくや , パンパン(bread) at パンやパンや , and とうふとうふ (tofu) at とうふやとうふや--all fresh and inexpensive. Best of all, you'll beable to have a little chat with friendly shopkeepers, which is a great way to get to know thecountry and the culture better!


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Do you know the location? ばしょをしっていますか。ばしょをしっていますか。English Japanese

1 Do you know the location? ばしょをしっていますか。ばしょをしっていますか。 (basho o shitte imasu ka.)

2 to know しるしる (shiru)

3 know しりますしります (shirimasu)

4 Can you tell what type of verb しるしる is? That's right! It's a Group I verb whose dictionary form endswith るる like つくるつくる (to make). Do you remember how to make the てて-form for these verbs?

5 to know (in the "te"-form) しってしって (shitte)

6 I know. (I am knowing.)

しっています。しっています。 (shitte imasu.)

7Please note that to say "I know" in Japanese, we have to say しっていますしっています . Like できていますできています (it ismade), しっていますしっています describes not an action in progress, but a "continuing state" that hasresulted from some action taken in the past. Let's memorize it as a phrase!

8 location ばしょばしょ (basho)

9 the name of that store そのみせのなまえそのみせのなまえ (sono mise no namae)

10 Do you know the name of that store? そのみせのなまえをしっていますか。そのみせのなまえをしっていますか。 (sono mise no namae o shitte imasu ka.)

11 Yes, I know. ええ、しっています。ええ、しっています。 (ee, shitte imasu.)

12 No, I don't know. いいえ、しりません。いいえ、しりません。 (iie, shirimasen.)

13 Did you notice that the negative form of しっていますしっています (I know) is しりませんしりません (I don't know)? Let'smemorize both the affirmative and negative form of the verb しるしる as a pair!

14 price ねだんねだん (nedan)

15 the price of this coat このコートのねだんこのコートのねだん (kono kooto no nedan)

16 The price of this coat? I don't know. How muchis it?

このコートのねだんですか。しりません。いくこのコートのねだんですか。しりません。いくらですか。らですか。 (kono kooto no nedan desu ka.shirimasen. ikura desu ka.)

17 cake ケーキケーキ (keeki)



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English Japanese

18 cake shop ケーキやケーキや (keeki-ya)

19Japanese people, particularly women and children, often add the honorific title さんさん after thenames of stores as in ケーキやさんケーキやさん or ほんやさんほんやさん . It's a friendly way to mention neighborhoodbusinesses. Let's try this in the next questions.

20 great cake shop (tasty cake shop)

おいしいケーキやさんおいしいケーキやさん (oishii keeki-ya san)

21おいしいケーキやさんおいしいケーキやさん (literally, "tasty cake shop") may sound as if the cake shop is edible like agingerbread house. This, however, is a common way in Japanese to describe a great cake shopthat serves delicious cakes!

22 Do you know any great cake shop? おいしいケーキやさんをしっていますか。おいしいケーキやさんをしっていますか。 (oishii keeki-ya san o shitte imasu ka.)

23 Yes, I know. The cake shop in the station-frontarea is the best, you know.

ええ、しっています。えきまえのケーキやさんええ、しっています。えきまえのケーキやさんがいちばんですよ。がいちばんですよ。 (ee, shitte imasu. ekimae no keeki-ya sanga ichiban desu yo.)


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Please tell me the location.ばしょをおしえてください。ばしょをおしえてください。

English Japanese

1 Please tell me the location. ばしょをおしえてください。ばしょをおしえてください。 (basho o oshiete kudasai.)

2 to teach or to tell おしえるおしえる (oshieru)

3 teach or tell おしえますおしえます (oshiemasu)

4 to tell (in the "te"-form) おしえておしえて (oshiete)

5 Please tell me. おしえてください。おしえてください。 (oshiete kudasai.)

6Do you remember that we used くださいください to mean "Please give me" in the sentence such as このこのシャツくださいシャツください (Please give me this shirt)? When we want to ask or instruct someone to dosomething, we use the "てて-form plus くださいください" pattern as in おしえてくださいおしえてください ("Please tell me" or"Please teach me").

7 Please tell me the location of Tokyo Plaza.とうきょうプラザのばしょをおしえてくださとうきょうプラザのばしょをおしえてください。い。 (tookyoo puraza no basho o oshietekudasai.)

8 Excuse me, but please tell me the name ofthat store.

すみませんが、そのみせのなまえをおしえてくすみませんが、そのみせのなまえをおしえてください。ださい。 (sumimasen ga, sono mise no namae ooshiete kudasai.)

9 to show みせるみせる (miseru)

10 show みせますみせます (misemasu)

11 to show (in the "te"-form) みせてみせて (misete)

12 Please show me. みせてください。みせてください。 (misete kudasai.)

13 Excuse me, but please show me that sweater.すみませんが、そのセーターをみせてくださすみませんが、そのセーターをみせてください。い。 (sumimasen ga, sono seetaa o misetekudasai.)

14 to wrap つつむつつむ (tsutsumu)

15 wrap つつみますつつみます (tsutsumimasu)

16What group of verbs does つつむつつむ belong to? That's right! It's a Group I verb. When the dictionaryform for a Group I verb ends with either むむ or ぶぶ or ぬぬ , we drop the last letter and add んでんで tomake the てて-form. Can you figure out the てて-form for つつむつつむ?


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17 to wrap (in the "te"-form) つつんでつつんで (tsutsunde)



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English Japanese

18 Please wrap them. つつんでください。つつんでください。 (tsutsunde kudasai.)

19 Excuse me, but please wrap them together.すみませんが、いっしょにつつんでください。すみませんが、いっしょにつつんでください。(sumimasen ga, issho ni tsutsundekudasai.)

20

Here's the summary of the てて-form formation for Group I verbs. If the dictionary form ends withうう or つつ or るる , like まつまつ (to wait), delete the last letter and add ってって as in まってまって . If the ending isむむ or ぶぶ or ぬぬ , like つつむつつむ (to wrap), delete it and add んでんで as in つつんでつつんで . For the すす-ending like わわかすかす (to boil water), replace it with してして ; for the くく-ending like たくたく (to cook rice), use いていて ; and forthe ぐぐ-ending like いそぐいそぐ (to hurry), use いでいで .

21

Here is a little mantra to help you memorize how to form the てて-form for Group I verbs, irregularverbs, and Group II verbs, respectively. You can either repeat the following aloud or make a jingleout of it ("Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" fits): うつるうつる「って」「って」 , むぶぬむぶぬ「んで」「んで」 , すす「して」「して」 ,くく「いて」「いて」 , ぐぐ「いで」「いで」 , するする「して」「して」 , くるくる「きて」「きて」 , みるみる「みて」「みて」 . Please note that it liststhe whole てて-form for the irregular verbs (するする and くるくる) and Group II verbs (みるみる is used as anexample), but only the verb endings for Group I verbs and their てて-forms.

22 box はこはこ (hako)

23We have learned that にに is a versatile particle. Here's another use: when we use verbs such as"to put in," "to get in," "to get on," or "to arrive," we use the particle にに to indicate the goal. It'sequivalent to "at," "on," or "in" in English. Let's figure out the next question!

24 Please put it in the box. はこにいれてください。はこにいれてください。 (hako ni irete kudasai.)

25 Excuse me, but please put it in the box andwrap it.

すみませんが、はこにいれて、つつんでくださすみませんが、はこにいれて、つつんでください。い。 (sumimasen ga, hako ni irete, tsutsundekudasai.)

26 Did you remember that we could use the てて-form to connect two or more verbs to describe thechain of events or actions?

27

Gift wrapping is a serious business in Japan. Let's take a box of sweets as an example. Eachsweet would be individually wrapped and placed in a box. The box then would be wrapped with apretty wrapping paper. Sometimes, the retail-store clerk wraps the already gift-wrapped box witha signature wrapping paper of the store. Finally, the neatly wrapped box would be put in amatching paper or plastic tote bag. Now your gift has as many layers as a Russian nesting doll!


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I want some new clothes too.わたしもあたらしいふくがほしいです。わたしもあたらしいふくがほしいです。

English Japanese

1 I want some new clothes too.わたしもあたらしいふくがほしいです。わたしもあたらしいふくがほしいです。 (watashi mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiidesu.)

2

Please note that we can only use ほしいですほしいです (I want) or したいですしたいです (I want to do) to talk about ourown desires or to find out the desires of our listeners in casual conversation. We can't use themto talk about the desires of the third person. Also, we shouldn't use these expressions when wewant to offer something or issue invitations. For example, if you want to invite your friend to havesome tea with you, you should say おちゃをのみませんかおちゃをのみませんか (Why don't we have some tea?) instead.

3 to want ほしいほしい (hoshii)

4 ほしいほしい is an いい-adjective, but it functions as the equivalent of "to want" in English.

5 want ほしいですほしいです (hoshii desu)

6 new あたらしいあたらしい (atarashii)

7 new clothes あたらしいふくあたらしいふく (atarashii fuku )

8 I want some new clothes. あたらしいふくがほしいです。あたらしいふくがほしいです。 (atarashii fuku ga hoshii desu.)

9

Do you remember that we sometimes use the particle がが , not をを , to indicate the "object" of theverb such as ありますあります (I have) or the adjective such as すきですすきです (I like)? When we use theexpression ほしいですほしいです (I want), we also need to use がが to indicate what we want, as in あたらしいあたらしいふくがほしいですふくがほしいです (I want some new clothes). Let's memorize "Xがほしいですがほしいです" (I want X) as a setphrase!

10 new swimsuit あたらしいみずぎあたらしいみずぎ (atarashii mizugi)

11 a pair of sandals (sandal)

サンダルサンダル (sandaru)

12 I want a new swimsuit and a pair of sandals.あたらしいみずぎとサンダルがほしいです。あたらしいみずぎとサンダルがほしいです。 (atarashii mizugi to sandaru ga hoshiidesu.)

13 warm coat and a pair of boots あたたかいコートとブーツあたたかいコートとブーツ (atatakai kooto to buutsu)

14 I want a warm coat and a pair of boots.あたたかいコートとブーツがほしいです。あたたかいコートとブーツがほしいです。 (atatakai kooto to buutsu ga hoshiidesu.)

15 It has become cold. さむくなりました。さむくなりました。 (samuku narimashita.)

16 Since it has become cold, I want a warm coatand a pair of boots.

さむくなりましたから、あたたかいコートとさむくなりましたから、あたたかいコートとブーツがほしいです。ブーツがほしいです。 (samuku narimashita kara, atatakaikooto to buutsu ga hoshii desu.)


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kooto to buutsu ga hoshii desu.)



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English Japanese

17 As a matter of fact, I want it too. ぼくもほしいんです。ぼくもほしいんです。 (boku mo hoshiindesu.)

18 Did you remember that in order to add the nuance of "As a matter of fact..." to our statement, weadd んですんです after いい-adjectives as well as verbs?

19 Let's go together. いっしょにいきましょう。いっしょにいきましょう。 (issho ni ikimashoo.)

20 As a matter of fact, I want some new clothestoo. Let's go together.

ぼくもあたらしいふくがほしいんです。いっぼくもあたらしいふくがほしいんです。いっしょにいきましょう。しょにいきましょう。 (boku mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiindesu.issho ni ikimashoo.)


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Chapter 9: Bank and Post Office 銀行と郵便局銀行と郵便局

Chapter 9: Bank and Post Office

Conversational GoalsAsk or Grant PermissionAsk or Tell the DateCount Things Up to Ten Using the TraditionalCounting SystemOffer Your Services to SomeoneRun Errands at the Bank and the Post Office

Grammar GoalsApply the "てて-form + もいいですもいいです" Pattern toGrant PermissionUnderstand Double ParticlesUnderstand the Pattern "てて-form + からから +Verb"Use the "Verb + ましょうましょう" Pattern to OfferYour ServiceUse the Polite Past Negative Form of Verbs


You are carrying a lot of packages, aren't you! Letme carry one for you.

にもつがおおいですね。ひとつもちましょう。にもつがおおいですね。ひとつもちましょう。 (nimotsu ga ooi desu ne. hitotsumochimashoo.)

Thank you. May I ask you to carry it to the postoffice?

すみません。ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてすみません。ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですか。もいいですか。 (sumimasen. yuubinkyoku made, o-negaishite mo ii desu ka.)

Sure, I don't mind, you know. Are they for theU.S.?

ええ、かまいませんよ。アメリカまでですか。ええ、かまいませんよ。アメリカまでですか。 (ee, kamaimasen yo. amerika made desuka.)

Yes. As a matter of fact, they are Christmaspresents for my family and friends.

ええ。かぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼンええ。かぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼントなんです。トなんです。 (ee. kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento nandesu.)

About how much do you think it will cost to sendthem by airmail?

こうくうびんでいくらぐらいかかるでしょうか。こうくうびんでいくらぐらいかかるでしょうか。 (kookuubin de ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)

Well.... Probably, it will cost close to twentythousand yen in total, I think.

そうですね・・・。たぶんぜんぶでにまんえんちそうですね・・・。たぶんぜんぶでにまんえんちかくかかるでしょう。かくかかるでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... tabun zenbu de niman enchikaku kakaru deshoo.)

えっ、そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんこうえっ、そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんこう


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Oh, that much? I'm sorry, but may I stop by at thebank first?

によってもいいですか。によってもいいですか。 (e, son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki ni ginkooni yotte mo ii desu ka.)

To exchange money? If so, you can do it also inthe post office, you know.

りょうがえですか。それなら、ゆうびんきょくでりょうがえですか。それなら、ゆうびんきょくでもできますよ。もできますよ。 (ryoogae desu ka. sore nara, yuubinkyokude mo dekimasu yo.)

Oh, I didn't know that. It's convenient, isn't it! へえ、しりませんでした。べんりですね。へえ、しりませんでした。べんりですね。 (hee, shirimasen deshita. benri desu ne.)


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Let me carry one of the packages for you.にもつをひとつもちましょう。にもつをひとつもちましょう。

English Japanese

1 Let me carry one of the packages for you. にもつをひとつもちましょう。にもつをひとつもちましょう。 (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimashoo.)

2ひとつひとつ or ふたつふたつ is the original Japanese way of counting things. The combination of a numberand a counter as in いっぱいいっぱい (one cup) or にほんにほん (two bottles) is based on the Chinese tradition,though they are perfectly blended into Japanese as many other Chinese-based vocabularies are!

3 to carry もつもつ (motsu)

4 carry もちますもちます (mochimasu)

5 package にもつにもつ (nimotsu)

6 We have so far learned that the word にもつにもつ means "luggage." In fact, にもつにもつ can be used tomean "luggage," "baggage," "parcel," "pack," or "bag"--anything that has to be carried or sent.

7 I will carry a package. にもつをもちます。にもつをもちます。 (nimotsu o mochimasu.)

8 one (item) ひとつひとつ (hitotsu)

9

In Japanese, we use the combination of a number and a specific counter to count something,right? There is an alternate way to count things up to 10. For example, we can use ひとつひとつ tocount one item such as a key, an apple, a computer, a chair, a house, or even a planet, withoutadding any counters. We can also use it to count an abstract thing such as an idea or a story. Convenient, isn't it!

10 I will carry one of the packages. (I carry one package.)

にもつをひとつもちます。にもつをひとつもちます。 (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimasu.)

11 Let me carry it for you. もちましょう。もちましょう。 (mochimashoo.)

12We have so far used the "ますます-form plus ましょうましょう" pattern to invite someone to do somethingwith us, as in "Let's ~." We can use the same pattern to offer our service to someone. It'sequivalent to "Let me (do something) for you" in English.

13 many おおいおおい (ooi)

14 You have many packages. (Packages are many.)

にもつがおおいです。にもつがおおいです。 (nimotsu ga ooi desu.)

15 You have many packages, don't you! Let mecarry one for you.

にもつがおおいですね。ひとつもちましょう。にもつがおおいですね。ひとつもちましょう。(nimotsu ga ooi desu ne. hitotsumochimashoo.)

16 one (item) ひとつひとつ (hitotsu)



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English Japanese

17 two (items) ふたつふたつ (futatsu)

18 three (items) みっつみっつ (mittsu)

19 four (items) よっつよっつ (yottsu)

20 five (items) いつついつつ (itsutsu)

21 six (items) むっつむっつ (muttsu)

22 seven (items) ななつななつ (nanatsu)

23 eight (items) やっつやっつ (yattsu)

24 nine (items) ここのつここのつ (kokonotsu)

25 ten (items) とおとお (too)

26 To continue counting past ten using the Japanese counting system, like ひとつひとつ or ふたつふたつ , simplyuse numbers with no counter, as in じゅういちじゅういち or にじゅうにじゅう!

27 I have five packages. にもつがいつつあります。にもつがいつつあります。 (nimotsu ga itsutsu arimasu.)

28 how many (items) いくついくつ (ikutsu)

29 How many do you have? いくつありますか。いくつありますか。 (ikutsu arimasu ka.)

30 How many packages do you have? にもつがいくつありますか。にもつがいくつありますか。 (nimotsu ga ikutsu arimasu ka.)

31 You have four packages, don't you! Let mecarry two for you.

にもつがよっつありますね。ふたつもちましょにもつがよっつありますね。ふたつもちましょう。う。 (nimotsu ga yottsu arimasu ne. futatsumochimashoo.)


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May I ask you to carry it to the post office?ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですか。ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですか。

English Japanese

1 May I ask you to carry it to the post office? (May I request to the post office?)

ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですか。か。 (yuubinkyoku made, onegai shite mo iidesu ka.)

2 Now, let's assume that you have to take several packages to the post office. Can you figure outhow to ask someone politely to help you?

3 a request おねがいおねがい (onegai)

4 to request (to do a request)

おねがいするおねがいする (onegai suru)

5

Do you remember the expression おねがいしますおねがいします which we use to order something inrestaurants, as in コーヒーおねがいしますコーヒーおねがいします (Coffee, please)? おねがいするおねがいする ("to request" or "to askfor") is the dictionary form of おねがいしますおねがいします and consists of the noun おねがいおねがい (a "request" or"wish") and the irregular verb するする (to do). It's another compound verb! Can you figure out its てて-form?

6 to request (in the "te"-form) おねがいしておねがいして (onegai shite)

7 May I ask you? (May I request?)

おねがいしてもいいですか。おねがいしてもいいですか。 (onegai shite mo ii desu ka.)

8When we want to ask for permission, we add もいいですかもいいですか (equivalent to "May I~?" in English) tothe てて-form of the verb, as in おねがいしてもいいですかおねがいしてもいいですか (May I request?) おねがいしてもいいでおねがいしてもいいですかすか is a polite expression we can use in various situations. The translation, therefore, will varydepending on the context.

9 In the next question, let's use the particle that indicates the final destination.

10 to the post office ゆうびんきょくまでゆうびんきょくまで (yuubinkyoku made)

11 to stop by よるよる (yoru)

12 stop by よりますよります (yorimasu)

13 I will stop by at the bank. ぎんこうによります。ぎんこうによります。 (ginkoo ni yorimasu.)

14 Did you remember that we use the particle にに to indicate the spot that is the goal or target of anaction?

15Judging from the way the dictionary form (よるよる) changes its shape in the polite form (よりますよります),we can tell that よるよる (to stop by) is a るる-ending Group I verb, right? Do you remember how tomake the てて-form for it?

16 to stop by (in the "te"-form) よってよって (yotte)

17 May I stop by? よってもいいですか。よってもいいですか。 (yotte mo ii desu ka.)


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English Japanese

18 first さきにさきに (saki ni)

19 さきにさきに is the expression we can use when we want to do something before doing other things. It'sequivalent to "first" or "before that" in English.

20 May I stop by at the bank first? さきにぎんこうによってもいいですか。さきにぎんこうによってもいいですか。 (saki ni ginkoo ni yotte mo ii desu ka.)

21 so much そんなにそんなに (son-na ni)

22 What?! So much? I'm sorry, but may I stop byat the bank first?

えっ？！そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんえっ？！そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんこうによってもいいですか。こうによってもいいですか。 (e?! son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki niginkoo ni yotte mo ii desu ka.)

23 Yes, sure. Please go ahead. ええ、いいですよ。どうぞ。ええ、いいですよ。どうぞ。 (ee, ii desu yo. doozo.)

24 I don't mind. かまいません。かまいません。 (kamaimasen.)

25 かまいませんかまいません is the polite negative form of the verb かまうかまう (to mind). Let's memorize it as auseful expression that is equivalent to "I don't mind" in English.

26No, I don't mind, you know. Let's go together. (Yes, I don't mind, you know. Let's gotogether.)

ええ、かまいませんよ。いっしょにいきましょええ、かまいませんよ。いっしょにいきましょう。う。 (ee, kamaimasen yo. issho ni ikimashoo.)

27

Did you notice that we answer a yes/no question differently in Japanese? In English, we say "Yes" ifthe answer is affirmative and "No" if the answer is negative, right? In Japanese, we say "Yes" if weagree to the question and say "No" if we disagree, regardless of whether the question is in thenegative or affirmative form. So, if someone asks your permission and if you don't mind grantingit, then you should say ええ、かまいませんええ、かまいません (literally, "Yes, I don't mind")!


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As a matter of fact, they are presents for my family.かぞくへのプレゼントなんです。かぞくへのプレゼントなんです。

English Japanese

1 As a matter of fact, they are presents for myfamily.

かぞくへのプレゼントなんです。かぞくへのプレゼントなんです。 (kazoku e no purezento nandesu.)

2Please note that we can use the particle のの along with some particles such as へへ (to), とと (with), でで("at," "on," or "in"), からから (from), or までまで ("to" or "as far as"), but we can't use it with other particlessuch as がが , をを , or にに .

3 a present プレゼントプレゼント (purezento)

4We can use the particle へへ , which indicates the direction of movement, not only with the placenoun (as in とうきょうへとうきょうへ) but also with a noun that denotes a person (or persons) to whom wesend something. Let's use it in the next question!

5 to my family かぞくへかぞくへ (kazoku e)

6 presents for my family かぞくへのプレゼントかぞくへのプレゼント (kazoku e no purezento)

7

We have been using the particle のの to connect two nouns (or pronouns) as in にほんのはなにほんのはな(Japanese flowers) or わたしのかれわたしのかれ (my boyfriend). The particle のの sometimes attaches itself toanother particle, connecting the noun phrase such as かぞくへかぞくへ (to my family) with a noun such asプレゼントプレゼント (presents). In the phrase かぞくへのプレゼントかぞくへのプレゼント (presents for my family), のの indicatesthat かぞくへかぞくへ is the explanation of プレゼントプレゼント (or in other words, かぞくへかぞくへ modifies プレゼントプレゼント). For convenience, we can call the structure "double particles"!

8 They are presents for my family. かぞくへのプレゼントです。かぞくへのプレゼントです。 (kazoku e no purezento desu.)

9 my family, friends, and others かぞくやともだちかぞくやともだち (kazoku ya tomodachi)

10 Christmas presents for my family, friends, andothers

かぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼントかぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼント (kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento)

11 a birthday present for my mother ははへのたんじょうびプレゼントははへのたんじょうびプレゼント (haha e no tanjoobi purezento)

12 to send おくるおくる (okuru)

13 send おくりますおくります (okurimasu)

14 I'll send it to America. アメリカまでおくります。アメリカまでおくります。 (amerika made okurimasu)

15

Here are some tips on how to use the particles までまで , へへ , and にに that are the equivalents of "to"when we talk about movement. までまで emphasizes the end of the course, implying "as far as" or"up to." へへ , on the other hand, focuses on the direction of the movement, as in "toward" or "in thedirection of." にに implies the goal (or target) of action, as in "to arrive at" or "to get into." Thoughwe can sometimes use these particles interchangeably, idiomatic usage often determines ourchoice.


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16 I will send a birthday present for my mother toAmerica.

ははへのたんじょうびプレゼントをアメリカまははへのたんじょうびプレゼントをアメリカまでおくります。でおくります。 (haha e no tanjoobi purezento o amerikamade okurimasu.)

17 from my girlfriend かのじょからかのじょから (ka-nojo kara)

18 Did you use the particle からから (from)? からから indicates the starting point or origin, and the origin canbe a time, a place, or even a person!

19 a present from my girlfriend かのじょからのプレゼントかのじょからのプレゼント (ka-nojo kara no purezento)

20 necktie ネクタイネクタイ (nekutai)

21 This necktie? It's a present from my girlfriend.このネクタイですか。かのじょからのプレゼンこのネクタイですか。かのじょからのプレゼントです。トです。 (kono nekutai desu ka. ka-nojo kara nopurezento desu.)


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How much does it cost to send it to America byairmail?アメリカまでこうくうびんでいくらかかりますか。アメリカまでこうくうびんでいくらかかりますか。

English Japanese

1 How much does it cost to send it to Americaby airmail?

アメリカまでこうくうびんでいくらかかりますアメリカまでこうくうびんでいくらかかりますか。か。 (amerika made kookuubin de ikurakakarimasu ka.)

2 to cost かかるかかる (kakaru)

3 cost かかりますかかります (kakarimasu)

4 How much does it cost? いくらかかりますか。いくらかかりますか。 (ikura kakarimasu ka.)

5 How much does it cost to send it to America? (How much does it cost to America?)

アメリカまでいくらかかりますか。アメリカまでいくらかかりますか。 (amerika made ikura kakarimasu ka.)

6 Please note that when we are talking about the mailing or traveling cost or time spent deliveringsomething, we use までまで to indicate the final destination.

7 airmail こうくうびんこうくうびん (kookuubin)

8 by airmail こうくうびんでこうくうびんで (kookuubin de)

9 Did you remember to use the particle でで to indicate the method or means of action?

10 sea mail ふなびんふなびん (funabin)

11 Excuse me. How much does it cost to send itto Canada by sea mail?

すみません。カナダまでふなびんでいくらかかすみません。カナダまでふなびんでいくらかかりますか。りますか。 (sumimasen. kanada made funabin deikura kakarimasu ka.)

12 Sea mail? It costs two thousand five hundredyen.

ふなびんですか。にせんごひゃくえんかかりまふなびんですか。にせんごひゃくえんかかります。す。 (funabin desu ka. nisen gohyaku enkakarimasu.)

13 letter てがみてがみ (tegami)

14The answers to いくらかかりますかいくらかかりますか (How much does it cost?) can be, for example, せんえんかかせんえんかかりますります (It costs one thousand yen) or せんえんですせんえんです (It's one thousand yen). Both sentencesconvey the same meaning. Let's try them both in the next question.

15 Airmail? As for the postcard, it is seventy yen.As for the letter, it costs a hundred ten yen.

こうくうびんですか。はがきはななじゅうえんこうくうびんですか。はがきはななじゅうえんです。てがみはひゃくじゅうえんかかります。です。てがみはひゃくじゅうえんかかります。(kookuubin desu ka. hagaki wa nanajuuen desu. tegami wa hyaku juu enkakarimasu.)

そくたつそくたつ


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16 special delivery そくたつそくたつ (sokutatsu)

17 By special delivery, please. How much does itcost?

そくたつでおねがいします。いくらかかりますそくたつでおねがいします。いくらかかりますか。か。 (sokutatsu de onegai shimasu. ikurakakarimasu ka.)



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English Japanese

18 How much do you think it will cost? いくらかかるでしょうか。いくらかかるでしょうか。 (ikura kakaru deshoo ka.)

19

Do you remember the sentence ending でしょうでしょう and its question form でしょうかでしょうか that we canuse to talk about our assumption? So far we used them after a noun or an adjective, as in さんさんじゅうどぐらいでしょうじゅうどぐらいでしょう (It's about thirty degrees, I think) or どこがいちばんさむいでしょうかどこがいちばんさむいでしょうか(Where do you think is the coldest?) We can also use them after the dictionary form of verbs, asin いくらかかるでしょうかいくらかかるでしょうか (How much do you think it will cost?).

20 about how much いくらぐらいいくらぐらい (ikura gurai)

21 About how much do you think it will cost tosend it by airmail?

こうくうびんで、いくらぐらいかかるでしょうこうくうびんで、いくらぐらいかかるでしょうか。か。 (kookuubin de, ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)

22 close to twenty thousand yen にまんえんちかくにまんえんちかく (niman en chikaku)

23We have so far used the word ちかくちかく to describe a nearness in geography, as in えきのちかくえきのちかく(near the station). We can also use ちかくちかく to indicate a proximity in numbers, regardless ofwhether they are measuring time or money.

24 in total ぜんぶでぜんぶで (zenbu de)

25 close to twenty thousand yen in total ぜんぶでにまんえんちかくぜんぶでにまんえんちかく (zenbu de niman en chikaku)

26 Well.... Probably, it will cost close to twentythousand yen in total, I think.

そうですね・・・。たぶんぜんぶでにまんえんそうですね・・・。たぶんぜんぶでにまんえんちかくかかるでしょう。ちかくかかるでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... tabun zenbu de niman enchikaku kakaru deshoo.)


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How long does it take to send it by sea mail?ふなびんでどのくらいかかりますか。ふなびんでどのくらいかかりますか。

English Japanese

1 How long does it take to send it by sea mail? ふなびんでどのくらいかかりますか。ふなびんでどのくらいかかりますか。 (funabin de donokurai kakarimasu ka.)

2

Japanese post offices offer four options to send packages overseas. The fastest is EMS (ExpressMail Service), which delivers packages in 2 to 4 days worldwide. The second fastest is こうくうびこうくうびんん (airmail) that takes 3 to 6 days. エコノミーこうくうびんエコノミーこうくうびん (economy airmail) or SALびんびん(Surface Air Lifted), which uses the combination of land and air transportation, takes 6 to 13days. The slowest but least expensive option is ふなびんふなびん (sea mail) that delivers packages in 1 to3 months.

3 to take (when referring to time) かかるかかる (kakaru)

4We used かかるかかる as the Japanese equivalent of "to cost" in the previous section. We can also usethe same verb to talk about time spent to carry out an action. It's the equivalent of "to take" inEnglish.

5 take (when referring to time) かかりますかかります (kakarimasu)

6 どのくらいどのくらい is a versatile question word we can use to ask the amount or degree, as in "how far?"or "how hot (or cold)?" Let's use it to ask about the period of time in this section.

7 How long does it take? どのくらいかかりますか。どのくらいかかりますか。 (donokurai kakarimasu ka.)

8 one month いっかげついっかげつ (ikkagetsu)

9かげつかげつ in いっかげついっかげつ (one month) is the counter for months when we are talking about a length oftime. Though the basic rule is to add the counter after a number as in にかげつにかげつ (two months) orさんかげつさんかげつ (three months), the pronunciation of certain numbers changes. いちいち (one) in いっかげいっかげつつ is one of them!

10 one month or more いっかげついじょういっかげついじょう (ikkagetsu ijoo)

11 Sea mail? It takes one month or more, youknow.

ふなびんですか。いっかげついじょうかかりまふなびんですか。いっかげついじょうかかりますよ。すよ。 (funabin desu ka. ikkagetsu ijookakarimasu yo.)

12In addition to いっかげついっかげつ (one month), the pronunciation of the numbers "six" (ろくろく), "eight" (ははちち), and "ten" (じゅうじゅう) also changes in a similar manner when combined with かげつかげつ , the counterfor month. Let's see if you can figure them out!

13 six months ろっかげつろっかげつ (rokkagetsu)

14 eight months はっかげつはっかげつ (hakkagetsu)

15 ten months じゅっかげつじゅっかげつ (jukkagetsu)



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English Japanese

16In place of the generic question word どのくらいどのくらい , we can use a more specific one, such as なんどなんど(literally, "what degrees") or なんメートルなんメートル (literally, "what meters"). Let's figure out the questionword for "months"!

17 how many months なんかげつなんかげつ (nan kagetsu)

18 How many months do you think it takes tosend it to America by sea mail?

アメリカまでふなびんでなんかげつかかるでアメリカまでふなびんでなんかげつかかるでしょうか。しょうか。 (amerika made funabin de nan kagetsukakaru deshoo ka.)

19 Well.... Probably it takes close to two months, Ithink.

そうですね・・・。たぶんにかげつちかくかかそうですね・・・。たぶんにかげつちかくかかるでしょう。るでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... tabun nikagetsu chikakukakaru deshoo.)

20 one week いっしゅうかんいっしゅうかん (isshuukan)

21

しゅうかんしゅうかん in いっしゅうかんいっしゅうかん (one week) is the counter for "week" as a duration of time. If webreak down the word further, しゅうしゅう means "week," and かんかん literally means "in-between" or a"range." (Do you remember the word いちじかんいちじかん or "one hour"? It's the same かんかん as いっしゅういっしゅうかんかん!) Please note that the pronunciation of いちいち (one) is changed when it is combined with しゅしゅうかんうかん .

22The pronunciation of はちはち (eight) and じゅうじゅう (ten) will change when these numbers are combinedwith しゅうかんしゅうかん , the counter for "week" as the duration of time. Let's try to figure them out in thenext two questions!

23 eight weeks はっしゅうかんはっしゅうかん (hasshuukan)

24 ten weeks じゅっしゅうかんじゅっしゅうかん (jusshuukan)

25 Now, let's figure out the question word for "weeks"!

26 how many weeks なんしゅうかんなんしゅうかん (nanshuukan)

27 How many weeks does it take to send it toCanada by airmail?

カナダまでこうくうびんでなんしゅうかんかかカナダまでこうくうびんでなんしゅうかんかかりますか。りますか。 (kanada made kookuubin de nanshuukankakarimasu ka.)

28 if that's the case それならそれなら (sore nara)

29 Airmail? If that's the case, it's about oneweek.

こうくうびんですか。それなら、いっしゅうかこうくうびんですか。それなら、いっしゅうかんぐらいです。んぐらいです。 (kookuubin desu ka. sore nara,isshuukan gurai desu.)


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I'd like to exchange some dollars with yen.ドルをえんとりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。ドルをえんとりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。

English Japanese

1 I'd like to exchange some dollars with yen.ドルをえんとりょうがえしたいんですドルをえんとりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。が・・・。 (doru o en to ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)

2 money exchange りょうがえりょうがえ (ryoogae)

3 to exchange (money) (to do money exchange)

りょうがえするりょうがえする (ryoogae suru)

4 exchange (money) りょうがえしますりょうがえします (ryoogae shimasu)

5 I want to exchange money. りょうがえしたいです。りょうがえしたいです。 (ryoogae shitai desu.)

6I'd like to exchange money. (As a matter of fact, I want to exchangemoney, but....)

りょうがえしたいんですが・・・。りょうがえしたいんですが・・・。 (ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)

7

We have already learned that in Japanese unfinished sentences are sometimes more polite thancomplete sentences, as in おなまえは？おなまえは？ (literally, "As for name?") or どようびはちょっと・・・どようびはちょっと・・・(literally, "Saturday is a little bit..."). りょうがえしたいんですがりょうがえしたいんですが is another example. It literallymeans "As a matter of fact, I want to exchange some money, but..." It works, however, as theequivalent of "I'd like to exchange some money."

8 I'd like to exchange some dollars. ドルをりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。ドルをりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。 (doru o ryoogae shitaindes ga....)

9 with yen えんとえんと (en to)

10 the exchange rate (a rate)

レートレート (reeto)

11 How much is the exchange rate? レートはいくらですか。レートはいくらですか。 (reeto wa ikura desu ka.)

12 one thousand dollars せんドルせんドル (sen doru)

13 I'd like to exchange one thousand dollars. Howmuch is the exchange rate now?

せんドルりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。いせんドルりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。いまレートはいくらですか。まレートはいくらですか。 (sen doru ryoogae shitaindesu ga.... imareeto wa ikura desu ka.)

14 eighty-five yen to the dollar (one dollar eighty-five yen)

いちドルはちじゅうごえんいちドルはちじゅうごえん (ichi doru hachijuu-go en )

15 The exchange rate? It's eighty-five yen to thedollar now.

レートですか。いま、いちドルはちじゅうごえレートですか。いま、いちドルはちじゅうごえんです。んです。 (reeto desu ka. ima, ichi doru hachijuu-goen desu.)

16 Where do you recommend? (Where is good?)

どこがいいですか。どこがいいですか。 (doko ga ii desu ka.)


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English Japanese

17 I'd like to exchange some traveler's cheques.Where do you recommend?

トラベラーズチェックをりょうがえしたいんでトラベラーズチェックをりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。どこがいいですか。すが・・・。どこがいいですか。 (toraberaazu chekku o ryoogaeshitaindesu ga.... doko ga ii desu ka.)

18 to be able to do できるできる (dekiru)

19We have so far used the verb できるできる to mean "to be ready" as in もうすぐできますもうすぐできます (It will beready in no time) and "to be made" as in みそはだいずからできていますみそはだいずからできています (Miso paste is made ofsoybeans). We can also use できるできる to mean "to be able to do," using the particle がが to mark theobject of the verb--that is, what we can do. Let's use it with this meaning here.

20 can do (is/am/are able to do)

できますできます (dekimasu)

21 You can do it at the post office. ゆうびんきょくでできます。ゆうびんきょくでできます。 (yuubinkyoku de dekimasu.)

22 You can do it at the post office too. ゆうびんきょくでもできます。ゆうびんきょくでもできます。 (yuubinkyoku de mo dekimasu.)

23Did you get it right? ゆうびんきょくでもゆうびんきょくでも (at the post office too) is another example of the"double particles" structure--that is, adding a particle to the phrase that ends with a particle sothat the two particles appear back to back, as in かぞくへのプレゼントかぞくへのプレゼント (presents for my family).

24 Money exchange? If that's the case, you cando it at the post office too, you know.

りょうがえですか。それなら、ゆうびんきょくりょうがえですか。それなら、ゆうびんきょくでもできますよ。でもできますよ。 (ryoogae desu ka. sore nara,yuubinkyoku de mo dekimasu yo.)

25 I didn't know. しりませんでした。しりませんでした。 (shirimasendeshita.)

26When we want to talk about actions we didn't perform or events that didn't happen, we can add ででしたした to the negative verb form ませんません , as in たべませんでしたたべませんでした (I didn't eat) or しりませんでしたしりませんでした (Ididn't know).

27 convenient べんりべんり (benri)

28 Oh, I didn't know it. That is convenient, isn't it!へえ、しりませんでした。それはべんりですへえ、しりませんでした。それはべんりですね。ね。 (hee, shirimasendeshita. sore wa benridesu ne.)

29 to withdraw (money) おろすおろす (orosu)

30 withdraw (money) おろしますおろします (oroshimasu)

31 money おかねおかね (okane)

32 かねかね means "money," but people almost always say おかねおかね to avoid sounding rude, as in the caseof おちゃおちゃ (tea).

33 I'd like to withdraw some money. おかねをおろしたいんですが。おかねをおろしたいんですが。 (okane o oroshitaindesu ga.)


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34 window or teller まどぐちまどぐち (madoguchi)



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English Japanese

35

まどまど in まどぐちまどぐち means a "window," and ぐちぐち (or its regular form くちくち) means a "mouth" or anykind of opening. So, まどぐちまどぐち literally means a "window opening." This is the term you will oftenhear in banks, post offices, ticket counters, or government offices in Japan. For example, ifsomeone tells you さんばんまどぐちへどうぞさんばんまどぐちへどうぞ , the person is saying, "Please proceed to thenumber 3 window."

36 Can I do it at this window? このまどぐちでできますか。このまどぐちでできますか。 (kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)

37 Excuse me. I'd like to withdraw some money.Can I do it at this window?

すみません。おかねをおろしたいんですすみません。おかねをおろしたいんですが・・・。このまどぐちでできますか。が・・・。このまどぐちでできますか。 (sumimasen. okane o oroshitaindesuga.... kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)

38

Some large banks in Japan let you withdraw money at their counters with major credit cards andyour passport. However, the most convenient way to withdraw money is probably to useinternational ATMs at post offices. Not only do they accept foreign-issued major credit cards, butthey also allow you to conduct business in English! Please be aware, though, these ATMs are notavailable 24 hours a day. Also remember to get your PIN number before leaving home.


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The money will arrive four days after you remit it.そうきんしてから、よっかでとどきます。そうきんしてから、よっかでとどきます。

English Japanese

1The money will arrive four days after you remitit. (After you remit it, it will arrive in four days.)

そうきんしてから、よっかでとどきます。そうきんしてから、よっかでとどきます。 (sookin shite kara, yokka detodokimasu.)

2 to arrive とどくとどく (todoku)

3 とどくとどく means that something is delivered and arrives at the final destination.

4 arrive とどきますとどきます (todokimasu)

5 four days よっかよっか (yokka)

6 When we are talking about the duration of time that is spent to do something, we can consider itas the means used to complete the action. Now, can you figure out the next question?

7 in four days よっかでよっかで (yokka de)

8 It will arrive in four days. よっかでとどきます。よっかでとどきます。 (yokka de todokimasu.)

9 remittance (sending money)

そうきんそうきん (sookin)

10 to remit (to do remittance)

そうきんするそうきんする (sookin suru)

11 to remit (in the "te"-form) そうきんしてそうきんして (sookin shite)

12 after you remit it そうきんしてからそうきんしてから (sookin shite kara)

13When we want to indicate that an action takes place upon completion of another, the action thatprecedes the other one takes the pattern "てて-form plus からから ," as in そうきんしてからそうきんしてから (after youremit it). からから in this case is equivalent to "after" or "since" in English. Please note that we canuse the same "てて-form plus からから" pattern regardless of when the action takes place.

14 one day いちにちいちにち (ichi-nichi)

15

にちにち in いちにちいちにち (one day) is the counter for day--for both the point of time (date) and theduration of time. The basic rule is that we combine a number with にちにち , as in いちにちいちにち or じゅうじゅういちにちいちにち (eleven days). The exceptions are the numbers 2 to 10, 20, and any numbers that endwith 4 or 9. For these numbers, we use the pronunciation based on the original Japanesenumbers. Let's learn these exceptions.

16 two days ふつかふつか (futsuka)



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English Japanese

17 three days みっかみっか (mikka)

18 four days よっかよっか (yokka)

19 five days いつかいつか (itsuka)

20 six days むいかむいか (muika)

21 seven days なのかなのか (nanoka)

22 eight days ようかようか (yooka)

23 nine days ここのかここのか (kokonoka)

24 ten days とおかとおか (tooka)

25 The money arrived ten days after I hadremitted it.

そうきんしてから、とおかでとどきました。そうきんしてから、とおかでとどきました。 (sookin shite kara, tooka detodokimashita.)

26

When we use the "てて-form plus からから" pattern to indicate the completion of an action, the tense ofthe first part of the sentence is not apparent because we use the てて-form. We can, however,determine it by the tense of the last verb that appears in the sentence. For example, in そうきんそうきんしてから、とおかでとどきましたしてから、とおかでとどきました , the last verb とどきましたとどきました is in the past form. Therefore, theEnglish equivalent would be "It arrived ten days after I had remitted it."

27 twelve days じゅうににちじゅうににち (juu-ni-nichi)

28 fourteen days じゅうよっかじゅうよっか (juu-yokka)

29 nineteen days じゅうくにちじゅうくにち (juu-ku-nichi)

30 twenty days はつかはつか (hatsuka)

31 twenty-one days にじゅういちにちにじゅういちにち (nijuu-ichi-nichi)

32 two to three days (two days to three days)

ふつかからみっかふつかからみっか (futsuka kara mikka)

33Here is another function for the particle からから! When we want to indicate the range of time, wecan use からから as in ふつかからみっかふつかからみっか (two to three days) or いちじかんからにじかんいちじかんからにじかん (one to twohours).



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English Japanese

34 to send (in the "te"-form) おくっておくって (okutte)

35 after you send it おくってからおくってから (okutte kara)

36 Special delivery? It will arrive two to four daysafter you send it, you know.

そくたつですか。おくってから、ふつかからそくたつですか。おくってから、ふつかからよっかでとどきますよ。よっかでとどきますよ。 (sokutatsu desu ka. okutte kara, futsukakara yokka de todokimasu yo.)


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What is today's date? きょうのひづけはなんですか。きょうのひづけはなんですか。English Japanese

1 What is today's date? きょうのひづけはなんですか。きょうのひづけはなんですか。 (kyoo no hizuke wa nan desu ka.)

2 date (for calendar) ひづけひづけ (hizuke)

3 today's date きょうのひづけきょうのひづけ (kyoo no hizuke)

4 January (the first month)

いちがついちがつ (ichi-gatsu)

5 The names of the months are easy! They are a combination of a number and がつがつ (month).

6 the first day of the month ついたちついたち (tsuitachi)

7In general, we can use the same terms to indicate the date and the number of days. Forexample, ふつかふつか can mean both "two days" and "the second day of the month." However, thefirst day of the month is an exception! "One day" is いちにちいちにち , but "the first day of the month" isついたちついたち .

8 January 1st いちがつついたちいちがつついたち (ichi-gatsu tsuitachi)

9

いちがつついたちいちがつついたち is しょうがつしょうがつ or おしょうがつおしょうがつ (New Year's Day). For many people, おしょうがおしょうがつやすみつやすみ (New Year's Day holidays) starts on December 29th and lasts through January 3rd. Theyspend the last few days of the year doing おおそうじおおそうじ (literally, a "big cleaning") and preparingtons of special dishes for the new year. When the new year arrives, they celebrate it by visitingShinto shrines, having big feasts, and enjoying the company of family and friends!

10 March 3rd さんがつみっかさんがつみっか (san-gatsu mikka)

11さんがつみっかさんがつみっか (March 3rd) is ひなまつりひなまつり (Doll's Festival). Traditionally, it's a day for girls, whoenjoy wearing a kimono and having a tea party in front of a gorgeous doll set created after thefashion of the ancient court.

12 April しがつしがつ (shi-gatsu)

13Do you remember that the numbers 4, 7, and 9 have two ways of reading in Japanese and that wesometimes use only one of them for a specific purpose? For example, the number 4 can be readas よんよん or しし , but we have to use しし for "April" and say しがつしがつ!

14 April 4th しがつよっかしがつよっか (shi-gatsu yokka)

15 May 5th ごがついつかごがついつか (go-gatsu itsuka)

16ごがついつかごがついつか (May 5th) is こどものひこどものひ (Children's Day). Traditionally, it's a day for boys. Familieswith boys celebrate the day by hoisting the colorful carp-shaped streamers and eating ちまきちまき--special rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves.



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English Japanese

17 July しちがつしちがつ (shichi-gatsu)

18 Though the number 7 can be read as なななな or しちしち , we have to say しちがつしちがつ to mean "July."

19 July 7th しちがつなのかしちがつなのか (shichi-gatsu nanoka)

20しちがつなのかしちがつなのか (July 7th) is たなばたたなばた , the Star Festival. Legend has it that this is the only day the"star-crossed" lovers--a weaver and a cowboy who live on the opposite sides of the Milky Way, orあまのがわあまのがわ (literally, "river in the sky")--can meet, crossing a legendary bridge formed byhundreds of magpies!

21 September くがつくがつ (ku-gatsu)

22 The number 9 can be read as きゅうきゅう or くく , but in the case of September, we always have to sayくがつくがつ .

23 September 9th くがつここのかくがつここのか (ku-gatsu kokonoka)

24 what month なんがつなんがつ (nan-gatsu)

25 what day なんにちなんにち (nan-nichi)

26 what date (what month what day)

なんがつなんにちなんがつなんにち (nan-gatsu nan-nichi)

27 なんがつなんにちなんがつなんにち (literally, "what month what day") is the question word commonly used to askthe calendar date.

28 Excuse me. What date is it today?すみません。きょうはなんがつなんにちですすみません。きょうはなんがつなんにちですか。か。 (sumimasen. kyoo wa nan-gatsu nan-nichi desu ka.)

29 Today is November 20th. きょうはじゅういちがつはつかです。きょうはじゅういちがつはつかです。 (kyoo wa juu-ichi-gatsu hatsuka desu.)

30 When is your birthday? たんじょうびはいつですか。たんじょうびはいつですか。 (tanjoobi wa itsu desu ka.)

31 My birthday? It's on March 16th, you know.たんじょうびですか。さんがつじゅうろくにちたんじょうびですか。さんがつじゅうろくにちですよ。ですよ。 (tanjoobi desu ka. san-gatsu juu-roku-nichi desu yo.)

32 I want to send a present. プレゼントをおくりたいです。プレゼントをおくりたいです。 (purezento o okuritai desu.)

33 My father's birthday is on April 27th. I want tosend a present from Japan.

ちちのたんじょうびはしがつにじゅうしちにちちちのたんじょうびはしがつにじゅうしちにちです。にほんからプレゼントをおくりたいでです。にほんからプレゼントをおくりたいです。す。 (chichi no tanjoobi wa shi-gatsu ni-juu-shichi-nichi desu. nihon kara purezento ookuritai desu.)

Besides the everyday terms such as いちがついちがつ or にがつにがつ , Japanese has a traditional term for each


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34month. じゅうがつじゅうがつ (October), for example, is also called かんなづきかんなづき (literally, "the month withoutgods"). This is because October is the month when all the gods in Japan (eight million of them)are said to travel to the ancient Shinto shrine in いずもいずも (located in Shimane Prefecture) for theirannual conference. For this reason, October in いずもいずも is called かみありづきかみありづき (the month withgods)!


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Chapter 10: At the Hospital 病院にて病院にて

Chapter 10: At the Hospital

Conversational GoalsDescribe Feelings of Pain or IllnessName Types of MedicineRespond to Medical QuestionsUnderstand Common Expressions Used inMedical Clinics

Grammar GoalsConnect an Adjective Sentence with AnotherSentenceTurn an Adjective into an AdverbUnderstand the Order of Events Expressed byまえからまえから and まえにまえにUse the "Period + にに + Number +かいかい" toIndicate FrequencyUse the "てて-form + はいけませんはいけません" Pattern toExpress Prohibition


What seems to be the problem? どうしましたか。どうしましたか。 (doo shimashita ka.)

I have a headache and the chills. あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。 (atama ga itakute, samuke ga shimasu.)

I have no appetite, either, since three days ago. みっかまえからしょくよくもありません。みっかまえからしょくよくもありません。 (mikka mae kara shokuyoku mo arimasen.)

You have a fever of 38 degrees, I see. Open yourmouth wide, please.

ねつが３８どありますね。くちをおおきくあけてねつが３８どありますね。くちをおおきくあけてください。ください。 (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne. kuchio ookiku akete kudasai.)

Your throat is red, I see. You have a common cold,I think.

のどがあかいですね。ただのかぜでしょう。のどがあかいですね。ただのかぜでしょう。 (nodo ga akai desu ne. tada no kazedeshoo.)

I'm going to prescribe cold medicine, so pleasetake two tablets before going to bed.

かぜぐすりをだしますから、ねるまえににじょうかぜぐすりをだしますから、ねるまえににじょうのんでください。のんでください。 (kazegusuri o dashimasu kara, neru mae nini-joo nonde kudasai.)

Um, may I take a bath tonight?あのう、こんばん、おふろにはいってもいいですあのう、こんばん、おふろにはいってもいいですか。か。 (anoo, konban, ofuro ni haitte mo ii desuka.)


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No, not today. いいえ、きょうはいけませんよ。いいえ、きょうはいけませんよ。 (iie, kyoo wa ikemasen yo.)

Take your medicine and go to bed early today,please. Take care.

きょうはくすりをのんで、はやくねてください。きょうはくすりをのんで、はやくねてください。おだいじに。おだいじに。 (kyoo wa kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)


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I have had no appetite since three days ago.みっかまえから、しょくよくがありません。みっかまえから、しょくよくがありません。

English Japanese

1 I have had no appetite since three days ago. (I don't have appetite since three days ago.)

みっかまえから、しょくよくがありません。みっかまえから、しょくよくがありません。 (mikka mae kara, shokuyoku gaarimasen.)

2 appetite しょくよくしょくよく (shokuyoku)

3 しょくしょく in both しょくよくしょくよく (appetite) and しょくじしょくじ (meal) means "eating." しょくよくしょくよく literallymeans an "eating desire," while しょくじしょくじ literally means an "eating affair"!

4 I don't have an appetite. しょくよくがありません。しょくよくがありません。 (shokuyoku ga arimasen.)

5 since three days ago みっかまえからみっかまえから (mikka mae kara)

6The expression みっかまえからみっかまえから indicates that some action or state has begun three days ago,has continued since, and is still happening as we speak. It is equivalent to "since three days ago"or "for three days now." Please note that the word まえまえ is a noun, though its meaning in thisphrase is equivalent to "before" or "ago" in English.

7 What seems to be the problem? (How did you do?)

どうしましたか。どうしましたか。 (doo shimashita ka.)

8 a cold かぜかぜ (kaze)

9 to catch a cold かぜをひくかぜをひく (kaze o hiku)

10When we want to say "to catch a cold," we say かぜをひくかぜをひく in Japanese. The idiom is said tooriginate in the ancient Chinese belief that people get sick when they "pull" (ひくひく) the "evil spirit inthe wind" (かぜかぜ) into their body. Let's memorize this phrase as a whole unit.

11 I have caught a cold. かぜをひきました。かぜをひきました。 (kaze o hikimashita.)

12 to catch a cold (in the "te"-form) かぜをひいてかぜをひいて (kaze o hiite)

13Do you remember that the "てて-form plus いますいます " pattern can be used to describe not only anaction in progress but also a "continuing state"--a state that has been continuing as the result ofsome past action? In the next question, let's use this pattern to tell someone you have a cold!

14 I have a cold. かぜをひいています。かぜをひいています。 (kaze o hiite imasu.)

15 condition ちょうしちょうし (chooshi)

16 the condition of stomach おなかのちょうしおなかのちょうし (onaka no chooshi)



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English Japanese

17 I have an upset stomach. (The condition of stomach is bad.)

おなかのちょうしがわるいです。おなかのちょうしがわるいです。 (onaka no chooshi ga warui desu.)

18おなかのちょうしがわるいですおなかのちょうしがわるいです (literally, "The condition of stomach is bad") is a euphemism for"I'm having diarrhea." In this case, おなかおなか means the lower abdomen. If you specifically want tomean the stomach (or the upper abdomen), use the Japanese term いい and say いのちょうしがわいのちょうしがわるいでするいです .

19 I have had an upset stomach since a weekago.

いっしゅうかんまえから、おなかのちょうしがいっしゅうかんまえから、おなかのちょうしがわるいです。わるいです。 (isshuukan mae kara, onaka no chooshiga warui desu.)

20 My stomach hurts. (Stomach is painful.)

おなかがいたいです。おなかがいたいです。 (onaka ga itai desu.)

21 since when いつからいつから (itsu kara)

22 Since when has your stomach been hurting? いつからおなかがいたいですか。いつからおなかがいたいですか。 (itsu kara onaka ga itai desu ka.)

23 It has been hurting since five hours ago. ごじかんまえからいたいです。ごじかんまえからいたいです。 (go jikan mae kara itai desu.)

24 To answer the question いつからおなかがいたいですかいつからおなかがいたいですか (Since when has your stomach beenhurting?), we can also say, ごじかんまえからですごじかんまえからです (It has since five hours ago).

25 Do you think I am all right? だいじょうぶでしょうか。だいじょうぶでしょうか。 (daijoobu deshoo ka.)

26As a matter of fact, my stomach has beenhurting since three days ago. Do you think Iam all right?

みっかまえからおなかがいたいんです。だいみっかまえからおなかがいたいんです。だいじょうぶでしょうか。じょうぶでしょうか。 (mikka mae kara onaka ga itaindesu.daijoobu deshoo ka.)

27

The best thing about the Japanese health care system is that all the citizens are covered byhealth insurance! There are two types: しゃかいほけんしゃかいほけん (Social Insurance) for those whoseemployers participate in the program and こくみんけんこうほけんこくみんけんこうほけん (National Health Insurance) forthe rest of the population. Foreigners can join the program as long as they are registered aslegal alien residents and are allowed to stay in Japan for more than one year.


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I have a headache and chills.あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。

English Japanese

1 I have a headache and chills. (My head is painful, and I feel a chill.)

あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。 (atama ga itakute, samuke ga shimasu.)

2 to feel, smell, or hear するする (suru)

3So far, we have been using the verb するする to mean "to do." We can also use するする to express whatwe experience through our different senses (except for the faculty of sight). The Englishequivalent would be "to feel," "to smell," or "to hear." In this usage, what is felt, smelled, or heardis marked by the particle がが .

4 a chill さむけさむけ (samuke)

5 Do you remember that the Japanese word for "cold" is さむいさむい? けけ in さむけさむけ (a chill) means"feeling," so the word literally means a "cold feeling."

6 to have chills (to feel a chill)

さむけがするさむけがする (samuke ga suru)

7 I have chills. さむけがします。さむけがします。 (samuke ga shimasu.)

8 I have a headache. (My head is painful. )

あたまがいたいです。あたまがいたいです。 (atama ga itai desu.)

9 painful and いたくていたくて (itakute)

10When we want to connect a sentence that ends with an いい-adjective and ですです (as in いたいですいたいです or"It's painful") with another sentence, we drop ですです and replace the adjective ending いい with くてくて ,as in いたくていたくて . It's the equivalent of "It's painful, and ...."

11 I have a headache, and (My head is painful, and)

あたまがいたくてあたまがいたくて (atama ga itakute)

12 Many of the expressions used to describe medical conditions are established as idioms. Let's tryto memorize them as a whole, including the particles.

13 nausea はきけはきけ (hakike)

14 はきはき in はきけはきけ (nausea) is derived from the verb はくはく (to throw up). はきけはきけ , therefore, literallymeans a "throwing-up feeling."

15 I feel nauseous. (I feel nausea.)

はきけがします。はきけがします。 (hakike ga shimasu.)

16 My stomach hurts, and I feel nauseous. (My stomach is painful, and I feel nausea.)

おなかがいたくて、はきけがします。おなかがいたくて、はきけがします。 (onaka ga itakute, hakike ga shimasu.)

17 dizziness めまいめまい (memai)



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English Japanese

18 I feel dizzy. (I feel dizziness.)

めまいがします。めまいがします。 (memai ga shimasu.)

19 distressing くるしいくるしい (kurushii)

20 While the word いたいいたい describes direct pain such as a muscle pain or a headache, くるしいくるしい isused to describe the strong sense of discomfort felt in the chest or the abdomen.

21 chest むねむね (mune)

22 I feel a pain in my chest. (Chest is distressing.)

むねがくるしいです。むねがくるしいです。 (mune ga kurushii desu.)

23 I feel a pain in my chest, and I feel dizzy.むねがくるしくて、めまいがします。むねがくるしくて、めまいがします。 (mune ga kurushikute, memai gashimasu.)

24 to come out でるでる (deru)

25 come out でますでます (demasu)

26 nasal drip (nose water)

はなみずはなみず (hanamizu)

27 If you are wondering why Japanese people call nasal drips "flower water," please note that はなはな(flower) and はなはな (nose) are completely different words even though they sound identical!

28 I have a runny nose. (Nasal drips come out.)

はなみずがでます。はなみずがでます。 (hanamizu ga demasu.)

29 cough せきせき (seki)

30 I have a cough. (A cough comes out.)

せきがでます。せきがでます。 (seki ga demasu.)

31 My throat hurts. (My throat is painful.)

のどがいたいです。のどがいたいです。 (nodo ga itai desu.)

32 My throat hurts, and I have a cough and arunny nose. I don't have an appetite, either.

のどがいたくて、せきとはなみずがでます。のどがいたくて、せきとはなみずがでます。しょくよくもありません。しょくよくもありません。 (nodo ga itakute, seki to hanamizu gademasu. shokuyoku mo arimasen.)

33

In general, Japanese hospitals (びょういんびょういん) and smaller private practices (generally called いいんいいん)adopt the "first-come, first-serve" system except for emergencies. Arrive early, otherwise youend up sitting in the waiting room for long hours! For most private practices, you go straight tospecialists; no referrals are needed. For example, if you have pink eye, you go to がんかがんか (eyeclinic). If you have the flu or suffer from a general malaise, try ないかないか (internal medicine clinic).


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What kind of pain is it? どんないたみですか。どんないたみですか。English Japanese

1 What kind of pain is it? どんないたみですか。どんないたみですか。 (don-na itami desu ka.)

2 pain いたみいたみ (itami)

3 what kind of pain どんないたみどんないたみ (don-na itami)

4Do you remember that many expressions in Japanese are made of a pair of identical "words" thatmimic a sound or a motion, such as そろそろそろそろ (by and by)? Let's learn some of them in thissection so that you will be able to describe your pain more accurately in Japan.

5 to throb with pain ずきずきするずきずきする (zuki zuki suru)

6 It throbs with pain. ずきずきします。ずきずきします。 (zuki zuki shimasu.)

7 a wound きずきず (kizu)

8 a wound on my hand てのきずてのきず (te no kizu)

9 The wound on my hand throbs with pain. てのきずがずきずきします。てのきずがずきずきします。 (te no kizu ga zuki zuki shimasu.)

10 to suffer from a splitting headache がんがんするがんがんする (gan gan suru)

11 I have a splitting headache. (My head suffers from a splitting headache.)

あたまががんがんします。あたまががんがんします。 (atama ga gan gan shimasu.)

12 to hurt いたむいたむ (itamu)

13 It hurts. いたみます。いたみます。 (itamimasu.)

14 to have persistent dull pain しくしくいたむしくしくいたむ (shiku shiku itamu)

15 I have persistent dull pain in my stomach. おなかがしくしくいたみます。おなかがしくしくいたみます。 (onaka ga shiku shiku itamimasu.)

16 to have excruciating pain きりきりいたむきりきりいたむ (kiri kiri itamu)

17 I have excruciating pain in my stomach. おなかがきりきりいたみます。おなかがきりきりいたみます。 (onaka ga kiri kiri itamimasu.)



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English Japanese

18 I burnt myself. (I did a burn.)

やけどをしました。やけどをしました。 (yakedo o shimashita.)

19We learned the expressions やけどをしましたやけどをしました and けがをしましたけがをしました in the previous unit. In thesecases, the verb するする works like "suffer" in English. They are very commonly used expressions. Let's memorize them as idioms.

20 I burnt my hand. てにやけどをしました。てにやけどをしました。 (te ni yakedo o shimashita.)

21 Did you remember that we use the particle にに to indicate the part of the body that suffers theinjury, burn, or any other affliction?

22 to burn (when referring to a pain) ひりひりするひりひりする (hiri hiri suru)

23ひりひりひりひり is a painful sensation you feel on your skin when you get a bad sunburn or put medicineon raw skin. Also, you feel it on your tongue after licking a hot pepper! The English equivalent ofthe verb ひりひりするひりひりする can be "to burn," "to feel irritated," or "to be tingling."

24 still or yet まだまだ (mada)

25 It still burns. まだ、ひりひりします。まだ、ひりひりします。 (mada, hiri hiri shimasu.)

26 I burnt my hand yesterday. It still burns.きのう、てにやけどをしました。まだひりひりきのう、てにやけどをしました。まだひりひりします。します。 (ki-noo, te ni yakedo o shimashita. madahiri hiri shimasu.)

27

Japanese people are known to visit doctors for the slightest symptoms, but some people still trynatural remedies using what is available around their house or yard. アロエアロエ (aloe) works for aburn; so do the green leaves of びわびわ (Japanese medlar). こんにゃくこんにゃく (konjak jelly) is said to workfor kidneys, when eaten, and for muscle pains as a hot compress. And at the first sign of a cold? Have some hot みそしるみそしる (miso soup) with chopped green onion and go to bed early!


194





You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees, I see.ねつがさんじゅうはちどありますね。ねつがさんじゅうはちどありますね。

English Japanese

1 You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees, I see. ねつがさんじゅうはちどありますね。ねつがさんじゅうはちどありますね。 (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne.)

2So far we have been using the sentence-ending particle ねね to solicit an agreement from thelistener (as in "It's cold, isn't it!") or to request a confirmation from the listener (as in "TempuraSpecial, right?"). We can also use it simply to air our observation in a matter-of-a-fact tone. Inthis case, ねね is equivalent to "...., I see" in English. Let's try it in the next question.

3 You have a fever. ねつがあります。ねつがあります。 (netsu ga arimasu.)

4 thirty-eight degrees さんじゅうはちどさんじゅうはちど (san-juu-hachi do)

5 Please note the temperature here is in せっしせっし or Celsius. 38℃ is equivalent to 100.4°F.

6 You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees. ねつがさんじゅうはちどあります。ねつがさんじゅうはちどあります。 (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu.)

7 to go up あがるあがる (agaru)

8 go up あがりますあがります (agarimasu)

9 The fever has gone up, I see. ねつがあがりましたね。ねつがあがりましたね。 (netsu ga agarimashita ne.)

10 to go down or to come down さがるさがる (sagaru)

11 come down さがりますさがります (sagarimasu)

12 thirty-seven point five degrees さんじゅうななどごぶさんじゅうななどごぶ (san-juu-nana do go bu)

13When we talk about the body temperature, we often use ぶぶ to indicate decimal numbers. Forexample, many people read 37.5 degrees as さんじゅうななどごぶさんじゅうななどごぶ in Japanese. We can also sayさんじゅうななてんごどさんじゅうななてんごど .

14 The fever has come down to thirty-sevenpoint five degrees, I see.

ねつがさんじゅうななどごぶまでさがりましたねつがさんじゅうななどごぶまでさがりましたね。ね。 (netsu ga san-juu-nana do go bu madesagarimashita ne.)

15 Let me take a peek at your throat. (Please show me your throat a little bit.)

ちょっとのどをみせてください。ちょっとのどをみせてください。 (chotto nodo o misete kudasai.)

16 Your throat is red, I see. のどがあかいですね。のどがあかいですね。 (nodo ga akai desu ne.)

17 Your throat is red, and you also have a fever, Isee.

のどがあかくて、ねつもありますね。のどがあかくて、ねつもありますね。 (nodo ga akakute, netsu mo arimasu ne.)



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English Japanese

18 common ただのただの (tadano)

19 a common cold ただのかぜただのかぜ (tada no kaze)

20 It is a common cold, I think. ただのかぜでしょう。ただのかぜでしょう。 (tada no kaze deshoo.)

21 a worry しんぱいしんぱい (shinpai)

22 しんぱいしんぱい can be a noun (worry, anxiety, or care) or a なな-adjective (worrisome).

23 don't need いりませんいりません (irimasen)

24 There is no need to worry. (As for a worry, you don't need it.)

しんぱいはいりません。しんぱいはいりません。 (shinpai wa irimasen.)

25We have learned to use the particle がが along with the verb いるいる (to need) as in みずがいりますみずがいります(We need water), right? However, to say "Don't worry," we always use the particle はは and say しんしんぱいはいりませんぱいはいりません (literally, "As for worry, you don't need it"). Let's learn it as an idiom. Ineveryday conversations, you can omit the particle はは and say しんぱいいりませんしんぱいいりません .

26 It is a common cold, I think. There is no needto worry, you know.

ただのかぜでしょう。しんぱいはいりませんただのかぜでしょう。しんぱいはいりませんよ。よ。 (tada no kaze deshoo. shinpai wairimasen yo.)

27 Now, let's use しんぱいしんぱい as a なな-adjective in the next question.

28 It is a little bit worrisome. ちょっとしんぱいです。ちょっとしんぱいです。 (chotto shinpai desu.)

29 test or inspection けんさけんさ (kensa)

30 We can use けんさけんさ to mean either a medical test such as a blood test, or an inspection such as abaggage check.

31 to have a test (to do a test)

けんさするけんさする (kensa suru)

32 Let's have some tests. けんさしましょう。けんさしましょう。 (kensa shimashoo.)

33 hmmm うーんうーん (uun)

34うーんうーん can be a groan or a sound the speaker makes when he or she is considering some weightymatter. It's like "Hmmm" in English. Please don't mix it up with うんうん , which is a casual way to say"yes" in Japanese!

35 Hmmm, this is a little bit worrisome, I see.Let's have some tests.

うーん、これはちょっとしんぱいですね。けんうーん、これはちょっとしんぱいですね。けんさしましょう。さしましょう。 (uun, kore wa chotto shinpai desu ne.kensa shimashoo.)



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English Japanese

36

Until recently, most Japanese doctors would avoid giving bad news to their patients in person. They would instead tell the truth to the patients' family, who in turn might decide not to relay thenews to the patients. Today, the idea of "informed consent" has become more prevalent, but stillmany doctors try to soften the impact of blunt truth by choosing roundabout expressions in theirexplanation.


197





Open your mouth wide, please.くちをおおきくあけてください。くちをおおきくあけてください。

English Japanese

1 Open your mouth wide, please. (Please open mouth widely.)

くちをおおきくあけてください。くちをおおきくあけてください。 (kuchi o ookiku akete kudasai.)

2

Here are some sound effects you'll be making when you are sick in Japan! If you have a drycough, you go コンコンコンコン ; if it's a wet cough, the sound changes to ゴホゴホゴホゴホ . When you havecongestion, your breath sounds like ゼーゼーゼーゼー , and your sneeze will come out as ハクションハクション! Speaking of sneezing, don't expect to receive a "Bless you!" while in Japan. The most likelyreaction you'll get from people around you upon sneezing is the discreet shifting of their positionaway from you!

3 to open (in the "te"-form) あけてあけて (akete)

4 Please open. あけてください。あけてください。 (akete kudasai.)

5 mouth くちくち (kuchi)

6 Please open your mouth. くちをあけてください。くちをあけてください。 (kuchi o akete kudasai.)

7 widely おおきくおおきく (ookiku)

8When we want to turn an いい-adjective such as おおきいおおきい (big) into an adverb, we can drop the lastいい and add くく instead, as in おおきくおおきく .　　おおきくおおきく can be translated as "widely," "deeply," "loudly,"and so on depending on the context.

9 to inhale すうすう (suu)

10 a breath いきいき (iki)

11 You take a breath. (You inhale a breath.)

いきをすいます。いきをすいます。 (iki o suimasu.)

12 to inhale (in the "te"-form) すってすって (sutte)

13 Please take a breath. いきをすってください。いきをすってください。 (iki o sutte kudasai.)

14 Please take a deep breath. (Please inhale a breath deeply.)

いきをおおきくすってください。いきをおおきくすってください。 (iki o ookiku sutte kudasai.)

15 to sleep or to go to bed ねるねる (neru)

16 sleep or go to bed ねますねます (nemasu)



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English Japanese

17 to go to bed (in the "te"-form) ねてねて (nete)

18 Please go to bed. ねてください。ねてください。 (nete kudasai.)

19 fast or early (adjective) はやいはやい (hayai)

20 Please go to bed early. はやくねてください。はやくねてください。 (hayaku nete kudasai.)

21 Since you have a fever, please go to bed earlytoday.

ねつがありますから、きょうははやくねてくだねつがありますから、きょうははやくねてください。さい。 (netsu ga arimasu kara, kyoo wa hayakunete kudasai.)

22 gargling うがいうがい (ugai )

23 to gargle (to do gargling)

うがいするうがいする (ugai suru)

24 Please gargle well. よくうがいしてください。よくうがいしてください。 (yoku ugai shite kudasai.)

25 Do you remember that うちうち can mean not only a "house," but also "(one's own) home"? Let'suse it in the next question!

26 Your throat is red, I see. Please gargle well athome.

のどがあかいですね。うちでよくうがいしてくのどがあかいですね。うちでよくうがいしてください。ださい。 (nodo ga akai desu ne. uchi de yoku ugaishite kudasai.)

27Many Japanese firmly believe that うがいうがい (gargling) is one of the most fundamental preventivepractices against common cold and flu. There are many うがいぐすりうがいぐすり (literally, "garglingmedicine") on the shelves of drugstores, and parents diligently teach their children to do ガラガラガラガラペッ！ペッ！ ("Gargle, gargle, ptui!") as soon as they come home after being outside!


199





Please take this medicine three times a day.このくすりをいちにちにさんかいのんでください。このくすりをいちにちにさんかいのんでください。

English Japanese

1 Please take this medicine three times a day.このくすりをいちにちにさんかいのんでくださこのくすりをいちにちにさんかいのんでください。い。 (kono kusuri o ichi-nichi ni sankai nondekudasai.)

2

にほんじんのくすりずきにほんじんのくすりずき (Japanese love of medicine) is a well-known fact. Serious about theirhealth, many people take multiple prescribed drugs even for a simple cold. In addition, theyspend a small fortune on alternative medicines, such as かんぽうやくかんぽうやく (Chinese herbal medicine),and various health supplements, such as あおじるあおじる (green-leaf juice), らんゆらんゆ (egg oil), and すっぽすっぽんエキスんエキス (the extract of Chinese soft-shelled turtle)!

3 to take (medicine) のむのむ (nomu)

4 We have so far used the verb のむのむ to mean "to drink." We can also use it to mean "to take(medicine)."

5 take (medicine) のみますのみます (nomimasu)

6 to take (medicine) (in the "te"-form) のんでのんで (nonde)

7 please take (medicine) のんでくださいのんでください (nonde kudasai)

8 medicine くすりくすり (kusuri)

9 Please take this medicine. このくすりをのんでください。このくすりをのんでください。 (kono kusuri o nonde kudasai.)

10 three times さんかいさんかい (sankai)

11 かいかい in さんかいさんかい (three times) is the counter for occurrence.

12 three times a day いちにちにさんかいいちにちにさんかい (ichi-nichi ni sankai)

13When we want to describe how often we do something or how often something happens, we canuse the "(time period) にに X かいかい" pattern. For example, to say "three times a day," we can say いいちにちにさんかいちにちにさんかい in Japanese.

14 once a day いちにちにいっかいいちにちにいっかい (ichi-nichi ni ikkai)

15 Did you notice that the pronunciation of いちいち (one) changes in いっかいいっかい (once)?

16 twice a day いちにちににかいいちにちににかい (ichi-nichi ni nikai)

17 one tablet いちじょういちじょう (ichi-joo)

18 じょうじょう is the counter for tablets of medicine.


200







201





English Japanese

19 two tablets にじょうにじょう (ni-joo)

20 two tablets at a time にじょうずつにじょうずつ (ni-joo zutsu)

21 Please take this medicine twice a day, twotablets at a time.

このくすりを、いちにちににかい、にじょうずこのくすりを、いちにちににかい、にじょうずつのんでください。つのんでください。 (kono kusuri o, ichi-nichi ni nikai, ni-joozutsu nonde kudasai.)

22 before a meal しょくじのまえにしょくじのまえに (shokuji no mae ni)

23まえにまえに ("before" or "ago") is one of the expressions that indicate the order of events. When まえまえにに (before) follows a noun, we need the particle のの to connect the noun and まえにまえに . Please notethat the nouns that come before まえにまえに are those that either denote actions or events (such as awalk or a concert) or imply actions (such as a bath or a meal).

24 Please take one tablet of this medicine beforea meal.

しょくじのまえに、このくすりをいちじょうのしょくじのまえに、このくすりをいちじょうのんでください。んでください。 (shokuji no mae ni, kono kusuri o ichi-joononde kudasai.)

25 two hours ago にじかんまえににじかんまえに (ni-jikan mae ni)

26 Please note that we don't need the particle のの when まえにまえに comes right after a time period as inにじかんまえににじかんまえに (two hours ago).

27 I took one tablet of the medicine two hoursago.

にじかんまえにくすりをいちじょうのみましにじかんまえにくすりをいちじょうのみました。た。 (ni-jikan mae ni kusuri o ichi-joonomimashita.)

28 thirty minutes before a meal しょくじのさんじゅっぷんまえにしょくじのさんじゅっぷんまえに (shokuji no sanjuppun mae ni)

29 As for this red medicine, please take it thirtyminutes before a meal.

このあかいくすりは、しょくじのさんじゅっぷこのあかいくすりは、しょくじのさんじゅっぷんまえにのんでください。んまえにのんでください。 (kono akai kusuri wa, shokuji nosanjuppun mae ni nonde kudasai.)

30

Here are some terminologies and their meanings regarding when to take medicine. If theinstruction says しょくぜんしょくぜん (before meals), you take it within thirty minutes before a meal; if itsays しょくごしょくご , you take it within thirty minutes after a meal. しょっかんしょっかん (between meals) meansabout two to three hours after your last meal, and ねるまえねるまえ (before going to bed) means thirtyminutes to one hour before your bedtime. If the instruction says とんぷくとんぷく , you take it when thesymptom appears.


202





Please take this cough medicine before going tobed.ねるまえに、このせきどめをのんでください。ねるまえに、このせきどめをのんでください。

English Japanese

1 Please take this cough medicine before goingto bed.

ねるまえに、このせきどめをのんでください。ねるまえに、このせきどめをのんでください。(neru mae ni, kono sekidome o nondekudasai.)

2 cough medicine せきどめせきどめ (sekidome)

3 どめどめ in せきどめせきどめ (cough medicine) derives from the verb とめるとめる (to stop). せきどめせきどめ , therefore, isliterally a "cough stopper"!

4 Please take this cough medicine. このせきどめをのんでください。このせきどめをのんでください。 (kono sekidome o nonde kudasai.)

5 before going to bed ねるまえにねるまえに (neru mae ni)

6 When we want to say that some action or event happens before another action or event, we usethe dictionary form of a verb before まえにまえに , as in ねるまえにねるまえに (before going to bed).

7 before eating たべるまえにたべるまえに (taberu mae ni)

8 a rich meal ごちそうごちそう (gochisoo)

9 ごちそうごちそう means a "feast," "banquet," "treat," or "rich meal." Do you remember that Japanese sayごちそうさまでしたごちそうさまでした after every meal? It literally means something like "I appreciated the feast"!

10 before eating a rich meal ごちそうをたべるまえにごちそうをたべるまえに (gochisoo o taberu mae ni)

11 digestive medicine いぐすりいぐすり (igusuri)

12 Before eating the rich meal, I took a digestivemedicine.

ごちそうをたべるまえに、いぐすりをのみましごちそうをたべるまえに、いぐすりをのみました。た。 (gochisoo o taberu mae ni, igusuri onomimashita.)

13Please note that you can use the "dictionary form of the verb plus まえにまえに" pattern regardless ofthe tense of the sentence that follows the phrase. For example, when we want to say, "I took themedicine before I ate," we can say, たべるまえにくすりをのみましたたべるまえにくすりをのみました .

14 apply (medicine) ぬるぬる (nuru)

15 ぬるぬる can mean "to paint" or "to apply (medicine, paint, or cosmetics)."

16 before applying (medicine) ぬるまえにぬるまえに (nuru mae ni)

17 ointment なんこうなんこう (nankoo)

18 before applying the ointment なんこうをぬるまえになんこうをぬるまえに (nankoo o nuru mae ni)


203







204





English Japanese

19 to wash あらうあらう (arau)

20 wash あらいますあらいます (araimasu)

21 to wash (in the "te"-form) あらってあらって (aratte)

22 Please wash your hands. てをあらってください。てをあらってください。 (te o aratte kudasai.)

23 Before applying the ointment, please washyour hands.

なんこうをぬるまえに、てをあらってくださなんこうをぬるまえに、てをあらってください。い。 (nankoo o nuru mae ni, te o arattekudasai.)

24 to serve だすだす (dasu)

25だすだす is a common verb with many meanings, but here we use it to mean "to serve" or "offer"something, including tea, food, medicine, or prescriptions. The translation will vary depending onthe object.

26 serve だしますだします (dashimasu)

27 prescription しょほうせんしょほうせん (sho-hoosen)

28 I will write a prescription. (I will serve a prescription.)

しょほうせんをだします。しょほうせんをだします。 (sho-hoosen o dashimasu.)

29 cold medicine かぜぐすりかぜぐすり (kazegusuri)

30 I will dispense a cold medicine. (I will serve a cold medicine.)

かぜぐすりをだします。かぜぐすりをだします。 (kazegusuri o dashimasu.)

31

Traditionally, Japanese doctors dispensed medicines directly to their patients, but since WWII thegovernment has promoted the division of labor between doctors and pharmacists. Today, it isreported that more than 50% of doctors in Japan write "out-of-the-clinic" prescriptions (いんがいいんがいしょほうせんしょほうせん) so that their patients can take the prescriptions to pharmacies to get theirmedicines. The rest of the doctors, however, still keep their own dispensaries.

32The particle からから that indicates the cause or the reason is often used even in cases where thecause-effect relation between two sentences is not very clear. In such a case, the Englishequivalent would be "X, so Y." Let's try this usage in the next question.

33 I'll dispense a cold medicine, so please taketwo tablets before going to bed.

かぜぐすりをだしますから、ねるまえににじょかぜぐすりをだしますから、ねるまえににじょうのんでください。うのんでください。 (kazegusuri o dashimasu kara, neru maeni ni-joo nonde kudasai.)


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You must not drink alcoholic beverages.おさけをのんではいけません。おさけをのんではいけません。

English Japanese

1 You must not drink alcoholic beverages. おさけをのんではいけません。おさけをのんではいけません。 (osake o nonde wa ikemasen.)

2

In general, drinking alcohol or いんしゅいんしゅ is not only well-accepted in society, but even encouragedat social gatherings in Japan. Many people believe that drinking together promotes goodrelationships, and it's common for businessmen to make a deal with their clients at bars andrestaurants. In such occasions, you may say, "No, thank you," but well-wishers would likely keepnagging you to empty your glass. A good excuse, then, is to invoke ドクターストップドクターストップ or yourdoctor's order to stop drinking!

3 You must not drink. のんではいけません。のんではいけません。 (nonde wa ikemasen.)

4We can use the "てて-form plus はいけませんはいけません" pattern to prohibit someone from doing something. It's equivalent to "(You) must not...." Please note that this is a polite yet rather strong expression,and you will probably hear it used by some authority figures, such as parents, teachers, anddoctors.

5 alcoholic beverage おさけおさけ (osake)

6 おさけおさけ (or さけさけ) can mean either "rice wine" or "alcoholic beverages" in general. Please note thatmany people say おさけおさけ even in casual conversations, as in the case of おちゃおちゃ (tea).

7 cigarette たばこたばこ (tabako)

8 I smoke cigarettes. (I inhale cigarettes.)

たばこをすいます。たばこをすいます。 (tabako o suimasu.)

9 You must not smoke cigarettes. たばこをすってはいけません。たばこをすってはいけません。 (tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.)

10 terrible ひどいひどい (hidoi)

11 You have a terrible cough. (Cough is terrible.)

せきがひどいです。せきがひどいです。 (seki ga hidoi desu.)

12 You have a terrible cough, I see. You must notsmoke cigarettes for a while, you know.

せきがひどいですね。しばらくたばこをすってせきがひどいですね。しばらくたばこをすってはいけませんよ。はいけませんよ。 (seki ga hidoi desu ne. shibaraku tabakoo sutte wa ikemasen yo.)

13

Quitting smoking, or きんえんきんえん , has lately become a social trend in Japan. While Western anti-smoking campaigns seem to focus on the health of smokers themselves, Japanese campaignstend to emphasize how one's smoking affects other people. For those who refuse to quitsmoking, the long list of たばこのマナーたばこのマナー (cigarette-smoking etiquette) has been widelypropagated, offering detailed instructions on how to smoke without troubling others around them!

14 to get in はいるはいる (hairu)



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English Japanese

15 get in はいりますはいります (hairimasu)

16 I take a bath. (I get into a bath.)

おふろにはいります。おふろにはいります。 (ofuro ni hairimasu.)

17Did you remember that of the three particles (までまで , へへ , and にに）） that function as the equivalent of"to" in English, にに emphasizes the "point of contact"? Let's memorize ～にはいる～にはいる (to get into ~)as an idiom.

18 to get in (in the "te"-form) はいってはいって (haitte)

19 May I take a bath? おふろにはいってもいいですか。おふろにはいってもいいですか。 (ofuro ni haitte mo ii desu ka.)

20 Um, may I take a bath tonight?あのう、こんばんおふろにはいってもいいですあのう、こんばんおふろにはいってもいいですか。か。 (anoo, konban ofuro ni haitte mo ii desuka.)

21To take a bath or not to take a bath...that is an important question when you get sick in Japan. Because most Japanese people have no central heating system at home, they are afraid of ゆざゆざめめ--getting a chill after a bath--during cold winter days. Also, they are afraid that putting a sickperson into a hot tub would exacerbate the illness by wearing him or her out.

22 Let's figure out short answers to the question おふろにはいってもいいですかおふろにはいってもいいですか (May I take a bath?).

23 Yes, you may, you know. ええ、いいですよ。ええ、いいですよ。 (ee, ii desu yo.)

24 You must not. いけません。いけません。 (ikemasen.)

25Instead of using the whole structure of the "てて-form plus はいけませんはいけません" pattern, we can use theshort version いけませんいけません to tell others not to do something. It's equivalent to "You must not" inEnglish.

26 No, not today, you know. (No, as for today, you must not, you know.)

いいえ、きょうはいけませんよ。いいえ、きょうはいけませんよ。 (iie, kyoo wa ikemasen yo.)

27 Please take the medicine and go to bed earlytoday. Take good care of yourself.

きょうは、くすりをのんで、はやくねてくださきょうは、くすりをのんで、はやくねてください。おだいじに。い。おだいじに。 (kyoo wa, kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)

28

The Japanese love of medicines might originate in the old saying, かぜはまんびょうのもとかぜはまんびょうのもと (A coldis the father of ten thousand illness). Yet, they also know that やまいはきからやまいはきから (Our illness mirrorsour mental state). They try to stay healthy by following the old advice, はらはちぶめにいしゃいらはらはちぶめにいしゃいらずず (Eat less and you'll need no doctor), or はやねはやおきいしゃしらずはやねはやおきいしゃしらず (If you go to bed early andget up early, you'll never see a doctor).　　Once they get sick, they may try ずかんそくねつずかんそくねつ (Keepyour head cold and your feet warm) to get well soon!


207





Vocabulary ReviewEnglish Japanese

"Seven Samurai" 「しちにんのさむらい」「しちにんのさむらい」 ("shichi-nin no samurai")

"parent-child" rice bowl おやこどんぶりおやこどんぶり (oyako donburi)

Ah! あれあれ! (are!)

April しがつしがつ (shi-gatsu)

As a matter of fact, I am poor at it. にがてなんです。にがてなんです。 (nigate nandesu.)

Christmas クリスマスクリスマス (kurisumasu)

Don't forget! おわすれなく！おわすれなく！ (owasurenaku!)

Enoshima えのしまえのしま (enoshima)

Friday きんようびきんようび (kin-yoobi)

Go ahead. どうぞ。どうぞ。 (doozo.)

Good night. おやすみなさい。おやすみなさい。 (oyasuminasai.)

Hello (when announcing one's arrival atsomeone's house).

ごめんください。ごめんください。 (gomenkudasai.)

Hokkaido ほっかいどうほっかいどう (hokkaidoo)

How hot do you think it is? なんどでしょうか。なんどでしょうか。 (nan-do deshoo ka.)

How much do you think it will cost? いくらかかるでしょうか。いくらかかるでしょうか。 (ikura kakaru deshoo ka.)



208





English Japanese

I didn't know. しりませんでした。しりませんでした。 (shirimasendeshita.)

I don't mind. かまいません。かまいません。 (kamaimasen.)

I like the ocean better. うみのほうがすきです。うみのほうがすきです。 (umi no hoo ga suki desu.)

I'd like to exchange money. (As a matter of fact, I want to exchange money,but....)

りょうがえしたいんですが・・・。りょうがえしたいんですが・・・。 (ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)

I'll do so. そうします。そうします。 (soo shimasu.)

I'm tired. (I tired myself. )

つかれました。つかれました。 (tsukaremashita.)

I/me ぼくぼく (boku)

It hurts. いたみます。いたみます。 (itamimasu.)

It was hot. あつかったです。あつかったです。 (atsukatta desu.)

January (the first month)

いちがついちがつ (ichi-gatsu)

Japanese pinball パチンコパチンコ (pachinko)

Japanese-style bedding ふとんふとん (futon)

Japanese-style closet おしいれおしいれ (oshi-ire)

Japanese-style drawing room ざしきざしき (zashiki)

Japanese-style family room (space for tea)

ちゃのまちゃのま (chanoma)

July しちがつしちがつ (shichi-gatsu)



209





English Japanese

Kyushu きゅうしゅうきゅうしゅう (kyuushuu)

Let me carry it for you. もちましょう。もちましょう。 (mochimashoo.)

Let me see.... えーっと・・・。えーっと・・・。 (eetto....)

Let's go. いきましょう。いきましょう。 (ikimashoo.)

Let's hurry. いそぎましょう。いそぎましょう。 (isogimashoo.)

Let's meet. あいましょう。あいましょう。 (aimashoo)

May I ask you? (May I request?)

おねがいしてもいいですか。おねがいしてもいいですか。 (onegai shite mo ii desu ka.)

Monday げつようびげつようび (getsu-yoobi)

Mt. Aso あそさんあそさん (asosan)

Mt. Fuji ふじさんふじさん (fujisan)

Mt. Takao たかおさんたかおさん (takaosan)

No, no. いえいえ。いえいえ。 (ie ie.)

Not so much. それほどでも。それほどでも。 (sore hodo demo.)

OK. (I understood.)

わかりました。わかりました。 (wakarimashita.)

Oh? へえ？へえ？ (hee?)

Please come in. どうぞ。どうぞ。 (doozo.)



210





English Japanese

Please tell me. おしえてください。おしえてください。 (oshiete kudasai.)

Saturday どようびどようび (do-yoobi)

September くがつくがつ (ku-gatsu)

Shall I show you around? あんないしましょうか。あんないしましょうか。 (an-nai shimashoo ka.)

Shall we rest? やすみましょうか。やすみましょうか。 (yasumimashoo ka.)

Sunday にちようびにちようび (nichi-yoobi)

TV テレビテレビ (terebi)

Tell me, how do you make it? どうやってつくるんですか。どうやってつくるんですか。 (doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)

Thank you for inviting me in. (I'll hinder you.)

おじゃまします。おじゃまします。 (ojama shimasu.)

Thank you for your time and hospitality. (I hindered you.)

おじゃましました。おじゃましました。 (ojama shimashita.)

Thursday もくようびもくようび (moku-yoobi)

Tokyo Plaza とうきょうプラザとうきょうプラザ (tookyoo puraza)

Tuesday かようびかようび (ka-yoobi)

We are going to have karaoke, too. カラオケもあります。カラオケもあります。 (karaoke mo arimasu.)

Wednesday すいようびすいようび (sui-yoobi)

Welcome. いらっしゃい。いらっしゃい。 (irasshai.)



211





English Japanese

Well.... そうですね・・・。そうですね・・・。 (soo desu ne....)

What!? えっえっ!? (e!?)

Wow! わあ！わあ！ (waa!)

You must not drink. のんではいけません。のんではいけません。 (nonde wa ikemasen.)

You must not. いけません。いけません。 (ikemasen.)

a breath いきいき (iki)

a chill さむけさむけ (samuke)

a cold かぜかぜ (kaze)

a little more もうすこしもうすこし (moo sukoshi)

a pair of boots (boots)

ブーツブーツ (buutsu)

a pair of sandals (sandal)

サンダルサンダル (sandaru)

a practice れんしゅうれんしゅう (renshuu )

a present プレゼントプレゼント (purezento)

a request おねがいおねがい (onegai)

a rich meal ごちそうごちそう (gochisoo)

a room with the family Buddhist altar ぶつまぶつま (butsuma)



212





English Japanese

a worry しんぱいしんぱい (shinpai)

a wound きずきず (kizu)

add いれますいれます (iremasu)

after you remit it そうきんしてからそうきんしてから (sookin shite kara)

afternoon or p.m. ごごごご (gogo)

airmail こうくうびんこうくうびん (kookuubin)

alcoholic beverage おさけおさけ (osake)

all みんなみんな (min-na)

already もうもう (moo)

among seasons きせつできせつで (kisetsu de)

amusement park ゆうえんちゆうえんち (yuuenchi)

another person もうひとりもうひとり (moo hitori)

appetite しょくよくしょくよく (shokuyoku)

apply (medicine) ぬるぬる (nuru)

are you looking for? おさがしですかおさがしですか (osagashi desu ka)

around four o'clock よじごろよじごろ (yo-ji goro)



213





English Japanese

around thirty degrees さんじゅうどぐらいさんじゅうどぐらい (sanjuu-do gurai)

arrive とどきますとどきます (todokimasu)

at nine o'clock くじにくじに (ku-ji ni)

autumn あきあき (aki)

bar バーバー (baa)

baseball やきゅうやきゅう (yakyuu)

bathroom ふろばふろば (furoba)

beach ビーチビーチ (biichi)

beautiful きれいきれい (kiree)

became なりましたなりました (narimashita)

because からから (kara)

become なりますなります (narimasu)

become inexpensive やすくなりますやすくなります (yasuku narimasu)

bed ベッドベッド (beddo)

before a meal しょくじのまえにしょくじのまえに (shokuji no mae ni)

before going to bed ねるまえにねるまえに (neru mae ni)



214





English Japanese

being by oneself ひとりひとり (hitori)

being by oneself おひとりおひとり (ohitori)

best or most (number one)

いちばんいちばん (ichiban)

birthday たんじょうびたんじょうび (tanjoobi)

black くろいくろい (kuroi)

blind-date party ごうコンごうコン (gookon)

blouse ブラウスブラウス (burausu)

boil (water) わかしますわかします (wakashimasu)

bookshelf ほんだなほんだな (hondana)

both or neither どちらもどちらも (dochira mo)

both tennis and golf テニスもゴルフもテニスもゴルフも (tenisu mo gorufu mo)

box はこはこ (hako)

box lunch おべんとうおべんとう (obentoo)

boy (male child)

おとこのこおとこのこ (otoko no ko)

boyfriend (he/him)

かれかれ (kare)

broil やきますやきます (yakimasu)



215





English Japanese

busy いそがしいいそがしい (isogashii)

by all means ぜひぜひ (zehi)

by and by そろそろそろそろ (soro soro)

cafe カフェカフェ (kafe)

cake ケーキケーキ (keeki)

cake shop ケーキやケーキや (keeki-ya)

camera カメラカメラ (kamera)

can do (is/am/are able to do)

できますできます (dekimasu)

carp こいこい (koi)

carry もちますもちます (mochimasu)

cat ねこねこ (neko)

cheerful あかるいあかるい (akarui)

cherry blossom さくらさくら (sakura)

cherry-blossom viewing picnic おはなみおはなみ (ohanami)

chest むねむね (mune)

chicken (as meat) (bird meat)

とりにくとりにく (tori-niku)



216





English Japanese

chicken curry チキンカレーチキンカレー (chikin karee)

cigarette たばこたばこ (tabako)

close しめますしめます (shimemasu)

close to twenty thousand yen にまんえんちかくにまんえんちかく (niman en chikaku)

clothes ふくふく (fuku)

cloudy weather くもりくもり (kumori)

coat コートコート (kooto)

cocktail カクテルカクテル (kakuteru)

coffee or something コーヒーでもコーヒーでも (koohii demo)

cold medicine かぜぐすりかぜぐすり (kazegusuri)

color いろいろ (iro)

come きますきます (kimasu)

come down さがりますさがります (sagarimasu)

come out でますでます (demasu)

common ただのただの (tadano)

company かいしゃかいしゃ (kaisha)



217





English Japanese

company employee かいしゃいんかいしゃいん (kaisha-in)

condition ちょうしちょうし (chooshi)

convenient べんりべんり (benri)

cook (in liquid) にますにます (nimasu)

cook (rice) たきますたきます (takimasu)

cooking りょうりりょうり (ryoori)

cool すずしいすずしい (suzushii)

cost かかりますかかります (kakarimasu)

cough せきせき (seki)

cough medicine せきどめせきどめ (sekidome)

cup カップカップ (kappu)

curry roux カレールーカレールー (karee ruu)

cute かわいいかわいい (kawaii)

dancing ダンスダンス (dansu)

date (for calendar) ひづけひづけ (hizuke)

desk つくえつくえ (tsukue)



218





English Japanese

dessert デザートデザート (dezaato)

digestive medicine いぐすりいぐすり (igusuri)

discount sale セールセール (seeru)

distressing くるしいくるしい (kurushii)

dizziness めまいめまい (memai)

do しますします (shimasu)

dog いぬいぬ (inu)

don't go いきませんいきません (ikimasen)

don't like すきじゃありませんすきじゃありません (suki ja arimasen)

don't need いりませんいりません (irimasen)

dress (one-piece)

ワンピースワンピース (wanpiisu)

drink のみますのみます (nomimasu)

eat たべますたべます (tabemasu)

egg たまごたまご (tamago)

eight (items) やっつやっつ (yattsu)

eight days ようかようか (yooka)



219





English Japanese

eight months はっかげつはっかげつ (hakkagetsu)

eight weeks はっしゅうかんはっしゅうかん (hasshuukan)

eight years old はっさいはっさい (hassai)

eighteen years old じゅうはっさいじゅうはっさい (juu hassai)

elder brother あにあに (ani)

elder sister あねあね (ane)

enjoyable おもしろいおもしろい (omoshiroi)

entrance hall げんかんげんかん (genkan)

evening ばんばん (ban)

evening (before dark) ゆうがたゆうがた (yuugata)

every day まいにちまいにち (mai-nichi)

expensive たかいたかい (takai)

fall (referring to rain or snow) ふりますふります (furimasu)

family かぞくかぞく (kazoku)

family ごかぞくごかぞく (gokazoku)

famous ゆうめいゆうめい (yuumee)



220





English Japanese

fast or early (adjective) はやいはやい (hayai)

father ちちちち (chichi)

female (for humans) おんなおんな (on-na)

first さきにさきに (saki ni)

first of all まずまず (mazu)

fishing つりつり (tsuri)

fitting room しちゃくしつしちゃくしつ (shichaku-shitsu)

five (items) いつついつつ (itsutsu)

five days いつかいつか (itsuka)

for a hike ハイキングにハイキングに (haikingu ni)

for a while しばらくしばらく (shibaraku)

for the first time はじめてはじめて (hajimete)

four (items) よっつよっつ (yottsu)

four days よっかよっか (yokka)

four days よっかよっか (yokka)

four o'clock よじよじ (yoji)



221





English Japanese

four people よにんよにん (yonin)

fourteen days じゅうよっかじゅうよっか (juu-yokka)

free (when referring to one's schedule) ひまひま (hima)

full of energy げんきげんき (genki)

funny おもしろいおもしろい (omoshiroi)

garden おにわおにわ (oniwa)

garden/yard にわにわ (niwa)

gargling うがいうがい (ugai )

gentle (as for animals) おとなしいおとなしい (otonashii)

get in はいりますはいります (hairimasu)

girlfriend かのじょかのじょ (kanojo)

go いきますいきます (ikimasu)

go home かえりますかえります (kaerimasu)

go to swim およぎにいきますおよぎにいきます (oyogi ni ikimasu)

go up あがりますあがります (agarimasu)

gold color きんいろきんいろ (kin-iro)



222





English Japanese

golf ゴルフゴルフ (gorufu)

good いいいい (ii)

grandfather そふそふ (sofu)

grandfather おじいさんおじいさん (ojiisan)

grandmother おばあさんおばあさん (obaasan)

grandmother そぼそぼ (sobo)

gym スポーツジムスポーツジム (supootsu jimu)

half (referring to time period) はんはん (han)

hate きらいですきらいです (kirai desu)

have (when referring to living creatures) いますいます (imasu)

have fun あそびますあそびます (asobimasu)

having a sale (in the middle of discount sale)

セールちゅうセールちゅう (seeruchuu)

hello (for telephone calls) もしもしもしもし (moshi moshi)

high or tall たかいたかい (takai)

high school こうこうこうこう (kookoo)

hmmm うーんうーん (uun)



223





English Japanese

hot water おゆおゆ (oyu)

house おうちおうち (ouchi)

house うちうち (uchi)

how (when asking the method) どうやってどうやって (doo-yatte)

how far どのくらいどのくらい (donokurai)

how many (items) いくついくつ (ikutsu)

how many (small animals, fish, or insects) なんびきなんびき (nanbiki)

how many months なんかげつなんかげつ (nan kagetsu)

how many people なんにんなんにん (nan-nin)

how many weeks なんしゅうかんなんしゅうかん (nanshuukan)

how much (for quantities) どのくらいどのくらい (donokurai)

how old なんさいなんさい (nansai)

how old おいくつおいくつ (oikutsu)

hurry いそぎますいそぎます (isogimasu)

if that's the case それならそれなら (sore nara)

in no time もうすぐもうすぐ (moo sugu)



224





English Japanese

in particular とくにとくに (toku ni)

in total ぜんぶでぜんぶで (zenbu de)

inexpensive やすいやすい (yasui)

ingredient ざいりょうざいりょう (zai-ryoo)

inside なかなか (naka)

is made できますできます (dekimasu)

is/am/are called といいますといいます (to iimasu)

is/am/are doing していますしています (shite imasu)

jacket うわぎうわぎ (uwagi)

just ちょうどちょうど (choodo)

kilometer キロメートルキロメートル (kiro-meetoru)

kitchen だいどころだいどころ (daidokoro)

know しりますしります (shirimasu)

last year きょねんきょねん (kyo-nen)

letter てがみてがみ (tegami)

like すきですすきです (suki desu)



225





English Japanese

living room リビングリビング (ribingu)

location ばしょばしょ (basho)

long sleeve ながそでながそで (nagasode)

look for さがしますさがします (sagashimasu)

love だいすきですだいすきです (daisuki desu.)

low heat よわびよわび (yowabi)

mahjong マージャンマージャン (maajan)

make つくりますつくります (tsukurimasu)

make (a telephone call) かけますかけます (kakemasu)

male (for humans) おとこおとこ (otoko)

many おおいおおい (ooi)

meal しょくじしょくじ (shokuji)

medical doctor いしゃいしゃ (isha)

medicine くすりくすり (kusuri)

meet あいますあいます (aimasu)

member メンバーメンバー (menbaa)



226





English Japanese

meter メートルメートル (meetoru)

miso paste みそみそ (miso)

money おかねおかね (okane)

money exchange りょうがえりょうがえ (ryoogae)

more than よりより (yori)

morning あさあさ (asa)

morning or a.m. ごぜんごぜん (gozen)

most desirable なによりなにより (nani yori)

mother はははは (haha)

mountain やまやま (yama)

mouth くちくち (kuchi)

movie えいがえいが (eega)

much more ずっとずっと (zutto)

nasal drip (nose water)

はなみずはなみず (hanamizu)

nausea はきけはきけ (hakike)

necktie ネクタイネクタイ (nekutai)



227





English Japanese

need いりますいります (irimasu)

new あたらしいあたらしい (atarashii)

newspaper しんぶんしんぶん (shinbun)

next (when referring to the order of events) つぎにつぎに (tsugi ni)

next time こんどこんど (kondo)

next-door となりとなり (tonari)

night よるよる (yoru)

night club クラブクラブ (kurabu)

nine (items) ここのつここのつ (kokonotsu)

nine days ここのかここのか (kokonoka)

nine o'clock くじくじ (kuji)

nineteen days じゅうくにちじゅうくにち (juu-ku-nichi)

ninety-six years old きゅうじゅうろくさいきゅうじゅうろくさい (kyuujuu roku sai)

no one だれもだれも (daremo)

noisy うるさいうるさい (urusai)

now いまいま (ima)



228





English Japanese

now (when encouraging some course of action) さあさあ (saa)

ocean or sea うみうみ (umi)

of course もちろんもちろん (mochiron)

often よくよく (yoku)

ointment なんこうなんこう (nankoo)

old ふるいふるい (furui)

one (item) ひとつひとつ (hitotsu)

one (item) ひとつひとつ (hitotsu)

one day いちにちいちにち (ichi-nichi)

one hour いちじかんいちじかん (ichi jikan)

one month いっかげついっかげつ (ikkagetsu)

one month or more いっかげついじょういっかげついじょう (ikkagetsu ijoo)

one more kilometer to go あといちキロメートルあといちキロメートル (ato ichi kiro-meetoru)

one person ひとりひとり (hitori)

one pinch ひとつまみひとつまみ (hitotsumami)

one tablet いちじょういちじょう (ichi-joo)



229





English Japanese

one week いっしゅうかんいっしゅうかん (isshuukan)

only child (one child)

ひとりっこひとりっこ (hitorikko)

open あけますあけます (akemasu)

orange color オレンジいろオレンジいろ (orenji iro)

ornamental carp にしきごいにしきごい (nishikigoi)

over low heat (by means of low heat)

よわびでよわびで (yowabi de)

package にもつにもつ (nimotsu)

pain いたみいたみ (itami)

painful and いたくていたくて (itakute)

party パーティーパーティー (paatii)

people ひとたちひとたち (hitotachi)

pepper こしょうこしょう (koshoo)

person ひとひと (hito)

pet ペットペット (petto)

photograph しゃしんしゃしん (shashin)

plan よていよてい (yotee)



230





English Japanese

plentifully たくさんたくさん (takusan)

pond いけいけ (ike)

poor at にがてにがて (nigate)

prescription しょほうせんしょほうせん (sho-hoosen)

presents for my family かぞくへのプレゼントかぞくへのプレゼント (kazoku e no purezento)

price ねだんねだん (nedan)

probably たぶんたぶん (tabun)

professional wrestling プロレスプロレス (puroresu)

program (for TV and radio) ばんぐみばんぐみ (bangumi)

quiet しずかしずか (shizuka)

rain or rainy weather あめあめ (ame)

ramen noodle soup ラーメンラーメン (raamen)

red あかいあかい (akai)

red one あかいのあかいの (akai no)

red ones, white ones, and others あかいのやしろいのあかいのやしろいの (akai no ya shiroi no)

regrettable ざんねんざんねん (zan-nen)



231





English Japaneseremittance (sending money)

そうきんそうきん (sookin)

rented house しゃくやしゃくや (shakuya)

rest やすみますやすみます (yasumimasu)

right or suitable いいいい (ii)

river かわかわ (kawa)

room へやへや (heya)

salt しおしお (shio)

sauté いためますいためます (itamemasu)

sea mail ふなびんふなびん (funabin)

season きせつきせつ (kisetsu)

seems to fall (referring to rain or snow) ふりそうですふりそうです (furisoo desu.)

send おくりますおくります (okurimasu)

serve だしますだします (dashimasu)

seven (items) ななつななつ (nanatsu)

seven days なのかなのか (nanoka)

seven o'clock しちじしちじ (shichiji )



232





English Japanese

shabu shabu しゃぶしゃぶしゃぶしゃぶ (shabu shabu)

shade ひかげひかげ (hikage)

shoe store くつやくつや (kutsu-ya)

shoes くつくつ (kutsu)

shopping かいものかいもの (kaimono)

shopping district しょうてんがいしょうてんがい (shootengai)

short みじかいみじかい (mijikai)

show みせますみせます (misemasu)

show around あんないしますあんないします (an-nai shimasu)

sibling きょうだいきょうだい (kyoodai)

siblings ごきょうだいごきょうだい (gokyoodai)

side よこよこ (yoko)

since three days ago みっかまえからみっかまえから (mikka mae kara)

six (items) むっつむっつ (muttsu)

six days むいかむいか (muika)

six months ろっかげつろっかげつ (rokkagetsu)



233





English Japanese

size サイズサイズ (saizu)

size nine きゅうごうきゅうごう (kyuugoo)

sleep or go to bed ねますねます (nemasu)

sleeve そでそで (sode)

snow or snowy weather ゆきゆき (yuki)

so much そんなにそんなに (son-na ni)

someone or anyone だれかだれか (dareka)

something なにかなにか (nanika)

sometimes ときどきときどき (tokidoki)

somewhat なんだかなんだか (nandaka)

soy sauce しょうゆしょうゆ (shooyu)

soybeans だいずだいず (daizu)

spacious ひろいひろい (hiroi)

special delivery そくたつそくたつ (sokutatsu)

sports スポーツスポーツ (supootsu)

spring はるはる (haru)



234





English Japanese

stifling hot むしあついむしあつい (mushiatsui)

still or yet まだまだ (mada)

stop (when referring to rain or snow) やみますやみます (yamimasu)

stop by よりますよります (yorimasu)

store or place of business みせみせ (mise)

strict きびしいきびしい (kibishii)

sugar さとうさとう (satoo)

suits スーツスーツ (suutsu)

summer なつなつ (natsu)

summit ちょうじょうちょうじょう (choojoo)

sumo wrestling すもうすもう (sumoo)

sunny weather はれはれ (hare)

supermarket スーパースーパー (suupaa)

supper (evening meal)

ばんごはんばんごはん (ban gohan)

swim およぎますおよぎます (oyogimasu)

swimsuit みずぎみずぎ (mizugi)



235





English Japanese

table テーブルテーブル (teeburu)

tablespoon (big spoon)

おおさじおおさじ (oosaji)

take (medicine) のみますのみます (nomimasu)

take (when referring to time) かかりますかかります (kakarimasu)

tea-ceremony room ちゃしつちゃしつ (chashitsu)

teach or tell おしえますおしえます (oshiemasu)

teacher きょうしきょうし (kyooshi)

teaspoon (small spoon)

こさじこさじ (kosaji)

ten (items) とおとお (too)

ten days とおかとおか (tooka)

ten minutes じゅっぷんじゅっぷん (juppun)

ten months じゅっかげつじゅっかげつ (jukkagetsu)

ten weeks じゅっしゅうかんじゅっしゅうかん (jusshuukan)

tennis テニステニス (tenisu)

terrible ひどいひどい (hidoi)

terrible or amazing すごいすごい (sugoi)



236





English Japanese

test or inspection けんさけんさ (kensa)

the Akita あきたいぬあきたいぬ (akita inu)

the end or the last さいごさいご (saigo )

the exchange rate (a rate)

レートレート (reeto)

the first day of the month ついたちついたち (tsuitachi)

the ocean or mountains (in a comparisonquestion)

うみとやまとうみとやまと (umi to yama to)

the second time にかいめにかいめ (nikaime )

the station-front area (station front)

えきまええきまえ (ekimae)

then それからそれから (sore kara)

there is (when referring to living creatures) いますいます (imasu)

there is (when referring to things) ありますあります (arimasu)

there is not (when referring to living creatures) いませんいません (imasen)

thing ものもの (mono)

things to do ようじようじ (yooji)

thirty-seven point five degrees さんじゅうななどごぶさんじゅうななどごぶ (san-juu-nana do go bu)

this place こちらこちら (kochira)



237





English Japanese

this year ことしことし (kotoshi)

though けどけど (kedo)

three (items) みっつみっつ (mittsu)

three days みっかみっか (mikka)

three people さんにんさんにん (san-nin)

three times さんかいさんかい (sankai)

three times a day いちにちにさんかいいちにちにさんかい (ichi-nichi ni sankai)

tire oneself つかれますつかれます (tsukaremasu)

to a mountain やまへやまへ (yama e)

to arrive とどくとどく (todoku)

to be able to do できるできる (dekiru)

to be made できるできる (dekiru)

to be made (in the "te"-form) できてできて (dekite)

to be ready できるできる (dekiru)

to become なるなる (naru)

to boil (water) わかすわかす (wakasu)



238





English Japanese

to boil (water) (in the "te"-form) わかしてわかして (wakashite)

to broil やくやく (yaku)

to burn (when referring to a pain) ひりひりするひりひりする (hiri hiri suru)

to carry もつもつ (motsu)

to catch a cold かぜをひくかぜをひく (kaze o hiku)

to close しめるしめる (shimeru)

to come くるくる (kuru)

to come out でるでる (deru)

to come over for a visit あそびにくるあそびにくる (asobi ni kuru)

to cook (in liquid) にるにる (niru)

to cook (rice) たくたく (taku)

to cook (rice) (in the "te"-form) たいてたいて (taite)

to cost かかるかかる (kakaru)

to do するする (suru)

to do (in the "te"-form) してして (shite)

to drink のむのむ (nomu)



239





English Japanese

to eat たべるたべる (taberu)

to eat (in the "te"-form) たべてたべて (tabete)

to exist or to be (when referring to livingcreatures)

いるいる (iru)

to exist or to be (when referring to things) あるある (aru)

to fall (referring to rain or snow) ふるふる (furu)

to feel, smell, or hear するする (suru)

to get in はいるはいる (hairu)

to get in (in the "te"-form) はいってはいって (haitte)

to go いくいく (iku)

to go down or to come down さがるさがる (sagaru)

to go home かえるかえる (kaeru)

to go to bed (in the "te"-form) ねてねて (nete)

to go up あがるあがる (agaru)

to have (when referring to living creatures) いるいる (iru)

to have a meal しょくじするしょくじする (shokuji suru)

to have excruciating pain きりきりいたむきりきりいたむ (kiri kiri itamu)



240





English Japanese

to have persistent dull pain しくしくいたむしくしくいたむ (shiku shiku itamu)

to hurry いそぐいそぐ (isogu)

to hurt いたむいたむ (itamu)

to inhale すうすう (suu)

to inhale (in the "te"-form) すってすって (sutte)

to know しるしる (shiru)

to know (in the "te"-form) しってしって (shitte)

to look for さがすさがす (sagasu)

to look for (in the "te"-form) さがしてさがして (sagashite)

to make つくるつくる (tsukuru)

to make (a telephone call) かけるかける (kakeru)

to make (a telephone call) (in the "te"-form) かけてかけて (kakete)

to make (in the "te"-form) つくってつくって (tsukutte)

to meet あうあう (au)

to need いるいる (iru)

to open あけるあける (akeru)



241





English Japanese

to open (in the "te"-form) あけてあけて (akete)

to play or to have fun あそぶあそぶ (asobu)

to put in or to add いれるいれる (ireru)

to put in or to add (in the "te"-form) いれていれて (irete)

to rest やすむやすむ (yasumu)

to sauté いためるいためる (itameru)

to sauté (in the "te"-form) いためていためて (itamete)

to say いういう (yuu)

to send おくるおくる (okuru)

to send (in the "te"-form) おくっておくって (okutte)

to serve だすだす (dasu)

to show みせるみせる (miseru)

to show (in the "te"-form) みせてみせて (misete)

to show around あんないするあんないする (an-nai suru)

to sleep or to go to bed ねるねる (neru)

to stop (when referring to rain or snow) やむやむ (yamu)



242





English Japanese

to stop by よるよる (yoru)

to stop by (in the "te"-form) よってよって (yotte)

to suffer from a splitting headache がんがんするがんがんする (gan gan suru)

to swim およぐおよぐ (oyogu)

to take (medicine) のむのむ (nomu)

to take (medicine) (in the "te"-form) のんでのんで (nonde)

to take (something with one) もっていくもっていく (motte iku)

to take (when referring to time) かかるかかる (kakaru)

to teach or to tell おしえるおしえる (oshieru)

to tell (in the "te"-form) おしえておしえて (oshiete)

to throb with pain ずきずきするずきずきする (zuki zuki suru)

to tire oneself つかれるつかれる (tsukareru)

to wait まつまつ (matsu)

to wait (in the "te"-form) まってまって (matte)

to want ほしいほしい (hoshii)

to wash あらうあらう (arau)



243





English Japanese

to wash (in the "te"-form) あらってあらって (aratte)

to watch (in the "te"-form) みてみて (mite)

to watch or to look at みるみる (miru)

to withdraw (money) おろすおろす (orosu)

to wrap つつむつつむ (tsutsumu)

to wrap (in the "te"-form) つつんでつつんで (tsutsunde)

today きょうきょう (kyoo)

together いっしょにいっしょに (issho ni)

tomorrow あしたあした (ashita)

tonight こんばんこんばん (konban)

topside or upper part うえうえ (ue)

twenty days はつかはつか (hatsuka)

twenty-six point five centimeters にじゅうろくてんごセンチにじゅうろくてんごセンチ (ni-juu-roku ten go senchi)

two (items) ふたつふたつ (futatsu)

two days ふつかふつか (futsuka)

two hours ago にじかんまえににじかんまえに (ni-jikan mae ni)



244





English Japanese

two minutes にふんにふん (ni-fun)

two people ふたりふたり (futari)

two tablets にじょうにじょう (ni-joo)

two tablets at a time にじょうずつにじょうずつ (ni-joo zutsu)

two to three days (two days to three days)

ふつかからみっかふつかからみっか (futsuka kara mikka)

underneath or lower part したした (shita)

vegetable やさいやさい (yasai)

wait まちますまちます (machimasu)

want to go いきたいですいきたいです (ikitai desu)

warm あたたかいあたたかい (atatakai)

was or were でしたでした (deshita)

wash あらいますあらいます (araimasu)

watch みますみます (mimasu)

weekend しゅうまつしゅうまつ (shuumatsu)

what day なんにちなんにち (nan-nichi)

what degree なんどなんど (nan-do)



245





English Japanese

what month なんがつなんがつ (nan-gatsu)

what time (what o'clock)

なんじなんじ (nanji)

when いついつ (itsu)

which どちらどちら (dochira)

white しろいしろい (shiroi)

who/whom だれだれ (dare)

who/whom どなたどなた (donata)

why どうしてどうして (dooshite)

widely おおきくおおきく (ookiku)

will be ready できますできます (dekimasu)

window まどまど (mado)

window or teller まどぐちまどぐち (madoguchi)

winter ふゆふゆ (fuyu)

with my boyfriend かれとかれと (kare to)

withdraw (money) おろしますおろします (oroshimasu)

won't go いきませんいきません (ikimasen)



246





English Japanese

wonderful すてきすてき (suteki)

wrap つつみますつつみます (tsutsumimasu)

younger brother おとうとおとうと (otooto)

younger sister いもうといもうと (imooto)

zero れいれい (ree)


247





Phrase ReviewEnglish Japanese

Hello. ごめんください。ごめんください。 (gomenkudasai.)

Welcome! Now, please come in. いらっしゃい！さあ、どうぞ。いらっしゃい！さあ、どうぞ。 (irasshai! saa, doozo.)

Thank you. This is a big house, isn't it! おじゃまします。おおきいおうちですね。おじゃまします。おおきいおうちですね。 (ojama shimasu. ookii oochi desu ne.)

It's old, though. Shall I show you around the housea bit?

ふるいですけど。ちょっとうちのなかをごあんなふるいですけど。ちょっとうちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。いしましょうか。 (furui desu kedo. chotto uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)

Yes, by all means. ええ、ぜひおねがいします。ええ、ぜひおねがいします。 (ee, zehi onegai shimasu.)

This is the drawing room. Next to it is the roomwith the family Buddhist altar.

こちらはざしきです。そのとなりはぶつまです。こちらはざしきです。そのとなりはぶつまです。 (kochira wa zashiki desu. sono tonari wabutsuma desu.)

There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden. にわにちゃしつがあります。にわにちゃしつがあります。 (niwa ni chashitsu ga arimasu.)


わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね！わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね！ (waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusan imasune!)

They are ornamental carp. There are red ones,gold ones, orange ones and others, you know.

にしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレンにしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレンジいろのがいますよ。ジいろのがいますよ。 (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu yo.)

Oh, Yoko. Welcome! ああ、ようこさん。いらっしゃい！ああ、ようこさん。いらっしゃい！ (aa, yooko san. irasshai!)

It's old, though. ふるいですけど。ふるいですけど。 (furui desu kedo.)

It's a big house, isn't it! おおきいおうちですね！おおきいおうちですね！ (ookii ouchi desu ne!)

It's a rented house, though. しゃくやですけど。しゃくやですけど。 (shakuya desu kedo.)

Wow, it's a spacious garden, isn't it! わあ、ひろいおにわですね！わあ、ひろいおにわですね！ (waa, hiroi oniwa desu ne!)



248





English Japanese

No, no, not so much. いえいえ、それほどでも。いえいえ、それほどでも。 (ie ie, sore hodo demo.)

Shall I show you around the house? うちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。うちのなかをごあんないしましょうか。 (uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)

the inside of the house うちのなかうちのなか (uchi no naka)

I'll show you around the house. (I'll show you around the inside of the house.)

うちのなかをあんないします。うちのなかをあんないします。 (uchi no naka o an-nai shimasu.)

Shall I show you around the garden? にわをごあんないしましょうか。にわをごあんないしましょうか。 (niwa o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)

Shall I open the window? まどをあけましょうか。まどをあけましょうか。 (mado o akemashoo ka.)

Shall I close the window? まどをしめましょうか。まどをしめましょうか。 (mado o shimemashoo ka.)

It's a little bit cold, isn't it! Shall I close thewindow?

ちょっとさむいですね。まどをしめましょうか。ちょっとさむいですね。まどをしめましょうか。 (chotto samui desu ne. mado oshimemashoo ka.)

This is the Japanese-style drawing room. こちらはざしきです。こちらはざしきです。 (kochira wa zashiki desu.)

This is the bathroom. The restroom is that way.こちらはふろばです。おてあらいはそちらです。こちらはふろばです。おてあらいはそちらです。 (kochira wa furoba desu. otearai wa sochiradesu.)

What is this room? このへやはなんですか。このへやはなんですか。 (kono heya wa nan desu ka.)

That room is the room with the family Buddhistaltar.

そのへやはぶつまです。そのへやはぶつまです。 (sono heya wa butsuma desu.)

next to the kitchen (next-door of kitchen)

だいどころのとなりだいどころのとなり (daidokoro no tonari)

This is the kitchen. Next to it is the Japanese-stylefamily room.

こちらはだいどころです。そのとなりはちゃのまこちらはだいどころです。そのとなりはちゃのまです。です。 (kochira wa daidokoro desu. sono tonari wachanoma desu.)

There is a tea-ceremony room. ちゃしつがあります。ちゃしつがあります。 (chashitsu ga arimasu.)



249





English Japanese

the next-door of the entrance hall げんかんのとなりげんかんのとなり (genkan no tonari)

next to the entrance hall (at the next-door of the entrance hall)

げんかんのとなりにげんかんのとなりに (genkan no tonari ni)

There is a spacious Japanese-style drawing roomnext to the entrance hall.

げんかんのとなりにひろいざしきがあります。げんかんのとなりにひろいざしきがあります。 (genkan no tonari ni hiroi zashiki gaarimasu.)

What is there? なにがありますか。なにがありますか。 (nani ga arimasu ka.)

the inside of the Japanese-style closet おしいれのなかおしいれのなか (oshi-ire no naka)

in the Japanese-style closet (at the inside of the Japanese-style closet)

おしいれのなかにおしいれのなかに (oshi-ire no naka ni)

What is in the Japanese-style closet? おしいれのなかになにがありますか。おしいれのなかになにがありますか。 (oshi-ire no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka.)

There is Japanese-style bedding in the Japanese-style closet, you know.

おしいれのなかにふとんがありますよ。おしいれのなかにふとんがありますよ。 (oshi-ire no naka ni futon ga arimasu yo.)

There are carp in the pond. いけのなかにこいがいます。いけのなかにこいがいます。 (ike no naka ni koi ga imasu.)

There are carp. こいがいます。こいがいます。 (koi ga imasu.)

the inside of the pond いけのなかいけのなか (ike no naka)

There are a lot of carp. (There are carp plentifully.)

こいがたくさんいます。こいがたくさんいます。 (koi ga takusan imasu.)


わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね。わあ、いけのなかにこいがたくさんいますね。 (waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusan imasune.)

What is there? (when referring to living creatures) なにがいますか。なにがいますか。 (nani ga imasu ka.)

What is in the pond? (when referring to livingcreatures)

いけのなかになにがいますか。いけのなかになにがいますか。 (ike no naka ni nani ga imasu ka.)



250





English Japanese

red carp and black carp あかいこいとくろいこいあかいこいとくろいこい (akai koi to kuroi koi)

There are red carp and black carp in the pond,you know.

いけのなかにあかいこいとくろいこいがいますいけのなかにあかいこいとくろいこいがいますよ。よ。 (ike no naka ni akai koi to kuroi koi ga imasuyo.)

There are red ones, white ones, and others. (whenreferring to living creatures)

あかいのやしろいのがいます。あかいのやしろいのがいます。 (akai no ya shiroi no ga imasu.)

There are red ones. (when referring to livingcreatures)

あかいのがいます。あかいのがいます。 (akai no ga imasu.)

red ones and white ones あかいのとしろいのあかいのとしろいの (akai no to shiroi no)

orange-colored carp (carp in orange color)

オレンジいろのこいオレンジいろのこい (orenji iro no koi)

gold-colored carp きんいろのこいきんいろのこい (kin iro no koi)

They are ornamental carp. There are red ones,gold-colored ones, orange-colored ones, andothers.

にしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレンにしきごいです。あかいのやきんいろのやオレンジいろのがいます。ジいろのがいます。 (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu.)

The TV is in the living room. (As for TV, it exists in the living room.)

テレビはリビングにあります。テレビはリビングにあります。 (terebi wa ribingu ni arimasu.)

It is in the living room. リビングにあります。リビングにあります。 (ribingu ni arimasu.)

the side of the desk つくえのよこつくえのよこ (tsukue no yoko)

by the desk (at the side of the desk)

つくえのよこにつくえのよこに (tsukue no yoko ni)

The bookshelf is by the desk. ほんだなはつくえのよこにあります。ほんだなはつくえのよこにあります。 (hondana wa tsukue no yoko ni arimasu.)

Where is it? どこにありますか。どこにありますか。 (doko ni arimasu ka.)

Um, where is the newspaper? あのう、しんぶんはどこにありますか。あのう、しんぶんはどこにありますか。 (anoo, shinbun wa doko ni arimasu ka.)



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English Japanese

the topside of the table テーブルのうえテーブルのうえ (teeburu no ue)

on the table (at the topside of the table)

テーブルのうえにテーブルのうえに (teeburu no ue ni)

Oh, the newspaper is on the table, you know.ああ、しんぶんはテーブルのうえにありますよ。ああ、しんぶんはテーブルのうえにありますよ。 (aa, shinbun wa teeburu no ue ni arimasuyo.)

Where is your cat? ねこはどこにいますか。ねこはどこにいますか。 (neko wa doko ni imasu ka.)

the underneath of the bed ベッドのしたベッドのした (beddo no shita)

under the bed (at the underneath of the bed)

ベッドのしたにベッドのしたに (beddo no shita ni)

The cat is under the bed, you know. ねこはベッドのしたにいますよ。ねこはベッドのしたにいますよ。 (neko wa beddo no shita ni imasu yo.)

Who is this? これはどなたですか。これはどなたですか。 (kore wa donata desu ka.)

That's my grandmother. ぼくのそぼです。ぼくのそぼです。 (boku no sobo desu.)

How old is she? おいくつですか。おいくつですか。 (oikutsu desu ka.)

She is 96. But, she's still full of energy, you know.９６さいです。でも、まだまだげんきですよ。９６さいです。でも、まだまだげんきですよ。 (kyuujuu-roku sai desu. demo, mada madagenki desu yo.)

That's good to hear, isn't it! それはなによりですね！それはなによりですね！ (sore wa naniyori desu ne!)

Do you have pets? ペットがいますか。ペットがいますか。 (petto ga imasu ka.)

Yes, we have two dogs. ええ、いぬがにひきいます。ええ、いぬがにひきいます。 (ee, inu ga nihiki imasu.)

What kind of dogs are they? どんないぬですか。どんないぬですか。 (don-na inu desu ka.)



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English Japanese

They are Akitas. They are big dogs, but gentle.あきたです。おおきいいぬですが、おとなしいであきたです。おおきいいぬですが、おとなしいです。す。 (akita desu. ookii inu desu ga, otonashiidesu.)

Who is this person? このひとはどなたですか。このひとはどなたですか。 (kono hito wa donata desu ka.)

Who is it? どなたですか。どなたですか。 (donata desu ka.)

woman (female person)

おんなのひとおんなのひと (on-na no hito)

this woman このおんなのひとこのおんなのひと (kono on-na no hito)

man (male person)

おとこのひとおとこのひと (otoko no hito)

Who is that man? そのおとこのひとはどなたですか。そのおとこのひとはどなたですか。 (sono otoko no hito wa donata desu ka.)

girl おんなのこおんなのこ (on-na no ko)

that girl over there あのおんなのこあのおんなのこ (ano on-na no ko)

Who is that girl over there? あのおんなのこはだれですか。あのおんなのこはだれですか。 (ano on-na no ko wa dare desu ka.)

the boy in this photograph このしゃしんのおとこのここのしゃしんのおとこのこ (kono shashin no otoko no ko)

Excuse me. Who is the boy in this photograph?すみません。このしゃしんのおとこのこはだれですみません。このしゃしんのおとこのこはだれですか。すか。 (sumimasen. kono shashin no otoko no kowa dare desu ka.)

This is my grandmother. これはわたしのそぼです。これはわたしのそぼです。 (kore wa watashi no sobo desu.)

my grandmother わたしのそぼわたしのそぼ (watashi no sobo)

my grandfather and grandmother わたしのそふとそぼわたしのそふとそぼ (watashi no sofu to sobo)



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English Japanese

Oh, those are my grandfather and grandmother,you know.

ああ、それはわたしのそふとそぼですよ。ああ、それはわたしのそふとそぼですよ。 (aa, sore wa watashi no sofu to sobo desuyo.)

This is my elder brother, and that is my youngerbrother.

これはわたしのあにです。そしてそれはおとうとこれはわたしのあにです。そしてそれはおとうとです。です。 (kore wa watashi no ani desu. soshite sorewa otooto desu.)

Um, this is my elder sister. She is not my youngersister.

あのう、これはぼくのあねです。いもうとじゃああのう、これはぼくのあねです。いもうとじゃありません。りません。 (anoo, kore wa boku no ane desu. imooto jaarimasen.)

How old is your grandmother? おばあさんはおいくつですか。おばあさんはおいくつですか。 (obaasan wa oikutsu desu ka.)

Excuse me. How old is your grandfather? すみません。おじいさんはおいくつですか。すみません。おじいさんはおいくつですか。 (sumimasen. ojiisan wa oikutsu desu ka.)

My grandfather is ninety-six years old. そふはきゅうじゅうろくさいです。そふはきゅうじゅうろくさいです。 (sofu wa kyuujuu roku sai desu.)

How old is she? なんさいですか。なんさいですか。 (nansai desu ka.)

the girl in that photograph そのしゃしんのおんなのこそのしゃしんのおんなのこ (sono shashin no on-na no ko)

How old is the girl in that photograph?そのしゃしんのおんなのこはなんさいですか。そのしゃしんのおんなのこはなんさいですか。 (sono shashin no on-na no ko wa nansaidesu ka.)

My younger sister is eighteen years old. Myyounger brother is twenty-one years old.

いもうとはじゅうはっさいです。おとうとはにいもうとはじゅうはっさいです。おとうとはにじゅういっさいです。じゅういっさいです。 (imooto wa juu hassai desu. otooto wa nijuuissai desu.)

How many people are in your family? (As for family, how many people are they?)

ごかぞくはなんにんですか。ごかぞくはなんにんですか。 (gokazoku wa nan-nin desu ka.)

How many people are they? なんにんですか。なんにんですか。 (nan-nin desu ka.)

There are four people in my family. (As for family, they are four people.)

かぞくはよにんです。かぞくはよにんです。 (kazoku wa yonin desu.)

There are four people in my family: my father, mymother, my elder brother, and me.

かぞくはよにんです。ちちとははとあにとわたしかぞくはよにんです。ちちとははとあにとわたしです。です。 (kazoku wa yonin desu. chichi to haha to anito watashi desu.)

How many siblings do you have? (How many are your siblings?)

ごきょうだいはなんにんですか。ごきょうだいはなんにんですか。 (gokyoodai wa nan-nin desu ka.)



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English JapaneseThere are two siblings in my family. (As for siblings, they are two.)

きょうだいはふたりです。きょうだいはふたりです。 (kyoodai wa futari desu.)

There are three siblings in my family. My elderbrother, my elder sister and me.

きょうだいはさんにんです。あにとあねとわたしきょうだいはさんにんです。あにとあねとわたしです。です。 (kyoodai wa san-nin desu. ani to ane towatashi desu.)

I am the only child. わたしはひとりっこです。わたしはひとりっこです。 (watashi wa hitorikko desu.)

I have a pet. ペットがいます。ペットがいます。 (petto ga imasu.)

Do you have dogs? いぬがいますか。いぬがいますか。 (inu ga imasu ka.)

How many dogs do you have? いぬがなんびきいますか。いぬがなんびきいますか。 (inu ga nanbiki imasu ka.)

one dog いぬがいっぴきいぬがいっぴき (inu ga ippiki)

two dogs いぬがにひきいぬがにひき (inu ga nihiki)

three dogs いぬがさんびきいぬがさんびき (inu ga sanbiki)

I have three dogs. いぬがさんびきいます。いぬがさんびきいます。 (inu ga sanbiki imasu.)

six cats ねこがろっぴきねこがろっぴき (neko ga roppiki)

I have two dogs and six cats. いぬがにひきとねこがろっぴきいます。いぬがにひきとねこがろっぴきいます。 (inu ga nihiki to neko ga roppiki imasu.)

Wow, she is a cute cat, isn't she! わあ、かわいいねこですね！わあ、かわいいねこですね！ (waa, kawaii neko desu ne!)

The Akitas are big, but they are gentle dogs.あきたいぬはおおきいですが、おとなしいいぬであきたいぬはおおきいですが、おとなしいいぬです。す。 (akita inu wa ookii desu ga, otonashii inudesu.)

What is her name? なまえはなんですか。なまえはなんですか。 (namae wa nan desu ka.)



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English Japanese

She is a beautiful dog, isn't she! What is hername?

きれいないぬですね。なまえはなんですか。きれいないぬですね。なまえはなんですか。 (kireena inu desu ne. namae wa nan desuka.)

My grandmother is still full of energy. そぼはまだまだげんきです。そぼはまだまだげんきです。 (sobo wa mada mada genki desu.)

My grandmother is full of energy. そぼはげんきです。そぼはげんきです。 (sobo wa genki desu.)

My grandfather is quiet. そふはしずかです。そふはしずかです。 (sofu wa shizuka desu.)

My father is a little strict. ちちはちょっときびしいです。ちちはちょっときびしいです。 (chichi wa chotto kibishii desu.)

My mother is very cheerful. はははとてもあかるいです。はははとてもあかるいです。 (haha wa totemo akarui desu.)

My mother is very cheerful. And she is funny.はははとてもあかるいです。そして、おもしろいはははとてもあかるいです。そして、おもしろいです。です。 (haha wa totemo akarui desu. soshite,omoshiroi desu.)

My grandmother is a hundred years old. But, sheis still full of energy.

そぼはひゃくさいです。でも、まだまだげんきでそぼはひゃくさいです。でも、まだまだげんきです。す。 (sobo wa hyaku sai desu. demo, mada madagenki desu.)

That's good to hear. (That is most desirable.)

それはなによりです。それはなによりです。 (sore wa nani yori desu.)

We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow.


Won't you come with us? いっしょにいきませんか。いっしょにいきませんか。 (issho ni ikimasen ka.)

Well..., who's going? そうですね・・・。どんなメンバーですか。そうですね・・・。どんなメンバーですか。 (soo desu ne.... don-na menbaa desu ka.)

My coworkers and my gym friends.かいしゃのひとたちや、スポーツジムのともだちかいしゃのひとたちや、スポーツジムのともだちです。です。 (kaisha no hitotachi ya, supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)

One of them is a doctor. The other is a highschool teacher.

ひとりはいしゃです。もうひとりはこうこうのひとりはいしゃです。もうひとりはこうこうのきょうしです。きょうしです。 (hitori wa isha desu. moo hitori wa kookoono kyooshi desu.)

Are you going to have karaoke too? カラオケもありますか。カラオケもありますか。 (karaoke mo arimasu ka.)



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English Japanese

Of course! 'Cause we all love karaoke.もちろんです！みんなカラオケがすきですから。もちろんです！みんなカラオケがすきですから。 (mochiron desu! min-na karaoke ga sukidesu kara.)

I don't care for karaoke much.... I'm sorry.わたしはカラオケはちょっと・・・。すみませわたしはカラオケはちょっと・・・。すみません。ん。 (watashi wa karaoke wa chotto....sumimasen.)

I'm sorry to hear that. Well, maybe next time. それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこんど。それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこんど。 (sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, mata kondo.)

We have a cherry-blossom viewing picnic. (We do a cherry-blossom viewing picnic.)


to have a party (to do party)

パーティーをするパーティーをする (paatii o suru)

We'll have a Christmas party tomorrow. あしたクリスマスパーティーをします。あしたクリスマスパーティーをします。 (ashita kurisumasu paatii o shimasu.)

What are you going to do? なにをしますか。なにをしますか。 (nani o shimasu ka.)

What are you going to do today? きょうなにをしますか。きょうなにをしますか。 (kyoo nani o shimasu ka.)

my mother's birthday ははのたんじょうびははのたんじょうび (haha no tanjoobi)

Today is my mother's birthday. きょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。きょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。 (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu.)

Today is my mother's birthday. We are going tohave a birthday party!

きょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。たんじょうきょうは、ははのたんじょうびです。たんじょうびパーティーをします！びパーティーをします！ (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu. tanjoobipaatii o shimasu!)

We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow. Why don't you come with us?

あしたおはなみをします。いっしょにいきませんあしたおはなみをします。いっしょにいきませんか。か。 (ashita ohanami o shimasu. issho niikimasen ka.)

why don't we dine? しょくじしませんかしょくじしませんか (shokuji shimasen ka)

Why don't we dine together tonight? こんばんいっしょにしょくじしませんか。こんばんいっしょにしょくじしませんか。 (konban issho ni shokuji shimasen ka.)

Why don't we watch a movie? えいがをみませんか。えいがをみませんか。 (eega o mimasen ka.)



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English JapaneseUm, why don't we watch a movie togethertomorrow?

あのう、あしたいっしょにえいがをみませんか。あのう、あしたいっしょにえいがをみませんか。 (anoo, ashita issho ni eega o mimasen ka.)

Let's go together. いっしょにいきましょう。いっしょにいきましょう。 (issho ni ikimashoo.)

Let's go together by all means. ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。 (zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)

It sounds good! (It is good, isn't it!)

いいですね！いいですね！ (ii desu ne!)

It sounds good! Let's go together by all means. いいですね！ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。いいですね！ぜひいっしょにいきましょう。 (ii desu ne! zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)

Today isn't good for me... (Today is a little bit....)

きょうはちょっと・・・。きょうはちょっと・・・。 (kyoo wa chotto....)

Well..., today isn't good for me... そうですね・・・、きょうはちょっと・・・。そうですね・・・、きょうはちょっと・・・。 (soo desu ne..., kyoo wa chotto....)

I'm sorry. Tomorrow isn't good for me.... But,maybe next time!

すみません。あしたはちょっと・・・。でも、ますみません。あしたはちょっと・・・。でも、またこんど！たこんど！ (sumimasen. ashita wa chotto.... demo,mata kondo!)

I'm sorry to hear that. (That is regrettable, isn't it!)

それはざんねんですね。それはざんねんですね。 (sore wa zan-nen desu ne.)

Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. Well then, maybe nexttime!

ああ、それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこんああ、それはざんねんですね。じゃあ、またこんど！ど！ (aa, sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, matakondo!)

Who will be there? (What kind of members are they?)

どんなメンバーですか。どんなメンバーですか。 (don-na menbaa desu ka.)

coworkers (people of company)

かいしゃのひとたちかいしゃのひとたち (kaisha no hitotachi)

gym friends スポーツジムのともだちスポーツジムのともだち (supootsu jimu no tomodachi)

They are my coworkers, gym friends, and others.かいしゃのひとたちやスポーツジムのともだちでかいしゃのひとたちやスポーツジムのともだちです。す。 (kaisha no hitotachi ya supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)

One person is a doctor. ひとりはいしゃです。ひとりはいしゃです。 (hitori wa isha desu.)



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English Japanese

high school teacher こうこうのきょうしこうこうのきょうし (kookoo no kyooshi)

Another person is a high school teacher. もうひとりはこうこうのきょうしです。もうひとりはこうこうのきょうしです。 (moo hitori wa kookoo no kyooshi desu.)

Oh, they are all company employees, you know. ああ、みんなかいしゃいんですよ。ああ、みんなかいしゃいんですよ。 (aa, min-na kaisha-in desu yo.)

We are going to have karaoke. カラオケがあります。カラオケがあります。 (karaoke ga arimasu.)

Of course we have karaoke, too. もちろんカラオケもあります。もちろんカラオケもあります。 (mochiron karaoke mo arimasu.)

Karaoke? Of course! カラオケですか。もちろんです！カラオケですか。もちろんです！ (karaoke desu ka. mochiron desu!)

I'll play tennis. (I'll do tennis.)

テニスをします。テニスをします。 (tenisu o shimasu.)

I'll play golf. ゴルフをします。ゴルフをします。 (gorufu o shimasu.)

I'll play tennis tomorrow. I'll play golf, too.あしたテニスをします。ゴルフもします。あしたテニスをします。ゴルフもします。 (ashita tenisu o shimasu. gorufu moshimasu.)

I played both tennis and golf yesterday. きのう、テニスもゴルフもしました。きのう、テニスもゴルフもしました。 (ki-noo, tenisu mo gorufu mo shimashita.)

neither Japanese pinball nor mahjong パチンコもマージャンもパチンコもマージャンも (pachinko mo maajan mo)

My father plays neither Japanese pinball normahjong.

ちちはパチンコもマージャンもしません。ちちはパチンコもマージャンもしません。 (chichi wa pachinko mo maajan moshimasen.)

I like tennis. (As for me, I like tennis.)

わたしはテニスがすきです。わたしはテニスがすきです。 (watashi wa tenisu ga suki desu.)

I like tennis. テニスがすきです。テニスがすきです。 (tenisu ga suki desu.)

My husband loves baseball. おっとはやきゅうがだいすきです。おっとはやきゅうがだいすきです。 (otto wa yakyuu ga daisuki desu.)



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English Japanese

My wife hates sports. つまはスポーツがきらいです。つまはスポーツがきらいです。 (tuma wa supootsu ga kirai desu.)

neither my husband nor I おっともわたしもおっともわたしも (otto mo watashi mo )

Neither my husband nor I like professionalwrestling very much.

おっともわたしもプロレスがあまりすきじゃありおっともわたしもプロレスがあまりすきじゃありません。ません。 (otto mo watashi mo puroresu ga amari sukija arimasen.)

I don't care for professional wrestling much... (Professional wrestling is a little bit....)

プロレスはちょっと・・・。プロレスはちょっと・・・。 (puroresu wa chotto....)

I like sumo, but (As for sumo, I like it, but)

すもうはすきですがすもうはすきですが (sumoo wa suki desu ga)

I'm sorry. I like sumo, but I don't care forprofessional wrestling much....

すみません。すもうはすきですが、プロレスはすみません。すもうはすきですが、プロレスはちょっと・・・。ちょっと・・・。 (sumimasen. sumoo wa suki desu ga,puroresu wa chotto....)

Because we all like karaoke. みんなカラオケがすきですから。みんなカラオケがすきですから。 (min-na karaoke ga suki desu kara.)

We like karaoke. カラオケがすきです。カラオケがすきです。 (karaoke ga suki desu.)

We all like karaoke. みんなカラオケがすきです。みんなカラオケがすきです。 (min-na karaoke ga suki desu.)

I often play mahjong. よくマージャンをします。よくマージャンをします。 (yoku maajan o shimasu.)

Because it is enjoyable, I often play mahjong.おもしろいですから、よくマージャンをします。おもしろいですから、よくマージャンをします。 (omoshiroi desu kara, yoku maajan oshimasu.)

I practice every day. まいにちれんしゅうします。まいにちれんしゅうします。 (mai-nichi renshuu shimasu.)

Because I like golf, I practice it every day.ゴルフがすきですから、まいにちれんしゅうしまゴルフがすきですから、まいにちれんしゅうします。す。 (gorufu ga suki desu kara, mai-nichi renshuushimasu.)

We are going to have a party tomorrow. あしたパーティーをします。あしたパーティーをします。 (ashita paatii o shimasu.)

Why are you going to have a party tomorrow? どうしてあしたパーティーをしますか。どうしてあしたパーティーをしますか。 (dooshite ashita paatii o shimasu ka.)



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English Japanese

Because tomorrow is my mother's birthday. あしたは、ははのたんじょうびですから。あしたは、ははのたんじょうびですから。 (ashita wa, haha no tanjoobi desu kara.)

Excuse me. Is someone sitting here? すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。 (sumimasen. koko, dareka imasu ka.)

No. Go ahead. いいえ。どうぞ。いいえ。どうぞ。 (iie. doozo.)

Thanks. It's terribly crowded, isn't it! どうもありがとう。すごいひとですね。どうもありがとう。すごいひとですね。 (doomo arigatoo. sugoi hito desu ne.)

Yes. Are you by yourself? ええ。おひとりですか。ええ。おひとりですか。 (ee. o-hitori desu ka.)

No. As a matter of fact, I'm here for a blind dateparty, but I'm a poor dancer.

いいえ、ごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてないいえ、ごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてなんです。んです。 (iie, gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)

Oh? Same here. My name is Takashi. What'syours?

へえ、ぼくもですよ。ぼくはたかしといいます。へえ、ぼくもですよ。ぼくはたかしといいます。おなまえは？おなまえは？ (hee, boku mo desu yo. boku wa takashi toiimasu. o-namae wa?)

I'm Yoko. Nice to meet you. ようこです。どうぞよろしく。ようこです。どうぞよろしく。 (yooko desu. doozo yoroshiku.)

It's noisy here, isn't it! Why don't we have coffee orsomething at the cafe next door?

ここはうるさいですね。となりのカフェでコーここはうるさいですね。となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。ヒーでものみませんか。 (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no kafe dekoohii demo nomimasen ka.)

Sounds good! Let's do so. いいですね！そうしましょう。いいですね！そうしましょう。 (ii desu ne! soo shimashoo.)

Is someone sitting here? (Is there someone here?)

ここ、だれかいますか。ここ、だれかいますか。 (koko, dare ka imasu ka.)

Is there someone? だれかいますか。だれかいますか。 (dareka imasu ka.)

Is there someone here? ここにだれかいますか。ここにだれかいますか。 (koko ni dareka imasu ka.)

Um, excuse me. Is someone sitting here? あのう、すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。あのう、すみません。ここ、だれかいますか。 (anoo, sumimasen. koko, dareka imasu ka.)

No, there is no one. Go ahead. いいえ、だれもいません。どうぞ。いいえ、だれもいません。どうぞ。 (iie, daremo imasen. doozo.)



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English Japanese

my boyfriend's seat かれのせきかれのせき (kare no seki)

I'm sorry. That is my boyfriend's seat. すみません。そこはかれのせきです。すみません。そこはかれのせきです。 (sumimasen. soko wa kare no seki desu.)

Are you by yourself? おひとりですか。おひとりですか。 (ohitori desu ka.)

Are you by yourself? ひとりですか。ひとりですか。 (hitori desu ka.)

Yes, I'm by myself. ええ、ひとりです。ええ、ひとりです。 (ee, hitori desu.)

No, I'm not by myself. いいえ、ひとりじゃありません。いいえ、ひとりじゃありません。 (iie, hitori ja arimasen.)

I'm together with my boyfriend. かれといっしょです。かれといっしょです。 (kare to issho desu.)

No, I'm not by myself. I'm together with mygirlfriend, you know.

いいえ、ひとりじゃありません。かのじょといっいいえ、ひとりじゃありません。かのじょといっしょですよ。しょですよ。 (iie, hitori ja arimasen. kanojo to issho desuyo.)

Is this your first time to come to this place ofbusiness? (As for this place of business, is it for the firsttime?)

このみせははじめてですか。このみせははじめてですか。 (kono mise wa hajimete desu ka.)

Yes, it's my first time. ええ、はじめてです。ええ、はじめてです。 (ee, hajimete desu.)

No, it's not my first time. いいえ、はじめてじゃありません。いいえ、はじめてじゃありません。 (iie, hajimete ja arimasen.)

This is my second time. にかいめです。にかいめです。 (nikaime desu.)

the third time さんかいめさんかいめ (sankaime)

No, it's not my first time. It's my third time.いいえ、はじめてじゃありません。さんかいめでいいえ、はじめてじゃありません。さんかいめです。す。 (iie, hajimete ja arimasen. sankaime desu.)

Do you come often? よくきますか。よくきますか。 (yoku kimasu ka.)



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English JapaneseDo you come to this club often? (As for this club, do you come often?)

このクラブはよくきますか。このクラブはよくきますか。 (kono kurabu wa yoku kimasu ka.)

Yes, I come often. ええ、よくきます。ええ、よくきます。 (ee, yoku kimasu.)

No, I don't come very often. いいえ、あまりきません。いいえ、あまりきません。 (iie, amari kimasen.)

together with my boyfriend かれといっしょにかれといっしょに (kare to issho ni)

I come sometimes together with my boyfriend. かれといっしょにときどききます。かれといっしょにときどききます。 (kare to issho ni tokidoki kimasu.)

With whom do you come? だれときますか。だれときますか。 (dare to kimasu ka.)

my coworkers, my friends, and others かいしゃのひとたちやともだちかいしゃのひとたちやともだち (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi)

I come with my coworkers, my friends, and others,you know.

かいしゃのひとたちやともだちときますよ。かいしゃのひとたちやともだちときますよ。 (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi to kimasuyo.)

As a matter of fact, I am a poor dancer. (As a matter of fact, I am poor at dancing.)

ダンスがにがてなんです。ダンスがにがてなんです。 (dansu ga nigate nandesu.)

I am poor at dancing. ダンスがにがてです。ダンスがにがてです。 (dansu ga nigate desu.)

I hate sports. スポーツがきらいです。スポーツがきらいです。 (supootsu ga kirai desu.)

As a matter of fact, I hate sports. スポーツがきらいなんです。スポーツがきらいなんです。 (supootsu ga kirai nandesu.)

neither tennis nor golf テニスもゴルフもテニスもゴルフも (tenisu mo gorufu mo)

I play neither tennis nor golf. As a matter of fact, Ihate sports.

テニスもゴルフもしません。スポーツがきらいなテニスもゴルフもしません。スポーツがきらいなんです。んです。 (tenisu mo gorufu mo shimasen. supootsuga kirai nandesu.)

It's a blind-date party. ごうコンです。ごうコンです。 (gookon desu.)



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English Japanese

As a matter of fact, it's a blind-date party, but Iam a poor dancer.

ごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてなんです。ごうコンなんですが、ダンスがにがてなんです。 (gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)

Me, too. (I am too.)

わたしもです。わたしもです。 (watashi mo desu.)

Oh, is that so? Me, too. へえ、そうですか。ぼくもです。へえ、そうですか。ぼくもです。 (hee, soo desu ka. boku mo desu.)

My name is Takashi. (As for me, I am called Takashi.)

ぼくはたかしといいます。ぼくはたかしといいます。 (boku wa takashi to iimasu.)

I'm called Takashi. たかしといいます。たかしといいます。 (takashi to iimasu.)

My name is Takashi. What's your name? ぼくはたかしといいます。おなまえは？ぼくはたかしといいます。おなまえは？ (boku wa takashi to iimasu. onamae wa?)

my boyfriend わたしのかれわたしのかれ (watashi no kare)

My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. (As for my boyfriend, he is called Ichiro.)

わたしのかれはいちろうといいます。わたしのかれはいちろうといいます。 (watashi no kare)

My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. He is a wonderfulperson, you know!

わたしのかれはいちろうといいます。すてきなひわたしのかれはいちろうといいます。すてきなひとですよ！とですよ！ (watashi no kare wa ichiroo to iimasu.sutekina hito desu yo!)

Why don't we have coffee or something at thecafe next-door?

となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。となりのカフェでコーヒーでものみませんか。 (tonari no kafe de koohii demo nomimasenka.)

I drink coffee. コーヒーをのみます。コーヒーをのみます。 (koohii o nomimasu.)

Why don't we have coffee? (Why don't we drink coffee?)

コーヒーをのみませんか。コーヒーをのみませんか。 (koohii o nomimasen ka.)

cafe next-door (cafe at the next-door)

となりのカフェとなりのカフェ (tonari no kafe)

Why don't we have coffee at the cafe next-door? となりのカフェでコーヒーをのみませんか。となりのカフェでコーヒーをのみませんか。 (tonari no kafe de koohii o nomimasen ka.)

Why don't we have coffee or something? コーヒーでものみませんか。コーヒーでものみませんか。 (koohii demo nomimasen ka.)



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English Japanese

This place is noisy, isn't it! ここはうるさいですね。ここはうるさいですね。 (koko wa urusai desu ne.)

the place of business next-door となりのみせとなりのみせ (tonari no mise)

This place is noisy, isn't it! Why don't we have teaor something at the place of business next-door?

ここはうるさいですね。となりのみせでおちゃでここはうるさいですね。となりのみせでおちゃでものみませんか。ものみませんか。 (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no mise deocha demo nomimasen ka.)

It's terribly crowded, isn't it! すごいひとですね。すごいひとですね。 (sugoi hito desu ne.)

bar across the street (bar on the opposite side)

むかいのバーむかいのバー (mukai no baa)

It's terribly crowded, isn't it! Why don't we havecocktails or something at the bar across thestreet?

すごいひとですね。むかいのバーでカクテルでもすごいひとですね。むかいのバーでカクテルでものみませんか。のみませんか。 (sugoi hito desu ne. mukai no baa dekakuteru demo nomimasen ka.)

What time is it now? いま、なんじですか。いま、なんじですか。 (ima, nanji desu ka.)

What time is it? なんじですか。なんじですか。 (nanji desu ka.)

It's three o'clock now. いま、さんじです。いま、さんじです。 (ima, sanji desu.)

half past four in the afternoon ごごよじはんごごよじはん (gogo yoji han)

It's seven o'clock in the morning now. いま、ごぜんしちじです。いま、ごぜんしちじです。 (ima, gozen shichiji desu.)

It's already half past nine. もうくじはんです。もうくじはんです。 (moo kuji han desu.)

What!? It's eleven o'clock already? えっえっ!? もうじゅういちじですか。もうじゅういちじですか。 (e!? moo juuichiji desu ka.)

I'm sorry, but I'm going home. すみませんが、かえります。すみませんが、かえります。 (sumimasen ga, kaerimasu.)

What!? It's twelve o'clock already? I'm sorry, butI'm going home. Good night!

えっえっ!? もうじゅうにじですか。すみませんが、かもうじゅうにじですか。すみませんが、かえります。おやすみなさい！えります。おやすみなさい！ (e!? moo juuniji desu ka. sumimasen ga,kaerimasu. oyasuminasai!)



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English Japanese

Do you have any plans for the weekend, Yoko?ようこさん、しゅうまつよていがありますか。ようこさん、しゅうまつよていがありますか。 (yooko san, shuumatsu yotee ga arimasuka.)

No, nothing in particular. いいえ、とくにありません。いいえ、とくにありません。 (iie, toku ni arimasen.)

Well then, why don't we go for a hike on Saturday? じゃあ、どようびハイキングにいきませんか。じゃあ、どようびハイキングにいきませんか。 (jaa, do-yoobi haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)

Sounds good! Where do you want to go? いいですね。どこへいきたいですか。いいですね。どこへいきたいですか。 (ii desu ne. doko e ikitai desu ka.)

How about Mt. Takao? It offers a very fine view,you know.

たかおさんはどうですか。とてもいいけしきですたかおさんはどうですか。とてもいいけしきですよ。よ。 (takaosan wa doo desu ka. totemo ii keshikidesu yo.)

OK. We need tea and box lunch, right?わかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますねわかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますね?(wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo ga irimasune?)

Don't forget your hat and camera, either! ぼうしとカメラもおわすれなく！ぼうしとカメラもおわすれなく！ (booshi to kamera mo owasurenaku!)

Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nine o'clockin the morning.

あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。あさ、くじにしんじゅくえきであいましょう。 (asa, ku-ji ni shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)

Do you have any plans for the weekend? しゅうまつよていがありますか。しゅうまつよていがありますか。 (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu ka.)

I have plans. よていがあります。よていがあります。 (yotee ga arimasu.)

I have plans for the weekend. しゅうまつよていがあります。しゅうまつよていがあります。 (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu.)

Do you have plans for Monday, Yoko?ようこさん、げつようびよていがありますか。ようこさん、げつようびよていがありますか。 (yooko san, getsu-yoobi yotee ga arimasuka.)

I have things to do. ようじがあります。ようじがあります。 (yooji ga arimasu.)

Do you have things to do on Sunday? にちようびようじがありますか。にちようびようじがありますか。 (nichi-yoobi yooji ga arimasu ka.)

I'm free on Friday. (As for Friday, I am free.)

きんようびはひまです。きんようびはひまです。 (kin-yoobi wa hima desu.)



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English Japanese

Well.... I'm busy on Saturday, but free on Sunday.そうですね・・・。どようびはいそがしいですそうですね・・・。どようびはいそがしいですが、にちようびはひまです。が、にちようびはひまです。 (soo desu ne.... do-yoobi wa isogashii desuga, nichi-yoobi wa hima desu.)

Why don't we go to a mountain for a hike? やまへハイキングにいきませんか。やまへハイキングにいきませんか。 (yama e haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)

Why don't we go to a mountain? やまへいきませんか。やまへいきませんか。 (yama e ikimasen ka.)

Why don't we go for a hike? ハイキングにいきませんか。ハイキングにいきませんか。 (haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)

Why don't we go to the park? こうえんへいきませんか。こうえんへいきませんか。 (kooen e ikimasen ka.)

Why don't we go to the park for a walk onSaturday?

どようびこうえんへさんぽにいきませんか。どようびこうえんへさんぽにいきませんか。 (do-yoobi kooen e sanpo ni ikimasen ka.)

I'm going to the river with my friends. ともだちとかわへいきます。ともだちとかわへいきます。 (tomodachi to kawa e ikimasu.)

I'm going to the river with my friends for fishing. ともだちとかわへつりにいきます。ともだちとかわへつりにいきます。 (tomodachi to kawa e tsuri ni ikimasu.)

I'm going to the river with my friends for fishing onSunday. Why don't you come with us?

にちようびともだちとかわへつりにいきます。にちようびともだちとかわへつりにいきます。いっしょにいきませんか。いっしょにいきませんか。 (nichi-yoobi tomodachi to kawa e tsuri niikimasu. issho ni ikimasen ka.)

Let's go to the beach to swim. うみへおよぎにいきましょう。うみへおよぎにいきましょう。 (umi e oyogi ni ikimashoo.)

Let's go to swim. およぎにいきましょう。およぎにいきましょう。 (oyogi ni ikimashoo.)

Let's go to the beach. (Let's go to the ocean.)

うみへいきましょう。うみへいきましょう。 (umi e ikimashoo.)

go to have fun あそびにいきますあそびにいきます (asobi ni ikimasu)

We'll go to the amusement park to have fun. ゆうえんちへあそびにいきます。ゆうえんちへあそびにいきます。 (yuuenchi e asobi ni ikimasu.)

next Sunday (Sunday of the next time)

こんどのにちようびこんどのにちようび (kondo no nichi-yoobi)



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English Japanese

Let's go to the amusement park to have fun nextSunday.

こんどのにちようび、ゆうえんちへあそびにいきこんどのにちようび、ゆうえんちへあそびにいきましょう。ましょう。 (kondo no nichi-yoobi, yuuenchi e asobi niikimashoo.)

Why don't you come over for a visit? あそびにきませんか。あそびにきませんか。 (asobi ni kimasen ka.)

next Saturday こんどのどようびこんどのどようび (kondo no do-yoobi)

Why don't you come over to my house for a visitnext Saturday?

こんどのどようび、うちへあそびにきませんか。こんどのどようび、うちへあそびにきませんか。 (kondo no do-yoobi, uchi e asobi ni kimasenka.)

Where do you want to go? どこへいきたいですか。どこへいきたいですか。 (doko e ikitai desu ka.)

Where do you go? どこへいきますか。どこへいきますか。 (doko e ikimasu ka.)

Where do you want to go on the weekend? しゅうまつどこへいきたいですか。しゅうまつどこへいきたいですか。 (shuumatsu doko e ikitai desu ka.)

Where do you want to go to swim? どこへおよぎにいきたいですか。どこへおよぎにいきたいですか。 (doko e oyogi ni ikitai desu ka.)

What do you want to do? なにをしたいですか。なにをしたいですか。 (nani o shitai desu ka.)

Friday evening きんようびのばんきんようびのばん (kin-yoobi no ban)

What do you want to do on Friday evening? きんようびのばん、なにをしたいですか。きんようびのばん、なにをしたいですか。 (kin-yoobi no ban, nani o shitai desu ka.)

What do you want to watch? なにをみたいですか。なにをみたいですか。 (nani o mitai desu ka.)

A movie? It sounds good! What do you want towatch?

えいがですか。いいですね！なにをみたいですえいがですか。いいですね！なにをみたいですか。か。 (eega desu ka. ii desu ne! nani o mitai desuka.)

How about Mt. Takao? たかおさんはどうですか。たかおさんはどうですか。 (takaosan wa doo desu ka.)

How about ~? (How is it?)

どうですか。どうですか。 (doo desu ka.)



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English JapaneseIt offers a fine view, you know. (It is a fine view, you know.)

いいけしきですよ。いいけしきですよ。 (ii keshiki desu yo.)

How about Enoshima? It's a very famous beach,you know.

えのしまはどうですか。とてもゆうめいなビーチえのしまはどうですか。とてもゆうめいなビーチですよ。ですよ。 (enoshima wa doo desu ka. totemoyuumeena biichi desu yo.)

How about "Seven Samurai"? It's a veryinteresting movie, you know.

「しちにんのさむらい」はどうですか。とてもお「しちにんのさむらい」はどうですか。とてもおもしろいえいがですよ。もしろいえいがですよ。 ("shichi-nin no samurai" wa doo desu ka.totemo omoshiroi eega desu yo.)

We need tea and a box lunch. おちゃとおべんとうがいります。おちゃとおべんとうがいります。 (ocha to obentoo ga irimasu.)

We need tea. おちゃがいります。おちゃがいります。 (ocha ga irimasu.)

tea and a box lunch おちゃとおべんとうおちゃとおべんとう (ocha to obentoo)

OK. We need tea and a box lunch, right?わかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますわかりました。おちゃとおべんとうがいりますね？ね？ (wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo ga irimasune?)

We need a camera and a hat. カメラとぼうしがいります。カメラとぼうしがいります。 (kamera to booshi ga irimasu.)

We need a camera and a hat, too, you know. カメラとぼうしもいりますよ。カメラとぼうしもいりますよ。 (kamera to booshi mo irimasu yo.)

Don't forget a camera and a hat, either! カメラとぼうしもおわすれなく！カメラとぼうしもおわすれなく！ (kamera to booshi mo owasurenaku!)

Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station. しんじゅくえきであいましょう。しんじゅくえきであいましょう。 (shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)

Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station in the morning. あさ、しんじゅくえきであいましょう。あさ、しんじゅくえきであいましょう。 (asa, shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)

Let's eat box lunch. おべんとうをたべましょう。おべんとうをたべましょう。 (obentoo o tabemashoo)

Let's eat box lunch at the park. こうえんでおべんとうをたべましょう。こうえんでおべんとうをたべましょう。 (kooen de obentoo o tabemashoo.)

Let's eat box lunch in the park at half past twelve.じゅうにじはんにこうえんでおべんとうをたべまじゅうにじはんにこうえんでおべんとうをたべましょう。しょう。 (juuni-ji han ni kooen de obentoo otabemashoo.)



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English Japanese

We are going to watch a movie on Thursday. もくようび、えいがをみにいきます。もくようび、えいがをみにいきます。 (moku-yoobi, eega o mi ni ikimasu.)

What time are you going to watch a movie onThursday?

もくようび、なんじにえいがをみにいきますか。もくようび、なんじにえいがをみにいきますか。 (moku-yoobi, nan-ji ni eega o mi ni ikimasuka.)

We are going around four o'clock. よじごろいきます。よじごろいきます。 (yoji goro ikimasu.)

front of Hachiko ハチこうのまえハチこうのまえ (hachikoo no mae)

We are going around four o'clock. Let's meet infront of Hachiko.

よじごろいきます。ハチこうのまえであいましょよじごろいきます。ハチこうのまえであいましょう。う。 (yoji goro ikimasu. hachikoo no mae deaimashoo.)

We are tired, aren't we! Shall we rest a little bit?つかれましたね。ちょっとやすみましょうか。つかれましたね。ちょっとやすみましょうか。 (tsukaremashita ne. chotto yasumimashooka.)

Sure. It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you thinkit is now, approximately?

ええ。むしあついですね。いま、なんどぐらいでええ。むしあついですね。いま、なんどぐらいでしょうか。しょうか。 (ee. mushiatsui desu ne. ima, nando guraideshoo ka.)

It's probably about thirty degrees, I think. It'scooler than yesterday, you know.

たぶんさんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。きのうよりたぶんさんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。きのうよりすずしいですよ。すずしいですよ。 (tabun sanjuu do gurai deshoo. ki-noo yorisuzushii desu yo.)

Yes. It was very hot yesterday, wasn't it, since itwas sunny.

ええ。きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかっええ。きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったですね。たですね。 (ee. ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu ne.)

How far is it from here to the summit?ここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですか。ここからちょうじょうまで、どのくらいですか。 (koko kara choojoo made, donokurai desuka.)

Well.... We have about one more kilometer to go. そうですね・・・。あといちキロぐらいです。そうですね・・・。あといちキロぐらいです。 (soo desu ne.... ato ichi kiro gurai desu.)

It kind of looks like it's going to rain, doesn't it! なんだか、あめがふりそうですね。なんだか、あめがふりそうですね。 (nandaka, ame ga furisoo desu ne.)

Yes. Let's hurry a little bit! ええ、ちょっといそぎましょう！ええ、ちょっといそぎましょう！ (ee, chotto isogimashoo!)

Shall we rest a little bit? ちょっとやすみましょうか。ちょっとやすみましょうか。 (chotto yasumimashoo ka.)

It's stifling hot today. きょうはむしあついです。きょうはむしあついです。 (kyoo wa mushiatsui desu.)



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English Japanese

Shall we rest in the shade? ひかげでやすみましょうか。ひかげでやすみましょうか。 (hikage de yasumimashoo ka.)

It's stifling hot, isn't it! Shall we rest in the shade?むしあついですね。ひかげでやすみましょうか。むしあついですね。ひかげでやすみましょうか。 (mushiatsui desu ne. hikage deyasumimashoo ka.)

How hot do you think it is now? (What degree do you think it is now?)

いまなんどでしょうか。いまなんどでしょうか。 (ima nando deshoo ka.)

How hot is it? (What degree is it?)

なんどですか。なんどですか。 (nan-do desu ka.)

It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you think it isnow?

むしあついですね。いまなんどでしょうか。むしあついですね。いまなんどでしょうか。 (mushiatsui desu ne. ima nan-do deshoo ka.)

It's around thirty degrees, I think. さんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。さんじゅうどぐらいでしょう。 (sanjuu-do gurai deshoo.)

Well.... It's probably around thirty-five degrees, Ithink.

そうですね・・・。たぶんさんじゅうごどぐらいそうですね・・・。たぶんさんじゅうごどぐらいでしょう。でしょう。 (soo desu ne.... tabun sanjuu-go-do guraideshoo.)

How cold is it, approximately? (About what degree is it?)

なんどぐらいですか。なんどぐらいですか。 (nan-do gurai desu ka.)

It's cold, isn't it! How cold do you think it is now,approximately?

さむいですね。いま、なんどぐらいでしょうか。さむいですね。いま、なんどぐらいでしょうか。 (samui desu ne. ima, nan-do gurai deshooka.)

Let me see.... Wow, it's zero degrees, you know! えーっと・・・。わあ、れいどですよえーっと・・・。わあ、れいどですよ! (eetto.... waa, ree do desu yo!)

It's cooler today than yesterday. きょうはきのうよりすずしいです。きょうはきのうよりすずしいです。 (kyoo wa ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)

It's cooler than yesterday. (It is more cool than yesterday.)

きのうよりすずしいです。きのうよりすずしいです。 (ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)

this spring (spring of this year)

ことしのはることしのはる (kotoshi no haru)

last spring (spring of last year)

きょねんのはるきょねんのはる (kyo-nen no haru)

This spring is warmer than last spring, isn't it!ことしのはるはきょねんのはるよりあたたかいでことしのはるはきょねんのはるよりあたたかいですね。すね。 (kotoshi no haru wa kyo-nen no haru yoriatatakai desu ne.)



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English Japanese

mountains in summer なつのやまなつのやま (natsu no yama)

Mountains in autumn are more beautiful thanmountains in summer, you know.

あきのやまはなつのやまよりきれいですよ。あきのやまはなつのやまよりきれいですよ。 (aki no yama wa natsu no yama yori kireedesu yo.)

winter in Hokkaido ほっかいどうのふゆほっかいどうのふゆ (hokkaidoo no fuyu)

It's much colder. ずっとさむいです。ずっとさむいです。 (zutto samui desu.)

The winter in Hokkaido is much colder than thewinter in Kyushu.

ほっかいどうのふゆはきゅうしゅうのふゆよりほっかいどうのふゆはきゅうしゅうのふゆよりずっとさむいです。ずっとさむいです。 (hokkaidoo no fuyu wa kyuushuu no fuyuyori zutto samui desu.)

Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains? うみとやまと、どちらがすきですか。うみとやまと、どちらがすきですか。 (umi to yama to, dochira ga suki desu ka.)

Which do you like better? (Which do you like?)

どちらがすきですか。どちらがすきですか。 (dochira ga suki desu ka.)

Well.... I like mountains better, you know.そうですね・・・。やまのほうがすきですよ。そうですね・・・。やまのほうがすきですよ。 (soo desu ne.... yama no hoo ga suki desuyo.)

I like both. どちらもすきです。どちらもすきです。 (dochira mo suki desu.)

I like neither. どちらもすきじゃありません。どちらもすきじゃありません。 (dochira mo suki ja arimasen.)

Which is bigger, Hokkaido or Kyushu?ほっかいどうときゅうしゅうと、どちらがおおきほっかいどうときゅうしゅうと、どちらがおおきいですか。いですか。 (hokkaidoo to kyuushuu to, dochira ga ookiidesu ka.)

Hokkaido is bigger. ほっかいどうのほうがおおきいです。ほっかいどうのほうがおおきいです。 (hokkaidoo no hoo ga ookii desu.)

Which is taller, Mt. Aso or Mt. Fuji?あそさんとふじさんと、どちらがたかいですか。あそさんとふじさんと、どちらがたかいですか。 (asosan to fujisan to, dochira ga takai desuka.)

Mt. Fuji is much taller, you know. ふじさんのほうがずっとたかいですよ。ふじさんのほうがずっとたかいですよ。 (fujisan no hoo ga zutto takai desu yo.)

Which season do you like best? (Among seasons, when do you like best?)

きせつで、いつがいちばんすきですか。きせつで、いつがいちばんすきですか。 (kisetsu de, itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)



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English Japanese

I like it best. いちばんすきです。いちばんすきです。 (ichiban suki desu.)

Which time period do you like best? (When do you like best?)

いつがいちばんすきですか。いつがいちばんすきですか。 (itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)

I like spring best. はるがいちばんすきです。はるがいちばんすきです。 (haru ga ichiban suki desu.)

What do you like best? なにがいちばんすきですか。なにがいちばんすきですか。 (nani ga ichiban suki desu ka.)

Japanese flowers にほんのはなにほんのはな (nihon no hana)

What do you like best among Japanese flowers?にほんのはなで、なにがいちばんすきですか。にほんのはなで、なにがいちばんすきですか。 (nihon no hana de, nani ga ichiban suki desuka.)

Japanese flowers? I like cherry blossoms best.にほんのはなですか。さくらがいちばんすきでにほんのはなですか。さくらがいちばんすきです。す。 (nihon no hana desu ka. sakura ga ichibansuki desu.)

Where is the coldest place? (Where is the coldest?)

どこがいちばんさむいですか。どこがいちばんさむいですか。 (doko ga ichiban samui desu ka.)

Where is the coldest place in Japan? にほんでどこがいちばんさむいですか。にほんでどこがいちばんさむいですか。 (nihon de doko ga ichiban samui desu ka.)

Well.... Hokkaido is the coldest, I think.そうですね・・・。ほっかいどうがいちばんさむそうですね・・・。ほっかいどうがいちばんさむいでしょう。いでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... hokkaidoo ga ichiban samuideshoo.)

Since yesterday was sunny, it was very hot.きのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったできのうははれでしたから、とてもあつかったです。す。 (ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu.)

It is sunny today. きょうははれです。きょうははれです。 (kyoo wa hare desu.)

It was sunny yesterday. きのうははれでした。きのうははれでした。 (ki-noo wa hare deshita.)

Since it was sunny yesterday, it was hot.きのうははれでしたから、あつかったです。きのうははれでしたから、あつかったです。 (kinoo wa hare deshita kara, atsukattadesu.)

Since it was rainy yesterday, it was cool, wasn't it!きのうはあめでしたから、すずしかったですね。きのうはあめでしたから、すずしかったですね。 (ki-noo wa ame deshita kara, suzushikattadesu ne.)



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English JapaneseIt was cloudy in Tokyo. (As for Tokyo, it was cloudy.)

とうきょうはくもりでした。とうきょうはくもりでした。 (tookyoo wa kumori deshita.)

It was cloudy in Tokyo, but it was stifling hot.とうきょうはくもりでしたが、むしあつかったでとうきょうはくもりでしたが、むしあつかったです。す。 (tookyoo wa kumori deshita ga,mushiatsukatta desu.)

It was snowy in Hokkaido. ほっかいどうはゆきでした。ほっかいどうはゆきでした。 (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita.)

It was snowy in Hokkaido. It was cold, but it wasbeautiful, you know!

ほっかいどうはゆきでした。さむかったですが、ほっかいどうはゆきでした。さむかったですが、きれいでしたよ！きれいでしたよ！ (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita. samukatta desuga, kiree deshita yo!)

How far is it? どのくらいですか。どのくらいですか。 (donokurai desu ka.)

from here to the summit ここからちょうじょうまでここからちょうじょうまで (koko kara choojoo made)

about one kilometer いちキロメートルぐらいいちキロメートルぐらい (ichi kiro-meetoru gurai)

It's about one kilometer from here to the summit.ここからちょうじょうまでいちキロメートルぐらここからちょうじょうまでいちキロメートルぐらいです。いです。 (koko kara choojoo made ichi kiro-meetorugurai desu.)

We have one more kilometer to go. (It's one more kilometer to go.)

あといちキロメートルです。あといちキロメートルです。 (ato ichi kiro-meetoru desu.)

Well.... We have about three more kilometers togo, I think.

そうですね・・・。あとさんキロメートルぐらいそうですね・・・。あとさんキロメートルぐらいでしょう。でしょう。 (soo desu ne.... ato san kiro-meetoru guraideshoo.)

It seems that it's going to rain. (Rain seems to fall. )

あめがふりそうです。あめがふりそうです。 (ame ga furisoo desu.)

It rains. (Rain falls. )

あめがふります。あめがふります。 (ame ga furimasu.)

It somewhat seems that it's going to rain. なんだかあめがふりそうです。なんだかあめがふりそうです。 (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu.)

It somewhat seems that it's going to rain, doesn'tit! Let's hurry a little bit.

なんだかあめがふりそうですね。ちょっといそぎなんだかあめがふりそうですね。ちょっといそぎましょう。ましょう。 (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu ne. chottoisogimashoo.)

It seems that it's going to stop snowing. (Snow seems to stop.)

ゆきがやみそうです。ゆきがやみそうです。 (yuki ga yamisoo desu.)



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English JapaneseWe'd better be going. (Shall we go by and by?)

そろそろいきましょうか。そろそろいきましょうか。 (soro soro ikimashoo ka.)

Oh, it seems that it's going to stop snowing,doesn't it! We'd better be going.

ああ、ゆきがやみそうですね。そろそろいきまああ、ゆきがやみそうですね。そろそろいきましょうか。しょうか。 (aa, yuki ga yamisoo desu ne. soro soroikimashoo ka.)

Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko. What are youdoing now?

もしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。いもしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。いま、なにをしていますか。ま、なにをしていますか。 (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu. ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)

I'm making chicken curry. チキンカレーをつくっています。チキンカレーをつくっています。 (chikin karee o tsukutte imasu.)

Oh? Tell me, how do you make it? へえ。どうやってつくるんですか。へえ。どうやってつくるんですか。 (hee. doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)

First, we sauté chicken and vegetables, add water,and cook for twenty minutes or so.

まずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれまずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれて、２０ぷんぐらいにます。て、２０ぷんぐらいにます。 (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)

Then, we add the curry roux, and cook for a littlewhile over low heat.

それからカレールーをいれて、しばらくよわびでそれからカレールーをいれて、しばらくよわびでにます。にます。 (sore kara karee ruu o irete, shibarakuyowabi de nimasu.)

It sounds delicious, doesn't it! おいしそうですね！おいしそうですね！ (oishisoo desu ne!)

It's almost ready, you know. Why don't you comeover for a bite?

もうすぐできますよ。たべにきませんか。もうすぐできますよ。たべにきませんか。 (moo sugu dekimasu yo. tabe ni kimasen ka.)

Oh, are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringdesserts.

えっ、いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもってえっ、いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもっていきます。いきます。 (e, iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)

It sounds good! Well, I'll be waiting for you. いいですね！じゃあ、まっています。いいですね！じゃあ、まっています。 (ii desu ne! jaa, matte imasu.)

What are you doing now? いま、なにをしていますか。いま、なにをしていますか。 (ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)

are you doing? していますかしていますか (shite imasu ka)

What are you doing? なにをしていますか。なにをしていますか。 (nani o shite imasu ka.)

Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko.もしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。もしもし、たかしさんですか。ようこです。 (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu.)



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English Japanese

Hello, it's Ichiro. What are you doing now?もしもし、いちろうです。いま、なにをしていまもしもし、いちろうです。いま、なにをしていますか。すか。 (moshi moshi, ichiroo desu. ima, nani o shiteimasu ka.)

is/am/are cooking りょうりしていますりょうりしています (ryoori shite imasu)

I am cooking at my house now. いま、うちでりょうりしています。いま、うちでりょうりしています。 (ima, uchi de ryoori shite imasu.)

is/am/are having a meal しょくじしていますしょくじしています (shokuji shite imasu)

I am having a meal at the restaurant with myfriends now.

いま、ともだちとレストランでしょくじしていまいま、ともだちとレストランでしょくじしています。す。 (ima, tomodachi to resutoran de shokujishite imasu.)

I am having supper now. (I am eating evening meal now.)

いま、ばんごはんをたべています。いま、ばんごはんをたべています。 (ima, bangohan o tabete imasu.)

I am making a telephone call. でんわをかけています。でんわをかけています。 (denwa o kakete imasu.)

I'm sorry. I am making a telephone call now. すみません。いま、でんわをかけています。すみません。いま、でんわをかけています。 (sumimasen. ima, denwa o kakete imasu.)

I am watching TV now. いまテレビをみています。いまテレビをみています。 (ima terebi o mite imasu.)

Now? I am watching a cooking show, you know.いまですか。りょうりばんぐみをみていますよ。いまですか。りょうりばんぐみをみていますよ。 (ima desu ka. ryoori bangumi o mite imasuyo.)

I am cooking rice now. (I am cooking steamed rice now.)

いま、ごはんをたいています。いま、ごはんをたいています。 (ima, gohan o taite imasu.)

I am boiling water. (I am boiling hot water.)

おゆをわかしています。おゆをわかしています。 (oyu o wakashite imasu.)

I am boiling water now. Why don't we have tea orsomething?

いま、おゆをわかしています。おちゃでものみまいま、おゆをわかしています。おちゃでものみませんか。せんか。 (ima, oyu o wakashite imasu. ocha demonomimasen ka.)

come over to eat (come to eat)

たべにきますたべにきます (tabe ni kimasu)

Why don't you come over for a bite? (Won't you come to eat?)

たべにきませんか。たべにきませんか。 (tabe ni kimasen ka.)



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English Japanese

I am making ramen noodle soup now. Why don'tyou come over for a bite?

いま、ラーメンをつくっています。たべにきませいま、ラーメンをつくっています。たべにきませんか。んか。 (ima, raamen o tsukutte imasu. tabe nikimasen ka.)

Tell me, how do you make chicken curry? (Tell me, as for chicken curry, how do you make it?)

チキンカレーはどうやってつくるんですか。チキンカレーはどうやってつくるんですか。 (chikin karee wa doo-yatte tsukurundesuka.)

How do you make it? どうやってつくりますか。どうやってつくりますか。 (doo-yatte tsukurimasu ka.)

I broil fish. さかなをやきます。さかなをやきます。 (sakana o yakimasu.)

How do you broil fish? どうやってさかなをやきますか。どうやってさかなをやきますか。 (doo-yatte sakana o yakimasu ka.)

Tell me, how do you broil fish? (Tell me, as for fish, how do you broil it?)

さかなはどうやってやくんですか。さかなはどうやってやくんですか。 (sakana wa doo-yatte yakundesu ka.)

It sounds tasty, doesn't it! Tell me, how do youmake it?

おいしそうですね。どうやってつくるんですか。おいしそうですね。どうやってつくるんですか。 (oishisoo desu ne. doo-yatte tsukurundesuka.)

Tell me, how do you eat it? どうやってたべるんですか。どうやってたべるんですか。 (doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)

Shabu shabu? It looks tasty, doesn't it! Tell me,how do you eat it?

しゃぶしゃぶですか。おいしそうですね。どうしゃぶしゃぶですか。おいしそうですね。どうやってたべるんですか。やってたべるんですか。 (shabu shabu desu ka. oishisoo desu ne.doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)

We sauté chicken and vegetables, and add water.とりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれます。とりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれます。 (tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oiremasu.)

chicken and vegetable とりにくとやさいとりにくとやさい (tori-niku to yasai)

We sauté chicken and vegetables, and とりにくとやさいをいためてとりにくとやさいをいためて (tori-niku to yasai o itamete)

We add water. みずをいれます。みずをいれます。 (mizu o iremasu.)

We cook for about ten minutes. じゅっぷんぐらいにます。じゅっぷんぐらいにます。 (juppun gurai nimasu.)

we add water, and みずをいれてみずをいれて (mizu o irete)



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English JapaneseWe add water, and cook it for about twentyminutes.

みずをいれて、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。みずをいれて、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。 (mizu o irete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)

First, we sauté chicken and vegetables, add water,and cook it for about twenty minutes.

まずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれまずとりにくとやさいをいためて、みずをいれて、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。て、にじゅっぷんぐらいにます。 (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)

Then, we add the curry roux. それからカレールーをいれます。それからカレールーをいれます。 (sore kara karee ruu o iremasu.)

We cook it over low heat. よわびでにます。よわびでにます。 (yowabi de nimasu.)

We cook it over low heat for a while. しばらくよわびでにます。しばらくよわびでにます。 (shibaraku yowabi de nimasu.)

How much water do you add? どのくらいみずをいれますか。どのくらいみずをいれますか。 (dono kurai mizu o iremasu ka.)

Do you add water? みずをいれますか。みずをいれますか。 (mizu o iremasu ka.)

First, we add three cupfuls of water. まず、みずをカップさんばいいれます。まず、みずをカップさんばいいれます。 (mazu, mizu o kappu san-bai iremasu.)

Next, we add four tablespoonfuls of soy sauce. つぎに、しょうゆをおおさじよんはいいれます。つぎに、しょうゆをおおさじよんはいいれます。 (tsugi ni, shooyu o oosaji yon-hai iremasu.)

Then, we add two teaspoonfuls of sugar. それから、さとうをこさじにはいいれます。それから、さとうをこさじにはいいれます。 (sore kara, satoo o kosaji nihai iremasu.)

We add a pinch of salt. しおをひとつまみいれます。しおをひとつまみいれます。 (shio o hitotsumami iremasu.)

We add a dash of pepper. こしょうをしょうしょういれます。こしょうをしょうしょういれます。 (koshoo o shoo shoo iremasu.)

We cook it for one hour over low heat. よわびでいちじかんにます。よわびでいちじかんにます。 (yowabi de ichi-jikan nimasu.)

Lastly, we add a pinch of salt, and cook for onehour over low heat.

さいごにしおをひとつまみいれて、よわびでいちさいごにしおをひとつまみいれて、よわびでいちじかんにます。じかんにます。 (saigo ni shio o hitotsumami irete, yowabi deichi-jikan nimasu.)

What is miso paste made from? みそはなにからできていますか。みそはなにからできていますか。 (miso wa nani kara dekite imasu ka.)



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English JapaneseWhat is it made from? (From what is it being made?)

なにからできていますか。なにからできていますか。 (nani kara dekite imasu ka.)

Miso paste? It is made from soybeans. みそですか。だいずからできています。みそですか。だいずからできています。 (miso desu ka. daizu kara dekite imasu.)

both miso paste and soy sauce みそもしょうゆもみそもしょうゆも (miso mo shooyu mo)

Both miso paste and soy sauce are made fromsoybeans, you know.

みそもしょうゆもだいずからできていますよ。みそもしょうゆもだいずからできていますよ。 (miso mo shooyu mo daizu kara dekite imasuyo.)

What are the ingredients? ざいりょうはなんですか。ざいりょうはなんですか。 (zai-ryoo wa nan desu ka.)

the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl おやこどんぶりのざいりょうおやこどんぶりのざいりょう (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo)

Um, what are the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl?

あのう、おやこどんぶりのざいりょうはなんですあのう、おやこどんぶりのざいりょうはなんですか。か。 (anoo, oyako donburi no zai-ryoo wa nandesu ka.)

The ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl?They are steamed rice, chicken, and eggs, youknow.

おやこどんぶりのざいりょうですか。ごはんととおやこどんぶりのざいりょうですか。ごはんととりにくとたまごですよ。りにくとたまごですよ。 (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo desu ka. gohanto tori-niku to tamago desu yo.)

I'll bring desserts. (I'll take desserts.)

デザートをもっていきます。デザートをもっていきます。 (dezaato o motte ikimasu.)

Oh! Are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringdesserts.

えっ！いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもってえっ！いいんですか。じゃあ、デザートをもっていきます。いきます。 (e! iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)

Oh, hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?あれ、ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですあれ、ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですか。か。 (are, yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimono desuka.)

Yes. Since it's getting cooler, I'm looking for somelong-sleeved blouses and sweaters.

ええ、すずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラええ、すずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラウスとセーターをさがしています。ウスとセーターをさがしています。 (ee, suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasodeno burausu to seetaa o sagashite imasu.)

But, I haven't found exactly what I want. でも、ちょうどいいのがありません。でも、ちょうどいいのがありません。 (demo, choodo ii no ga arimasen.)

How about Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya? They arehaving a sale now, you know.

しぶやのとうきょうプラザはどうですか。いま、しぶやのとうきょうプラザはどうですか。いま、セールちゅうですよ。セールちゅうですよ。 (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa doo desu ka.ima, seeruchuu desu yo.)

Really? What time do they close? へえ、なんじまでですか。へえ、なんじまでですか。 (hee, nanji made desu ka.)



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English Japanese

They are open until 9 o'clock on Saturdays. Doyou know where it is?

どようびはくじまでです。ばしょをしっていますどようびはくじまでです。ばしょをしっていますか。か。 (do-yoobi wa ku-ji made desu. basho o shitteimasu ka.)

No, I don't. Please tell me where. いいえ、しりません。おしえてください。いいえ、しりません。おしえてください。 (iie, shirimasen. oshiete kudasai.)

As a matter of fact, I want some new clothes, too.Let's go together.

ぼくもあたらしいふくがほしいんです。いっしょぼくもあたらしいふくがほしいんです。いっしょにいきましょう。にいきましょう。 (boku mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiindesu.issho ni ikimashoo.)

The price of suits has gone down. (Suits became inexpensive.)

スーツがやすくなりました。スーツがやすくなりました。 (suutsu ga yasuku narimashita.)

They are having a sale now. いま、セールちゅうです。いま、セールちゅうです。 (ima, seeruchuu desu.)

Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya しぶやのとうきょうプラザしぶやのとうきょうプラザ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza)

Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya is having a sale now. Theprice of suits has gone down, you know.

しぶやのとうきょうプラザはいまセールちゅうでしぶやのとうきょうプラザはいまセールちゅうです。スーツがやすくなりましたよ。す。スーツがやすくなりましたよ。 (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa imaseeruchuu desu. suutsu ga yasukunarimashita yo.)

Can't you lower the price? (Won't it become inexpensive?)

やすくなりませんか。やすくなりませんか。 (yasuku narimasen ka.)

Can't you lower the price a little more? もうすこしやすくなりませんか。もうすこしやすくなりませんか。 (moo sukoshi yasuku narimasen ka.)

That is expensive, isn't it! Can't you lower theprice a little more?

それはたかいですね。もうすこしやすくなりませそれはたかいですね。もうすこしやすくなりませんか。んか。 (sore wa takai desu ne. moo sukoshi yasukunarimasen ka.)

I am looking for some long sleeve blouses. ながそでのブラウスをさがしています。ながそでのブラウスをさがしています。 (nagasode no burausu o sagashite imasu.)

I am looking for a blouse. ブラウスをさがしています。ブラウスをさがしています。 (burausu o sagashite imasu.)

long sleeve blouse (blouse with long sleeves)

ながそでのブラウスながそでのブラウス (nagasode no burausu)

are you looking for? さがしていますかさがしていますか (sagashige imasu ka)

Are you looking for something? なにかおさがしですか。なにかおさがしですか。 (nanika osagashi desu ka.)



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short sleeve T-shirt はんそでのはんそでのTシャツシャツ (hansode no tiishatsu)

I am looking for some short sleeve T-shirts. はんそでのはんそでのTシャツをさがしています。シャツをさがしています。 (hansode no tiishatsu o sagashite imasu.)

I am looking for some inexpensive winter items. やすいふゆものをさがしています。やすいふゆものをさがしています。 (yasui fuyumono o sagashite imasu.)

Since it has become cool, I am looking for somelong sleeve blouses and sweaters.

すずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラウスとすずしくなりましたから、ながそでのブラウスとセーターをさがしています。セーターをさがしています。 (suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasode noburausu to seetaa o sagashite imasu.)

They don't have what I really want. (They don't have one that is just right.)

ちょうどいいのがありません。ちょうどいいのがありません。 (choodo ii no ga arimasen.)

one that is just right (just right one)

ちょうどいいのちょうどいいの (choodo ii no)

the right size (just right size)

ちょうどいいサイズちょうどいいサイズ (choodo ii saizu)

They don't have the right size. ちょうどいいサイズがありません。ちょうどいいサイズがありません。 (choodo ii saizu ga arimasen.)

It's a little bit small. ちょっとちいさいです。ちょっとちいさいです。 (chotto chiisai desu.)

Do you have a bigger size? おおきいサイズがありますか。おおきいサイズがありますか。 (ookii saizu ga arimasu ka.)

This pair of boots is a little bit small. Do you havea bigger size?

このブーツはちょっとちいさいです。おおきいサこのブーツはちょっとちいさいです。おおきいサイズがありますか。イズがありますか。 (kono buutsu wa chotto chiisai desu. ookiisaizu ga arimasu ka.)

The sleeves are short. そでがみじかいです。そでがみじかいです。 (sode ga mijikai desu.)

It's a nice coat, but the sleeves are a little bitshort.

すてきなコートですが、そでがちょっとみじかいすてきなコートですが、そでがちょっとみじかいです。です。 (sutekina kooto desu ga, sode ga chottomijikai desu.)

Are you out shopping? (Is it shopping?)

かいものですか。かいものですか。 (kaimono desu ka.)

Ah! Hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?あれ！ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですあれ！ようこさん、こんにちは。かいものですか。か。 (are! yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimono desuka.)



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English Japanesewinter coat (coat for winter)

ふゆのコートふゆのコート (fuyu no kooto)

Yes. I am looking for a winter coat, but they don'thave what I really want.

ええ。ふゆのコートをさがしていますが、ちょうええ。ふゆのコートをさがしていますが、ちょうどいいのがありません。どいいのがありません。 (ee. fuyu no kooto o sagashite imasu ga,choodo ii no ga arimasen.)

What is your shoe size? くつのサイズはなんですか。くつのサイズはなんですか。 (kutsu no saizu wa nan desu ka.)

shoe size (size of shoes)

くつのサイズくつのサイズ (kutsu no saizu)

What is it? なんですか。なんですか。 (nan desu ka.)

twenty-three centimeters にじゅうさんセンチにじゅうさんセンチ (ni-juu-san senchi)

My shoe size? It's twenty-six point five.くつのサイズですか。にじゅうろくてんごです。くつのサイズですか。にじゅうろくてんごです。 (kutsu no saizu desu ka. ni-juu-roku ten godesu.)

What is your size for clothes? ふくのサイズはなんですか。ふくのサイズはなんですか。 (fuku no saizu wa nan desu ka.)

size nine dress きゅうごうのワンピースきゅうごうのワンピース (kyuugoo no wanpiisu)

Do you have a size nine dress? きゅうごうのワンピースがありますか。きゅうごうのワンピースがありますか。 (kyuugoo no wanpiisu ga arimasu ka.)

I am looking for a swimsuit. My size is medium.みずぎをさがしています。サイズはみずぎをさがしています。サイズはMです。です。 (mizugi o sagashite imasu. saizu wa emudesu.)

Japanese sizes にほんのサイズにほんのサイズ (nihon no saizu)

I don't understand Japanese sizes. にほんのサイズがわかりません。にほんのサイズがわかりません。 (nihon no saizu ga wakarimasen.)

Do you have a fitting room? しちゃくしつがありますか。しちゃくしつがありますか。 (shichaku-shitsu ga arimasu ka.)

It's a nice jacket, but I don't understand Japanesesizes. Do you have a fitting room?

すてきなうわぎですが、にほんのサイズがわかりすてきなうわぎですが、にほんのサイズがわかりません。しちゃくしつがありますか。ません。しちゃくしつがありますか。 (sutekina uwagi desu ga, nihon no saizu gawakarimasen. shichaku-shitsu ga arimasuka.)



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English JapaneseWhat time does that store close? (Until what time is that store?)

そのみせはなんじまでですか。そのみせはなんじまでですか。 (sono mise wa nan-ji made desu ka.)

What time does it close? (Until what time is it?)

なんじまでですか。なんじまでですか。 (nan-ji made desu ka.)

the shoe store in the station-front area えきまえのくつやえきまえのくつや (ekimae no kutsu-ya)

What time does the shoe store in the station-frontarea close?

えきまえのくつやはなんじまでですか。えきまえのくつやはなんじまでですか。 (ekimae no kutsu-ya wa nan-ji made desuka.)

half past six in the evening ゆうがたろくじはんゆうがたろくじはん (yuugata roku-ji han)

It is open until half past six in the evening. (It is until half past six in the evening.)

ゆうがたろくじはんまでです。ゆうがたろくじはんまでです。 (yuugata roku-ji han made desu.)

What are the store hours? (From what time until what time is it?)

なんじからなんじまでですか。なんじからなんじまでですか。 (nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka.)

What are the store hours for the supermarket inthe station-front area?

えきまえのスーパーは、なんじからなんじまででえきまえのスーパーは、なんじからなんじまでですか。すか。 (ekimae no suupaa wa, nan-ji kara nan-jimade desu ka.)

The supermarket in the station-front area is openfrom nine o'clock in the morning until ten o'clockat night.

えきまえのスーパーは、あさくじからよるじゅうえきまえのスーパーは、あさくじからよるじゅうじまでです。じまでです。 (ekimae no suupaa wa, asa ku-ji kara yorujuu-ji made desu.)

The shopping district in the station-front area? It isopen until nine o'clock at night on Saturdays.

えきまえのしょうてんがいですか。どようびはよえきまえのしょうてんがいですか。どようびはよるくじまでです。るくじまでです。 (ekimae no shootengai desu ka. do-yoobi wayoru ku-ji made desu.)

Do you know the location? ばしょをしっていますか。ばしょをしっていますか。 (basho o shitte imasu ka.)

the name of that store そのみせのなまえそのみせのなまえ (sono mise no namae)

Do you know the name of that store? そのみせのなまえをしっていますか。そのみせのなまえをしっていますか。 (sono mise no namae o shitte imasu ka.)

Yes, I know. ええ、しっています。ええ、しっています。 (ee, shitte imasu.)

the price of this coat このコートのねだんこのコートのねだん (kono kooto no nedan)



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The price of this coat? I don't know. How much isit?

このコートのねだんですか。しりません。いくらこのコートのねだんですか。しりません。いくらですか。ですか。 (kono kooto no nedan desu ka. shirimasen.ikura desu ka.)

great cake shop (tasty cake shop)

おいしいケーキやさんおいしいケーキやさん (oishii keeki-ya san)

Do you know any great cake shop? おいしいケーキやさんをしっていますか。おいしいケーキやさんをしっていますか。 (oishii keeki-ya san o shitte imasu ka.)

Yes, I know. The cake shop in the station-frontarea is the best, you know.

ええ、しっています。えきまえのケーキやさんがええ、しっています。えきまえのケーキやさんがいちばんですよ。いちばんですよ。 (ee, shitte imasu. ekimae no keeki-ya san gaichiban desu yo.)

Please tell me the location. ばしょをおしえてください。ばしょをおしえてください。 (basho o oshiete kudasai.)

Please tell me the location of Tokyo Plaza.とうきょうプラザのばしょをおしえてください。とうきょうプラザのばしょをおしえてください。 (tookyoo puraza no basho o oshietekudasai.)

Excuse me, but please tell me the name of thatstore.

すみませんが、そのみせのなまえをおしえてくだすみませんが、そのみせのなまえをおしえてください。さい。 (sumimasen ga, sono mise no namae ooshiete kudasai.)

Excuse me, but please show me that sweater.すみませんが、そのセーターをみせてください。すみませんが、そのセーターをみせてください。 (sumimasen ga, sono seetaa o misetekudasai.)

Excuse me, but please wrap them together. すみませんが、いっしょにつつんでください。すみませんが、いっしょにつつんでください。 (sumimasen ga, issho ni tsutsunde kudasai.)

Please put it in the box. はこにいれてください。はこにいれてください。 (hako ni irete kudasai.)

Excuse me, but please put it in the box and wrapit.

すみませんが、はこにいれて、つつんでくださすみませんが、はこにいれて、つつんでください。い。 (sumimasen ga, hako ni irete, tsutsundekudasai.)

I want some new clothes too. わたしもあたらしいふくがほしいです。わたしもあたらしいふくがほしいです。 (watashi mo atarashii fuku ga hoshii desu.)

I want some new clothes. あたらしいふくがほしいです。あたらしいふくがほしいです。 (atarashii fuku ga hoshii desu.)

I want a new swimsuit and a pair of sandals. あたらしいみずぎとサンダルがほしいです。あたらしいみずぎとサンダルがほしいです。 (atarashii mizugi to sandaru ga hoshii desu.)

warm coat and a pair of boots あたたかいコートとブーツあたたかいコートとブーツ (atatakai kooto to buutsu)



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English Japanese

I want a warm coat and a pair of boots. あたたかいコートとブーツがほしいです。あたたかいコートとブーツがほしいです。 (atatakai kooto to buutsu ga hoshii desu.)

Since it has become cold, I want a warm coat anda pair of boots.

さむくなりましたから、あたたかいコートとブーさむくなりましたから、あたたかいコートとブーツがほしいです。ツがほしいです。 (samuku narimashita kara, atatakai kooto tobuutsu ga hoshii desu.)

As a matter of fact, I want it too. ぼくもほしいんです。ぼくもほしいんです。 (boku mo hoshiindesu.)

You are carrying a lot of packages, aren't you! Letme carry one for you.

にもつがおおいですね。ひとつもちましょう。にもつがおおいですね。ひとつもちましょう。 (nimotsu ga ooi desu ne. hitotsumochimashoo.)

Thank you. May I ask you to carry it to the postoffice?

すみません。ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてすみません。ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですか。もいいですか。 (sumimasen. yuubinkyoku made, o-negaishite mo ii desu ka.)

Sure, I don't mind, you know. Are they for theU.S.?

ええ、かまいませんよ。アメリカまでですか。ええ、かまいませんよ。アメリカまでですか。 (ee, kamaimasen yo. amerika made desuka.)

Yes. As a matter of fact, they are Christmaspresents for my family and friends.

ええ。かぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼンええ。かぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼントなんです。トなんです。 (ee. kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento nandesu.)

About how much do you think it will cost to sendthem by airmail?

こうくうびんでいくらぐらいかかるでしょうか。こうくうびんでいくらぐらいかかるでしょうか。 (kookuubin de ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)

Well.... Probably, it will cost close to twentythousand yen in total, I think.

そうですね・・・。たぶんぜんぶでにまんえんちそうですね・・・。たぶんぜんぶでにまんえんちかくかかるでしょう。かくかかるでしょう。 (soo desu ne.... tabun zenbu de niman enchikaku kakaru deshoo.)

Oh, that much? I'm sorry, but may I stop by at thebank first?

えっ、そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんこうえっ、そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんこうによってもいいですか。によってもいいですか。 (e, son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki ni ginkooni yotte mo ii desu ka.)

To exchange money? If so, you can do it also inthe post office, you know.

りょうがえですか。それなら、ゆうびんきょくでりょうがえですか。それなら、ゆうびんきょくでもできますよ。もできますよ。 (ryoogae desu ka. sore nara, yuubinkyokude mo dekimasu yo.)

Oh, I didn't know that. It's convenient, isn't it! へえ、しりませんでした。べんりですね。へえ、しりませんでした。べんりですね。 (hee, shirimasen deshita. benri desu ne.)

Let me carry one of the packages for you. にもつをひとつもちましょう。にもつをひとつもちましょう。 (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimashoo.)

I will carry a package. にもつをもちます。にもつをもちます。 (nimotsu o mochimasu.)

I will carry one of the packages. (I carry one package.)

にもつをひとつもちます。にもつをひとつもちます。 (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimasu.)


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English JapaneseYou have many packages. (Packages are many.)

にもつがおおいです。にもつがおおいです。 (nimotsu ga ooi desu.)

I have five packages. にもつがいつつあります。にもつがいつつあります。 (nimotsu ga itsutsu arimasu.)

How many do you have? いくつありますか。いくつありますか。 (ikutsu arimasu ka.)

How many packages do you have? にもつがいくつありますか。にもつがいくつありますか。 (nimotsu ga ikutsu arimasu ka.)

You have four packages, don't you! Let me carrytwo for you.

にもつがよっつありますね。ふたつもちましょにもつがよっつありますね。ふたつもちましょう。う。 (nimotsu ga yottsu arimasu ne. futatsumochimashoo.)

May I ask you to carry it to the post office? (May I request to the post office?)

ゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですゆうびんきょくまで、おねがいしてもいいですか。か。 (yuubinkyoku made, onegai shite mo ii desuka.)

I will stop by at the bank. ぎんこうによります。ぎんこうによります。 (ginkoo ni yorimasu.)

May I stop by? よってもいいですか。よってもいいですか。 (yotte mo ii desu ka.)

May I stop by at the bank first? さきにぎんこうによってもいいですか。さきにぎんこうによってもいいですか。 (saki ni ginkoo ni yotte mo ii desu ka.)

What?! So much? I'm sorry, but may I stop by atthe bank first?

えっ？！そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんこえっ？！そんなに？すみませんが、さきにぎんこうによってもいいですか。うによってもいいですか。 (e?! son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki ni ginkooni yotte mo ii desu ka.)

Yes, sure. Please go ahead. ええ、いいですよ。どうぞ。ええ、いいですよ。どうぞ。 (ee, ii desu yo. doozo.)

No, I don't mind, you know. Let's go together. (Yes, I don't mind, you know. Let's go together.)

ええ、かまいませんよ。いっしょにいきましょええ、かまいませんよ。いっしょにいきましょう。う。 (ee, kamaimasen yo. issho ni ikimashoo.)

As a matter of fact, they are presents for myfamily.

かぞくへのプレゼントなんです。かぞくへのプレゼントなんです。 (kazoku e no purezento nandesu.)

They are presents for my family. かぞくへのプレゼントです。かぞくへのプレゼントです。 (kazoku e no purezento desu.)

my family, friends, and others かぞくやともだちかぞくやともだち (kazoku ya tomodachi)



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English Japanese

Christmas presents for my family, friends, andothers

かぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼントかぞくやともだちへのクリスマスプレゼント (kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento)

a birthday present for my mother ははへのたんじょうびプレゼントははへのたんじょうびプレゼント (haha e no tanjoobi purezento)

I'll send it to America. アメリカまでおくります。アメリカまでおくります。 (amerika made okurimasu)

I will send a birthday present for my mother toAmerica.

ははへのたんじょうびプレゼントをアメリカまでははへのたんじょうびプレゼントをアメリカまでおくります。おくります。 (haha e no tanjoobi purezento o amerikamade okurimasu.)

a present from my girlfriend かのじょからのプレゼントかのじょからのプレゼント (ka-nojo kara no purezento)

This necktie? It's a present from my girlfriend.このネクタイですか。かのじょからのプレゼントこのネクタイですか。かのじょからのプレゼントです。です。 (kono nekutai desu ka. ka-nojo kara nopurezento desu.)

How much does it cost to send it to America byairmail?

アメリカまでこうくうびんでいくらかかりますアメリカまでこうくうびんでいくらかかりますか。か。 (amerika made kookuubin de ikurakakarimasu ka.)

How much does it cost? いくらかかりますか。いくらかかりますか。 (ikura kakarimasu ka.)

How much does it cost to send it to America? (How much does it cost to America?)

アメリカまでいくらかかりますか。アメリカまでいくらかかりますか。 (amerika made ikura kakarimasu ka.)

Excuse me. How much does it cost to send it toCanada by sea mail?

すみません。カナダまでふなびんでいくらかかりすみません。カナダまでふなびんでいくらかかりますか。ますか。 (sumimasen. kanada made funabin de ikurakakarimasu ka.)

Sea mail? It costs two thousand five hundred yen.ふなびんですか。にせんごひゃくえんかかりまふなびんですか。にせんごひゃくえんかかります。す。 (funabin desu ka. nisen gohyaku enkakarimasu.)

Airmail? As for the postcard, it is seventy yen. Asfor the letter, it costs a hundred ten yen.

こうくうびんですか。はがきはななじゅうえんでこうくうびんですか。はがきはななじゅうえんです。てがみはひゃくじゅうえんかかります。す。てがみはひゃくじゅうえんかかります。 (kookuubin desu ka. hagaki wa nanajuu endesu. tegami wa hyaku juu en kakarimasu.)

By special delivery, please. How much does itcost?

そくたつでおねがいします。いくらかかりますそくたつでおねがいします。いくらかかりますか。か。 (sokutatsu de onegai shimasu. ikurakakarimasu ka.)

About how much do you think it will cost to send itby airmail?

こうくうびんで、いくらぐらいかかるでしょうこうくうびんで、いくらぐらいかかるでしょうか。か。 (kookuubin de, ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)

ぜんぶでにまんえんちかくぜんぶでにまんえんちかく


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close to twenty thousand yen in total ぜんぶでにまんえんちかくぜんぶでにまんえんちかく (zenbu de niman en chikaku)



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English Japanese

How long does it take to send it by sea mail? ふなびんでどのくらいかかりますか。ふなびんでどのくらいかかりますか。 (funabin de donokurai kakarimasu ka.)

How long does it take? どのくらいかかりますか。どのくらいかかりますか。 (donokurai kakarimasu ka.)

Sea mail? It takes one month or more, you know.ふなびんですか。いっかげついじょうかかりますふなびんですか。いっかげついじょうかかりますよ。よ。 (funabin desu ka. ikkagetsu ijoo kakarimasuyo.)

How many months do you think it takes to send itto America by sea mail?

アメリカまでふなびんでなんかげつかかるでしょアメリカまでふなびんでなんかげつかかるでしょうか。うか。 (amerika made funabin de nan kagetsukakaru deshoo ka.)

Well.... Probably it takes close to two months, Ithink.

そうですね・・・。たぶんにかげつちかくかかるそうですね・・・。たぶんにかげつちかくかかるでしょう。でしょう。 (soo desu ne.... tabun nikagetsu chikakukakaru deshoo.)

How many weeks does it take to send it toCanada by airmail?

カナダまでこうくうびんでなんしゅうかんかかりカナダまでこうくうびんでなんしゅうかんかかりますか。ますか。 (kanada made kookuubin de nanshuukankakarimasu ka.)

Airmail? If that's the case, it's about one week.こうくうびんですか。それなら、いっしゅうかんこうくうびんですか。それなら、いっしゅうかんぐらいです。ぐらいです。 (kookuubin desu ka. sore nara, isshuukangurai desu.)

I'd like to exchange some dollars with yen. ドルをえんとりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。ドルをえんとりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。 (doru o en to ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)

I want to exchange money. りょうがえしたいです。りょうがえしたいです。 (ryoogae shitai desu.)

I'd like to exchange some dollars. ドルをりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。ドルをりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。 (doru o ryoogae shitaindes ga....)

How much is the exchange rate? レートはいくらですか。レートはいくらですか。 (reeto wa ikura desu ka.)

I'd like to exchange one thousand dollars. Howmuch is the exchange rate now?

せんドルりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。いませんドルりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。いまレートはいくらですか。レートはいくらですか。 (sen doru ryoogae shitaindesu ga.... imareeto wa ikura desu ka.)

eighty-five yen to the dollar (one dollar eighty-five yen)

いちドルはちじゅうごえんいちドルはちじゅうごえん (ichi doru hachijuu-go en )

The exchange rate? It's eighty-five yen to thedollar now.

レートですか。いま、いちドルはちじゅうごえんレートですか。いま、いちドルはちじゅうごえんです。です。 (reeto desu ka. ima, ichi doru hachijuu-go endesu.)

Where do you recommend? (Where is good?)

どこがいいですか。どこがいいですか。 (doko ga ii desu ka.)


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English Japanese

I'd like to exchange some traveler's cheques.Where do you recommend?

トラベラーズチェックをりょうがえしたいんですトラベラーズチェックをりょうがえしたいんですが・・・。どこがいいですか。が・・・。どこがいいですか。 (toraberaazu chekku o ryoogae shitaindesuga.... doko ga ii desu ka.)

You can do it at the post office. ゆうびんきょくでできます。ゆうびんきょくでできます。 (yuubinkyoku de dekimasu.)

You can do it at the post office too. ゆうびんきょくでもできます。ゆうびんきょくでもできます。 (yuubinkyoku de mo dekimasu.)

Oh, I didn't know it. That is convenient, isn't it!へえ、しりませんでした。それはべんりですね。へえ、しりませんでした。それはべんりですね。 (hee, shirimasendeshita. sore wa benri desune.)

I'd like to withdraw some money. おかねをおろしたいんですが。おかねをおろしたいんですが。 (okane o oroshitaindesu ga.)

Can I do it at this window? このまどぐちでできますか。このまどぐちでできますか。 (kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)

Excuse me. I'd like to withdraw some money. Can Ido it at this window?

すみません。おかねをおろしたいんですすみません。おかねをおろしたいんですが・・・。このまどぐちでできますか。が・・・。このまどぐちでできますか。 (sumimasen. okane o oroshitaindesu ga....kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)

The money will arrive four days after you remit it. (After you remit it, it will arrive in four days.)

そうきんしてから、よっかでとどきます。そうきんしてから、よっかでとどきます。 (sookin shite kara, yokka de todokimasu.)

It will arrive in four days. よっかでとどきます。よっかでとどきます。 (yokka de todokimasu.)

The money arrived ten days after I had remittedit.

そうきんしてから、とおかでとどきました。そうきんしてから、とおかでとどきました。 (sookin shite kara, tooka de todokimashita.)

Special delivery? It will arrive two to four days afteryou send it, you know.

そくたつですか。おくってから、ふつかからよっそくたつですか。おくってから、ふつかからよっかでとどきますよ。かでとどきますよ。 (sokutatsu desu ka. okutte kara, futsukakara yokka de todokimasu yo.)

What is today's date? きょうのひづけはなんですか。きょうのひづけはなんですか。 (kyoo no hizuke wa nan desu ka.)

today's date きょうのひづけきょうのひづけ (kyoo no hizuke)

Excuse me. What date is it today?すみません。きょうはなんがつなんにちですか。すみません。きょうはなんがつなんにちですか。 (sumimasen. kyoo wa nan-gatsu nan-nichidesu ka.)

Today is November 20th. きょうはじゅういちがつはつかです。きょうはじゅういちがつはつかです。 (kyoo wa juu-ichi-gatsu hatsuka desu.)



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English Japanese

When is your birthday? たんじょうびはいつですか。たんじょうびはいつですか。 (tanjoobi wa itsu desu ka.)

My birthday? It's on March 16th, you know.たんじょうびですか。さんがつじゅうろくにちでたんじょうびですか。さんがつじゅうろくにちですよ。すよ。 (tanjoobi desu ka. san-gatsu juu-roku-nichidesu yo.)

I want to send a present. プレゼントをおくりたいです。プレゼントをおくりたいです。 (purezento o okuritai desu.)

My father's birthday is on April 27th. I want tosend a present from Japan.

ちちのたんじょうびはしがつにじゅうしちにちでちちのたんじょうびはしがつにじゅうしちにちです。にほんからプレゼントをおくりたいです。す。にほんからプレゼントをおくりたいです。 (chichi no tanjoobi wa shi-gatsu ni-juu-shichi-nichi desu. nihon kara purezento ookuritai desu.)

What seems to be the problem? どうしましたか。どうしましたか。 (doo shimashita ka.)

I have a headache and the chills. あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。あたまがいたくて、さむけがします。 (atama ga itakute, samuke ga shimasu.)

I have no appetite, either, since three days ago. みっかまえからしょくよくもありません。みっかまえからしょくよくもありません。 (mikka mae kara shokuyoku mo arimasen.)

You have a fever of 38 degrees, I see. Open yourmouth wide, please.

ねつが３８どありますね。くちをおおきくあけてねつが３８どありますね。くちをおおきくあけてください。ください。 (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne. kuchio ookiku akete kudasai.)

Your throat is red, I see. You have a common cold,I think.

のどがあかいですね。ただのかぜでしょう。のどがあかいですね。ただのかぜでしょう。 (nodo ga akai desu ne. tada no kazedeshoo.)

I'm going to prescribe cold medicine, so pleasetake two tablets before going to bed.

かぜぐすりをだしますから、ねるまえににじょうかぜぐすりをだしますから、ねるまえににじょうのんでください。のんでください。 (kazegusuri o dashimasu kara, neru mae nini-joo nonde kudasai.)

Um, may I take a bath tonight?あのう、こんばん、おふろにはいってもいいですあのう、こんばん、おふろにはいってもいいですか。か。 (anoo, konban, ofuro ni haitte mo ii desuka.)

No, not today. いいえ、きょうはいけませんよ。いいえ、きょうはいけませんよ。 (iie, kyoo wa ikemasen yo.)

Take your medicine and go to bed early today,please. Take care.

きょうはくすりをのんで、はやくねてください。きょうはくすりをのんで、はやくねてください。おだいじに。おだいじに。 (kyoo wa kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)

I have had no appetite since three days ago. (I don't have appetite since three days ago.)

みっかまえから、しょくよくがありません。みっかまえから、しょくよくがありません。 (mikka mae kara, shokuyoku ga arimasen.)

I don't have an appetite. しょくよくがありません。しょくよくがありません。 (shokuyoku ga arimasen.)


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English Japanese

I have caught a cold. かぜをひきました。かぜをひきました。 (kaze o hikimashita.)

to catch a cold (in the "te"-form) かぜをひいてかぜをひいて (kaze o hiite)

I have a cold. かぜをひいています。かぜをひいています。 (kaze o hiite imasu.)

the condition of stomach おなかのちょうしおなかのちょうし (onaka no chooshi)

I have an upset stomach. (The condition of stomach is bad.)

おなかのちょうしがわるいです。おなかのちょうしがわるいです。 (onaka no chooshi ga warui desu.)

I have had an upset stomach since a week ago.いっしゅうかんまえから、おなかのちょうしがわいっしゅうかんまえから、おなかのちょうしがわるいです。るいです。 (isshuukan mae kara, onaka no chooshi gawarui desu.)

My stomach hurts. (Stomach is painful.)

おなかがいたいです。おなかがいたいです。 (onaka ga itai desu.)

Since when has your stomach been hurting? いつからおなかがいたいですか。いつからおなかがいたいですか。 (itsu kara onaka ga itai desu ka.)

It has been hurting since five hours ago. ごじかんまえからいたいです。ごじかんまえからいたいです。 (go jikan mae kara itai desu.)

Do you think I am all right? だいじょうぶでしょうか。だいじょうぶでしょうか。 (daijoobu deshoo ka.)

As a matter of fact, my stomach has been hurtingsince three days ago. Do you think I am all right?

みっかまえからおなかがいたいんです。だいじょみっかまえからおなかがいたいんです。だいじょうぶでしょうか。うぶでしょうか。 (mikka mae kara onaka ga itaindesu.daijoobu deshoo ka.)

to have chills (to feel a chill)

さむけがするさむけがする (samuke ga suru)

I have chills. さむけがします。さむけがします。 (samuke ga shimasu.)

I have a headache. (My head is painful. )

あたまがいたいです。あたまがいたいです。 (atama ga itai desu.)

I have a headache, and (My head is painful, and)

あたまがいたくてあたまがいたくて (atama ga itakute)



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English JapaneseI feel nauseous. (I feel nausea.)

はきけがします。はきけがします。 (hakike ga shimasu.)

My stomach hurts, and I feel nauseous. (My stomach is painful, and I feel nausea.)

おなかがいたくて、はきけがします。おなかがいたくて、はきけがします。 (onaka ga itakute, hakike ga shimasu.)

I feel dizzy. (I feel dizziness.)

めまいがします。めまいがします。 (memai ga shimasu.)

I feel a pain in my chest. (Chest is distressing.)

むねがくるしいです。むねがくるしいです。 (mune ga kurushii desu.)

I feel a pain in my chest, and I feel dizzy. むねがくるしくて、めまいがします。むねがくるしくて、めまいがします。 (mune ga kurushikute, memai ga shimasu.)

I have a runny nose. (Nasal drips come out.)

はなみずがでます。はなみずがでます。 (hanamizu ga demasu.)

I have a cough. (A cough comes out.)

せきがでます。せきがでます。 (seki ga demasu.)

My throat hurts. (My throat is painful.)

のどがいたいです。のどがいたいです。 (nodo ga itai desu.)

My throat hurts, and I have a cough and a runnynose. I don't have an appetite, either.

のどがいたくて、せきとはなみずがでます。しょのどがいたくて、せきとはなみずがでます。しょくよくもありません。くよくもありません。 (nodo ga itakute, seki to hanamizu gademasu. shokuyoku mo arimasen.)

What kind of pain is it? どんないたみですか。どんないたみですか。 (don-na itami desu ka.)

a wound on my hand てのきずてのきず (te no kizu)

The wound on my hand throbs with pain. てのきずがずきずきします。てのきずがずきずきします。 (te no kizu ga zuki zuki shimasu.)

I have a splitting headache. (My head suffers from a splitting headache.)

あたまががんがんします。あたまががんがんします。 (atama ga gan gan shimasu.)

I have persistent dull pain in my stomach. おなかがしくしくいたみます。おなかがしくしくいたみます。 (onaka ga shiku shiku itamimasu.)

I have excruciating pain in my stomach. おなかがきりきりいたみます。おなかがきりきりいたみます。 (onaka ga kiri kiri itamimasu.)



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English JapaneseI burnt myself. (I did a burn.)

やけどをしました。やけどをしました。 (yakedo o shimashita.)

I burnt my hand. てにやけどをしました。てにやけどをしました。 (te ni yakedo o shimashita.)

It still burns. まだ、ひりひりします。まだ、ひりひりします。 (mada, hiri hiri shimasu.)

I burnt my hand yesterday. It still burns.きのう、てにやけどをしました。まだひりひりしきのう、てにやけどをしました。まだひりひりします。ます。 (ki-noo, te ni yakedo o shimashita. mada hirihiri shimasu.)

You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees, I see. ねつがさんじゅうはちどありますね。ねつがさんじゅうはちどありますね。 (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne.)

You have a fever. ねつがあります。ねつがあります。 (netsu ga arimasu.)

thirty-eight degrees さんじゅうはちどさんじゅうはちど (san-juu-hachi do)

You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees. ねつがさんじゅうはちどあります。ねつがさんじゅうはちどあります。 (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu.)

The fever has gone up, I see. ねつがあがりましたね。ねつがあがりましたね。 (netsu ga agarimashita ne.)

The fever has come down to thirty-seven pointfive degrees, I see.

ねつがさんじゅうななどごぶまでさがりましたねつがさんじゅうななどごぶまでさがりましたね。ね。 (netsu ga san-juu-nana do go bu madesagarimashita ne.)

Let me take a peek at your throat. (Please show me your throat a little bit.)

ちょっとのどをみせてください。ちょっとのどをみせてください。 (chotto nodo o misete kudasai.)

Your throat is red, I see. のどがあかいですね。のどがあかいですね。 (nodo ga akai desu ne.)

Your throat is red, and you also have a fever, Isee.

のどがあかくて、ねつもありますね。のどがあかくて、ねつもありますね。 (nodo ga akakute, netsu mo arimasu ne.)

a common cold ただのかぜただのかぜ (tada no kaze)

It is a common cold, I think. ただのかぜでしょう。ただのかぜでしょう。 (tada no kaze deshoo.)



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English JapaneseThere is no need to worry. (As for a worry, you don't need it.)

しんぱいはいりません。しんぱいはいりません。 (shinpai wa irimasen.)

It is a common cold, I think. There is no need toworry, you know.

ただのかぜでしょう。しんぱいはいりませんよ。ただのかぜでしょう。しんぱいはいりませんよ。 (tada no kaze deshoo. shinpai wa irimasenyo.)

It is a little bit worrisome. ちょっとしんぱいです。ちょっとしんぱいです。 (chotto shinpai desu.)

Hmmm, this is a little bit worrisome, I see. Let'shave some tests.

うーん、これはちょっとしんぱいですね。けんさうーん、これはちょっとしんぱいですね。けんさしましょう。しましょう。 (uun, kore wa chotto shinpai desu ne. kensashimashoo.)

Open your mouth wide, please. (Please open mouth widely.)

くちをおおきくあけてください。くちをおおきくあけてください。 (kuchi o ookiku akete kudasai.)

Please open your mouth. くちをあけてください。くちをあけてください。 (kuchi o akete kudasai.)

You take a breath. (You inhale a breath.)

いきをすいます。いきをすいます。 (iki o suimasu.)

Please take a breath. いきをすってください。いきをすってください。 (iki o sutte kudasai.)

Please take a deep breath. (Please inhale a breath deeply.)

いきをおおきくすってください。いきをおおきくすってください。 (iki o ookiku sutte kudasai.)

Please go to bed early. はやくねてください。はやくねてください。 (hayaku nete kudasai.)

Since you have a fever, please go to bed earlytoday.

ねつがありますから、きょうははやくねてくださねつがありますから、きょうははやくねてください。い。 (netsu ga arimasu kara, kyoo wa hayakunete kudasai.)

Please gargle well. よくうがいしてください。よくうがいしてください。 (yoku ugai shite kudasai.)

Your throat is red, I see. Please gargle well athome.

のどがあかいですね。うちでよくうがいしてくだのどがあかいですね。うちでよくうがいしてください。さい。 (nodo ga akai desu ne. uchi de yoku ugaishite kudasai.)

Please take this medicine three times a day.このくすりをいちにちにさんかいのんでくださこのくすりをいちにちにさんかいのんでください。い。 (kono kusuri o ichi-nichi ni sankai nondekudasai.)

Please take this medicine. このくすりをのんでください。このくすりをのんでください。 (kono kusuri o nonde kudasai.)



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English Japanese

once a day いちにちにいっかいいちにちにいっかい (ichi-nichi ni ikkai)

twice a day いちにちににかいいちにちににかい (ichi-nichi ni nikai)

Please take this medicine twice a day, two tabletsat a time.

このくすりを、いちにちににかい、にじょうずつこのくすりを、いちにちににかい、にじょうずつのんでください。のんでください。 (kono kusuri o, ichi-nichi ni nikai, ni-joo zutsunonde kudasai.)

Please take one tablet of this medicine before ameal.

しょくじのまえに、このくすりをいちじょうのんしょくじのまえに、このくすりをいちじょうのんでください。でください。 (shokuji no mae ni, kono kusuri o ichi-joononde kudasai.)

I took one tablet of the medicine two hours ago.にじかんまえにくすりをいちじょうのみました。にじかんまえにくすりをいちじょうのみました。 (ni-jikan mae ni kusuri o ichi-joonomimashita.)

thirty minutes before a meal しょくじのさんじゅっぷんまえにしょくじのさんじゅっぷんまえに (shokuji no sanjuppun mae ni)

As for this red medicine, please take it thirtyminutes before a meal.

このあかいくすりは、しょくじのさんじゅっぷんこのあかいくすりは、しょくじのさんじゅっぷんまえにのんでください。まえにのんでください。 (kono akai kusuri wa, shokuji no sanjuppunmae ni nonde kudasai.)

Please take this cough medicine before going tobed.

ねるまえに、このせきどめをのんでください。ねるまえに、このせきどめをのんでください。 (neru mae ni, kono sekidome o nondekudasai.)

Please take this cough medicine. このせきどめをのんでください。このせきどめをのんでください。 (kono sekidome o nonde kudasai.)

before eating たべるまえにたべるまえに (taberu mae ni)

before eating a rich meal ごちそうをたべるまえにごちそうをたべるまえに (gochisoo o taberu mae ni)

Before eating the rich meal, I took a digestivemedicine.

ごちそうをたべるまえに、いぐすりをのみましごちそうをたべるまえに、いぐすりをのみました。た。 (gochisoo o taberu mae ni, igusuri onomimashita.)

before applying (medicine) ぬるまえにぬるまえに (nuru mae ni)

before applying the ointment なんこうをぬるまえになんこうをぬるまえに (nankoo o nuru mae ni)

Please wash your hands. てをあらってください。てをあらってください。 (te o aratte kudasai.)



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English JapaneseBefore applying the ointment, please wash yourhands.

なんこうをぬるまえに、てをあらってください。なんこうをぬるまえに、てをあらってください。 (nankoo o nuru mae ni, te o aratte kudasai.)

I will write a prescription. (I will serve a prescription.)

しょほうせんをだします。しょほうせんをだします。 (sho-hoosen o dashimasu.)

I will dispense a cold medicine. (I will serve a cold medicine.)

かぜぐすりをだします。かぜぐすりをだします。 (kazegusuri o dashimasu.)

You must not drink alcoholic beverages. おさけをのんではいけません。おさけをのんではいけません。 (osake o nonde wa ikemasen.)

I smoke cigarettes. (I inhale cigarettes.)

たばこをすいます。たばこをすいます。 (tabako o suimasu.)

You must not smoke cigarettes. たばこをすってはいけません。たばこをすってはいけません。 (tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.)

You have a terrible cough. (Cough is terrible.)

せきがひどいです。せきがひどいです。 (seki ga hidoi desu.)

You have a terrible cough, I see. You must notsmoke cigarettes for a while, you know.

せきがひどいですね。しばらくたばこをすってはせきがひどいですね。しばらくたばこをすってはいけませんよ。いけませんよ。 (seki ga hidoi desu ne. shibaraku tabako osutte wa ikemasen yo.)

I take a bath. (I get into a bath.)

おふろにはいります。おふろにはいります。 (ofuro ni hairimasu.)

May I take a bath? おふろにはいってもいいですか。おふろにはいってもいいですか。 (ofuro ni haitte mo ii desu ka.)

Um, may I take a bath tonight?あのう、こんばんおふろにはいってもいいですあのう、こんばんおふろにはいってもいいですか。か。 (anoo, konban ofuro ni haitte mo ii desu ka.)

Yes, you may, you know. ええ、いいですよ。ええ、いいですよ。 (ee, ii desu yo.)

Please take the medicine and go to bed earlytoday. Take good care of yourself.

きょうは、くすりをのんで、はやくねてくださきょうは、くすりをのんで、はやくねてください。おだいじに。い。おだいじに。 (kyoo wa, kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)


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Cultural Notes

ごめんくださいごめんください is a common greeting used at the entrance of someone's house to announce one'sarrival. It literally means "Please forgive (me)," but it's equivalent to "Hello" in English!Did you remember いらっしゃいませいらっしゃいませ , a polite greeting to welcome customers at a store or restaurant? We can use the same greeting to welcome visitors at our house. In a less formal situation, we can simplysay いらっしゃいいらっしゃい .おじゃましますおじゃまします is a common phrase we can use when we enter someone's house in Japan. It literallymeans "(I'll) hinder (you by my visit)." There is no exact match in English, but it's something akin to"Thank you for inviting me in." Like ごめんくださいごめんください or すみませんすみません (as "Thank you"), many Japanesephrases sound apologetic and self-effacing, reflecting the culture of politeness and modesty.おじゃましましたおじゃましました is the past form of おじゃましますおじゃまします . It means something like "I'm sorry for havinghindered you by my visit," but the English equivalent would be "Thank you for your time and hospitality." It's a common phrase you can use when you are leaving someone's house.A typical Japanese house has a distinct entrance space called げんかんげんかん . It's a transition area betweenoutside and inside, with the "inside" clearly defined with a raised floor. You remove your shoes here andstep directly onto the hallway. Don't stand barefooted on the entrance floor; that's considered "outside"even though it's indoors. Once up on the hallway, put on the house slippers provided by the host andfollow him or her.As you may recall, Japanese people typically try hard not to appear vain or boastful. When they receivecompliments, they would invariably negate them or counter them with self-effacing phrases. Forexample, when someone praises their house, they would counter with a negative comment on it such asふるいですけどふるいですけど (It's old, though).うちうち literally means "the inside," but it can be used to mean a "house," "(one's) home," "(one's own)family," or more! うちうち is such a simple word, but it's one of the key terms that helps us understand theJapanese culture and language. With a particular verbal expression comes a gesture that is often unique to the culture. When Japanesepeople say いえいえいえいえ (no, no) as in the response to a compliment, they often wave one or both handsbefore their chest with the palm facing their listener. Try it!Japanese people usually do not offer their guests a tour of their house as Americans often do, unless theguests are staying overnight or the hosts are particularly proud of some features of their house. Eventhen, the hosts would show their guests (who are "outsiders") only what is considered as the "outer"areas of the house. The hostess, for example, might hate to have people coming into her kitchen since itis considered one of the innermost areas of the house.ざしきざしき is a Japanese-style drawing room with its floor covered by たたみたたみ--thick, rectangle mats made oftightly-woven dried stalks of plants called いぐさいぐさ (rushes). ざしきざしき usually has sliding doors. The onescovered with translucent white rice paper are called しょうじしょうじ . The ones that are double-paned with thickpaper or cloth and on which pictures are often painted are called ふすまふすま .



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Before you enter ざしきざしき , take off your house slippers and leave them outside the room. Inside, there is alow table, and you sit on square cushions called ざぶとんざぶとん . In a formal situation, you should sit せいざせいざ-style, with your legs folded underneath your thighs and keeping your back straight. If your feet arehurting you, you may say すみませんすみません to your host and discreetly change your position. Please be aware,though, that sitting cross-legged will be frowned upon if you are a woman!A typical Japanese bathroom is quite different from one in the US. ふろばふろば is literally a "bath place." It's aroom with a bathtub and a shower, and its tiled floor has a drainage hole. You wash your body outsidethe bathtub before getting into it to keep the bathwater clean. When you are done, don't drain the tub! Other members in the household usually share the same bathwater for the day.おてあらいおてあらい or トイレトイレ in a typical Japanese house is a space separate from ふろばふろば (the bathroom) or せんせんめんじょめんじょ (the room with a bathroom sink). Japanese people take hygiene very seriously. Inside おてあらおてあらいい , you'll find a pair of "toilet" slippers. Put them on, leaving your house slippers outside the door. Whenyou come out, don't forget to leave the toilet slippers where they belong!Many Japanese households have family Buddhist altars called ぶつだんぶつだん , which hold mortuary tablets (いはいはいい) for deceased family members. Contrary to the popular Western perception, Japanese people do notworship the dead. Instead, they revere and honor their ancestors and try to console their spirits byoffering incense and prayer. In this sense, ぶつだんぶつだん is a link between the past and the present. Theroom with ぶつだんぶつだん is called ぶつまぶつま .ちゃのまちゃのま (literally, "space for tea") or おちゃのまおちゃのま originally meant a room where tea was served forguests, but it has become a Japanese-style family room where family members relax over a cup of teaand watch TV. Usually, ちゃのまちゃのま is next to the kitchen and used as the family dining room as well.If you visit a Japanese home in winter, you may be ushered into a room with こたつこたつ . こたつこたつ is a low tableequipped with an electric space heater. The entire table is covered by a quilt to trap the warm air in andkeep your legs and feet toasty. It's a cozy space to spend time with your friends and family on a coldday!ちゃしつちゃしつ (literally, "tea room") is a space specifically designed to have a tea ceremony. A typical ちゃしちゃしつつ is a small structure built in a Japanese-style garden. It looks like a simple rustic hut, but the simplicityis a well-calculated one! Guests go through the well-tended garden and enter ちゃしつちゃしつ through a smalldoor called にじりぐちにじりぐち . Inside, they enjoy not only green tea but also the ambiance and hospitalitycarefully prepared and presented by the host.A typical おしいれおしいれ (Japanese-style closet) is two-tiered with paper-covered sliding doors.Japanese ふとんふとん (futon) is different from the American version. The authentic ふとんふとん is a set of a thickcotton-filled mattress and a fluffy quilt. It's quite light, mobile, and comfortable!ざしきざしき , or any room with たたみたたみ floor, is very versatile. During the day, the room can be used as adrawing room, with a low table and ざぶとんざぶとん (square cushions) as the furniture. At night, the room canbe turned into a bedroom with the table and ざぶとんざぶとん set aside and ふとんふとん spread on the floor. Whenthe morning comes, ふとんふとん will be folded and put into おしいれおしいれ . Voila! The room becomes a public spaceagain!



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Traditional Japanese gardens have gained some popularity in North America as well as Europe. The basicconcept is to recreate natural landscapes so that people can enjoy their beauty everyday at homethroughout the year. The most popular center piece is a pond, often paired with a miniature mountainadorned with trees, rocks, and stone lanterns. Some gardens substitute white sand and pebbles forwater, creating a simple yet profound world for Zen meditation.こいこい (carp) are voracious and highly adaptive freshwater fish that have a long history of being used asfood in Asia and Europe. にしきごいにしきごい (ornamental carp), however, are bred in northern Japan exclusivelyfor their beautiful colors and patterns. Today, にしきごいにしきごい are a ubiquitous presence in water gardensaround the globe, entertaining people with their vivid beauty and feeding frenzies!Do you remember that "brown" in Japanese is ちゃいろちゃいろ (literally, "tea color")? Traditional Japanese colorsare often named after objects that represent the particular colors. For example, pink is ももいろももいろ(literally, "peach color"), yellowish brown is かきいろかきいろ (persimmon color), and sky-blue is そらいろそらいろ (skycolor). Nowadays, however, younger generations prefer to use "borrowed" words such as ピンクピンク (pink) orベージュベージュ (beige) !にしきにしき in にしきごいにしきごい (ornamental carp) literally means a Japanese silk brocade known for its gorgeouscolors and intricate patterns. It's an apt name for carp adorned with vivid colors and markings! Thepronunciation of こいこい changes to ごいごい when combined with another word.こいこい (carp) are considered auspicious fish. Chinese legend has it that carp that could climb a big waterfall on the Yellow River would turn into dragons and fly through the sky--a great achievement for acreature as small and insignificant as a fish! That's why we have こいのぼりこいのぼり--colorful carp-shapedwindsocks traditionally flown in May to wish success and good health for male children in the family.Many modern houses in Japan incorporate Western-style rooms and furniture. Traditional ざしきざしき and ちゃちゃのまのま are often replaced by Western-style リビングリビング . Young people in particular prefer wooden or carpetfloor to たたみたたみ , chairs and couches to ざぶとんざぶとん , and beds to ふとんふとん . Some newer apartments andcondos even have Western-style bathrooms. Though the appearance may be different, there is one thingthat never changes: people still take off their shoes at げんかんげんかん (entrance hall)!Do you remember that there are different ways of referring to oneself other than わたしわたし (I/me) inJapanese? ぼくぼく is used by male speakers. It's often used by boys, but adult men also use it when theyare in less formal (but not too casual) settings, such as among family members or coworkers.In Japanese schools and workplaces, younger members are expected to pay respect to older members,calling them せんぱいせんぱい (akin to "seniors"). In families, youngsters call their older siblings not by their firstnames but by their family titles such as おねえさんおねえさん (the polite form for "elder sister") or おにいさんおにいさん (thepolite form for "elder brother"). Even parents use these titles when talking about their older children infront of their younger ones!Asking an adult his or her age is a delicate matter in Japan. The notable exception, however, is whenasking the person's age is considered as a compliment. Traditionally, Japanese respect elderly membersof society, celebrating their longevity on けいろうのひけいろうのひ (Respect-for-the-Aged Day) in September. Just beaware, though, that in a society with average life expectancy of 83, the definition of "elderly" is quitedifferent from what you think!



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The concept of family has been rapidly changing in Japan. Three-generation households were oncecommon. The eldest son would take care of his parents in their old age, and younger generations wouldlearn to respect their elders by living with their grandparents. Now nuclear families with fewer children arethe norm, especially in urban society. The average size of family in 1975 was 3.35. It shrank to 2.65 in2008.As the number of children per household is decreasing in Japan, the number of pets seems to be goingup! It is said that almost half the Japanese households with two or more people have some kind of pet. The most popular pets are dogs, followed by cats, fish, and birds. Among dogs, the most popular breedsare Dachshund, Chihuahua, and Poodle--all small breeds, reflecting, perhaps, the Japanese taste fordainty things and the size of Japanese houses!Did you know that animals in Japan speak Japanese? Japanese dogs, for example, don't bark "bow-wow"but say ワンワンワンワン . Cats don't "meow" but say ニャアニャアニャアニャア . Cows bellow モーモー , sheep bleat メェーメェー , andcrows croak カアカアカアカア . Roosters? They will wake you up with a loud コケコッコーコケコッコー while you are in Japan!The Chinese character for いぬいぬ (dog) can be read as けんけん , and many people in Japan call the Akita あきたあきたけんけん . The official name for the breed, however, is あきたいぬあきたいぬ .Some Japanese dog breeds have gained popularity in North America as well as in Europe. あきたいぬあきたいぬ(the Akita) is a large dog originally bred for dog fighting in northern Japan that is highly loyal andintelligent. しばいぬしばいぬ (the Shiba) is an ancient breed used for hunting in mountains, smaller in size butbrave and patient. ちんちん (the Japanese Spaniel) is a small dog with a beautiful long coat, playful yet quietand affectionate.Japan is a country of longevity. Based on the government's 2010 estimate, people over 65 consist of23% of the entire population--the highest rate in the world. Women generally live longer than men: of8,220,000 people over 80, about the two-thirds are female. Long life is a blessing, but with the shrinkingbirth rate and the erosion of the traditional family arrangement, how to take care of the aging populationhas become a serious challenge for society.はなみはなみ or おはなみおはなみ (literally, "flower viewing") is a cherry-blossom viewing picnic, a very popular springactivity in Japan. Contrary to the serene image the word might evoke, real はなみはなみ is often a quiteboisterous outdoor party under bloomed cherry trees, where people eat, drink, and sing with theircoworkers, friends, and family! Japanese people love to get together and enjoy food, drink, and karaoke! There are many chances forcelebration. In January, they celebrate the new year. In March, they hold send-off parties for coworkerswho are going to be transferred. In April, they have cherry-blossom-viewing picnics as well as welcomeparties for employees newly-transferred to their departments. But the busiest season of all is Decemberwhen they have a ぼうねんかいぼうねんかい (forget-the-old-year party) almost every night!



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Japanese people have adopted Christmas from the West and celebrate it big time - though not forreligious reasons. Families celebrate it with artificial クリスマスツリークリスマスツリー (Christmas trees) and store-bought クリスマスケーキクリスマスケーキ (Christmas cakes). Friends celebrate it with boisterous クリスマスパーティークリスマスパーティー(Christmas parties), and couples celebrate it with expensive クリスマスプレゼントクリスマスプレゼント (Christmas presents). And shop keepers? They celebrate it with lucrative クリスマスセールクリスマスセール (Christmas sales)!Until the early 1900s, Japanese people counted their age not based on their birthdays, but on thenumber of New Year's Days they had. Consequently, people did not put much significance on theirbirthdays back then. Today, it's a special day for many. Family members and close friends oftencelebrate each other's birthday with バースデーケーキバースデーケーキ (birthday cake) and gifts.While most birthdays are private affairs, there is one special birthday celebrated nationwide in Japan. TheEmperor's birthday (てんのうたんじょうびてんのうたんじょうび) is on December 23, and it's a national holiday!かいしゃいんかいしゃいん is a generic term for company employees, regardless of industry or gender. Male companyemployees are often called サラリーマンサラリーマン (salary man). Female office workers are called OL, theacronym for "office lady"!Among various occupations available in Japan, arguably the least popular among youth, but the mostubiquitous in the adult world is サラリーマンサラリーマン (literary "salary man"). They are white-collar salary-earnerswho work for a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, sales, finance, and construction. Clean-shaven, dark-suit-clad, unhappy-looking men in packed commuter trains--the term サラリーマンサラリーマン hasnegative connotations, but they are the backbone of Japan's economic power!カラオケカラオケ (karaoke) once was a side entertainment for bar customers, but it has evolved into a nationalpastime in Japan! Portable karaoke machines allow people to turn any gathering into a karaoke party. Die-hard enthusiasts can also go to カラオケボックスカラオケボックス (Karaoke Box), a place with small sound-proofrooms where you and your friends can sing your hearts out without worrying about other people'sreactions!パチンコパチンコ is a noisy pinball-meets-slot-machine game with colorful, mesmerizing designs. It's a verypopular form of entertainment for adults, and you'll see garishly decorated パチンコやパチンコや (pachinko parlors)in every town you visit in Japan!マージャンマージャン is a Chinese game usually played with four participants. Though its popularity has waned inthe U.S., マージャンマージャン is still popular among Japanese men. Though not as visible as パチンコやパチンコや , you'll findじゃんそうじゃんそう (mahjong parlors) in most Japanese towns.Typical middle-aged Japanese businessmen or サラリーマンサラリーマン spend long hours with their coworkers and/orclients. After a day's work they go out together to bars to entertain their clients or each other. Somenights, they might prefer to play mahjong or Japanese pinball games (パチンコパチンコ). On the weekends, theymay play golf with their clients on the company tab. When they finally get home, tired サラリーマサラリーマンン usually take a nap or watch TV to relax!For Japanese males over 30, the most popular sport to watch on TV is やきゅうやきゅう (baseball), whether it's ププロやきゅうロやきゅう (professional baseball) or こうこうやきゅうこうこうやきゅう (high school baseball). Younger men prefer サッサッカーカー (soccer), and women generally prefer フィギュアスケートフィギュアスケート (figure skating) and バレーボールバレーボール(volleyball).Do you remember that Japanese people try to avoid strong statements especially when they have to givea negative answer to a question? When we are asked about our preference, it's probably better to avoidstrong words such as きらいきらい ("hate" or "dislike") even though that might be the way you actually feel. One way to soften the impact of your statement is to use a negative form such as すきじゃありませんすきじゃありません (Idon't like).



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すもうすもう is a form of wrestling with its roots in ancient Shinto rituals in Japan. In a すもうすもう match, twowrestlers (りきしりきし), who are clad only with stiff thongs called まわしまわし , fight in a sandy ring called どひょうどひょう . The one who successfully pushes the other off the ring or lets any part of the opponent's body (except forhis soles) touch the ground wins. The popularity of professional すもうすもう is said to be waning, but it's stillholding up among older generations.You have learned that Japanese people usually don't greet or talk to total strangers. Don't think,however, that you'll be lonely while visiting Japan! It all depends on opportunities--where you are andwhom you are with. The easiest way to meet many people and make new friends is to visit popularnightclubs, local festivals, or outdoor concerts, where various people gather together with open mindsand a common goal: to have fun!In Japanese, terms of endearment such as "Honey" or "Sweetheart" are almost non-existent. Unmarriedcouples call each other by their first names or nicknames. Wives may call their husbands あなたあなた (literally,"You"), which is perhaps the closest thing to "Honey" in English. More commonly, wives call theirhusbands おとうさんおとうさん (Father) or パパパパ (Papa) while husbands call their wives おかあさんおかあさん (Mother) or ママママ(Mom)--depending on how their children call them!"Love" in Japanese is あいあい , and the standard translation for "I love you" is あいしていますあいしています (literally, "amloving"). This expression, however, sounds rather foreign to native speakers. The more common andnatural-sounding expression for confession of love is すきですすきです (literally, "like"). Established Japanesecouples, by the way, don't tell each other "I love you" as often as Americans do. For most Japanese, truelove is something that should be understood without words!You have already learned that most Japanese don't walk up to a total stranger and introducethemselves. If you want to make new friends in Japan, start with small talk. Commenting on yoursurroundings (such as the weather or the size of the crowd) is an age-old icebreaker, and so is askingabout the person's familiarity with the particular place you are both in!From the 1970s to the early 1990s, the ディスコディスコ (discotheque) was the rage all over Japan. Today, thename of ディスコディスコ has become a thing of the past. It's now called a クラブクラブ (nightclub), and that's theplace young crowds gather for dancing. If you are planning to visit one, beware that there is another kindof クラブクラブ in Japan. These are expensive nightclubs staffed with kimono-clad hostesses, where the bill fora sip of whiskey might bust your entire travel budget!コンパコンパ (a slang derived from the English word "company") is a form of a party popular with young people,particularly college students. They go out to a pub or restaurant with classmates or club members andenjoy each other's company over food and drinks. When コンパコンパ is organized to meet new people of theopposite sex, it's called a ごうどうコンパごうどうコンパ (literally, "joint コンパコンパ") or ごうコンごうコン in short. The closest Englishequivalent would be a "blind-date party"!Once upon a time, みあいみあい or おみあいおみあい , chaperoned dates arranged by relatives or family friends whoacted as matchmakers, was the way to find one's better half in Japan. Today, less than 10% of marriagesgo through such a traditional method while "love matches" have become the norm. The concept of おみおみあいあい , however, seems to still be thriving. おみあいパーティーおみあいパーティー , organized collective dating similar to speeddating in the US, has become a big business all over Japan!



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You have met someone whom you want to be friends with. You approach him or her and strike up aninnocent conversation. After making small talk for some time, you are ready to introduce yourself andfind out the person's name. If you find yourself in such a scenario, it sounds more natural and polite totell your name in an indirect manner, using the expression わたしはわたしは X といいますといいます . It's equivalent to "Myname is X," but you are actually saying, "I'm called X"!Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer to be asked out by men rather than asking men outthemselves. It does not mean, however, that Japanese women are all shy and passive--especiallyyounger generations! In fact, as more women strive for economic independence, they have also becomemore assertive in relationships. More men, on the other hand, are said to have become gentler andmore passive. Such males are sometimes called そうしょくけいそうしょくけい--a "herbivorous kind"!In general, Japanese people are modest and try not to sound boastful. People in love, however, can'thelp talking proudly about their partners--even in Japan! Such affectionate remarks are called のろけのろけ orおのろけおのろけ and are generally well-tolerated among good friends.While mild のろけのろけ (affectionate boasting about one's partner) is kindly received among friends, publicdisplay of affection by couples is not well-tolerated in Japan. Holding hands is ok, but public kissing andhugging would compel people around you to avert their eyes quickly or stare at you as if you arecharacters from an American TV show. Either way, it's not very pleasant for any of the parties involved. Let's do in Japan as the Japanese do and be modest in your actions!The Japanese term for "coffee shop" is きっさてんきっさてん (literally, "drinking-tea shop"), but the term is fastbecoming obsolete while カフェカフェ (cafe) has become quite popular. Strictly speaking, カフェカフェ and きっさてきっさてんん are different: カフェカフェ serves alcohol while きっさてんきっさてん doesn't. However, even non-alcohol coffee shopsoften call themselves カフェカフェ or コーヒーハウスコーヒーハウス (coffee house), hoping to create more sophisticatedimages with the use of the "borrowed" words!When people say おちゃでものみませんかおちゃでものみませんか (Why don't we have tea or something?), chances are that theyare not really thinking of a cup of green tea or even black tea. It's an idiomatic expression nativespeakers use to mean "Let's have a break." It's also an age-old pick-up line adopted by guys on thestreets! Nowadays, young people often opt for the pseudo-verb おちゃするおちゃする (literally, "to do tea"), sayingおちゃしませんかおちゃしませんか or more casually, おちゃしない？おちゃしない？

Asking the time is the simplest and most innocent way to strike up a conversation with a stranger. It canalso be a convenient segue for a safe retreat after you have decided that your new acquaintance is notthe right one for you!Until late 1980s, most businesses and schools in Japan were open for half a day on Saturdays. Today, theしゅうきゅうふつかしゅうきゅうふつか (two-day weekend) has become the norm, and the concept of a weekend hasexpanded to include not only Saturdays and Sundays but also Friday evenings. Though most Japanesecalenders now start with Sundays, many people still think that the first day of the week is Monday!Japanese terms for the day of the week originate in the ancient Babylonian traditions that had beentransmitted to Japan through China in the ninth century. Each term corresponds to the Japanese namesfor the sun, the moon, and five planets (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn). ようよう in ようびようび (theday of the week) literally means "to shine"--a reference to shining stars--while びび means "day." げつようげつようびび , therefore, literally means the "Moon-shining Day"!



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In Japan, we officially have Happy Mondays! The ハッピーマンデーせいどハッピーマンデーせいど (Happy Mondays system) wasintroduced in the year 2000, and the government has since changed the dates of four national holidaysto Mondays in order to create three-day weekends. These blessed holidays are せいじんのひせいじんのひ or"Coming-of-Age Day" in January, うみのひうみのひ or "Ocean Day" in July, けいろうのひけいろうのひ or "Respect-for-the-AgedDay" in September, and たいいくのひたいいくのひ or "Physical Education Day" in October.アウトドアライフアウトドアライフ (outdoor life) has become fashionable among city dwellers in Japan. Unfortunately,there are a very limited number of accessible nature spots close to home. Whether on hiking trails,camping grounds, or fishing spots, those who try to escape the hubbub of city life often find themselvestrapped among similarly-minded crowds at their destinations and stuck in traffic jams on the way to andfrom home!If you want to try some fishing in Japan but have no idea where to go, try つりぼりつりぼり or artificial fishingponds! There you can rent different kinds of fishing rods with all the necessary accessories and catchvarious fish for an hourly fee. Some つりぼりつりぼり are catch-and-release only; others allow you to keep whatyou catch within a certain limit. Some places even rent barbecue pits where you can cook the fish you'vejust caught.Japan is an island nation, and even the northern parts of the country have beaches open for swimming insummer. Except for Okinawa, however, the swimming season is usually limited to July and August. Theshort season means...crowded beaches! For example, えのしまえのしま , arguably the most famous beach nearTokyo, is said to host more than three million people in one summer!Theme parks or テーマパークテーマパーク are big business in Japan. They attract not only families with children butalso adults who cannot have enough of all the fun rides they offer! The most famous ones are とうきょとうきょうディズニーランドうディズニーランド (Tokyo Disneyland) and ディズニーシーディズニーシー (DisneySea) in うらやすうらやす in Chiba Prefecture,which, combined, boast about 25,000,000 visitors a year.Only a one-hour train ride from central Tokyo, たかおさんたかおさん (Mt. Takao) offers popular day-hike trails thataward hikers with a nice view of ふじさんふじさん (Mt. Fuji). たかおさんたかおさん is only about 2,000 ft. high, but it's thestarting point for the 1,000-mile-long Tokai Nature Trails. Besides well-preserved forests and great views,points of interest include the tram and lift rides, a monkey park, a beer garden, and a Buddhist templewith 1,200 years of history!しちにんのさむらいしちにんのさむらい (Seven Samurai), directed by くろさわあきらくろさわあきら and starring みふねとしろうみふねとしろう , is one ofthe most popular Japanese films inside and outside Japan. Originally released in 1954, the black-and-white film features the story of seven unemployed samurai warriors, or ろうにんろうにん , who help poor villagersdefend their livelihood against bandits. しちにんのさむらいしちにんのさむらい inspired many other works, including thepopular American film, The Magnificent Seven.くろさわあきらくろさわあきら is arguably the most famous and influential Japanese film director, nicknamed せかいのくせかいのくろさわろさわ (Kurosawa of the World). Born in 1910, くろさわくろさわ started his long career in 1943 and wonnumerous awards worldwide with highly acclaimed films such as らしょうもんらしょうもん (Rashomon), いきるいきる (Ikiru;literally, "To Live"), しちにんのさむらいしちにんのさむらい (Seven Samurai), and らんらん (Ran; literally, "War"). He died in 1998at age 88.Buying おべんとうおべんとう (box lunch) is not an easy task in Japan: there are too many kinds to choose from! Ifyou just can't settle on a single kind, try the type called まくのうちまくのうち (literally, "inside-the-curtains"). Itsname originates from the box lunch eaten by theater goers between acts during the Edo period (1603-1868). A typical まくのうちべんとうまくのうちべんとう has small おにぎりおにぎり (rice balls) and variety of savory pieces such asgrilled fish, omelet, vegetables, pickles, and more!



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べんとうべんとう or おべんとうおべんとう can be a bring-your-own lunch in general, or a meal-in-a box in particular. If youdon't have time to fix your own box lunch in the morning, you can buy one at any convenience store,supermarket, or Japanese-style deli specialized for おべんとうおべんとう . As is the case with おちゃおちゃ (tea), manypeople say おべんとうおべんとう , adding the polite-word maker おお to avoid sounding rude.You can buy various bottled teas in Japan, including りょくちゃりょくちゃ (green tea), こうちゃこうちゃ (black tea), andウーロンちゃウーロンちゃ (oolong tea or Chinese tea)!Many Japanese women hate getting suntan (ひやけひやけ). Besides putting on strong sunscreens (ひやけどめひやけどめ),they wear long sleeves and even gloves in the summer heat. On top of that, many of them carry blackparasols (ひがさひがさ) to shade themselves. Lately, ひがさひがさ for men are gaining popularity among older men,who are trying to protect themselves not from suntan but from heatstroke!If you are planning to meet up with your friends at a station in Japan, be forewarned: Japanese stations inurban areas are extremely crowded during morning and evening rush hours! With so many peoplepassing in every direction, it's almost impossible to spot someone unless you and your friends are veryspecific about the meeting place. Also hard to spot are public phones, which have become less and lessneeded in the age of cell phones!ハチこうハチこう is the name of a legendary dog, famous for his loyalty. The male Akita is said to have come tothe JR Shibuya Station in Tokyo every evening for almost ten years to patiently wait for his master'sreturn after the master, a university professor, had died at work. The bronze statue of ハチこうハチこう nowstands in front of Shibuya Station and is used by many people as a meeting place. The nearest ticketgate of the station is also named ハチこうぐちハチこうぐち (Hachiko Ticket Gate)!The real ハチこうハチこう died in 1935, but his legend has lived on and inspired many people all over Japan andbeyond. A Japanese movie called ハチこうものがたりハチこうものがたり (The Story of Hachiko) was released in 1987. Themovie was recently remade in Hollywood under the title "Hachiko: A Dog's Story" starring Richard Gereand three Akitas!With the exception of northern regions, summer in Japan is hot and humid. むしあついむしあつい ("muggy" or"stifling hot") is the very word that describes how you would feel out there! むしむし in むしあついむしあつい derivesfrom the verb むすむす ("to steam" or "to be muggy").For temperature, Japanese use the degree Celsius (℃) or せっしせっし while Americans use the degreeFahrenheit (°F) or かしかし . 0℃ is 32°F; 10℃ is 50°F; 20℃ is 68°F; and 30℃ is 86°F. In this course, we'lluse the degree Celsius as the Japanese do!Winter in Japan is relatively mild, except for the northern interior regions where the lowest temperaturecan be as low as -30℃. The average temperature for January is -4.1℃ in Sapporo, 5.8℃ in Tokyo, and16.6℃ in Naha, Okinawa. That said, you may feel a lot colder than the thermometer tells you whilevisiting Japan in winter months. It may be due to windiness, higher humidity, or the lack of central heatingsystems in most private residences!While Japanese people love the fragile beauty of さくらさくら (cherry blossoms) in spring, they also love thecolorful displays of autumn leaves that paint the nation vivid red, yellow, and orange! On sunnyweekends, popular nature spots are filled with people enjoying "autumn-leaves viewing" or もみじがりもみじがり(literally, "red-leaves hunting") with their friends and family.



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Japan is an arc-shaped island country, consisting of four major "islands" and about 7,000 smaller ones. These four major "islands" are (from north to south) ほっかいどうほっかいどう , ほんしゅうほんしゅう , しこくしこく , and きゅうしゅきゅうしゅうう . ほんしゅうほんしゅう , the largest, is a little bigger than Minnesota, while しこくしこく , the smallest, is slightly smallerthan Vermont. Since they are all fairly large, people who live in them don't consider themselves as livingon islands!Japan has four distinct seasons or しきしき . はるはる (spring) is warm and nice, and people enjoy おなはみおなはみ(cherry-blossom viewing picnic) and other outdoor activities. なつなつ (summer) is hot and humid, and thedeafening chorus of cicadas fill the air. あきあき (autumn) is cool and crisp, and it's the season for sports,cultural events, and もみじがりもみじがり (autumn-leaves viewing). ふゆふゆ (winter) is relatively mild although thenorthern parts of Japan receive much snow.The total area of Japan is slightly smaller than Montana. 73% of its land is mountains, and half of thepopulation lives in plains (へいやへいや) that occupy 14% of the land. Rivers (かわかわ) are relatively short, runningdown mountain sides and pouring into the surrounding seas, which include the にほんかいにほんかい (Japan Sea), ひひがしシナかいがしシナかい (East China Sea), オホーツクかいオホーツクかい (the Sea of Okhotsk), and たいへいようたいへいよう (the PacificOcean).Japan has many volcanoes or かざんかざん (literally, "fire mountain"), and that's why it also has so many hotsprings and earthquakes! あそさんあそさん (Mt. Aso) is an active volcano located in Kumamoto Prefecture and iswell-known for its huge caldera. The highest peak is 1,592 meters high. Visitors can drive up to the maincrater that is filled with turquoise-colored hot water and hike around it when the wind is blowing thesulfurous gas away from the visitor access area.ふじさんふじさん (Mt. Fuji) is 3,776 meters or 12,388 feet high and the tallest mountain in Japan. It's located atthe border of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures and visible from Tokyo on clear days. Though not asvisibly active as あそさんあそさん , ふじさんふじさん is actually an active volcano, whose last explosion was in 1707.ふじさんふじさん has long been considered a sacred mountain, and women couldn't climb it until 1800. Today,anyone can drive half way up the mountain and hike the rest of the way to the summit, using one of thefour well-established routes. The official climbing season is July and August, during which lodges andkiosks are available on the trails. Many people hike up the mountain at night in order to watch thesunrise from the top!The Japanese love of seasonal beauty is reflected in the famous four-season garden described in theeleventh-century Japanese classic, げんじものがたりげんじものがたり or "The Tale of Genji." This fictional garden consistsof four parts, each occupying a corner of the great mansion built by the handsome (and rich)protagonist. Each part is designed to accentuate the beauty of an individual season: flowers for spring,water and shade for summer, color-changing leaves for autumn, and snow-clad pine trees for winter!The Japanese people's fondness for cherry blossoms, or さくらさくら , has a long history, but it was not always"the flower" of Japan. Poems written in the eighth century praise plum blossoms or うめうめ more often thanさくらさくら . The popularity of さくらさくら increased around the tenth century, when the Japanese beganestablishing their own cultural identity, leaving the Chinese influence behind. Since then, さくらさくら hascome to symbolize spring as well as the Japanese spirit!



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Japan receives much rainfall every year. The annual average is 1,718mm, about twice the worldaverage. Much of it falls during two distinct periods: June to mid-July and September. June to mid-July isthe rainy season called つゆつゆ or ばいうばいう (literally, "plum rain"), notorious for mold-yielding mugginess. September rain is brought on by たいふうたいふう (typhoons), which often cause floods and landslides.Much of northern Japan receives heavy snowfall every year. The thick layers of snow that cover theseregions easily reach 2 meters (6.6ft) or more, and people struggle to stay ahead of the fast accumulatingsnow. The famous Japanese novel ゆきぐにゆきぐに (Snow Country), written by the Nobel-Prize winner かわばたやかわばたやすなりすなり , features a snowy mountain village as the backdrop for the beautiful but sad story of a lovetriangle.Japanese people use the metric system for measurement. One kilometer is equal to about 0.6 miles,and 1 meter is about 1.1 yards or 3.3 feet. When it's clear that we are talking about distance and notweight, we can simply say キロキロ (kilo), as in いちキロいちキロ (one kilo), instead of saying キロメートルキロメートル(kilometer).The Japanese are weather-conscious people who watch てんきよほうてんきよほう (weather forecasts) religiously. It'snot only the possibility of rain or shine that they care about. In the nation where one in every five peoplesuffers hay fever, getting かふんじょうほうかふんじょうほう (pollen info) is a matter of survival. Weather forecasters alsooffer さくらじょうほうさくらじょうほう (cherry-blossoms info) to the viewers so that they can plan when and where tohave おはなみおはなみ (cherry-blossom viewing picnic)!"Eating out" in Japanese is がいしょくがいしょく (literally, "outside eating") and "cooking at home" is じすいじすい(literally, "self cooking"). Between these two options lies the thriving category of takeouts and deliveries,providing the convenience and relative economy for busy Japanese people. The concept, however, is notat all modern. The quick home delivery service called でまえでまえ has been around since the eighteenthcentury for the patrons of そばやそばや (buckwheat noodle shops)!Do you remember that ごはんごはん means "steamed rice" in Japan? Because steamed rice is the staple foodfor Japanese people, they also use the same word to mean "meal" in general. ばんごはんばんごはん , therefore,literally means "evening meal"--that is, "supper"!Among numerous cooking shows in Japan, arguably the most popular and influential was りょうりのてつりょうりのてつじんじん (literally, "Iron Man of Cooking"). The elaborate TV cook-offs ran between 1993 and 1999 andreportedly spent more than ¥840,000,000 (or about eight million dollars) on cooking ingredients (しょくしょくざいざい)! It has been shown in the United State under the title "Iron Chef" and became the model for theAmerican show called "Iron Chef America."If language is the window into a culture, then the existence of various Japanese verbs that mean "to boil"or "to cook in liquid" tells us that that's probably been the primary cooking method for generations inJapan! The verb たくたく is one of them, and it's almost exclusively used for cooking rice as in ごはんをたくごはんをたく(to cook rice). Please note that ごはんをたくごはんをたく literally means "to cook steamed rice," but it doesn't meanthat you have to cook rice twice!



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To make a perfect cup of English tea, we have to use boiling water. For most green tea, boiling waterwould be too hot to draw out the best aroma and flavor. The rule of thumb is that the more expensivethe tea leaf is, the lower the water temperature and the longer the brewing time should be. The lowertemperature, however, does not mean half-boiled water! You have to boil fresh water first and then let itcool down to the perfect temperature for your particular kind of tea.ラーメンラーメン (ramen noodle soup) is originally a Chinese dish, but Japanese people loved it so much that notonly did they adopt it as their own but also created unique regional brands or ごとうちラーメンごとうちラーメン . InSapporo, for example, you'll enjoy the garlic-flavored さっぽろラーメンさっぽろラーメン with the miso-based soup. InFukuoka, you'll find はかたラーメンはかたラーメン featuring the milky "pork-bone" soup garnished with pickled redginger. They are all yummy, filling, and inexpensive!カレーライスカレーライス (curry and rice), or カレーカレー for short, originally came to Japan as an English dish in the latenineteenth century. As in the case of ラーメンラーメン , Japanese people loved it so much that they adopted it astheir own. Now it's one of the most popular home-cooked dishes in Japan! The main ingredients areonions, potatoes, carrots, some type of meat, and カレールーカレールー --a solid sauce-mix that contains currypowder, flour, and other spices.しゃぶしゃぶしゃぶしゃぶ is a simple yet savory one-pot dish, eaten as you cook right on the dining table. The mainingredients are thinly sliced beef or pork, often accompanied with tofu, mushrooms, and variousvegetables. You lift a piece of meat with your chopsticks, swish it back and forth in the pot of simmeringkelp broth or こんぶだしこんぶだし , and eat the cooked meat after dipping it in the citrus-based sauce called ポンポンずず . The dish is allegedly named after the sound of the meat swishing in the pot!So far we have learned two verbs that are the equivalents of "to boil" or "to cook in liquid" in English: たくたくfor rice and わかすわかす for water. にるにる also means "to boil" or "cook in liquid." We use にるにる when cookingthings like vegetables, meat, and fish in broth or any kind of seasoned liquid. For boiling food in plainwater, we have to use either ゆでるゆでる or ゆがくゆがく .The word カレールーカレールー (curry roux) is made up of the English word "curry" and the French word "roux." It's asolid mixture of curry powder, flour, and other spices neatly packaged in a small box. There are variousbrands with different levels of spiciness. You can pick just one or mix them together to create morecomplex flavors!よわびよわび (low heat; literally, "weak fire") is the word that describes the level of heat for cooking stoves. Other options include つよびつよび (high heat; literally "strong fire"), ちゅうびちゅうび (medium heat), and とろびとろび (slowheat).The regular Japanese measuring cup (けいりょうカップけいりょうカップ or カップカップ in short) is smaller than its Americancounterpart. While the American cup holds 8 onces (or about 237 milliliters) of water, the Japanese cupholds 200 milliliters. Japanese people also use a special cup for measuring uncooked rice. The ricemeasuring cup can hold 180 milliliters or いちごういちごう--the amount of uncooked rice traditionally consideredas one serving!Japanese measuring spoons (けいりょうスプーンけいりょうスプーン) have two basic types: おおさじおおさじ (literally, "big spoon")and こさじこさじ (small spoon). おおさじおおさじ is equivalent to the "tablespoon" in English and holds 15 milliliters ofwater. こさじこさじ is equivalent to the "teaspoon" and holds 5 milliliters of water. For both types, we can usethe counter はいはい .



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Some Japanese cookbooks use exact measurements in grams and milliliters that require us to own ascale. Many people, however, get by with less rigid definitions. For example, ひとつまみひとつまみ (a pinch) meansthe amount that our thumb, index finger and middle finger can pinch. しょうしょうしょうしょう (a dash), on theother hand, means the amount that our thumb and index finger can pinch. When we forget aboutmeasuring altogether and go with our experience (or instinct), it's called めぶんりょうめぶんりょう--the "amountmeasured by eyes"!There are several basic Japanese seasonings. みそみそ is made from soybeans fermented with either rice,wheat, or soybean itself. しょうゆしょうゆ is also made from soybeans fermented with wheat. Both みそみそ andしょうゆしょうゆ contain a fairly large amount of しおしお (salt). すす (vinegar), on the other hand, is made from rice orgrains. みりんみりん is Japanese cooking wine made from sweet rice, and it's quite sweet like さとうさとう (sugar)!Traditional Japanese sweets or わがしわがし are treats not only for our palate but also for our eyes! They are sobeautiful in shape and color that you almost regret that you have to eat them--until you put them in yourmouth...then all you can think of is their excellent taste! Typical ingredients are rice flour and sweetenedred-bean paste called あんこあんこ . They should be accompanied by a perfect cup of green tea!When visiting someone's house, Japanese people almost always take small gifts called おみやげおみやげ withthem. These gifts are usually some type of sweets or fruits (or drinks if it's a dinner party), which the hostcan serve right away. Don't consider it as an obligation, but think of it as a thoughtful gesture fromguests, who naturally want to spare their host the anxiety of being caught between the arrival of visitorsand the bareness of his or her cupboard!しぶやしぶや is one of the busiest shopping districts in Tokyo and quite popular among young shoppers. As youmay recall, this is the place where the statue of the famous Akita, ハチこうハチこう , stands. とうきょうプラザとうきょうプラザ ,by the way, is a fictional shopping mall.セールセール (discount sale) is another popular "borrowed" word in Japan. Lately, traditional Japanese termssuch as うりだしうりだし (literally, "selling out") or やすうりやすうり (literally, "cheap selling") are replaced by セールセール , バーバーゲンゲン (bargain), or even "SALE" in the English spelling.Generally speaking, you don't see many Japanese customers haggling for discounts. You may try,however, some modest negotiations in open markets or friendly neighborhood stores selling freshproducts. Sometimes, shopkeepers may give you discounts for bulk purchases, or they might throw insomething extra as a おまけおまけ (giveaway) if you are a good customer!なつものなつもの (literally, "summer thing") means any personal items made for summer including clothes,shoes, and hats. Please note that we don't need to use the particle のの to connect なつなつ and ものもの since ななつものつもの has gained the status of a single word!Japanese shoe sizes are in centimeters or センチセンチ , including half sizes. For women, American sizes 7, 8,and 9 roughly match Japanese sizes 23.5, 24.5, and 25.5, respectively. For men, American sizes 8, 9,and 10 are Japanese sizes 26, 27, and 28, respectively. In general, Japanese (especially women) havesmaller feet than Americans. If you wear a women's size 9 or larger, you may have a difficult time findinga nice-looking pair of Japanese shoes!ふくふく is a general term for "clothes." To be more specific, we can say ようふくようふく for Western-style clothesand わふくわふく or きものきもの for traditional Japanese-style clothes.ワンピースワンピース (literally, "one piece") is a one-piece dress with an above-floor hem length. A formal, orotherwise fancy, long dress is called ドレスドレス (literally, "dress").



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Japanese sizes for women's clothes are often indicated by odd numbers followed by the counter for size,ごうごう . In general, Japanese dress sizes run small. For example, American sizes 6, 8, 10 roughly matchJapanese sizes 9, 11, and 13, respectively. Please note that these sizes vary depending on themanufacturer and design. When you buy clothes in Japan, make sure to try them on before you buy!Have you noticed that many Japanese terms for stores end with やや? やや means a "store," "shop," or"place of business" in general. ほんやほんや is a book store, くつやくつや a shoe store, and ラーメンやラーメンや a ramen-noodle shop. Some stores and restaurants use やや in their business names, as in しろきやしろきや or たまやたまや!The area developed on the main entrance side of a train station is called えきまええきまえ (literally, "station-front"). It's a prime location for stores, restaurants, and hotels that cater to busy commuters, businesstravelers, and tourists. Please note that, as in the case of なつものなつもの (summer item), we don't have to usethe particle のの to connect two nouns (えきえき and まえまえ) because えきまええきまえ is used as a single word!Large shopping malls have become ubiquitous sights in Japanese suburbs, catering to weekend shopperswho arrive in their cars. For many people, however, grocery shopping is still a daily affair performed onfoot, by bicycle or by moped. In the evenings, shoppers crowd スーパースーパー (supermarkets) on the wayhome from work, taking advantage of the end-of-the-day discount hours to find bargains for the dinnertable!Shopping at スーパースーパー or デパートデパート is convenient, but not as fun as browsing through the local しょうてんしょうてんがいがい (shopping district), where many retail stores and fresh produce vendors congregate along narrowstreets. There, you can buy さかなさかな (fish) at さかなやさかなや , にくにく (meat) at にくやにくや , パンパン (bread) at パンやパンや , andとうふとうふ (tofu) at とうふやとうふや--all fresh and inexpensive. Best of all, you'll be able to have a little chat withfriendly shopkeepers, which is a great way to get to know the country and the culture better!Gift wrapping is a serious business in Japan. Let's take a box of sweets as an example. Each sweet wouldbe individually wrapped and placed in a box. The box then would be wrapped with a pretty wrappingpaper. Sometimes, the retail-store clerk wraps the already gift-wrapped box with a signature wrappingpaper of the store. Finally, the neatly wrapped box would be put in a matching paper or plastic tote bag. Now your gift has as many layers as a Russian nesting doll!Japanese post offices offer four options to send packages overseas. The fastest is EMS (Express MailService), which delivers packages in 2 to 4 days worldwide. The second fastest is こうくうびんこうくうびん (airmail)that takes 3 to 6 days. エコノミーこうくうびんエコノミーこうくうびん (economy airmail) or SALびんびん (Surface Air Lifted), whichuses the combination of land and air transportation, takes 6 to 13 days. The slowest but least expensiveoption is ふなびんふなびん (sea mail) that delivers packages in 1 to 3 months.Some large banks in Japan let you withdraw money at their counters with major credit cards and yourpassport. However, the most convenient way to withdraw money is probably to use international ATMs atpost offices. Not only do they accept foreign-issued major credit cards, but they also allow you toconduct business in English! Please be aware, though, these ATMs are not available 24 hours a day. Also remember to get your PIN number before leaving home.しちがつなのかしちがつなのか (July 7th) is たなばたたなばた , the Star Festival. Legend has it that this is the only day the "star-crossed" lovers--a weaver and a cowboy who live on the opposite sides of the Milky Way, or あまのがわあまのがわ(literally, "river in the sky")--can meet, crossing a legendary bridge formed by hundreds of magpies!



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Besides the everyday terms such as いちがついちがつ or にがつにがつ , Japanese has a traditional term for each month. じゅうがつじゅうがつ (October), for example, is also called かんなづきかんなづき (literally, "the month without gods"). This isbecause October is the month when all the gods in Japan (eight million of them) are said to travel to theancient Shinto shrine in いずもいずも (located in Shimane Prefecture) for their annual conference. For thisreason, October in いずもいずも is called かみありづきかみありづき (the month with gods)!The best thing about the Japanese health care system is that all the citizens are covered by healthinsurance! There are two types: しゃかいほけんしゃかいほけん (Social Insurance) for those whose employers participatein the program and こくみんけんこうほけんこくみんけんこうほけん (National Health Insurance) for the rest of the population. Foreigners can join the program as long as they are registered as legal alien residents and are allowed tostay in Japan for more than one year.In general, Japanese hospitals (びょういんびょういん) and smaller private practices (generally called いいんいいん) adoptthe "first-come, first-serve" system except for emergencies. Arrive early, otherwise you end up sitting inthe waiting room for long hours! For most private practices, you go straight to specialists; no referralsare needed. For example, if you have pink eye, you go to がんかがんか (eye clinic). If you have the flu or sufferfrom a general malaise, try ないかないか (internal medicine clinic).Japanese people are known to visit doctors for the slightest symptoms, but some people still try naturalremedies using what is available around their house or yard. アロエアロエ (aloe) works for a burn; so do thegreen leaves of びわびわ (Japanese medlar). こんにゃくこんにゃく (konjak jelly) is said to work for kidneys, when eaten,and for muscle pains as a hot compress. And at the first sign of a cold? Have some hot みそしるみそしる (misosoup) with chopped green onion and go to bed early!Until recently, most Japanese doctors would avoid giving bad news to their patients in person. They wouldinstead tell the truth to the patients' family, who in turn might decide not to relay the news to thepatients. Today, the idea of "informed consent" has become more prevalent, but still many doctors try tosoften the impact of blunt truth by choosing roundabout expressions in their explanation.Here are some sound effects you'll be making when you are sick in Japan! If you have a dry cough, yougo コンコンコンコン ; if it's a wet cough, the sound changes to ゴホゴホゴホゴホ . When you have congestion, your breathsounds like ゼーゼーゼーゼー , and your sneeze will come out as ハクションハクション! Speaking of sneezing, don't expectto receive a "Bless you!" while in Japan. The most likely reaction you'll get from people around you uponsneezing is the discreet shifting of their position away from you!Many Japanese firmly believe that うがいうがい (gargling) is one of the most fundamental preventive practicesagainst common cold and flu. There are many うがいぐすりうがいぐすり (literally, "gargling medicine") on the shelvesof drugstores, and parents diligently teach their children to do ガラガラペッ！ガラガラペッ！ ("Gargle, gargle, ptui!") assoon as they come home after being outside!にほんじんのくすりずきにほんじんのくすりずき (Japanese love of medicine) is a well-known fact. Serious about their health,many people take multiple prescribed drugs even for a simple cold. In addition, they spend a smallfortune on alternative medicines, such as かんぽうやくかんぽうやく (Chinese herbal medicine), and various healthsupplements, such as あおじるあおじる (green-leaf juice), らんゆらんゆ (egg oil), and すっぽんエキスすっぽんエキス (the extract ofChinese soft-shelled turtle)!



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Here are some terminologies and their meanings regarding when to take medicine. If the instructionsays しょくぜんしょくぜん (before meals), you take it within thirty minutes before a meal; if it says しょくごしょくご , youtake it within thirty minutes after a meal. しょっかんしょっかん (between meals) means about two to three hoursafter your last meal, and ねるまえねるまえ (before going to bed) means thirty minutes to one hour before yourbedtime. If the instruction says とんぷくとんぷく , you take it when the symptom appears.Traditionally, Japanese doctors dispensed medicines directly to their patients, but since WWII thegovernment has promoted the division of labor between doctors and pharmacists. Today, it is reportedthat more than 50% of doctors in Japan write "out-of-the-clinic" prescriptions (いんがいしょほうせんいんがいしょほうせん) sothat their patients can take the prescriptions to pharmacies to get their medicines. The rest of thedoctors, however, still keep their own dispensaries.In general, drinking alcohol or いんしゅいんしゅ is not only well-accepted in society, but even encouraged at socialgatherings in Japan. Many people believe that drinking together promotes good relationships, and it'scommon for businessmen to make a deal with their clients at bars and restaurants. In such occasions,you may say, "No, thank you," but well-wishers would likely keep nagging you to empty your glass. Agood excuse, then, is to invoke ドクターストップドクターストップ or your doctor's order to stop drinking!Quitting smoking, or きんえんきんえん , has lately become a social trend in Japan. While Western anti-smokingcampaigns seem to focus on the health of smokers themselves, Japanese campaigns tend to emphasizehow one's smoking affects other people. For those who refuse to quit smoking, the long list of たばこのマたばこのマナーナー (cigarette-smoking etiquette) has been widely propagated, offering detailed instructions on how tosmoke without troubling others around them!To take a bath or not to take a bath...that is an important question when you get sick in Japan. Becausemost Japanese people have no central heating system at home, they are afraid of ゆざめゆざめ--getting a chillafter a bath--during cold winter days. Also, they are afraid that putting a sick person into a hot tub wouldexacerbate the illness by wearing him or her out.The Japanese love of medicines might originate in the old saying, かぜはまんびょうのもとかぜはまんびょうのもと (A cold is thefather of ten thousand illness). Yet, they also know that やまいはきからやまいはきから (Our illness mirrors our mentalstate). They try to stay healthy by following the old advice, はらはちぶめにいしゃいらずはらはちぶめにいしゃいらず (Eat less andyou'll need no doctor), or はやねはやおきいしゃしらずはやねはやおきいしゃしらず (If you go to bed early and get up early, you'llnever see a doctor).　　Once they get sick, they may try ずかんそくねつずかんそくねつ (Keep your head cold and yourfeet warm) to get well soon!


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Grammar Notes

Did you remember that we add さんさん after a person's name to be polite?Do you remember that どうぞどうぞ is a versatile polite phrase that can mean "Here you go" or "Please getin/out/on"? You can use it to usher a visitor into your place!We can use ふるいふるい (old) to describe various things including objects (as in an "old house"), concepts (asin an "old belief"), and relationships (as in "old friends"). We shouldn't, however, use it to talk aboutsomeone's age!～けど～けど (though) is a plain version of ～が～が (..., but ...) and connects two contradictory sentences to makethem into a longer one. Like ～が～が , ～けど～けど is attached to the end of the first half of the two-partsentence. In conversations, the second half of the sentence is often omitted and only implied.Did you remember that we can simply attach おお to a word to make the expression more polite?にわにわ is the outdoor space belonging to a residence. Its equivalent is a "garden" or "yard" in English. Please note that we cannot use にわにわ to mean a particular garden plot such as a flower garden orvegetable garden.いえいえ is a shortened form of いいえいいえ (no). When you want to lightly deny what has just been said (as in acompliment), you can say いえいえいえいえ (no, no).So far we have learned verbs in the polite form that ends with ますます (as in はなしますはなします or "speak") or ましましたた (as in しましたしました or "did"). Such a verb form is called the "ますます-form." In this section, we are going tostart learning another form called the "dictionary form" that is used for dictionary entries. It will not onlyhelp us find words easily in a dictionary, but also enable us to understand the verb conjugation better!Do you remember the expression えきのうらえきのうら (literally, "backside of station"), in which えきえき (station)indicates the place that is used as the base, and うらうら (the backside) is a word that indicates a specificposition? うちのなかうちのなか (the inside of the house) uses the same pattern, "X のの Y."Did you add をを after うちのなかうちのなか? It's the same をを we used in the sentence にほんごをはなしますにほんごをはなします (Ispeak Japanese). The particle をを is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. In うちのなかをあんないうちのなかをあんないしますします (I'll show you around the house), をを indicates that うちのなかうちのなか (literally, "the inside of the house") iswhat the speaker will show around!When we want to offer to do something to our listener, we can replace the verb ending ますます with ましょうましょうかか , as in あんないしましょうかあんないしましょうか (Shall I show you around?).Did you remember that we sometimes need to use ごご instead of おお to make a certain word or expressionmore polite? あんないしますあんないします is one of these words!Do you remember こちらこちら (this way), the word indicating a general direction? こちらこちら and its counterpartsそちらそちら (that way) and あちらあちら (that way over there) can also be used as the polite form for ここここ (thisplace), そこそこ (that place), and あそこあそこ (that place over there).



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If the context makes it clear that you are talking about the kitchen, だいどころのだいどころの in the phrase だいどこだいどころのとなりろのとなり (next to the kitchen) can be replaced with the "pointing" word そのその (that). Let's try to use theshorter version in the next question!Do you remember the expression ここにここに ("here" or "at this place")? When we want to indicate the placewhere something exists, we add the particle にに after the place noun. It's equivalent to "at," "on," or "in" inEnglish. Let's try that in the next question!Did you add がが after ちゃしつちゃしつ and say ちゃしつがありますちゃしつがあります (There is a tea-ceremony room)? It's thesame がが we learned to use in the sentence ほんやがありますほんやがあります (There is a bookstore). In these sentences,the particle がが is used to mark the subject of a verb.In the following questions, let's assume that we are talking about the locations where things exist!The pronunciation of なんなん (what) changes to なになに depending on the word that comes after it. なんなん isused when it is followed by a counter as in なんじなんじ (what time) or by a word that starts with the "t" sound(such as とと), "d" sound (such as でで), or "n" sound (such as のの). In all other cases, we use なになに .Both あるある and いるいる mean "to exist" or "to be (present)." While あるある is used for things such as a desk or ahouse, いるいる is primarily used to talk about the existence of living creatures including people and animals.Did you remember that we can use the same form of verbs and nouns to talk about both singular andplural objects?Did you remember that we can link two or more nouns or noun phrases with the particle とと (and)?のの in あかいのあかいの is not a particle but a pronoun that is equivalent to "one" or "ones" in English. We can usethis kind of のの only when we can reasonably assume that our listener understands what we are talkingabout. When we are talking about carp, for example, あかいのあかいの means あかいこいあかいこい (red carp).やや in あかいのやしろいのあかいのやしろいの is a linking word that is used to list two or more nouns or noun phrases. Whileとと list all the items, やや shows a few representative items, implying that there are more. あかいのやしろあかいのやしろいのいの is equivalent to "red ones, white ones, and others."In Japanese, basic colors such as "red" or "white" have both nouns (あかあか or しろしろ) and adjectives (あかいあかいor しろいしろい). Others, however, have nouns only. "Orange," for example, is オレンジいろオレンジいろ (literally, "orangecolor").Did you use the particle のの and say オレンジいろのこいオレンジいろのこい (literally, "carp in orange color")? This is anotherinstance of the "X のの Y" pattern, in which the particle のの indicates that the first noun X "modifies" thesecond noun Y--that is, X is the information about Y.Notice that we don't say きんいろののきんいろのの but simply say きんいろのきんいろの to mean "gold-colored ones"!このへやにテレビがありますこのへやにテレビがあります and テレビはこのへやにありますテレビはこのへやにあります might sound similar, but their functionsare different. このへやにテレビがありますこのへやにテレビがあります describes what is in a certain location (In this room, there is aTV). テレビはこのへやにありますテレビはこのへやにあります , on the other hand, tells where a certain thing is located (As for the TV,it's in this room). Please note that the former uses the particle がが to mark the subject (テレビテレビ), while thelatter uses the topic marker はは to indicate テレビテレビ as the "topic" of the sentence.



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Here's one of the basic rules on when to use the particle はは or がが . We use がが if the subject is firstintroduced in the conversation and use はは if the subject is already introduced or otherwise known to yourlistener. For example, when we want to inform our listener that there is a TV in the room, we say このへこのへやにテレビがありますやにテレビがあります because テレビテレビ is a new piece of information. Then if we want to talk about thesaid TV, we start our sentence with テレビはテレビは ... (As for the TV...).リビングにありますリビングにあります (It is in the living room) can be rephrased as リビングですリビングです . They mean the same,though リビングにありますリビングにあります more specifically denotes the existence of the object. In this chapter, let'suse ありますあります to point out where things are. Please note that we need the particle にに to indicate thelocation when we use the verb ありますあります as well as いますいます .Did you notice that we need the particle にに after the question word どこどこ (where) since we are askingabout the location of something, using the verb ありますあります?Did you remember to use the verb いますいます to talk about a cat--a living creature?Do you remember that Japanese speakers tend to avoid using pronouns such as "you" or "she," andeither omit them whenever the context makes the meaning clear or substitute real names for them? Instead of using real names, we can also use generic noun phrases as substitutes. Common substitutesfor "he" or "she," for example, are このひとこのひと (this person), そのひとそのひと (that person), and あのひとあのひと (thatperson over there).おんなおんな (female) can also mean a "woman," but it sounds very rude to use the term to refer to someone. Let's figure out an appropriate way to talk about a woman!Did you connect the two nouns おんなおんな (female) and ひとひと (person) with the noun-linking particle のの , usingthe now-familiar "X のの Y" pattern? おんなのひとおんなのひと (literally, a "female person" or "a person who is female")is the proper way to refer to a woman in general.We have learned that many traditional Japanese female names end with ここ as in ようこようこ . ここ means a"child," and it's usually used in phrases such as おとこのこおとこのこ (literally, a "male child") or あのこあのこ (that childover there).Do you remember that there are two versions for the question word "where" in Japanese--the polite どちどちらら and the plain どこどこ? Likewise, the polite question word どなたどなた (who/whom) has the plain counterpart だだれれ . As in the case of どこどこ , the "plain" label does not mean that it's used only in casual conversations! Aslong as we use だれだれ in a sentence that ends with either ですです or ますます , we are still talking in the polite form--only sounding less formal or respectful than when we use どなたどなた .Did you use のの to connect このしゃしんこのしゃしん (this photograph) and おとこのこおとこのこ (boy)? It's another use of the"X のの Y" pattern, in which このしゃしんこのしゃしん is the location where おとこのこおとこのこ appears.We have so far learned that the "pointing" word これこれ and its counterparts それそれ and あれあれ are used forthings and not for people, right? Exceptions are when we are talking about people in photographs!Did you remember that we can omit personal pronouns such as "you" or "yours" whenever we canreasonably assume that our listeners understand who we are talking about?We have so far learned that the Japanese equivalent to "grandmother" is そぼそぼ . When we want to refer tosomeone else's grandmother or directly address our own grandmother, we should use the polite term おおばあさんばあさん to show our respect.



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Do you remember that Japanese uses different counting words to count different things? さいさい is thecounter for age and is equivalent to "years old" in English!Did you use そふそふ , the "plain" word for "grandfather," to refer to your own?なんさいなんさい is the "plain" version of おいくつおいくつ (how old). It's the combination of the question word なんなん (what)and the age counter さいさい .Did you notice that the pronunciation for the number eight (はちはち) changes when it's combined with さいさい? A similar change happens when the number is "one" (いちいち））or "ten" (じゅうじゅう). "One year old," forexample, is いっさいいっさい , and "ten years old" is じゅっさいじゅっさい .Notice that we need ごご instead of おお to politely say "family" in Japanese.にんにん in the question word なんにんなんにん is the counter for people.Although the counter for people is にんにん , we say ひとりひとり for "one person" and ふたりふたり for "two people." These are two special cases that need to be memorized!To count three or more people, we attach にんにん to the number, as in さんにんさんにん . The exception is for "fourpeople": the number four is よんよん , but we say よにんよにん .Strictly speaking, きょうだいきょうだい means "brother(s)," but it also means "sibling(s)" in general. If there areonly sisters, we can use the term しまいしまい (sisters).When we say きょうだいはふたりですきょうだいはふたりです in Japanese, it usually includes ourselves. To avoid amisunderstanding, however, it's a good idea to list all the members!Do you remember that ここ means a "child"? ひとりっこひとりっこ literally means "one child." Did you notice thatthe pronunciation slightly changes when ひとりひとり and ここ are combined?We have so far learned the verb いるいる as the equivalent of "to exist/to be" when we are talking aboutpeople, animals, and other living creatures. いるいる can also mean "to have."Did you notice that we need がが after ペットペット and say ペットがいますペットがいます (I have a pet)? Some verbs requireus to use がが , not をを , to mark their objects. It's the same がが we used in the question ちずがありますかちずがありますか(Do you have maps?).Now let's figure out a simple way to answer the question, ペットがいますかペットがいますか (Do you have pets?)!The counter for small animals (such as dogs and cats), fish, and insects is ひきひき . Please note that thepronunciation of ひきひき changes just like ほんほん (the counter for thin, long objects), depending on what wordor number comes before it. When combined with the question word なんなん , it becomes びきびき as in なんびきなんびき .When someone asks you どんないぬですかどんないぬですか (What kind of dog is it?), he or she may be asking about yourdog's breed or characteristics such as its size, color, or disposition. Let's assume the latter is the casehere.



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Have you noticed that both おおきいおおきい (big) and かわいいかわいい (cute) end with いい? So does あかいあかい (red) and ししろいろい (white), right? In fact, the dictionary form of many adjectives in Japanese ends with いい . That's whywe call this type of adjective the "いい-adjective."Did you notice that we say きれいないぬきれいないぬ (beautiful dog) with なな added after the adjective きれいきれい? Eventhough きれいきれい ends with いい , it's a type of adjective different from いい-adjectives such as おおきいおおきい . Sincethis type of adjective always needs なな when used before a noun to modify it, we call it "なな-adjective." There are not many なな-adjectives that end with いい . So, let's memorize きれいきれい as a なな-adjective and use itaccordingly!げんきげんき can be either a noun ("good health," "good cheer," or "vitality") or a なな-adjective ("healthy," "fine,""cheerful," "spry," or "full of energy"). Here we use it as a なな-adjective.Did you notice that げんきげんき (which is a なな-adjective) does not need なな when it's used as the sentence-ending word along with ですです as in げんきですげんきです? Let's call sentences that end with an adjective and ですです"adjective sentences"!Do you remember the verb しますします (do) and its past form しましたしました (did)? するする (to do) is its dictionaryform. This verb is very versatile. It takes a wide range of nouns as its object, including sports, events,games, chores, or other various activities, and it means that the activity is carried out. The translation,therefore, varies depending on the object.As in the case of おちゃおちゃ , people often say おはなみおはなみ with the polite-word maker おお even in a casualconversation.Please note that あしたあした (tomorrow) is a noun, but it's often used as an adverb without any accompanyingparticle.Did you use the question word なになに instead of なんなん because the word that follows it is をを , which startswith neither the "t," "d," nor "n" sound?Like あしたあした (tomorrow), きょうきょう is a noun that is often used as an adverb.Let's assume that our listener knows that we are talking about our own mother in the followingquestions. This means we can safely omit the pronoun わたしのわたしの (my).Did you notice that the sentence きょうは、ははのたんじょうびですきょうは、ははのたんじょうびです (Today is my mother's birthday) hasthe familiar "X はは Y ですです" pattern, in which X is the topic of the sentence? Since きょうきょう (today) is actuallya noun, we can use it as the topic.When you want to politely invite someone to do something, you replace the polite verb ending ますます withthe negative form ませんません and attach the question marker かか . ～ませんか～ませんか is equivalent to "Why don't you~?" or "Why don't we ~?" depending on the context.いっしょにいっしょに consists of いっしょいっしょ (which means "being together") and the particle にに . We can use いっしょいっしょにに with regular verbs such as いきますいきます (go) or しますします (do) to mean "together" or "with (someone)."When we are going out and want to invite someone to join us, we say in English, "Why don't you comewith us?" When we want to issue the same invitation in Japanese, we need to say いっしょにいきませんいっしょにいきませんかか ("Why don't you go with us?"). In general, we use いくいく (to go) to describe the movement in thedirection away from the place where the speaker is as she or he speaks, while くるくる (to come) is used todescribe the movement toward the speaker.



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The generic verb するする (to do) sometimes attaches itself directly to a common activity noun such as しょしょくじくじ (a meal) or さんぽさんぽ (a walk) without using the particle をを . The longer verbs thus formed (as in しょくしょくじするじする or さんぽするさんぽする) are called "compound verbs." In theory, it's possible to create an infinite numberof compound verbs in this way, but only well-established expressions are considered grammaticallylegitimate verbs!こんこん in こんばんこんばん means "this" or "now" (used only as a part of time expression) and ばんばん means"evening" or "night." こんばんこんばん (tonight), therefore, literally means "this evening." If you are wonderingwhether こんばんこんばん is related to the greeting こんばんはこんばんは , which we use when we meet someone after dark,you are right! The greeting, in fact, is derived from a sentence that begins with こんばんはこんばんは or "As fortonight."When you want to invite someone to do something with you or accept an invitation with enthusiasm, wecan replace the polite verb ending ますます with ましょうましょう , as in いきましょういきましょう . It's equivalent to "Let's ~" inEnglish. Compared with いきませんかいきませんか (literally, "Won't you go?"), いきましょういきましょう sounds more positive anddirect.When we don't want to give a straight answer right away or need time to think, we can buy time by sayingそうですね・・・そうですね・・・ . It's equivalent to "Well...," "Let's see...," or "Let me think..." in English!Sometimes you have to decline an invitation. Let's learn how to do it politely a la Japanese!Now, let's learn how to reply graciously when someone has declined your invitation!Do you remember how to say "we" in Japanese? That's right, it's わたしたちわたしたち . たちたち in わたしたちわたしたち and ひとひとたちたち is one of the several "plural markers." In general, we don't need to create the specific plural form forJapanese nouns. However, personal pronouns (such as "we" or "you") and "human" nouns (such as"people" or "children") are exceptions!There are two words for "teacher" in Japanese: きょうしきょうし and せんせいせんせい . きょうしきょうし is a generic term for theoccupation. Use this word when you are describing your family members, your friends, or yourself. If youwant to show your respect to the person whom you are describing, as in the case of introducing a teacherto someone else, use せんせいせんせい instead.We can use もうひとりもうひとり to mean either "another person" or "the other person," depending on the context.いんいん in かいしゃいんかいしゃいん (company employee) means a "(staff) member" in Japanese. かいしゃいんかいしゃいん ,therefore, literally means a "company staff member." Please note that いんいん is always used with otherwords, as in ぎんこういんぎんこういん (bank employee) or えきいんえきいん (station worker)!もも in カラオケもありますカラオケもあります is equivalent to "too," "also," or "either" in English. Please note that もも is aparticle--that is, it usually appears right after a noun or a noun phrase!　　 X もも Y もも is equivalent to "both X and Y" or "neither X nor Y" in English.Did you notice that we use the expression "X もも Y もも" (neither X nor Y) with the negative form of verb, butit does not form double-negative? It's similar to the usage of あまりあまり ("not very much" or "not very well").When we want to say "(I) like" in Japanese, we say すきですすきです . Please note that すきすき is a なな-adjective that isequivalent to "fond" or "favorite" in English.



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Did you notice that we need to use the particle がが to say テニスがすきですテニスがすきです (I like tennis)? As in the caseof ありますあります or いますいます (have), すきですすきです use がが , not をを , to mark the object. Let's memorize "Xがすきですがすきです"(I like X) as a set phrase!だいだい in だいすきですだいすきです literally means "big" or "great." When combined with すきですすきです , it works like "verymuch." The English equivalent of "Xがだいすきですがだいすきです ," therefore, is "(I) like X very much" or "(I) love X"!きらいきらい is a なな-adjective, which can mean "hateful," "disgusting," "offensive," or "detestable"--anything thatis the opposite of すきすき ("fond" or "favorite")! To say "(I) hate," we say きらいですきらいです . If you want toemphasize your negative feelings even more, you can say だいきらいですだいきらいです!Did you remember that あまりあまり ("not very" or "not much") is only used in a negative sentence, but it doesnot make the sentence double-negative?Now let's use the simple yet discreet way to give a negative answer.Did you notice that we used the particle はは instead of がが in すもうはすきですがすもうはすきですが (I like sumo, but...)? In atwo-part sentence such as "I like X, but I don't like Y," we use the particle はは for both parts to emphasizethat we are contrasting two things.からから connects two sentences together by appearing at the end of the first sentence and indicates thatthe first sentence is the cause or reason for the second sentence. It's equivalent to "because," "since" or"so" in English. In conversations, the second sentence (one that tells the effect or result) is often omittedand only implied.Do you remember that the equivalent of "funny" in Japanese is おもしろいおもしろい? おもしろいおもしろい can also mean"enjoyable" or "interesting."Did you notice that れんしゅうするれんしゅうする (to practice) is a compound verb using the noun れんしゅうれんしゅう (apractice) and the generic verb するする (to do)?In everyday conversation, the particle にに in ここにここに (here) is often omitted. Let's try it!Do you remember we used the particle がが to mark the subject of verbs as in こいがいますこいがいます (There arecarp)? In everyday conversations, the particle がが is often omitted when the subject of the sentence is だだれかれか (someone) or its counterpart なにかなにか (something).Please note that though だれもだれも means "no one" or "nobody," it must be used with the negative form of averb in a sentence.Did you notice that we don't need the particle がが after だれもだれも?So far, we have used どうぞどうぞ to mean "Here you go," "Please come in," or "Please get on." We can alsouse どうぞどうぞ to allow someone to take an action. It's equivalent to "Go ahead" or "Please do"!Do you remember that Japanese people usually avoid using pronouns as long as the context allows it? かかれれ literally means "he" or "him," but it is often used to mean a very special "he"--(one's) boyfriend!Did you use the pointing word そこそこ (that place) instead of それそれ (that thing) to point to せきせき (seat), whichis considered as a place rather than an object?Do you remember that we count people as ひとりひとり (one person), ふたりふたり (two people), さんにんさんにん (threepeople), and so on? ひとりひとり can also mean "(being) single," "(being) alone," or "(being) by oneself"!



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So far we have used the particle とと as the Japanese equivalent of "and," as in ちちとははちちとはは (father andmother). The same particle has another function: in the phrase かれとかれと , とと means "with" in English!Did you notice that we don't need the particle にに when we use the word いっしょいっしょ (being together) alongwith ですです , as in かれといっしょですかれといっしょです (I'm together with my boyfriend)?Like かれかれ ("[one's] boyfriend"; literally, "he" or "him"), かのじょかのじょ is the pronoun for "she" or "her," but isoften used to mean "(one's) girlfriend"!みせみせ is a generic term for a place of business that is open for customers, including retail stores,restaurants, and bars. Native speakers often use the term whenever they assume that their listenersunderstand which place of business they are talking about. It's one of those words that is very simpleand useful, but it's hard to find an English equivalent! For convenience, let's use a "place of business" forits English translation even though it may sound a bit strange.かいめかいめ in にかいめにかいめ (the second time) is the counter indicating the status of the current action in regard tothe frequency. Please note that in order to say "(for) the first time" in Japanese, we often say はじめてはじめてwithout using the combination of the number and the counter.あまりあまり ("not very" or "not much") can also mean "not very often." Let's use it in this way in the nextquestion!The two expressions "X とと" (with X) and "X といっしょにといっしょに" (together with X) mean the same thing. We canuse them interchangeably to indicate that X is the person with whom you share an action, such as goingto a club or watching a movie.にがてにがて is a なな-adjective we can use to describe our weak points. It's equivalent to "poor at" or "weak in" inEnglish!When you say にがてですにがてです , you are simply stating (or "reporting") that you are not good at something. When you say にがてなんですにがてなんです , however, you are offering the fact to your listener as an explanation foryour action or your previous remark. The ending なんですなんです , attached to either nouns, なな-adjectives, oradverbs, adds the nuance of "as a matter of fact" or "to tell you the truth" to the sentence. For the sakeof convenience, let's call this mode of speech the "explanation mode"!Do you remember the expression にほんごがじょうずですにほんごがじょうずです (You are good at Japanese) or テニスがすきでテニスがすきですす (I like tennis)? As in the case of じょうずですじょうずです or すきですすきです , we use the particle がが to indicate the objectof にがてですにがてです--that is, what we are poor at --as in ダンスがにがてですダンスがにがてです .へえ？へえ？ is a casual way to express your surprise or doubt. It's equivalent to "Indeed?" "Really?" or "Oh?" inEnglish!Can you answer the next question using the casual "I" for a male speaker?Do you remember the expression 「うに」といいます「うに」といいます (We call it "uni")? といいますといいます is a commonexpression we use to introduce the name of a thing or a person in somewhat indirect manner. It'sequivalent to "is/am/are called ~" or "we call (something) ~." Let's memorize it as a phrase so that all wehave to do is to insert the name before とと!



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Though we often get by without using any pronouns such as わたしわたし (I or me) or あなたあなた (you) in Japanese,sometimes we have to be specific to avoid misunderstandings or mix-ups--especially in relationships! Inthe following questions, let's clearly state whose boyfriend we are talking about!すてきすてき is a なな-adjective that means "wonderful," "lovely," or "nice."Did you remember to add なな and say すてきなひとすてきなひと since すてきすてき is a なな-adjective?Can you see the difference between となりのカフェとなりのカフェ and カフェのとなりカフェのとなり? While となりのカフェとなりのカフェ (literally,"cafe at the next-door") describes the cafe in regard to its location, カフェのとなりカフェのとなり (literally, "the next-door of the cafe") indicates the location of something else in relation to the cafe.Did you notice that we need to use the particle でで and say となりのカフェでとなりのカフェで? This is the same particle welearned to use in the sentence ここでおりますここでおります (I'm getting off at this place). The particle でで attachesitself to a noun denoting a place, just as the particle にに does, and works as "at," "in," or "on" in English.While にに indicates the place where something or someone exists, でで indicates the place where someaction takes place.When we want to give an example while making a suggestion, we use でもでも , instead of the particle をを ,after the noun. For instance, when suggesting that someone join us for refreshments, we can pick コーコーヒーヒー (coffee) as an example out of other drinks available and say コーヒーでもコーヒーでも , which means "coffee orsomething" or "coffee, for example." Please note that this でもでも is different from でもでも that means "but"!すごいひとすごいひと can mean either an "amazing person" or "terribly crowded." Let's use it in the latter sensehere!むかいのバーむかいのバー can mean either "the bar across the street" or "the bar across the hallway (or aisle)."Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer paying their own way when they wine and dine with friends--whether these friends are male or female. However, when asked out by men for the first time, manywomen probably expect their dates to pay the whole tab. "Going Dutch" in Japanese is わりかんわりかん . If youwant to suggest to split the cost, you can say わりかんにしましょうわりかんにしましょう!じじ in なんじなんじ is the counter for the hour. It's equivalent to "o'clock" in English!Did you notice that the pronunciation of よんよん (four) changes when it's used to tell the hour?Some Japanese numbers have two different pronunciations. For example, we have so far learned "seven"is なななな , but the same number can be read as しちしち . In general, we can use both pronunciationsinterchangeably, but sometimes we have to use a particular one, depending on the counter that followsit. When we say "seven o'clock," for example, we have to say しちじしちじ . Let's memorize it and use it as it is!Like "seven," "nine" in Japanese has two pronunciations: きゅうきゅう and くく . When we tell the hour, we have tosay くじくじ (nine o'clock). Let's memorize this one, too!かえるかえる means "to return," but we often use it to mean "to go home."Did you notice that we don't need any particle after しゅうまつしゅうまつ (weekend) to say "for the weekend"? Most time expressions that do not include specific numbers such as the hour or the date can be used asthey are without particles equivalent to "at," "on," "in," or "for."かか in かようびかようび (Tuesday) means "fire," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Mars, かせいかせい (literally,"Fire Star").すいすい in すいようびすいようび (Wednesday) means "water," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Mercury, すすいせいいせい (literally, "Water Star").



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もくもく in もくようびもくようび (Thursday) means "wood" or "tree," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forJupiter, もくせいもくせい (literally, "Wood Star").きんきん in きんようびきんようび (Friday) means "metal" or "gold," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Venus,きんせいきんせい ("Gold Star").どど in どようびどようび (Saturday) means "earth," "soil" or "dirt," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forSaturn, どせいどせい (literally, "Dirt Star").にちにち in にちようびにちようび (Sunday) means "the sun," just like in English! Please note, however, にちにち itselfcannot be used independently to mean the sun. Neither are the corresponding parts in other days of theweek such as げつげつ in げつようびげつようび or かか in かようびかようび , except for きんきん (gold) in きんようびきんようび!Here is the simple, yet effective way to memorize all the Japanese terms for the days of the week: say,"げつげつ, かか(ああ), すいすい, もくもく, きんきん, どど(おお), にちにち" (the extra vowels are added after かか and どど for the sake ofthe rhythm). Repeat it, like a mantra, until it gets stuck in your head. Then, all you need to do is to addようびようび after each component. Make sure, though, to remember that this "week mantra" starts withMonday!Did you remember that we use the particle はは as in "Xはは・・・・・・がが、、Yはは・・・・・・" (X is..., but Y is...) when wecontrast two statements in one sentence?Do you remember the expression とうきょうえきまでとうきょうえきまで (to Tokyo station)? Both までまで and へへ can be usedto indicate a destination, but while までまで emphasizes the end of a movement, like "as far as" in English,the particle へへ puts more emphasis on the direction of movement as in "toward." In this section, let's useへへ as the equivalent of "to" in English!We have learned to use the particle にに to indicate a location where something exists, as in ここにありまここにありますす (It exists here). We can also use the particle にに to express the purpose of movement with verbs suchas いくいく (to go), くるくる (to come), or かえるかえる (to go home). In such a case, the noun that comes before ににis an activity noun like hiking or shopping. Sometimes, an event such as a concert or a festival can beused before the particle にに as well.We have learned that the particle にに indicates the purpose of movement. The word that comes before ににcan be either an activity noun or a verb! When we use a verb, simply drop ますます from the polite form andadd にに . For example, to say "I go to swim," we drop ますます from およぎますおよぎます (swim) and say およぎにいきまおよぎにいきますす .うみうみ means the "ocean" or "sea," but we can also use it to mean the "beach" when we want to say "Let'sgo to the beach" or "This beach is clean."あそびにくるあそびにくる literally means "to come to have fun," but we can use the phrase to mean "to come overfor a visit" when we invite others to our own home. In turn, we can say あそびにいくあそびにいく (literally, "to go tohave fun") when we go to someone's home for a visit!Here is another formula that uses the ますます-form of a verb: when we want to express our desire to dosomething, we drop ますます from the polite form of the verb and add たいですたいです . For example, いきたいですいきたいですmeans "(I) want to go." Please note that we cannot use ～たいです～たいです to describe the desire of the thirdperson. Neither can we use it when we are making offers or issuing invitations as in "Would you like tohave some coffee?"Did you add へへ after the question word どこどこ (where) and say どこへいきますかどこへいきますか (Where do you go)? Weneed the particle へへ to indicate the destination, even when we are asking about it!



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Did you remember to use the question word なになに along with the object marker をを?Now, for the next question, let's pretend that someone has suggested that you go to a movie together. Can you come up with an enthusiastic response?We can use どうですかどうですか (literally, "How is it?") not only to ask how something is, but also to make asuggestion, like saying "How about ~?" in English!Do you remember that the Japanese word for a "mountain" is やまやま? The Chinese character for やまやま (山山)is often read as さんさん when it's used in the names of mountains, as in たかおさんたかおさん (Mt. Takao). It maysound like a person's name, but さんさん in たかおさんたかおさん and さんさん in ようこさんようこさん (Ms. Yoko) are completelydifferent things!ゆうめいゆうめい ends with いい , but it's a なな-adjective that means "famous" or "well-known."Did you notice that we need to use the particle がが , not をを , along with the verb いりますいります (I need)? As youhave already learned, some verbs and adjectives need がが to mark their objects, as in ペットがいますペットがいます (Ihave a pet) or テニスがすきですテニスがすきです (I like tennis). Let's remember that いりますいります is one of them!Did you remember that the sentence-ending particle ねね can be used to seek a confirmation with a risingintonation? It's equivalent to "..., right?" in English!Did you replace the particle がが with the particle もも to add the meaning of "also" or "too"? Also rememberthat we can use もも in a negative sentence, as in "either" in English!おわすれなくおわすれなく is a polite way to say "Don't forget!" in everyday conversation. It's based on the negativeform of the verb わすれるわすれる (to forget).Did you remember to use the particle でで to indicate the location where the action takes place?Here is another use for the particle にに . When we indicate the point in time that an action takes place, weneed to use にに after the time, as in くじにくじに (at nine o'clock).Did you remember to add the particle にに after the question word なんじなんじ (what time) to find out the pointin time when an action (here going to a movie) takes place?When we mention approximate times, we add ごろごろ after the time, as in よじごろよじごろ . When we use ごろごろ , wecan omit the particle にに that indicates the time of action.Here are some tips on how to use three similar phrases. We use やすみましょうやすみましょう (Let's rest) to expressour will to involve our listener directly or to enthusiastically support another person's suggestion. We useやすみましょうかやすみましょうか (Shall we rest?) when we want to prompt our listener to start a mutual action. やすみまやすみませんかせんか (Why don't we rest?) is a gentler invitation in the form of a negative question, showing our respectto our listener's will.



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Do you remember the expression タクシーをよびましょうかタクシーをよびましょうか (Should I call a taxi?). We used the verbending ましょうかましょうか to offer a service to someone. Now, we can use the same ending when we want tomake a polite suggestion. It's equivalent to "Shall we ~?" in English!As you already know, Japanese people often end their sentences with ねね , sharing their feelings or opinionsand seeking agreement or confirmation from their listeners. つかれましたねつかれましたね is another example. In thisexpression, the tired speaker assumes that the other person is also tired and seeks an agreement fromhim or her. It's a very common way of communicating in Japanese, though the English equivalent--"We'retired, aren't we?"--may sound a bit strange!The counter for the temperature in Japanese is どど . We can also use どど for the degree of an angle.We can use なんどですかなんどですか (literally, "What degree is it?") to ask how hot or cold　　something is.When we end our sentence with ですです , we imply that what we are saying is a fact. When we want to avoidsounding definite and imply that what we are saying is only our assumption, we can end our sentencewith でしょうでしょう instead of ですです . To ask your listener his or her assumption, simply add the questionmarker かか and end the sentence with でしょうかでしょうか . It's equivalent to "do you think?" or "I wonder" inEnglish.Do you remember that we use ごろごろ to tell an approximate time as in よじごろよじごろ (around four o'clock)? When we talk about the approximate amount of something (such as temperature, time, distance, weight,or price), we use ぐらいぐらい after the number to mean "about," "around," or "approximately." For example,さんじゅうどぐらいさんじゅうどぐらい means "around thirty degrees.""Zero" in Japanese can be either れいれい or ゼロゼロ . When talking about the temperature, however, we mustuse れいれい and say れいどれいど (zero degrees).When we want to signal our listeners that we are thinking, as in "Let me see..." in English, we can sayえーっと・・・えーっと・・・ . It's similar to そうですね・・・そうですね・・・ (Well...), but えーっとえーっと・・・・・・ is more casual andspontaneous!In the next question, let's assume that someone has asked about the outside temperature, and you arelooking at a thermometer to find the information.Please note that we mainly use すずしいすずしい (cool) to describe the temperature of the air or the climate witha positive connotation. Make sure not to use it as the equivalent of "cool" in expressions like "He's socool!"よりより is a particle that comes after the word used as the counterpart of a comparison. It's equivalent to"than" or "more than" in English!Did you notice that in きのうよりすずしいですきのうよりすずしいです (It's cooler than yesterday), the adjective (すずしいすずしい) itselfdoes not change its form? What tells us that this is a comparison sentence? That's right! It's theparticle よりより!Do you remember that we have so far used どちらどちら as the polite version of どこどこ (where)? We can alsouse どちらどちら as the equivalent of "which" in English in a question asking our listener to compare two thingsand choose one of them.Did you remember that we use the particle がが to indicate what we like? We also need to add がが after thequestion word どちらどちら to say どちらがすきですかどちらがすきですか (Which do you like?).



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To form a comparison question using the question word どちらどちら , we mention two things by adding theparticle とと after each word, as in "X とと Y とと ." It's the equivalent of "X or Y" in English.When we want to pick one over the other in our answer to the comparison question, such as うみとやまうみとやまと、どちらがすきですかと、どちらがすきですか (Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains?), we can use the pattern "Xのほうが・・・ですのほうが・・・です ." Let's memorize the pattern and practice using it in a conversation!We can use どちらもどちらも in both affirmative and negative sentences.Did you notice that although どちらもどちらも is the equivalent of "neither," we have to use it along with thenegative sentence ending, as in どちらもすきじゃありませんどちらもすきじゃありません?When we want to compare more than three things and pick one as the highest (or the lowest) rankingamong them, we add いちばんいちばん (literally, the "number one") before the adjective. It's equivalent to "(the)most" or "(the) best" in English.In order to indicate the range of choices, we use the particle でで as in きせつできせつで (among seasons) or にほんにほんでで (in Japan). はれはれ is a noun that describes sunny or clear weather. That's the word you'll be looking for when youwatch the weather forecast on Japanese TV! You can also describe the same nice weather as いいてんきいいてんき(fine weather) in everyday conversations.Did you notice that the past form of あついですあついです is different from the past form of はれですはれです? It's becauseあついですあついです is made of an いい-adjective (あついあつい) and ですです , while はれですはれです consists of a noun (はれはれ) and でですす . If the sentence ends with an いい-adjective and ですです , the past form takes the same pattern as あつあつかったですかったです : simply drop いですいです at the end and replace it with かったですかったです!Now, do you remember からから ("because" or "since") that marks the sentence as the cause of thesubsequent sentence? Let's use it in the next question!Did you notice that the past form of きれいですきれいです is different from the past form of あついですあついです? It'sbecause きれいきれい is a なな-adjective! If the sentence ends with a なな-adjective and ですです , simply replace ですですwith でしたでした!Because どのくらいどのくらい can be used in many situations, you may find that some questions sound rathervague. ちょうじょうまでどのくらいですかちょうじょうまでどのくらいですか , for example, can be asking about the distance to the summitor time that it takes to get there. In this section, let's assume that the question is about the distance!どのくらいどのくらい is a very versatile question word that we can use to ask the amount or degree of something,including distance, temperature, weight, duration of time, cost, and size. The translation, therefore, canvary, depending on what measurement we are dealing with. To be specific, we can use なんなん (what) plusthe counter as in なんどなんど for the temperature.Did you use the particle までまで , not へへ , as the equivalent of "to" in the phrase "from here to the summit"? When talking about the distance between two points, we use からから (from) to indicate the starting point andまでまで ("to" or "as far as") to indicate the end. Let's memorize "X からから Y までまで" as a stock phrase! When thestarting point is obvious, it's often omitted.



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あとあと is a word that points to a place that is behind, a time that comes later, or things that remain. Wecan use あとあと before some numbers (such as distance, time, or quantity) to indicate the remainingamount. あといちキロメートルあといちキロメートル , for example, means "one more kilometer to go"!When we describe a natural phenomenon, we use the particle がが to mark the subject, as in あめがふりまあめがふりますす (literally, "Rain falls"). In this case, we can't replace がが with the topic marker はは .Do you remember the sentence ending でしょうでしょう , which implies that what we are telling is ourassumption? When we want to indicate that what we are telling is our conjecture based on observation,we end the sentence with そうですそうです instead. It's equivalent to "it seems" or "it looks" in English. Forregular verbs such as ふるふる (to fall), simply drop ますます from the polite form and add そうですそうです to form thepattern, as in ふりそうですふりそうです .なんだかなんだか is a phrase we can use in everyday conversations to express the vagueness of our feelings orjudgments. It's equivalent to "I don't know why, but ...," "somewhat," "a little," "kind of," or "somehow" inEnglish!Some Japanese adverbs mimetically describe movements with repeated words. そろそろそろそろ is one of them,giving the listener a sense of slowness. The English equivalents include "slowly," "softly," "gradually," "(notright now but) soon," or "by and by."そろそろいきましょうかそろそろいきましょうか literally means "Shall we go by and by?"ーーa suggestion to start in a short time. However, people sometimes use the same expression to hurry others in a polite way. In that case, theEnglish equivalent would be "It's about time for us to go" or "We'd better be going!"There are only two basic Group III verbs whose conjugation patterns we have to memorize: するする (to do)and くるくる (to come). The rest of Group III verbs are "compound" verbs based on these two, and theyconjugate just as the basic verbs do.So far, we have been learning two forms of verbs, the dictionary form and the ますます-form (that is, thepolite form). Let's start paying close attention to how these two forms are related so that we'll be able toidentify the three types of Japanese verbs: Group I, Group II, and Group III.するする (to do) belongs to Group III, or "irregular," verbs. It's called "irregular" because the way this verbconjugates (that is, how it changes form according to the different usage, as in するする becoming しますします inthe polite form) has no pattern that matches with the conjugation pattern of other verbs. We just have tomemorize how this verb conjugates!In Japanese, there is a verb form called the てて-form, which we can use in various verb phrases. To createthe てて-form for a Group III (or irregular) verb, we simply delete ますます from its polite form and add てて . Theてて-form for するする (or しますします) therefore is してして .When we want to talk about some action or motion in progress, we use the てて-form of the verb followedby いますいます . していますしています is equivalent to "is/am/are doing" in English!もしもしもしもし is an everyday expression we can use when we make a phone call, pick up the phone, or makesure that the person on the other end of the phone line is still there. This funny sounding phrase isderived from the verb もうすもうす (humble version of "to say"). The English equivalent is "Hello," butremember that もしもしもしもし is almost exclusively used during phone conversations!



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In the next questions, let's pretend that you are making a phone call!We can use りょうりりょうり to mean not only "cooking" but also "a dish" (as in おいしいりょうりおいしいりょうり or "a tastydish") or cuisine (as in にほんりょうりにほんりょうり or "Japanese cuisine").The Japanese alphabet chart consists of five columns (or lines) and ten rows with the addition of thesingle letter んん . The first row is all vowels, あいうえおあいうえお , each of which heads each line, as in ああ-line or いい-line. Each of the remaining rows is made of the combination of a vowel and a consonant, in the order of k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w. The additional chart covers consonants g, z, d, b, p. In other words, each row usesthe same consonant, while each line uses the same vowel.The conjugation pattern for Group II verbs involves a single "line" of the alphabet chart: either いい-line orええ-line. For example, all the conjugated forms of the verb たべるたべる (to eat) contain べべ (which belongs tothe ええ-line), as in たべますたべます and たべてたべて . Because it involves a single line (or いちだんいちだん in Japanese), theconjugation pattern for Group II verbs is called いちだんかつよういちだんかつよう (single-line conjugation).たべるたべる (to eat) is a Group II verb. Group II verbs are sometimes called "るる-verbs" because the dictionaryform of all Group II verbs ends with るる . The problem is that the dictionary form of some Group I verbsalso ends with るる! It's important to determine whether the verb belongs to Group I or II because thesetwo groups conjugate differently. Let's learn how to identify verb types, using たべるたべる as our example.A quick and sure way to determine whether a verb belongs to Group II is to compare the dictionary formand the polite-form. First, drop ますます from the polite form. If what is left matches what comes before るる inthe dictionary form, then the verb is a Group II verb. For example, たべたべ in たべますたべます and たべたべ in たべるたべるmatch perfectly, right? Therefore, we can conclude that たべるたべる is a Group II verb!Forming the てて-form for Group II verbs is easy! All you have to do is to drop ますます from the polite-form (ordrop るる from the dictionary form) and add てて instead! So, the てて-form for たべるたべる or たべますたべます is たべてたべて!The dictionary form for "to make (a telephone call)" is かけるかける , and the polite form is かけますかけます . Can youtell what type of verb this is? That's right! It's Group II. We can easily tell that because かけかけ in かけますかけますmatches perfectly with かけかけ in かけるかける . We are now ready to figure out the てて-form of the verb!でんわでんわ can mean either a "telephone" as an instrument or a "telephone call." Let's use the word in thelatter meaning in the next question!Let's figure out the verb type of みるみる (to watch). What is left after dropping ますます from みますみます is みみ , andit's identical to what comes before るる in みるみる , right? So, we can tell that this verb also belongs to GroupII!Let's have a closer look at the Group I verb つくるつくる . When we compare つくるつくる and つくりますつくります , we seethat the first part つくつく is unchanged. Since the ますます ending of つくりますつくります is a common addition to all thepolite forms, let's put it aside. Now, what is changed is the dictionary form ending るる , which becomes りりin the polite form. りり belongs to the いい-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, while るる belongs to the うう-line. Let's see whether other Group I verbs follow the pattern!



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Let's figure out which verb group つくるつくる belongs to. Though つくるつくる ends with るる , what is left afterdropping ますます from つくりますつくります does not match what comes before るる in the dictionary form, right? Therefore, this verb belongs not to Group II but to Group I.How to make the てて-form for Group I verbs is a little more involved than Group II or III: it depends on theverb ending of the dictionary form. For the Group I verb whose dictionary form ends with うう or つつ or るる ,drop the ending and add ってって . Since つくるつくる is a Group I verb and ends with るる , the てて-form will be つくっつくってて!Can you tell what kind of verb たくたく (to cook [rice]) is? It does not belong to Group III, which consists ofonly two verbs, するする (to do) and くるくる (to come). Neither does it belong to Group II, whose dictionary formalways ends with るる . Therefore, we can safely conclude that たくたく is a Group I verb!Let's compare たくたく and たきますたきます . For this Group I verb, what is unchanged is たた , and what is changed isthe dictionary form ending くく , which becomes きき in the polite form. きき belongs to the いい-line of theJapanese alphabet chart, and くく belongs to the うう-line. So, we can tell that たくたく follows the same basicconjugation pattern as つくるつくる!To make the てて-form for the Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with くく , we drop くく from thedictionary form and add いていて . Now, let's figure out the てて-form for たくたく!わかすわかす (to boil) is used as the method for boiling water or some kind of liquid such as tea or soup. Wecan't use it to say, for example, "to boil an egg (or potato)"!Let's examine one more Group I verb for the conjugation pattern. わかすわかす does not end with るる , so weknow that this is a Group I verb. When we compare わかすわかす and わかしますわかします , the unchanged part is わかわか ,and the changed part is the dictionary form ending すす , which is changed to しし in the polite form. ししbelongs to the いい-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, while すす belongs to the うう-line. So, わかすわかす alsofollows the same conjugation pattern as つくるつくる and たくたく!For those Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with すす , we make the てて-form by dropping the verbending すす from the dictionary form and adding してして . Now, what do you think the てて-form for わかすわかす is?The Japanese equivalent to "hot water" is ゆゆ , but most people say おゆおゆ in everyday conversation!Just like ごはんをたくごはんをたく (to cook rice), おゆをわかすおゆをわかす is a commonly used expression. Literally, it means "toboil hot water," which sounds like a waste of energy, but it actually means "to boil water"!We have learned from our examination of three Group I verbs that the conjugation pattern for this verbtype involves at least two lines from the Japanese alphabet chart: the いい-line and うう-line. In fact, mostGroup I verbs use all five lines to complete their conjugation pattern. That's why we call the conjugationpattern for Group I verbs ごだんかつようごだんかつよう (five-line conjugation)!Did you remember that to tell the purpose of movement (in this case "to come"), we drop ますます from thepolite form of verbs and add the particle にに , as in たべにきますたべにきます (come to eat)?



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Do you remember the "explanation" mode of speech we used to say ダンスがにがてなんですダンスがにがてなんです (As amatter of fact, I'm a poor dancer)? While using なんですなんです after nouns, なな-adjectives and adverbs, we useんですんです after いい-adjectives and verbs. When asking for an explanation for the other person's current orfuture action, simply add んですかんですか after the dictionary form of the verb, as in つくるんですかつくるんですか . It adds toyour question the nuance of "Tell me" or "I'm wondering."The verb やくやく can mean "to broil," "to roast," "to grill," "to barbecue," "to sear," "to bake," "to toast," oreven "to burn." It's very versatile, isn't it!Do you remember that そうですそうです in あめがふりそうですあめがふりそうです (It seems that it's going to rain) indicates thespeaker's judgment based on his or her observation? We can use the same ending with adjectives aswell to mean "it seems..." or "it looks...." For なな-adjectives such as しずかしずか (quiet), simply add そうですそうです tothe dictionary form, as in しずかそうですしずかそうです (It seems quiet). For いい-adjectives such as おいしいおいしい , we dropthe word-ending いい and add そうですそうです , as in おいしそうですおいしそうです (It looks tasty).An observation can be made not only through our eyes, but also our ears or noses. Let's figure out thenext question!Did you get it right? Just as we can connect as many nouns as we like using the particle とと , we can, atleast theoretically, connect an infinite number of verbs by using the てて-form. This "てて-form, てて-form"pattern indicates that the action is taking place in the order stated. Please note that the last verb in thesentence remains in the ますます-form.Can you figure out what type of verb いためるいためる is by comparing it with the polite form, いためますいためます? That'sright! It's a Group II verb!We have so far learned that we can use the particle とと (and) to connect two or more nouns or nounphrases, right? When we want to connect two or more verbs, however, we can't use the particle とと . Instead, we use the てて-form of the verb!いれるいれる ("to put in" or "to add") becomes いれますいれます in the polite form. Which verb group does いれるいれるbelong to? Group II, of course!ふんふん is the counter for minutes. We can use it to talk about the duration of time (as in "for twentyminutes") or the point of time (as in "3:20"). Please note that the pronunciation of ふんふん sometimeschanges to ぷんぷん , depending on what number or word comes before it. One to ten minutes goes like this:いっぷんいっぷん , にふんにふん , さんぷんさんぷん , よんぷんよんぷん（（or よんふんよんふん）） , ごふんごふん , ろっぷんろっぷん , ななふんななふん , はっぷんはっぷん , きゅうふんきゅうふん ,and じゅっぷんじゅっぷん! The question word is なんぷんなんぷん (literally, "what minute").Do you remember that いれるいれる ("to put in" or "to add") is a Group II verb? Now let's figure out its てて-form!Though the "てて-form、、てて-form" pattern indicates the order of events, we can throw in some "signaling"words to help our listeners understand what's going on! まずまず ("first" or "first of all") is one of suchsignaling words, alerting the listeners that a series of events will follow.The particle でで in the phrase よわびでよわびで indicates some kind of method or means for actions, includingcooking heat (as in "over low heat"), utensils (as in "with chopsticks"), communication tools (as in "byphone" or "on TV"), transportation (as in "by bus"), language (as in "in Japanese"), and so on. Veryversatile, isn't it!The counter for the measuring cup is the same as the counter for a coffee cup or a glass. Do youremember what it is?しょうしょうしょうしょう , the polite version of すこしすこし (a little), is often used as a cooking term that is equivalent to"a dash" in English. Let's try to use it in the next question!



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じかんじかん means "time" in general, but we can also use it as the counter for hours. Please don't mix it upwith the counter for the hour, じじ . For example, いちじかんいちじかん means "one hour," and いちじいちじ means "oneo'clock"!We can use the noun さいごさいご ("the end" or "the last") to talk about the end of a time period, action, event,place, and so on.The verb できるできる has several meanings. Here, we use it as the equivalent of "to be made" in English.Can you tell what type of verb できるできる is? That's right! It's Group II.When we are looking at something and want to ask or describe what it is made from, we use できていまできていますす instead of できますできます . できていますできています (literally, "is being made") describes not the action in progress butthe continuing state resulting from what has happened in the past. That is, someone has madesomething using certain ingredients, and as the result, the ingredients are still in it. This is anotherfunction of the "てて-form + いますいます" pattern!We have so far used からから (from) to indicate the starting point as in ここからここから (from here). We can alsouse からから to indicate materials from which something is made.Do you remember that we use いくいく (to go) when we describe the movement in the direction away fromwhere we are as we speak, while くるくる (to come) is used to describe the movement toward us? The samebasic rule applies to the verb もっていくもっていく and its counterpart もってくるもってくる . For example, when we tell ourfriends on the phone that we will bring desserts, we say デザートをもっていきますデザートをもっていきます because we are goingto their house, moving away from where we are!もっていくもっていく consists of two parts: the てて-form of the Group I verb もつもつ (to hold or have) and the Group Iverb いくいく (to go). Here, let's use it as a compound verb equivalent to "to take (something with)."We have so far used できるできる to mean "to be made" as in みそはだいずからできていますみそはだいずからできています (Miso paste ismade from soybeans). We can also use できるできる to mean "to be ready."いいいい ("good," "fine," or "OK") is a いい-adjective. Do you remember how to turn it into the "explanation"mode?Can you tell what type of verb まつまつ (to wait) is? That's right! Since it does not end with るる , it's a Group Iverb! Now based on what you have learned about the conjugation pattern for Group I, can you tell whatthe polite form for まつまつ is?Now, まつまつ (to wait) is a Group I verb that ends with つつ . Do you remember how to make the てて-form forGroup I verbs whose dictionary form ends with うう or つつ or るる , as in つくるつくる (to make)?Did you notice that we needed to use the particle がが to mark the subject of the sentence? We can't usethe topic marker はは here because the whole sentence, スーツがやすくなりましたスーツがやすくなりました (The price of suits hasgone down), is communicating a new piece of information; that is, the speaker has "discovered" (orotherwise observed) some fact or phenomenon and is reporting it to the listener for the first time in theconversation. It's similar to the case of あめがふりそうですあめがふりそうです (It seems that it is going to rain).



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やすいやすい is equivalent to "inexpensive," "cheap," or "low (price)" in English. It doesn't, however, necessarilycarry a negative connotation as "cheap" often does.We can describe how things change by using the "adjective plus なりますなります" pattern. Please note that ifthe adjective is an いい-adjective such as やすいやすい , we have to drop the ending いい and instead add くく beforeなりますなります as in やすくなりますやすくなります (become inexpensive).ちゅうちゅう attaches itself to nouns for events such as セールセール (a sale) or for activities such as さんぽさんぽ (a walk),indicating that the event or activity is in progress. It's equivalent to "in the middle of" in English, but it canbe translated differently according to the context, as in "on (sale)," "under (repair)," or "in (conversation)"!さがすさがす is a Group I verb that ends with すす like わかすわかす (to boil water), right? Do you remember how tomake the てて-form for the verb like this?The Japanese word for "long" is ながいながい . ながそでながそで is the shortened form of ながいそでながいそで (literally, "longsleeve"), but it's used as one word!おさがしですかおさがしですか is the polite form of さがしていますかさがしていますか (Are you looking for?). You'll hear the phrase a lotin Japanese retail stores!Did you remember that we don't have to use the particle をを after なにかなにか (something) or だれかだれか(someone) in everyday conversation?We have so far used the word はんはん (half) to talk about time, as in にじはんにじはん (half past two). We can't useはんはん by itself, but we can combine it not only with time expressions but also with other nouns. Let's try itin the next question!So far, we have been using いいいい as "fine" (as in いいてんきいいてんき or "fine weather"), "good" (as in いいですねいいですね or"It sounds good"), or "okay" (as in いいですかいいですか or "Is it okay?"). We can also use いいいい to mean "right" or"suitable." Let's use the word in this last way here!Do you remember that we can have のの as a generic substitute for a noun as in あかいのあかいの (red one)? Let'suse it like this in the next question.Do you remember that すてきすてき (wonderful) can also be used to mean "nice" or "lovely"?We can use あれあれ! to show our surprise at something or some event that is unexpected. It's equivalent to"Ah!" or "Oh!" in English.The decimal point in Japanese is read as てんてん (literally, a "dot" or "point") as in にじゅうろくてんごにじゅうろくてんご(twenty-six point five).When we are talking about our shoe size in Japan, we can often omit the word センチセンチ (centimeter). Let'stry it in the next question.In addition to numbers, Japanese manufacturers use the letter sizes: XS (extra small), S (small), M(medium), L (large), and XL or LL (extra large). The sizes bigger than XL are written as 3L, 4L, and soon.We have so far used までまで to indicate a destination as in とうきょうえきまでとうきょうえきまで (to Tokyo Station) or ちょうちょうじょうまでじょうまで (to the summit). We can also use までまで to indicate the end point in time like "until" in English!We have learned that ばんばん means "evening" and used it in expressions such as こんばんはこんばんは (Goodevening) or ばんごはんばんごはん ("evening meal" or "supper"). While we generally use ばんばん to mean the timeperiod after dark, we use ゆうがたゆうがた to point to the time period between around four and sunset.We can say ゆうがたろくじはんゆうがたろくじはん or ゆうがたのろくじはんゆうがたのろくじはん . They mean the same--"half past six in theevening"!Did you remember that we can use からから to indicate the starting point in time as well as in space?



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よるよる and ばんばん are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are certain distinctions. In general, よるよるmeans after dark until sunrise. ばんばん is the early part of night when people are still awake and active. TheEnglish equivalents would be "night" for よるよる and "evening (after dark)" for ばんばん .Can you tell what type of verb しるしる is? That's right! It's a Group I verb whose dictionary form ends with るるlike つくるつくる (to make). Do you remember how to make the てて-form for these verbs?Please note that to say "I know" in Japanese, we have to say しっていますしっています . Like できていますできています (it ismade), しっていますしっています describes not an action in progress, but a "continuing state" that has resulted fromsome action taken in the past. Let's memorize it as a phrase!Did you notice that the negative form of しっていますしっています (I know) is しりませんしりません (I don't know)? Let'smemorize both the affirmative and negative form of the verb しるしる as a pair!Japanese people, particularly women and children, often add the honorific title さんさん after the names ofstores as in ケーキやさんケーキやさん or ほんやさんほんやさん . It's a friendly way to mention neighborhood businesses. Let'stry this in the next questions.おいしいケーキやさんおいしいケーキやさん (literally, "tasty cake shop") may sound as if the cake shop is edible like agingerbread house. This, however, is a common way in Japanese to describe a great cake shop thatserves delicious cakes!Do you remember that we used くださいください to mean "Please give me" in the sentence such as このシャツこのシャツくださいください (Please give me this shirt)? When we want to ask or instruct someone to do something, we usethe "てて-form plus くださいください" pattern as in おしえてくださいおしえてください ("Please tell me" or "Please teach me").What group of verbs does つつむつつむ belong to? That's right! It's a Group I verb. When the dictionary formfor a Group I verb ends with either むむ or ぶぶ or ぬぬ , we drop the last letter and add んでんで to make the てて-form. Can you figure out the てて-form for つつむつつむ?Here's the summary of the てて-form formation for Group I verbs. If the dictionary form ends with うう or つつor るる , like まつまつ (to wait), delete the last letter and add ってって as in まってまって . If the ending is むむ or ぶぶ or ぬぬ , likeつつむつつむ (to wrap), delete it and add んでんで as in つつんでつつんで . For the すす-ending like わかすわかす (to boil water),replace it with してして ; for the くく-ending like たくたく (to cook rice), use いていて ; and for the ぐぐ-ending like いそぐいそぐ(to hurry), use いでいで .Here is a little mantra to help you memorize how to form the てて-form for Group I verbs, irregular verbs,and Group II verbs, respectively. You can either repeat the following aloud or make a jingle out of it("Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" fits): うつるうつる「って」「って」 , むぶぬむぶぬ「んで」「んで」 , すす「して」「して」 , くく「いて」「いて」 , ぐぐ「いで」「いで」 , するする「して」「して」 , くるくる「きて」「きて」 , みるみる「みて」「みて」 . Please note that it lists the whole てて-form forthe irregular verbs (するする and くるくる) and Group II verbs (みるみる is used as an example), but only the verbendings for Group I verbs and their てて-forms.We have learned that にに is a versatile particle. Here's another use: when we use verbs such as "to putin," "to get in," "to get on," or "to arrive," we use the particle にに to indicate the goal. It's equivalent to "at,""on," or "in" in English. Let's figure out the next question!Did you remember that we could use the てて-form to connect two or more verbs to describe the chain ofevents or actions?



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Please note that we can only use ほしいですほしいです (I want) or したいですしたいです (I want to do) to talk about our owndesires or to find out the desires of our listeners in casual conversation. We can't use them to talk aboutthe desires of the third person. Also, we shouldn't use these expressions when we want to offersomething or issue invitations. For example, if you want to invite your friend to have some tea with you,you should say おちゃをのみませんかおちゃをのみませんか (Why don't we have some tea?) instead.ほしいほしい is an いい-adjective, but it functions as the equivalent of "to want" in English.Do you remember that we sometimes use the particle がが , not をを , to indicate the "object" of the verb suchas ありますあります (I have) or the adjective such as すきですすきです (I like)? When we use the expression ほしいですほしいです (Iwant), we also need to use がが to indicate what we want, as in あたらしいふくがほしいですあたらしいふくがほしいです (I want somenew clothes). Let's memorize "Xがほしいですがほしいです" (I want X) as a set phrase!Did you remember that in order to add the nuance of "As a matter of fact..." to our statement, we add んんですです after いい-adjectives as well as verbs?ひとつひとつ or ふたつふたつ is the original Japanese way of counting things. The combination of a number and acounter as in いっぱいいっぱい (one cup) or にほんにほん (two bottles) is based on the Chinese tradition, though theyare perfectly blended into Japanese as many other Chinese-based vocabularies are!We have so far learned that the word にもつにもつ means "luggage." In fact, にもつにもつ can be used to mean"luggage," "baggage," "parcel," "pack," or "bag"--anything that has to be carried or sent.In Japanese, we use the combination of a number and a specific counter to count something, right? There is an alternate way to count things up to 10. For example, we can use ひとつひとつ to count one itemsuch as a key, an apple, a computer, a chair, a house, or even a planet, without adding any counters. Wecan also use it to count an abstract thing such as an idea or a story. Convenient, isn't it!We have so far used the "ますます-form plus ましょうましょう" pattern to invite someone to do something with us, asin "Let's ~." We can use the same pattern to offer our service to someone. It's equivalent to "Let me (dosomething) for you" in English.To continue counting past ten using the Japanese counting system, like ひとつひとつ or ふたつふたつ , simply usenumbers with no counter, as in じゅういちじゅういち or にじゅうにじゅう!Now, let's assume that you have to take several packages to the post office. Can you figure out how toask someone politely to help you?Do you remember the expression おねがいしますおねがいします which we use to order something in restaurants, as inコーヒーおねがいしますコーヒーおねがいします (Coffee, please)? おねがいするおねがいする ("to request" or "to ask for") is the dictionaryform of おねがいしますおねがいします and consists of the noun おねがいおねがい (a "request" or "wish") and the irregular verb すするる (to do). It's another compound verb! Can you figure out its てて-form?When we want to ask for permission, we add もいいですかもいいですか (equivalent to "May I~?" in English) to the てて-form of the verb, as in おねがいしてもいいですかおねがいしてもいいですか (May I request?) おねがいしてもいいですかおねがいしてもいいですか is a politeexpression we can use in various situations. The translation, therefore, will vary depending on thecontext.In the next question, let's use the particle that indicates the final destination.Did you remember that we use the particle にに to indicate the spot that is the goal or target of an action?Judging from the way the dictionary form (よるよる) changes its shape in the polite form (よりますよります), we cantell that よるよる (to stop by) is a るる-ending Group I verb, right? Do you remember how to make the てて-formfor it?



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さきにさきに is the expression we can use when we want to do something before doing other things. It'sequivalent to "first" or "before that" in English.かまいませんかまいません is the polite negative form of the verb かまうかまう (to mind). Let's memorize it as a usefulexpression that is equivalent to "I don't mind" in English.Did you notice that we answer a yes/no question differently in Japanese? In English, we say "Yes" if theanswer is affirmative and "No" if the answer is negative, right? In Japanese, we say "Yes" if we agree tothe question and say "No" if we disagree, regardless of whether the question is in the negative oraffirmative form. So, if someone asks your permission and if you don't mind granting it, then you shouldsay ええ、かまいませんええ、かまいません (literally, "Yes, I don't mind")!Please note that we can use the particle のの along with some particles such as へへ (to), とと (with), でで ("at,""on," or "in"), からから (from), or までまで ("to" or "as far as"), but we can't use it with other particles such as がが ,をを , or にに .We can use the particle へへ , which indicates the direction of movement, not only with the place noun (as inとうきょうへとうきょうへ) but also with a noun that denotes a person (or persons) to whom we send something. Let's use it in the next question!We have been using the particle のの to connect two nouns (or pronouns) as in にほんのはなにほんのはな (Japaneseflowers) or わたしのかれわたしのかれ (my boyfriend). The particle のの sometimes attaches itself to another particle,connecting the noun phrase such as かぞくへかぞくへ (to my family) with a noun such as プレゼントプレゼント (presents). In the phrase かぞくへのプレゼントかぞくへのプレゼント (presents for my family), のの indicates that かぞくへかぞくへ is theexplanation of プレゼントプレゼント (or in other words, かぞくへかぞくへ modifies プレゼントプレゼント). For convenience, we cancall the structure "double particles"!Here are some tips on how to use the particles までまで , へへ , and にに that are the equivalents of "to" when wetalk about movement. までまで emphasizes the end of the course, implying "as far as" or "up to." へへ , on theother hand, focuses on the direction of the movement, as in "toward" or "in the direction of." にに impliesthe goal (or target) of action, as in "to arrive at" or "to get into." Though we can sometimes use theseparticles interchangeably, idiomatic usage often determines our choice.Did you use the particle からから (from)? からから indicates the starting point or origin, and the origin can be atime, a place, or even a person!Please note that when we are talking about the mailing or traveling cost or time spent deliveringsomething, we use までまで to indicate the final destination.Did you remember to use the particle でで to indicate the method or means of action?The answers to いくらかかりますかいくらかかりますか (How much does it cost?) can be, for example, せんえんかかりますせんえんかかります(It costs one thousand yen) or せんえんですせんえんです (It's one thousand yen). Both sentences convey the samemeaning. Let's try them both in the next question.Do you remember the sentence ending でしょうでしょう and its question form でしょうかでしょうか that we can use totalk about our assumption? So far we used them after a noun or an adjective, as in さんじゅうどぐらいさんじゅうどぐらいでしょうでしょう (It's about thirty degrees, I think) or どこがいちばんさむいでしょうかどこがいちばんさむいでしょうか (Where do you think is thecoldest?) We can also use them after the dictionary form of verbs, as in いくらかかるでしょうかいくらかかるでしょうか (Howmuch do you think it will cost?).



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We have so far used the word ちかくちかく to describe a nearness in geography, as in えきのちかくえきのちかく (near thestation). We can also use ちかくちかく to indicate a proximity in numbers, regardless of whether they aremeasuring time or money.We used かかるかかる as the Japanese equivalent of "to cost" in the previous section. We can also use thesame verb to talk about time spent to carry out an action. It's the equivalent of "to take" in English.どのくらいどのくらい is a versatile question word we can use to ask the amount or degree, as in "how far?" or "howhot (or cold)?" Let's use it to ask about the period of time in this section.かげつかげつ in いっかげついっかげつ (one month) is the counter for months when we are talking about a length of time. Though the basic rule is to add the counter after a number as in にかげつにかげつ (two months) or さんかげつさんかげつ(three months), the pronunciation of certain numbers changes. いちいち (one) in いっかげついっかげつ is one of them!In addition to いっかげついっかげつ (one month), the pronunciation of the numbers "six" (ろくろく), "eight" (はちはち), and"ten" (じゅうじゅう) also changes in a similar manner when combined with かげつかげつ , the counter for month. Let'ssee if you can figure them out!In place of the generic question word どのくらいどのくらい , we can use a more specific one, such as なんどなんど(literally, "what degrees") or なんメートルなんメートル (literally, "what meters"). Let's figure out the question word for"months"!しゅうかんしゅうかん in いっしゅうかんいっしゅうかん (one week) is the counter for "week" as a duration of time. If we breakdown the word further, しゅうしゅう means "week," and かんかん literally means "in-between" or a "range." (Do youremember the word いちじかんいちじかん or "one hour"? It's the same かんかん as いっしゅうかんいっしゅうかん!) Please note thatthe pronunciation of いちいち (one) is changed when it is combined with しゅうかんしゅうかん .The pronunciation of はちはち (eight) and じゅうじゅう (ten) will change when these numbers are combined withしゅうかんしゅうかん , the counter for "week" as the duration of time. Let's try to figure them out in the next twoquestions!Now, let's figure out the question word for "weeks"!We have already learned that in Japanese unfinished sentences are sometimes more polite thancomplete sentences, as in おなまえは？おなまえは？ (literally, "As for name?") or どようびはちょっと・・・どようびはちょっと・・・ (literally,"Saturday is a little bit..."). りょうがえしたいんですがりょうがえしたいんですが is another example. It literally means "As a matterof fact, I want to exchange some money, but..." It works, however, as the equivalent of "I'd like toexchange some money."We have so far used the verb できるできる to mean "to be ready" as in もうすぐできますもうすぐできます (It will be ready in notime) and "to be made" as in みそはだいずからできていますみそはだいずからできています (Miso paste is made of soybeans). We canalso use できるできる to mean "to be able to do," using the particle がが to mark the object of the verb--that is,what we can do. Let's use it with this meaning here.Did you get it right? ゆうびんきょくでもゆうびんきょくでも (at the post office too) is another example of the "doubleparticles" structure--that is, adding a particle to the phrase that ends with a particle so that the twoparticles appear back to back, as in かぞくへのプレゼントかぞくへのプレゼント (presents for my family). When we want to talk about actions we didn't perform or events that didn't happen, we can add でしたでした tothe negative verb form ませんません , as in たべませんでしたたべませんでした (I didn't eat) or しりませんでしたしりませんでした (I didn't know).



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かねかね means "money," but people almost always say おかねおかね to avoid sounding rude, as in the case of おおちゃちゃ (tea).まどまど in まどぐちまどぐち means a "window," and ぐちぐち (or its regular form くちくち) means a "mouth" or any kind ofopening. So, まどぐちまどぐち literally means a "window opening." This is the term you will often hear in banks,post offices, ticket counters, or government offices in Japan. For example, if someone tells you さんばんさんばんまどぐちへどうぞまどぐちへどうぞ , the person is saying, "Please proceed to the number 3 window."とどくとどく means that something is delivered and arrives at the final destination.When we are talking about the duration of time that is spent to do something, we can consider it as themeans used to complete the action. Now, can you figure out the next question?When we want to indicate that an action takes place upon completion of another, the action thatprecedes the other one takes the pattern "てて-form plus からから ," as in そうきんしてからそうきんしてから (after you remit it). からから in this case is equivalent to "after" or "since" in English. Please note that we can use the same "てて-form plus からから" pattern regardless of when the action takes place.にちにち in いちにちいちにち (one day) is the counter for day--for both the point of time (date) and the duration oftime. The basic rule is that we combine a number with にちにち , as in いちにちいちにち or じゅういちにちじゅういちにち (elevendays). The exceptions are the numbers 2 to 10, 20, and any numbers that end with 4 or 9. For thesenumbers, we use the pronunciation based on the original Japanese numbers. Let's learn theseexceptions.When we use the "てて-form plus からから" pattern to indicate the completion of an action, the tense of the firstpart of the sentence is not apparent because we use the てて-form. We can, however, determine it by thetense of the last verb that appears in the sentence. For example, in そうきんしてから、とおかでとどきそうきんしてから、とおかでとどきましたました , the last verb とどきましたとどきました is in the past form. Therefore, the English equivalent would be "Itarrived ten days after I had remitted it."Here is another function for the particle からから! When we want to indicate the range of time, we can use かからら as in ふつかからみっかふつかからみっか (two to three days) or いちじかんからにじかんいちじかんからにじかん (one to two hours).The names of the months are easy! They are a combination of a number and がつがつ (month).In general, we can use the same terms to indicate the date and the number of days. For example, ふつふつかか can mean both "two days" and "the second day of the month." However, the first day of the month isan exception! "One day" is いちにちいちにち , but "the first day of the month" is ついたちついたち .いちがつついたちいちがつついたち is しょうがつしょうがつ or おしょうがつおしょうがつ (New Year's Day). For many people, おしょうがつやすみおしょうがつやすみ(New Year's Day holidays) starts on December 29th and lasts through January 3rd. They spend the lastfew days of the year doing おおそうじおおそうじ (literally, a "big cleaning") and preparing tons of special dishes forthe new year. When the new year arrives, they celebrate it by visiting Shinto shrines, having big feasts,and enjoying the company of family and friends!さんがつみっかさんがつみっか (March 3rd) is ひなまつりひなまつり (Doll's Festival). Traditionally, it's a day for girls, who enjoywearing a kimono and having a tea party in front of a gorgeous doll set created after the fashion of theancient court.



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Do you remember that the numbers 4, 7, and 9 have two ways of reading in Japanese and that wesometimes use only one of them for a specific purpose? For example, the number 4 can be read as よんよんor しし , but we have to use しし for "April" and say しがつしがつ!ごがついつかごがついつか (May 5th) is こどものひこどものひ (Children's Day). Traditionally, it's a day for boys. Families withboys celebrate the day by hoisting the colorful carp-shaped streamers and eating ちまきちまき--special ricedumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves.Though the number 7 can be read as なななな or しちしち , we have to say しちがつしちがつ to mean "July."The number 9 can be read as きゅうきゅう or くく , but in the case of September, we always have to say くがつくがつ .なんがつなんにちなんがつなんにち (literally, "what month what day") is the question word commonly used to ask thecalendar date.しょくしょく in both しょくよくしょくよく (appetite) and しょくじしょくじ (meal) means "eating." しょくよくしょくよく literally means an"eating desire," while しょくじしょくじ literally means an "eating affair"!The expression みっかまえからみっかまえから indicates that some action or state has begun three days ago, hascontinued since, and is still happening as we speak. It is equivalent to "since three days ago" or "for threedays now." Please note that the word まえまえ is a noun, though its meaning in this phrase is equivalent to"before" or "ago" in English.When we want to say "to catch a cold," we say かぜをひくかぜをひく in Japanese. The idiom is said to originate inthe ancient Chinese belief that people get sick when they "pull" (ひくひく) the "evil spirit in the wind" (かぜかぜ)into their body. Let's memorize this phrase as a whole unit.Do you remember that the "てて-form plus いますいます " pattern can be used to describe not only an action inprogress but also a "continuing state"--a state that has been continuing as the result of some pastaction? In the next question, let's use this pattern to tell someone you have a cold!おなかのちょうしがわるいですおなかのちょうしがわるいです (literally, "The condition of stomach is bad") is a euphemism for "I'mhaving diarrhea." In this case, おなかおなか means the lower abdomen. If you specifically want to mean thestomach (or the upper abdomen), use the Japanese term いい and say いのちょうしがわるいですいのちょうしがわるいです .To answer the question いつからおなかがいたいですかいつからおなかがいたいですか (Since when has your stomach been hurting?), wecan also say, ごじかんまえからですごじかんまえからです (It has since five hours ago).So far, we have been using the verb するする to mean "to do." We can also use するする to express what weexperience through our different senses (except for the faculty of sight). The English equivalent would be"to feel," "to smell," or "to hear." In this usage, what is felt, smelled, or heard is marked by the particle がが .Do you remember that the Japanese word for "cold" is さむいさむい? けけ in さむけさむけ (a chill) means "feeling," sothe word literally means a "cold feeling."When we want to connect a sentence that ends with an いい-adjective and ですです (as in いたいですいたいです or "It'spainful") with another sentence, we drop ですです and replace the adjective ending いい with くてくて , as in いたくいたくてて . It's the equivalent of "It's painful, and ...."



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Many of the expressions used to describe medical conditions are established as idioms. Let's try tomemorize them as a whole, including the particles.はきはき in はきけはきけ (nausea) is derived from the verb はくはく (to throw up). はきけはきけ , therefore, literally means a"throwing-up feeling."While the word いたいいたい describes direct pain such as a muscle pain or a headache, くるしいくるしい is used todescribe the strong sense of discomfort felt in the chest or the abdomen.If you are wondering why Japanese people call nasal drips "flower water," please note that はなはな (flower)and はなはな (nose) are completely different words even though they sound identical!Do you remember that many expressions in Japanese are made of a pair of identical "words" that mimica sound or a motion, such as そろそろそろそろ (by and by)? Let's learn some of them in this section so that youwill be able to describe your pain more accurately in Japan.We learned the expressions やけどをしましたやけどをしました and けがをしましたけがをしました in the previous unit. In these cases,the verb するする works like "suffer" in English. They are very commonly used expressions. Let's memorizethem as idioms.Did you remember that we use the particle にに to indicate the part of the body that suffers the injury,burn, or any other affliction?ひりひりひりひり is a painful sensation you feel on your skin when you get a bad sunburn or put medicine on rawskin. Also, you feel it on your tongue after licking a hot pepper! The English equivalent of the verb ひりひひりひりするりする can be "to burn," "to feel irritated," or "to be tingling."So far we have been using the sentence-ending particle ねね to solicit an agreement from the listener (asin "It's cold, isn't it!") or to request a confirmation from the listener (as in "Tempura Special, right?"). Wecan also use it simply to air our observation in a matter-of-a-fact tone. In this case, ねね is equivalent to"...., I see" in English. Let's try it in the next question.Please note the temperature here is in せっしせっし or Celsius. 38℃ is equivalent to 100.4°F.When we talk about the body temperature, we often use ぶぶ to indicate decimal numbers. For example,many people read 37.5 degrees as さんじゅうななどごぶさんじゅうななどごぶ in Japanese. We can also say さんじゅうななさんじゅうななてんごどてんごど .しんぱいしんぱい can be a noun (worry, anxiety, or care) or a なな-adjective (worrisome).We have learned to use the particle がが along with the verb いるいる (to need) as in みずがいりますみずがいります (We needwater), right? However, to say "Don't worry," we always use the particle はは and say しんぱいはいりませんしんぱいはいりません(literally, "As for worry, you don't need it"). Let's learn it as an idiom. In everyday conversations, you canomit the particle はは and say しんぱいいりませんしんぱいいりません .Now, let's use しんぱいしんぱい as a なな-adjective in the next question.We can use けんさけんさ to mean either a medical test such as a blood test, or an inspection such as abaggage check.うーんうーん can be a groan or a sound the speaker makes when he or she is considering some weightymatter. It's like "Hmmm" in English. Please don't mix it up with うんうん , which is a casual way to say "yes" inJapanese!



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When we want to turn an いい-adjective such as おおきいおおきい (big) into an adverb, we can drop the last いい andadd くく instead, as in おおきくおおきく .　　おおきくおおきく can be translated as "widely," "deeply," "loudly," and so ondepending on the context.Do you remember that うちうち can mean not only a "house," but also "(one's own) home"? Let's use it inthe next question!We have so far used the verb のむのむ to mean "to drink." We can also use it to mean "to take (medicine)."かいかい in さんかいさんかい (three times) is the counter for occurrence.When we want to describe how often we do something or how often something happens, we can use the"(time period) にに X かいかい" pattern. For example, to say "three times a day," we can say いちにちにさんかいちにちにさんかいい in Japanese.Did you notice that the pronunciation of いちいち (one) changes in いっかいいっかい (once)?じょうじょう is the counter for tablets of medicine.まえにまえに ("before" or "ago") is one of the expressions that indicate the order of events. When まえにまえに(before) follows a noun, we need the particle のの to connect the noun and まえにまえに . Please note that thenouns that come before まえにまえに are those that either denote actions or events (such as a walk or aconcert) or imply actions (such as a bath or a meal).Please note that we don't need the particle のの when まえにまえに comes right after a time period as in にじかんにじかんまえにまえに (two hours ago).どめどめ in せきどめせきどめ (cough medicine) derives from the verb とめるとめる (to stop). せきどめせきどめ , therefore, is literallya "cough stopper"!When we want to say that some action or event happens before another action or event, we use thedictionary form of a verb before まえにまえに , as in ねるまえにねるまえに (before going to bed).ごちそうごちそう means a "feast," "banquet," "treat," or "rich meal." Do you remember that Japanese say ごちそごちそうさまでしたうさまでした after every meal? It literally means something like "I appreciated the feast"!Please note that you can use the "dictionary form of the verb plus まえにまえに" pattern regardless of the tenseof the sentence that follows the phrase. For example, when we want to say, "I took the medicine before Iate," we can say, たべるまえにくすりをのみましたたべるまえにくすりをのみました .ぬるぬる can mean "to paint" or "to apply (medicine, paint, or cosmetics)."だすだす is a common verb with many meanings, but here we use it to mean "to serve" or "offer" something,including tea, food, medicine, or prescriptions. The translation will vary depending on the object.The particle からから that indicates the cause or the reason is often used even in cases where the cause-effect relation between two sentences is not very clear. In such a case, the English equivalent would be"X, so Y." Let's try this usage in the next question.We can use the "てて-form plus はいけませんはいけません" pattern to prohibit someone from doing something. It'sequivalent to "(You) must not...." Please note that this is a polite yet rather strong expression, and youwill probably hear it used by some authority figures, such as parents, teachers, and doctors.



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おさけおさけ (or さけさけ) can mean either "rice wine" or "alcoholic beverages" in general. Please note that manypeople say おさけおさけ even in casual conversations, as in the case of おちゃおちゃ (tea).すうすう can mean "to breathe," "to inhale," or "to smoke." Please note that when we use すうすう as theequivalent of "to smoke," we need to specify what is smoked, as in cigarettes or cigars.Did you remember that of the three particles (までまで , へへ , and にに）） that function as the equivalent of "to" inEnglish, にに emphasizes the "point of contact"? Let's memorize ～にはいる～にはいる (to get into ~) as an idiom.Let's figure out short answers to the question おふろにはいってもいいですかおふろにはいってもいいですか (May I take a bath?).Instead of using the whole structure of the "てて-form plus はいけませんはいけません" pattern, we can use the shortversion いけませんいけません to tell others not to do something. It's equivalent to "You must not" in English.


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japanese - lone star college - start close. go far

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