janet l. ohmann - trends in early seral forest at the stand and landscape scale
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Janet L. Ohmann - Trends in Early Seral Forest at the Stand and Landscape ScaleTRANSCRIPT
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Trends in Early-Seral Forest Trends in Early-Seral Forest at the Landscape Scaleat the Landscape Scale
Janet L. Ohmann, PNW Research Station, Janet L. Ohmann, PNW Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OregonUSDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon
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Landscape trends in early-seral forest
• Regional context for landowners and land managers
• Information for regional planning and policy
• Emphasis on western Oregon
– Coastal Oregon (CLAMS)
– Central Oregon Cascades (COLA)
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< 10
11 - 4041 - 8081 - 200> 200
Stand Age
300 yearsof simulated
fire history in
Oregon Coast
Range
(LADS model: Wimberly, Nonaka, Spies, et al.)
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
1972-1977
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
1978-1984
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
1985-1988
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
1989-1991
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
1992-1995
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
1996-2000
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
2000-2002
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Stand-Replacing Disturbance and Forest Land Ownership in Coastal Oregon, 1972-2004
(Cohen, Healey, et al.)
2002-2004
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Age Class Distributions in Coastal Oregon
(various CLAMS analyses, Spies et al. 2007)Early seral
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Historical Range of Variability (HRV) of Dead Wood in Early-Seral Forest in Coastal Oregon
Dead wood biomass level
% o
f are
a
(Nonaka et al., in press)
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Change in Forest Cover Type, 1936-1996
+ 21% open/young+ 101% hardwood+ 87% small conifer - 58% large conifer
(Wimberly and Ohmann 2004)
1936 1996
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Current Landscape Distributions of Early-Seral Forest
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A Continuum of Ownership and Forest Biodiversity Policies
Owner/allocation
Policies GoalsManagement
strategies
Federal wilderness
LegislativeNatural
conditions and other values
Consistent with wilderness character
Federal reserves
Policy, administrative
(NWFP, Roadless)
Late-successional forest, T&E
species, aquatic, timber
Reserves, Adaptive Management Areas
Federal general forest
Management Plans
MultipleMany, green-tree
retention
State of Oregon
State Forest Plans
Healthy forests, native species,
timber, T&E species
Structure-based management,
Habitat Conservation Plans
Nonindustrial private Forest
PracticesAct (FPA)
Multiple FPA: tree retention in clearcuts, streamside
protection rulesForest
industryTimber
production
Economic
goals
Ecologicalgoals
Pri
vate
Pu
blic
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37%
21%
10%
14%
18%
7%
17%
1%
12%
23%
40%
Forest Land Ownership
Coast (5.7 mill. acres)
Cascades (3.4 mill. acres)Oregon
(GIS data from Oreg. Dept. of Forestry)
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Forest Structural Conditions
Young
Old
• Coast: linked to disturbance history and ownership
• Cascades: confounding of environment, disturbance, ownership
(Ohmann and Gregory, unpublished)
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
Sparse<10%
Open10-40%
Sap/pole(1-10")
Sm/md(10-20")
Large(20-30")
Giant>30")
Forest industry
Nonindustrial private
State
Federal general forest
Federal reserved
Federal wilderness
Coast
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Sparse<10%
Open10-40%
Sap/pole(1-10")
Sm/md(10-20")
Large(20-30")
Giant>30")
Cascades
Forest Distribution by Structural Condition and Ownership, 1996
(10%)
(26%)
(6%)(11%)
(38%)
(10%)
(6%)
(15%)
(6%)
(16%)
(32%)
(25%)
10
00
acr
es
10
00
acr
es
(Ohmann and Gregory, unpublished)
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Coastal Oregon: Dominant Ecological Gradients
Sitka spruce (1.0 mill.ac.)
Westside lowland conifer-hardwood
(3.1 mill.ac.)
Foothill hardwoods (42,000 ac)
Montane conifer (0.1 mill.ac.)
Westside lowland dry/mixed evergreen (1.0 mill.ac.)
Forest Vegetation Types
(Ohmann et al. 2007)
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Central Oregon Cascades: Dominant Ecological Gradients
Ponderosa pine (0.7 mill.ac.)
Montane conifer (0.7
mill.ac.)
Juniper (0.2 mill.ac.)
Foothill hardwoods(11,000 ac)
W. lowland con-hdw (1.3
mill.ac.)
Lodgepole pine(0.4 mill.ac.)
Forest Vegetatio
n Types
White fir (0.1 mill.ac.)
(Ohmann and Gregory, unpublished)
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Forest Types and Structural Conditions
(Ohmann and Gregory, unpublished)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Sitka spruce
W.lowland conifer-
hardwood
Montaneconifer
W.lowland dry /mixed-evergreen
Foothillhardwoods
Giant>30")
Large(20-30")
Sm/md(10-20")
Sap/pole(1-10")
Open10-40%
Sparse<10%
10
00
acr
es
(22%)
(16%)
(7%)
(17%)
(43%)
Coast
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Foothill hardwoods
W.lowlandconifer-
hardwood
Montane conifer
White/grand fir
Ponderosa pine
Lodgepole pine
Juniper
10
00
acr
es
(9%)
(10%)
(7%)
(22%) (93%)
(60%)
(61%)
% early seral (sparse+open)
Cascades
• % in early seral varies widely
• Most early seral is westside lowland
• eastside types predominantly open-canopy
• little high-elevation forest is early seral
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Natural legaciesafter wildfire
Lack oflegacies under intensive management
Forest management w/ legacy retention
Remnant (Legacy) Trees
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Totaldeadwood
(m3/ha)
Coastal Oregon: Legacy Trees in Young Forest,* 1996
0
20
40
60
80
100
Forest Service
BLM State Nonindustrial private
Forest industry
m3/
ha
Downwood
* Stand <40% cover and tree >50 cm, or stand >40% cover and <50 cm QMD
and tree > (QMD+50 cm).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Forest Service
BLM State Nonindustrial private
Forest industry
Tree
s/ha
live trees
snags
(Ohmann et al. 2007)
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% hardwoodbasal area
0
40
80
120
160
Federal wilderness
Federal reserved
Federal general forest
State Nonindustrialprivate
Forest industry
1000 a
cres
Coast
Cascades
Area of hardwood forest(>65% of basal area)
Hardwoods• Associated with:
– Particular habitats (maritime climate, riparian, foothills)
– Disturbance (legacy, early seral)
• Reduced by intensive forest management favoring conifers
• More abundant in coastal Oregon, on private lands
(Ohmann and Gregory, unpublished)
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Future (Projected) Landscape Conditions
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CLAMS Projected 100-Year Change Under Current Policies
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
1996 2046 2096
Mil
lio
n a
cre
s
Open Forest Remnants
Broadleaf Small Mixed/ Conifer
Medium Mixed/ Conifer Large Mixed/ Conifer
Very Large Mixed/ Conifer
1996(GNN)
2096 projected(base policy)
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Northern Spotted Owl (H9) HCI > 36--All Owners
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
550,000
600,000
650,000
Initial Year 25 Year 50 Year 75 Year 100
Time
Hec
tare
s
Western Bluebird (H6) HCI > 29
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Initial Year 25 Year 50 Year 75 Year 100
Time
Hec
tare
s
Current policy
Green tree retention
No Fed thinning
Potential Effects of Alternative Scenarios on Bird Habitat in coastal Oregon
Northern Spotted Owl
Western Bluebird
Pileated Woodpecker (H7) HCI > 32
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Initial Year 25 Year 50 Year 75 Year 100
Time
Tho
usan
d he
ctar
es
Pileated Woodpecker
(CLAMS, Spies et al. 2007)
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Summary: landscape trends in early-seral forest
• No shortage of early seral:
– more than HRV, more than 1936
• But character has changed:
– Linked to ownership and management practices rather than natural disturbance
– Fewer legacy trees of lesser quality, shorter residence time, changes in patch size and shape
• Diverse young forest will continue to decline under current policies
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Implications for Landscape and Conservation Planning
• Requires perspective that is multi-ownership, beyond reserves:
– Much of early seral is on nonfederal lands
– Reserves not designed for active management for early seral
– Reserves not distributed across regional gradients
• Forest policies:
– Small shifts can make a difference (e.g., leave trees)
– Much can be done (beyond regulation) to influence private landowner behavior
• New tools and data available for landscape analysis can inform management and policy decisions as never before