japanese for all
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Japanese for All
HOW TO WRITE KATAKANA
1. In Japanese,here are three writing system: Hiragana,Katakanaand Kanji.
Hiraganaand Katakanaare phoneticand the samesymbol always ndicates he same
sound.
Today Katakana s used o represent oreign words called 'loanwords'(gairaigo).
2. One katakana epresents ne syllable and there arefive different types of
syllables.
a. Five basicvowels: a],[iJ,[ul,[el,[olb. Consonants r semivowels vowel: [na],[ki],[yul,etc.
c. Syllabicconsonants:nl / [mJ
d. Any consonant ther han [n] / [m] when followed by another denticalconsonant:e.g. zasshi, issaten, tc.
e. A contracted yllable: ki] + [ya]=[kya],[chi] + [yal=[chal,etc.
3. The stroke orders are usually from left to right and top to bottom.
4. There are threeways to finish a stroke.'Tome' or 'stop' means hatthe penhas o makeacompletestop and should be
lifted off the paperat the end of the stroke.
Hane or 'jump' means hat you leave a jump mark before the end of the stroke.
Lastly,with harai or 'sweeping', you finish the stroke by lifting the pen up
gradually.
5. There are46 basicsymbols n Katakana. In addition, there are Dakuon'Handakuon'and'Yoon'(Seepages 9, 60, 61, 68, 69 & 70).
The table on page73 illustrates33 additionalsyllables. Theseare usedonly
to express oreign words. The sounds hat are represented y thesesyllables
do not exist in Japanese.
6. The first five of thesearevowels, a], [i], [ul, [e], [o].
7. The second ive arethesevowelsplus the consonantr.
8. The third are the vowels plus the consonat .
Shi is used or si becausehe atter sounddoesn'texist.
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Japanese for All
9. The fourth, the vowels plus the consonant .
Chi andtsu replace ti and tu.
10. The fifth, the vowelsplus he consonant .
11. The sixth, he vowelsplus he consonantt..
Fu for hu
12. The seventh,he vowelsplus m.
13. The eighth, he vowelsplusy.
Yi andye don't exist.
14. The ninth, he vowelsplus rThe pronounciationof 'r ' canbe regarded sthe soundbetween rl and [l] in
Japanese.
15. The vowel plusw
wi,wt,t andwe don'texist n modernJapanese.
o [E] is usedonly as a particle.
16. DakuonThere are three kinds of dakuon. Three consonantsused or them are lg,zdl.
17. Handakuons [pa,pi , pu, pe,po].
18. Yo-on
There are three kinds of yoon.
1 . K ,N ,H ,M,R+Y + A,U,O
Eg. K + Y +O=Kyo *- t "
3. J +A, (J,O
Eg. JA i -y
2. SH CH + A,(J,O
E g . C H + Y A = C H A f +
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Japanese for All
How to write words
19. DoubleVowel [o] + [o]Whendoubteo's occur, he second o] syllable s written with an [u] in most
cases. o] + [o] * [o] + [u]
2A. Other Double Vowels
When you havea long vowel in Katakana,a straight ine is usedas follows:
3*?(ko o ra) Ary* I-"(sue o) f *T(te epu)
2I . DoubleConsonants
Everytime wo consonantsakeplace n a row, the first one is alwayswritten
with a half-sizedv [tsu].
Tappu vJ Rokku ryF
Thedoubleconsonant
n]is not to be treatedas above. The first
[nlis written
with ) .
How to write sentences
Don't confuse he particles wa,o,e]with ordinary [wa,o,e].
22. 33 additional yllables
Non-existance f thesesoundssometimes ausesrouble n writing out the
possibleclosestsounds n Katakana. For instance, the word 'film' can be
written in the following two possibleways:
I .rJI/A 7 4 JbA
Both are acceptable.
73. Wordsof Japanese rigin
Recently, someJapanese rigin words tendnobe written in Katakara because
they are much simpler than out-of-datekanji or the uncorrventional atakana
emphasizeshosewards.
lf,rords of Foreign Origin
They are mainly propernouns suchasgeographicand personalnames, he majority
of which are mported from the Eqglish l4guage. Katakanawords can be quiue
often seenn the namesof shops,hrafldsanddesigners nd recipesalrd
commencials.
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Japanese for AII
?4. The voiceless H sound n English s replaced y tf sa, shi, X su, se or
7 so. The examplesare as ollows.
X U * three ,/\*Xf* birthday
25. The Englishwords F+vowel',which are not transcribed y 7 fu, have
become Y fa, 7 ,f fi , 7;c fe, 7 t fo. However, hey cafl sometimes
represented y /\ ha, k tri, ^ he, ,* ho. Somenf theexamplesare:
7 4 lVl^ fi lm 3*H* coffee
2"6. The,words'V+vowel'are expressedUf vil,fl 4 vi, Y r.u, ry:f, ve,f f, oo.
They sometirnes ecome \ ba, H bi , J bu, "\ be, ,* bo.
rJr 4 t U }. {rt4 t
t)VJ violinVF i y vitamin
27. The words'T+vowel'such as teaand ick have becomeeither + or +.
t, l *+ f * teacher f ,t *A {f *A) team
t'f is often replaced y #.
x}Yy Edison Att>jf Hf Scandinavia
28. The other words with 'T+ vowel' becomes ;e [chu].
* ** U 'y J tulip f :r *J tube'D+vowel' as n due becomes ither :r or !*:e.
29. The following wordsare expressed ither n I- [to] or ?[tsul.
#:c y l- lV?! gentleman F IJA? A . 'jU *Christmas tree
The English sound d] is replacedby tr [do]. The following are examples:
tr7 4 J drive l*+ z-lVF U*documentary
30. 7 is employed o showa if a follows i.
VT,/piano F4 7t Diana
31.'Sh+ vowel' as n sfre/Jeyor ftarksometimesequire insteadof i:c.
i. lt, Ft*+ milkshake i + *F shark
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Japanese for All
Je or ge employs ither?:n or -H as n:
J:r U - jelly I.?fflL angel
32. 'wwh + vowel'isexpressed 4 [u]+[iJ,x[u]+[o] or ryt[u]+[o].
However, or a propernoun, his s wrinen * + [wiJ, f :c [w*] or * f [wo].Proper louns
* -t UTAX williams t t-fr* walkerWords
S:r.*7wase +4X+*whisky
33. The Eqglishsoundshatincludes#u as n quarter or quick areshownF.
AFXT squareF+t'*"J
quartz
Guaas n Guams written y [gul+[alFT
FTA Guam trTf??Guatemala
34. When t is necessaryo lengthen he vowel sound,please mploy "* " as n the
example.
ff* car 'tfV* sutnmer
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