january 31 eq- how does classical conditioning work? · january 31 eq- how does classical...
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January 31 EQ- How does classical conditioning
work?
Table of Contents:
89. Daily Sheet
90. Learning Notes
91. Classical Conditioning Notes and Diagrams
92. Classical Conditioning Examples
HW- Classically Condition
someone! Write up your
experiment. Nothing unethical!
Make sure to uncondition them!
Agenda:
1. Daily Sheet
2. Classical Conditioning
Practice AP TEST Questions
1. Which of the following abilities is predominately a function of the right hemisphere
of the brain?
a. Speech
b. Writing
c. Spatial Reasoning
d. Reading Comprehension
e. Language Comprehension
2. Which of the following is TRUE about the blind spot in the eye?
a. It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
b. It is caused by an excess of bipolar cells in the retina.
c. It is most apparent in low levels of illumination.
d. It is stimulated only by high levels of illumination.
e. It is caused by a bleaching of rhodopsin in the rods.
3. In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?
a. It is correlated with dreaming.
b. It leads to a marked increase in muscle mass.
c. It alternates with nREM every 30 minutes.
d. It only occurs during the first half of sleep.
e. It involved decreased blood pressure and heart rate.
Learning Cornell Notes- pages 90 & 91
Questions for page 90:
What is learning?
What are the three types of
learning?
What are the two types of
conditioning?
Explain Pavlov’s Experiment
Questions for page 91:
What is the Classical
Conditioning diagram?
Explain the Little Albert
Experiment
Two CC Example Diagrams
LEARNING
What is learning?
• Relatively PERMANENT behavior change due to
experience
Most learning is associative learning:
• Learning that certain events occur together.Ex: Cussing and getting popped on
the arm by your mom!
Three Main Types of Learning
Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Conditioning• Type of learning that involves stimulus-
response connections
• Two types:
– Classical Conditioning (involuntary
behaviors)
– Operant Conditioning (voluntary behaviors)
Pavlov- father of
classical conditioning- Classical Conditioning is when you “train”
someone to exhibit an involuntary behavior to a
formerly neutral stimulus
-Conditioned dogs to salivate to the ringing of
a bell
Pavlov always fed his dogs at the same time.
He realized that as soon as they saw him come in the room,
they would start drooling. (Instead of just drooling when they
had the food in front of them.) He said “WHOA! They’ve
LEARNED to ASSOCIATE me with food and their BODIES are
INVOLUNTARILY responded to me just like they would to food.
He decided to see if he could CONDITION them to
respond to other things in the same way….
Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS)
Unconditioned Response
(UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response
Classical Conditioning DiagramDogs naturally drool when food is placed in front of them. Pavlov conditioned his
dogs to drool when they heard a bell ringing.
Befo
re
Co
nd
itio
nin
gA
fter
Co
nd
itio
nin
g
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a
stimulus that naturally and automatically
triggers a response.
Unconditional Response
(UCR): the unlearned,
naturally occurring
response to the UCS.
Conditioned
Response (CR): the
learned response to a
previously neutral
stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally
irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that, after
association with the UCS, comes to trigger
a response.
John Watson• Applied Pavlov’s
experiment to humans
• Father of “Behaviorism”
• Wanted to show that our
emotions and behaviors
were just conditioned
responses
Little Albert Experiment• 11 month old baby
• Feared loud noises
• Watson conditioned him
to associate white rats
with the loud noise
• Eventually, he feared
the white rat
• Albert generalized this
into a fear of anything
white and furry
Two Examples of Classical ConditioningClassically Conditioning my roommate
Classically Conditioning Dwight
UCS UCR
CS CR
UCS UCR
CS CR
Work with a partner to
complete the Classical
Conditioning Worksheet15 minutes
End
February 2 EQ- How does operant
conditioning work? SSPBC1Agenda:1.Daily Sheet2.Review Classical Conditioning (Ex. From real life)3.Operant Conditioning (notes, video, lab)4. Practice
Table of Contents:93. Classical Conditioning Elements94. Operant Conditioning Notes95. OC Worksheet
HW- Programmed
Unit AssignmentConsciousness HW
Folders: MUST BE TURNED
IN TODAY!!
Assignments:
1. Why of Sleep Article
Guide
2. 2 Paragraphs on Dying
to Sleep Article
3. Chart on Sleep
Disorders
4. Drugs Chart
5. Practice Questions/
Critical Thinking Activity
Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining
his ideas. He came up with 5 critical
terms that together make up classical
conditioning.
• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Generalization
• Discrimination
5 Elements of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Acquisition• The initial stage of learning.
• The phase where the neutral stimulus is
associated with the UCS so that the
neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR
(thus becoming the CS).
Does timing matter?
•The CS should come before the UCS (1/2-1
second)
•They should be very close together in timing.
Extinction• The diminishing of a conditioned response.
• Will eventually happen when the UCS does
not follow the CS.
(They will stop associating the tone with the food
if the tone is not followed by food repeatedly)
Is extinction permanent?
Spontaneous Recovery
• The reappearance, after a rest period, of an
extinguished conditioned response.
A real life example…. Imagine that you have a significant other and EVERYTIME
you are together they have on a particular cologne/perfume. You will think of them
and feel “lovey” each time you spell it. TEN YEARS LATER, you randomly smell that
cologne and you all of a sudden are missing that person and feeling lovey towards
them.
Generalization• The tendency, once a response has been
conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit
similar responses.
Ex: A toddler is abused by a man wearing red gloves. Now any
time she sees someone in red clothing, she gets scared.
A cigarette smoking high school student always smokes after
the bell rings for dismissal. Now, anytime they hear a bell their
body craves a cigarette.
Discrimination
• The learned ability to distinguish between
a CS and other stimuli that does not signal
UCS.
Operant Conditioning• A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement
or diminished if followed by punishment.
Classical v. Operant• They both use acquisition, discrimination,
SR, generalization and extinction.
•Classical Conditioning is automatic
(respondent behavior). Dogs automatically
salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking
involved.
•Operant Conditioning involves behavior
where one can influence their environment
with behaviors which have consequences
(operant behavior).
The organism is learning associations
between events that it doesn’t control
The organism is learning associations between its behavior and resulting events
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike
• Law of Effect:
rewarded
behavior is
likely to recur.
B.F. Skinner
Shaping
• A procedure in Operant
Conditioning in which
reinforcers guide behavior
closer and closer towards a
goal.
• You start with small steps and
gradually get them closer and
closer to the final desired
behavior
Ex: Want animal to learn to press a bar. You reward them first for getting close to
the bar, then for sniffing the bar, then for pressing the bar.
Reinforcer
• Any event that STRENGTHENS the
behavior it follows.
Two Types of Reinforcement:
Positive and Negative
Positive Reinforcement
• Strengthens a response by giving
something positive after the behavior
Negative Reinforcement
• Strengthens a response by taking away
something negative
EX: aspirin takes headache away
Types of ReinforcersConditioned (secondary)-
A stimulus that gains it
reinforcing power through
its association with a
primary reinforcer.
• Primary- something
that is innately
satisfying (food, safety,
pain relief)
Immediate v. Delayed
Reinforcers
• Animals will not respond to delayed
reinforcers
• Humans will (paychecks, good grades
at the end of a class, trophy at the end
of season)
• Learning to delay gratification is a part
of maturing
Reinforcement
Schedules
Continuous
Reinforcement
• Reinforcing the desired response every
time it occurs.
Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction
Partial Reinforcement• Reinforcing a response
only part of the time.
• The acquisition process
is slower.
• Greater resistance to
extinction.
**** best for learning behaviors ****
Fixed-ratio Schedules
• A schedule that reinforces a response only
after a specified number of responses.
Example: I give cookie monster a cookie
every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.
Variable-ratio Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a
response after an
unpredictable
number of
responses.
Example: I give Homer a donut at random
times when he says “DOH!!!”
Fixed-interval Schedule
• A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Ex: After doing math
problems for 10
minutes you will get a
reward. (high
responses as time
approaches
“scooping”)
Variable-interval Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a response
at unpredictable time
intervals.
Pop Quizzes
Punishment• An event that
DECREASES
the behavior
that it follows.
Does punishment work?
Problems with Physical
Punishment:• Punished behavior is suppressed
• Teaches us to discriminate
• Teaches fear (of behavior and punisher)
• Teaches aggression
February 6 EQ- How does conditioning
work in the real world? SSPBC1Agenda:1. Review2. Practice3. Example
Videos
Table of Contents:96. Classical and Operant Crossword97. Classical vs Operant Chart
Operant Conditioning-
people can learn voluntary
behaviors through the
consequences of those
behaviors (with rewards
and punishments)
Reinforcer- a reward that
INCREASES the frequency
of the behavior it follows
Punishment- something
that DECREASES the
frequency of the behavior it
follows
Think-Pair-Share
You are a parent of two children, a girl age 7 and a
boy age 5. You are concerned because your daughter
keeps attacking her younger brother every time she
gets upset. You would like to use Skinner’s Theory of
Operant Conditioning to get rid of this behavior.
1. How would you use the ideas of positive and
negative reinforcement to INCREASE the desired
behavior? (handling her anger without attacking
her brother)
2. How would you use the ideas of positive and
negative punishment to DECREASE the undesired
behavior? (attacking her brother)
Key Vocabulary- Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation-
displaying the
behavior because you
naturally want to- not
because of a reward
• Extrinsic Motivation-
displaying the
behavior because you
want the reward
Classical Conditioning vs Operant Conditioning
Work with your partner to
complete the chart. 10 minutes!
Conditioning in Pop Culture
Superfetch
Big Bang Theory
Frasier
Marshmallow Test
Supernanny
Classical Conditioning in Advertising
• Companies want you to make associations between their
products and positive emotions/events/activities in your life
• The goal is that you will subconsciously associate the
product with the good feeling
• Commercials are designed to make you form these
subconscious associations
• Ex: hot guys at the beach drinking sprite; your favorite
athlete wearing Nikes, a long lost relative coming back
from war drinking Folgers
• When you see the product at the store, if you have been
correctly conditioned, you will start to have these good
feelings and will pick their brand over competitors
Some Examples
Best Part of
Waking Up!
Smells Like a Man!
What Your Man Could
Smell Like
More Than
Medication
Share a
Coke!
February 10 EQ- How do we learn through
observation?
Agenda:
1.Daily
Sheet/Vocab/Test
Q’s
2.Review Activities
Classical and
Operant
3.Social Learning
Table of Contents:
98. Social Learning Notes
HW- Learning Test on
Tuesday. Study your
notebook. Read through
Unit 6 in your book.
Complete the test practice
questions on page 252-253
1-15. Will be collected in
your HW folder.
Observational Learning• AKA Social Learning
• Studied by Albert Bandura and his famous Bobo Doll experiment
• Based on the idea of modeling- we learn behaviors by observing and
imitating others
• Mirror neurons- fire in the frontal lobe when we see certain behaviors-
allow us to feel empathy and make emotions contagious (we cry when
we see a loved one cry, we yawn when someone we’re attached to
yawns, we smile when we see someone smile)
• We are hardwired to imitate others from birth (by 14 months we can
copy what we see on TV)
• Modeling behavior can be good when it is prosocial behavior, but bad
when it is antisocial behaviors
• Prosocial examples: We read to our children in hopes they will
become readers. We teach about MLK and Gandhi in hopes of
instilling non violence in our children.
• Antisocial examples: Children of abusive parents tend to be
aggressive/abusive to others (not just genetic but LEARNED
behavior); boys who see a father who beats mom tend to be
husbands who beat their wives
• What about TV??????
1. Explain Pavlov’s experiment. ID the UCS, UCR, CS and CR
2. Explain Watson’s experiment. ID the UCS, UCR, CS and CR
3. Who is the “father” of operant conditioning? Classical conditioning?
4. A reinforcer (increases/decreases) the frequency of the behavior it
follows.
5. A punishment (increases/decreases) the frequency of the behavior it
follow.
6. Is this a negative or positive reinforcer? Julia gets to pick a toy from
the “treasure box” every time she gets a 100 on her AR test.
7. Is this a negative or positive punishment? Your parents took away
your car when they caught you skipping school to go to Zaxby’s.
8. Sara was bitten by a snake when she was younger. Now she is afraid
of all reptiles. This is an example of…
9. Baby Albert continued to be afraid of white objects for the rest of his
life because Watson failed to _____ the conditioning.
10. If you do something because you are INTERNALLY motivated. Is
that an Intrinsic or Extrinsic Reward?
11.Who is the “father” of social learning theory? How did he show that
aggression was learned?
12.What is the connection between TV ratings and the social learning
theory?
The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby. Both
parents-to-be have had a psychology course and are looking
forward to applying the principles they learned from theories
and research that address child
development.
A) Summarize one main idea or finding of each of the
following researchers.
• Skinner’s operant conditioning
• Bandura’s social learning theory
B) Provide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias
might take to raise their child to produce positive outcomes
using each of the theories below to address the
corresponding psychological concept.
• Skinner’s operant conditioning: tantrum management
• Bandura’s social learning theory: sharing behavior
Learning FRQ
Question
#
I chose: Correct Answer? Why is this the correct answer? Refer
to your notes and provide a complete
explanation. (give slide #)
Learning Test Corrections