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ISSN 1734-8412

Editor-in-Chief Prof. Leszek A. Dobrzański

http://www.journalamme.org

Volume 19 • Issue 1 • November 2006

ISSN 1734-8412

17348412200611001901000100

The World Academy of Materials andManufacturing Engineeringandthe Materials Science Committee of the PolishAcademy of Sciences

would like to invite tothe 15th Jubilee International Scientific Conference onAchievements in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

which will be organised in the Polish most famous summer paradise andwinter sports capital

Zakopane • 27th - 31st May 2007

On-line registration and detailed informationHome page: http://www.amme.polsl.plE-mail: amme.info@polsl.pl

DEADLINESAbstract and Paper Submission – 28th February 2007Acceptance of Papers – 30th April 2007

PUBLICATIONThe AMME’2007 conference delegates are invited to prepare a paper which will be published in theelectronic version on the CD-ROM after peer reviews worked by experts invited by the ConferenceOrganisers, and after the choice made by the Organisers in:

• the Special Issues of the Worldwide Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineeringby the International OCSCO World Press, Gliwice-Campinas-Portland-Madrid-Daejeon-Brisbane-Cairo, or

• the Special Issue of the International Journal of Materials and Product Technology by IndersciencePublishers, Switzerland or

• the Special Issue of the International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Propertiesby Inderscience Publishers, Switzerland or

• the Special Issue of the Journal of Materials Processing Technology by Elsevier,the Netherlands

Above mentioned journals are indexed by Thomson Scientific, formerlyknown as Thomson ISI from Philadelphia, PA (USA).

Conference VenueHotel Mercure Kasprowy****Zakopane, Poland

ADDRESS OF THE CONFERENCE:AMME'2007 Conference SecretariatInstitute of Engineering Materials andBiomaterials,Silesian University of Technologyul. Konarskiego 18a (room 366),44-100 Gliwice, Poland

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Editorial Board

Prof. Jan Adamczyk - Gliwice, PolandProf. Gilmar Batalha - Sao Paulo, BrazilProf. Emin Bayraktar - St-Ouen, FranceProf. Milan Brandt - Swinburne, AustraliaProf. Antonio Cuhna - Guimaraes, PortugalProf. Marek Dollar - Oxford, Ohio, USAProf. J. Paulo Davim - Aveiro, PortugalProf. Sabahudin Ekinoviç - Zenica, Bosnia and HerzegovinaProf. Renato Esposito - Naples, ItalyProf. Spilios Fassois - Patras, GreeceProf. Swadhin Ghosh - Rösrath, GermanyProf. Janez Grum - Ljubljana, SloveniaProf. Toshio Haga - Osaka, JapanProf. Abdel Magid Hamouda - Selangor, MalaysiaProf. Stuart Hampshire - Limerick, IrelandProf. Lauri Holappa - Espoo, FinlandProf. John Barry Hull - Nottingham, United KingdomProf. Mark James Jackson - West Lafayette, Indiana, USAProf. Krzysztof Jemielniak - Warsaw, PolandProf. Jerzy J´drzejewski - Wroc∏aw, PolandProf. Yosef Katz - Beer Sheva, IsraelProf. Andrzej Klimpel - Gliwice, PolandProf. Ivars Knets - Riga, LatviaProf. Janez Kopac - Ljubljana, SloveniaProf. Karl Kuzman - Ljubljana, SloveniaProf. Anatolij Kuzmenko - Khmielnickiy, UkraineProf. Petr Louda - Liberec, Czech RepublicProf. Stanis∏aw Mitura - ¸ódê, PolandProf. Andrew Nee - Singapore, SingaporeProf. Jerzy Nowacki - Szczecin, PolandProf. Abraham Ogwu - Paisley, United KingdomProf. Fusheng Pan - Chongqing, ChinaProf. Mario Rosso - Turin, ItalyProf. Antonio Sousa - Fredericton, NB, CanadaProf. Božo Smoljan - Rijeka, CroatiaProf. Jerry Sokolowski - Windsor, Ontario, CanadaProf. Zinovij Stotsko - Lviv, UkraineProf. Jerzy Âwider - Gliwice, PolandProf. Ming-Yen Tan - Singapore, SingaporeProf. Boris Tomov - Rousse, BulgariaProf. Marcel Van De Voorde - Brussels, BelgiumProf. Senay Yalcin - Istambul, TurkeyProf. Bekir Sam Yilbas - Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

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of Achievements in Materialsand Manufacturing Engineering

PUBLISHED SINCE 1992

formerly as Proceedings on

Achievements in Mechanical

and Materials Engineering

Published monthly as the organ of the World Academy of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Leszek A. Dobrzaƒski - Gliwice, Poland

Deputies of Editor-in-Chief

South AmericaProf. Maria Helena Robert - Campinas, Brazil

North AmericaProf. George Totten - Portland, USA

EuropeProf. Jose Manuel Torralba - Madrid, Spain

AsiaProf. Yong Taek Im - Daejeon, South Korea

AustraliaProf. Kanaka Durga Vara Prasad Yarlagadda- Brisbane, Australia

AfricaProf. Abdalla Wifi - Cairo, Egypt

Associate Editors

Dr Mirosław BonekDr Klaudiusz GołombekMs Marzena Kraszewska, MADr Janusz MadejskiDr Daniel Pakuła

Editorial Assistance

Mr Wojciech Borek, MScMs Barbara Doł˝aƒska, MScMs Ludwina Wosiƒska, MSc

Reading Direct

Mr Adam Polok, MScMr Piotr Zarychta, MSc

This journal is a part of Reading Direct, the free of charge

alerting service which sends tables of contents by e-mail

for this journal and in the promotion period also the full

texts of papers. You can register to Reading Direct at

http://www.journalamme.org

Reading Direct

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of Achievements in Materials of Achievements in Materialsand Manufacturing Engineeringand Manufacturing Engineering

ng

Patronage

World Academy of Materialsand Manufacturing Engineering

Polish Academy of Sciences,Committee of Materials Science,Section of Metallic Materials

International Federation of Heat Treatmentand Surface Engineering

Association of Computational MaterialsScience and Surface Engineering

Institute of Engineering Materialsand Biomaterials of Silesian Universityof Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Abstracting services

This journal is sent to individual receivers from ca. 50 countries

of the world and is delivered to the National Libraries and

Universities and also to other scientific institutions in ca. 50

countries of the world. The electronic system of Reading Direct

allows to access to the electronic version of that journal on-line,

in the promotional period free of charge. This Journal is included

in the reference list of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher

Education (6 points). The procedure leading to the citation of

that journal by Abstracting Services has already begun.

Publisher

Gliwice 44-100, Poland

ul. S. Konarskiego 18a/366

e-mail: info@journalamme.org

Bank account:

Stowarzyszenie Komputerowej Nauki o Materia∏ach i In˝ynierii Powierzchni

Bank name: ING Bank Âlàski

Bank address: ul. Zwyci´stwa 28, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Account number/ IBAN CODE: PL76105012981000002300809767

Swift code: INGBPLPW

Gliwice – Campinas – Portland – Madrid – Daejeon – Brisbane – Cairo

® 2006 International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved

The paper used for this Journal meets the requirements of acid-free paper

Printed in Poland

Cover story

“Kaitab” in thelanguage of thetribe of thePaiute Indians,leaving in Arizo-na, the USA, onthe North Rimupon the Colora-do river, means“a mountain ly-ing down” or “amountain insideout”. That oneword determinesthe Grand Can-yon of the Colo-rado river. Itseems that no-body even if sawpictures beforeis not preparedfor seeing sucha miracle of thenature. Everyoneis surely surprised with its hugeness, space and beauty. Itslength equals ca. 400 km and in the broadest place equals ca.15 km and is more than 1.5 km deep. Rocks creating it are2 billion years old and its shape was formed for the last 5 mil-lion years. Between 600 and 250 million years ago sedimen-tary rocks were created by water as the layers of sandstones, limestone and shale. Depositional environmentsincluded both warm, shallow inland seas and costal shorelinesand damp swamplands with the exception of the CoconinoSandstone which was deposited under desert conditions.Solid rocks consisting of grains of sand, lime and mud joinedby the pressure of layers and chemicals were created fromsediments left by ancient sources of water in the region. Therocks created because of water activities were layered on theheat-born rock of the inner gorge, the whole region was liftedthousands meters above the sea level.Yet ca. 65 millions years ago water coming from melting snowand precipitations by various ways get through the mountainregions to the Pacific Ocean boring a few hundred-meter-rimrocks in sedimentary rocks. Together with the creation of theGulf of California which took place ca 5.3 million years ago, theprocess of the boring of the today Grand Canyon began.Waters of the Colorado river carrying the particles of mud,pebbles, cobbles, silt and boulders on rock layers formed as aresult of the erosion process the today Grand Canyon ca.1.2 million years ago. At present the Grand Canyon is thebiggest product of erosion in our world and in the very persua-sive way shows how big can be a scale of wear and damagesas a result of the influence of external factors. Of course, thisproblem is applied to all engineering materials and machine build-ing and technology. Tribology and corrosion science describeboth mechanisms and also the methods of the evaluation ofdamages. In the present issue a few papers directly or indirect-ly deal with that issue. Look at the pages: 11, 38, 46 and 83.

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