japan-world bank sti capacity building partnerships...
TRANSCRIPT
Japan-World Bank STI Capacity Building
Partnerships for Sustainable Development
Alfred WatkinsWorld Bank
Science and Technology Program Coordinator
TokyoApril 2010
Outline of PresentationWhy STI Capacity
Building?
What Is STI Capacity Building?
Partnerships
Japan-World Bank Synergy
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Why should developing countries care about STI capacity building?
• After all, they have to deal with:
Food security/ Hunger and malnutritionInfectious diseasesDisaster PreventionClimate change: adaptation and mitigationLiteracy and basic educationAchieving the MDGs
• Isn’t STI capacity building a distraction from the MDG’s and poverty reduction?
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Two Roads
Ignorance, No MDGs Unskilled labor Low-value-products, Low-wage jobsDead-end
Knowledge Skilled workforceHigher-value products, MDGs, higher-wage jobsSustainable Progress
Why Strive for a Knowledge-Based Economy?
Because an Ignorance-Based Economy is not a recipe for catching up, raising living standards, and achieving the MDGs!!
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Basic Assumption
STI capacity building is the only way to achieve the MDGs and generate sustainable solutions to such development challenges as inclusive globalization, food security, adaptation to climate change, clean energy, infectious diseases, clean drinking water, wealth creation, poverty reduction, etc.
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Rwanda: Value Addition From Soil to Neck Tie
No sustainability without wealth creation and value addition: nothing is sustainable with per capita income of < $2/day
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JICA: STI Capacity Building For Infrastructure, Energy, Agriculture, Water,
Education, Health, etc.
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System Building
Human Resource
DevelopmentOrganizational Strengthening
JICA’s Approach To STI
JICA
University Research
Bodies
Private Enterprise
International Organizations
NGOs
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STI Capacity Building: Lessons from Japan and East Asia
STI Capacity Building
Human Resource Capacity Building
Acquire and Adapt Existing
Knowledge
R&D to Produce
New Knowledge
TechnologyTransfer
Enterprise Innovation
STI Policy Making /
Science in Policy Making
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Strengthen individual elements; Develop linkages between elements
Local Universities
Local Scientists
andEngineers
Local Business
CommunityForeign
Investors
Diaspora
Foreign Universities
and Research Institutes
Critical Question
It takes human resource capacity to build STI capacity. Therefore,
how can countries build STI capacity when they don’t have the critical
mass of human resource capacity that they need
to build the STI capacity they want?
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Answer
STI capacity building partnerships between developing countries with specific STI capacity building priorities and potential global partners who possess the necessary technical expertise needed to build capacity
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Partnership Challenges• To design and implement STI capacity
building partnerships so that they help developing countries build and sustain the STI capacity they need to address theirhigh priority development objectives
• To meet global needs• To exploit the comparative advantage of all
potential partners (scientific and development)
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Partnership Requirements
For maximum developmental impact, partnerships should be:
SystemicSustainableSynergisticScalable
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Existing Partnerships Do Not Always Meet These Requirements
• Ad hoc -- few formal efforts at coordination, consultation, or linkage between partnership programs
• Different from each other – each emphasizes a different, but important, facet of STI capacity building
• Limited capacity to promote systemic improvement.
• Not always linked to national development priorities (e.g., PRSP)
• Not always sustainable23
Japan and the World Bank: Natural Synergy If We Work Together
••
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World Bank STI Capacity Building
Programs
Japan STI Partnership Programs
Japan: Global Leader in STI / Human Resource Capacity Development
PartnershipsSATREPSAUN/SEED-netEJUSTFebruary 2008 GOJ-WB joint seminar in Tokyo, “STI Networking for Social Change and Sustainable Development”Keynote presentations at Global Forum on STI Capacity Building Partnerships for Sustainable Development: December 2009
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How the World Bank Can Enhance the Impact of Japanese Partnerships
World Bank • Intermediary, facilitator,
convener, and connector• Knowledge of the country and
sectors but little scientific expertise
• Involvement in national strategy formulation
• Financing for national investments in education, R&D, S&T, and policy reform
• Convening power around development issues – e.g., STI capacity building, climate change, food security, MDGs
Japan• Technical science and
engineering capacity BUT limited capacity to engage in systemic policy dialogue
• Financing for partnerships BUT limited financing for national STI infrastructure and limited synergy between programs
• Focus on science BUT sometimes limited link to national or institutional STI capacity building priorities
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Human Resource Capacity Building
Many countries are putting renewed emphasis on science, technology, and engineering for development. Higher education enrollment is growing, but faculty to train the next generation of knowledge workers cannot keep pace with rapidly increasing demand
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Potential Solutions
• EJUST• AUN / SEED-net• SATREPS• Global Science Corps (Peace Corps for
Professors) • (Engineering) curriculum improvements
for relevancy29
STI Vicious CircleSubsistence funding for
STI
Poor quality science
Low relevance
Limited commercial application
Limited support
for funding
increases
Low regard for science
Continued subsistence
funding
Weak partners for Japan
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For AUN / SEED-net, EJUST and SATREPS, the World Bank Could:
•
Embed these programs into broader university strategic development plans and holistic national STI capacity building programsImprove governance of local research institutes and universitiesFinance complementary investments in the higher education and R&D sector – e.g., upgrade laboratory equipment, teaching infrastructure, subscriptions to e-journals, establishment of e-libraries, computerization and ICT-readiness, national scholarship programs to send graduate and undergraduate students abroad for study in so-called “sandwich” programs, etc. Incorporate STI capacity building partnerships into PRSPs (in the case of IDA countries) to mobilize additional donor financing
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For AUN / SEED-net, EJUST and SATREPS, the World Bank Could (2):
Work with governments to prioritize their research and STI capacity building programs on the basis of high-priority country/regional social and economic development objectives; STI capacity building is a cross cutting issue and should not be left only to Ministries of science and/or education. Need to incorporate more stakeholders
Via the network mechanism proposed by Mr. Iwase, link individual partnership initiatives to each other so that there is greater synergy between them. This will require more regular consultations between the World Bank, other development partners. The World Bank can take the lead in convening these periodic consultation meetings.
Already doing this in Vietnam, Thailand, Uganda, Ghana, Tanzania, Rwanda, India, and elsewhere
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Centers of Excellence
Virtual multi-disciplinary networks of scientists – national or regional Long term grants (> 10 yrs) to focus on finding practical solutions to high priority practical problems + lab equipmentInternational peer reviewInternational science advisory boardResearch plus teaching
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Fostering Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship: Challenge
• Much of the technology that developing countries need to solve their problems already exists and is in widespread use elsewhere. Therefore, developing countries must build the capacity to find, absorb and use these technologies just like Japan did in 1950s – 1970s.
• More R&D alone will not solve problems unless results move from lab to market
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The Japanese Development Model:Most Knowledge Is Produced Elsewhere. Learning How to Find and Use Outside
Knowledge is Critical
Technology Transfer Commercialization Organizations (TTCO)
Legal and regulatory, innovation readiness assessmentFinance TTCOTechnical Assistance for TTCO personnel –classroom and on-the-job training with partner organizations in OECDEssential for food security, clean energy, etc.
Import or spin-in
technology
Adapt it for local use
spin out to local firms
Fostering Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship
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World Bank Roles Partner RolesFinance the establishment of
TTCOs
Finance the establishment of Business Formation Units
Support entrepreneur-in-residence programs
Work with development partners to create new and improved indicators of innovation for developing countries, not limited to OECD metrics
WIPO and other expert partners to identify IP and legal framework obstacles to innovation and technology diffusion via SMEs
Create TT partnerships including a ‘Federation’ of TT Associations
Deliver TT advisory services and training
Design, develop, and implement entrepreneur-in-residence program
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THANK YOU
Alfred Watkins
Science and Technology Program Coordinator
www.worldbank.org/sti