japan. after exam: complete the atlas: from imperial to feudal japan
TRANSCRIPT
Japan
After Exam:
•Complete the Atlas: From Imperial to Feudal Japan
Assignments:
• Map: recreate p. 319
• Write: answer question #1 about the Samurai (You don’t have to role play )
• Chinese influences on the
Japanese court:
• Modeled capital city after China (1 location)
• Emperors sought both spiritual and political powers
• Adopted aspects of Chinese government: Confucian calendar, and legal ideas
• Chinese character script adopted by courts.
• Architecture: curving tile roofs became popular in the homes of aristocrats.
• A Divine Emperor: The Spiritual Leader of Japan
• Prior to 400 A.D., clans ruled separate areas of Japan.
• Emperor considered descendant of Sun Goddess and most important person in Shinto (native religion).
• Emperor respected for religious, not political power.
Rise of Provincial
Nobles• Were rugged,
independent, led private armies.
• Became more powerful as court nobles isolated themselves.
• Constantly battled with one another over control of provinces (a province is an outlying area)
• Threat from outside • Mongol invasions
(1185 – 1333 A.D.)• Kublai Khan
wanted to subjugate Korea and Japan:
• sent 450 ships & 15,000 troops to Japan. A typhoon (hurricane) destroyed them.
• 7 years later, he tried again.
• Another typhoon destroyed them as well.
• Japanese called this, “Divine Wind” or Kamikaze.
Aftermath of Mongol Invasions
• Sense of national unity developed
• Japanese felt their culture was superior
• Samurai warriors began to dominate society
• Took control of government, creating a Bakufu, a military government.
• Emperor acted only as religious leader.
Bakufu
Shogun:Military and political leader
of Japan
Daimyo:High-ranking samurai lords who provided shogun with warriors in exchange for land
Samurai:Lower-ranking warriors who served their daimyo in
exchange for Small manors
Peasants:Lowest class: worked land for their lord
The Unification of Japan
• Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries– Large landholders with private armies– Emperor merely a figurehead– Constant civil war: 16th century sengoku,
“country at war”
• Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) establishes military government– Bakufu: “tent government”– Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867)
Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867
Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”)
• Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords– Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign
relations, etc.
• From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court– Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families
• Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations– Travel, import of books forbidden– Policy strictly maintained for 200 years
Economic Growth in Japan
• End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity
• New crop strains, irrigation systems improve agricultural production
• Yet population growth moderate– Contraception, late marriage, abortion– Infanticide: “thinning out the rice shoots”
Population Growth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1600 1700 1850
Millions
Social Change
• End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of Daimyo, Samurai warriors
• Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship
• Many declined to poverty
• Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity
Neo-Confucianism in Japan
• Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period
• Chinese language essential to curriculum
• Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains popular
• “Native Learning” also popular in 18th century– Folk traditions, Shinto
Floating Worlds (ukiyo)
• Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries
• Marked contrast to bushido ethic of Stoicism– Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man
Who Lived for Love
• Kabuki theatre, men playing women’s roles• Bunraku puppet theatre
Christianity in Japan• Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549• Remarkable success among daimyo
– Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans
• Government backlash– Fear of foreign intrusion– Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism
• Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians– Sometimes by crucifixion
Persecution of Catholics
Dutch Learning
• Dutch presence at Nagasaki principal route for Japanese understanding of the world
• Before ban on foreign books lifted (1720), Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, art
Transformation of Japan• Japanese society in turmoil in early 19th century
– Poor agricultural output, famines, high taxes– Daimyo, samurai classes decline, peasants starve
• Tokugawa government attempts reforms, 1841-1843– Cancelled daimyo, samurai debts– Abolished merchant guilds– Compelled peasants to return to cultivating rice– Reforms ineffective
Foreign Pressure
• Europeans, Americans attempting to establish relations
• U.S. in particular look for Pacific ports for whalers, merchants
• Japan only allowed Dutch presence in Nagasaki
• 1853 Matthew Perry sails gunship up to Edo (Tokyo), forces Japanese to open port
• Sparks conservative Japanese reaction against Shogun, rally around Emperor in Kyoto
The Meiji Restoration (1868)
• Brief civil war between imperial and Tokugawa forces
• 1868 Emperor Mutusuhito (Meiji, 1852-1912) takes power
• Goals of prosperity and strength: “rich country, strong army”
• Resolved to learn western technology
Meiji Reforms
• Travelers Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) and Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909) travel to U.S., Europe– Argue for adoption of western legal proceedings,
technology
• Meiji government removes privileges for daimyo, samurai– Conscript army replaces samurai mercenaries– Samurai rebellion crushed by national army
• Tax reform: payment in cash, not kind
Constitutional Government
• 1889 constitution promulgated• Conservative: only 5 % of male population
allowed to vote in 1890 election• Economic reforms to promote rapid
industrialization• Dramatic improvement in literacy rates• Government holdings sold to private
investors: zaibatsu, financial cliques develop
• Japan Ends Its Isolation• The Demand for Foreign Trade• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)—
Japan opens two ports to American ships
• By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations Meiji Reform and Modernization
• Anger over these trade deals forces shogun to step down in 1867
• Meiji era—time of reform begun by Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito
• Meiji emperor reforms, modernizes using Western models
• By early 1900s, Japan has industrialized, is competitive with West
• Military Strength• By 1890, Japan has
strong navy and large army
• In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights
End Current Unit
• The rest will be covered and assessed in the last unit on the 1900s
• Japan Attacks China• Japan forces Korea to open
three ports to Japanese trade in 1876
• In 1885, Japan and China agree not to send troops to Korea
• In 1894, China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea
• Japan drives Chinese out of Korea, gains Chinese territory
• Russo-Japanese War• In 1903, Japan and Russia
begin struggle over Manchuria• Japan attacks Russia in 1904,
launching Russo-Japanese War
• In 1905, treaty ends the war; Japan gains captured territories
• Japanese Occupation of Korea
• Japan makes Korea a protectorate in 1905
• In 1910, Japan completes annexation of Korea
• Japan rules harshly in Korea, leading to growing Korean nationalism
• Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor (oil)
Pacific Theater• U.S. had been
fighting Japan in the Pacific some, but after the war was over in Europe, it was full force.
• The campaign was called Island Hopping.
• Navajo Code Talkers and the Marines were the main forces in the Pacific, although all branches participated.
• The Island Hopping campaign was unlike any other combat.
• Flame throwers, jungle fighting, disease (malaria), and an enemy that would not quit.
• Explosions and close fighting were common. (Daisy cutters)
• August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima destroyed• August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki destroyed.• Japanese surrendered, WWII ends.• President Truman ordered the bomb dropped to save
lives.