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James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR Spectroscopy” 6 Product operators NMR seminar Elisabeth Lehmann 01.04.2015

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Page 1: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

James Keeler‘s lecture series“Understanding NMR Spectroscopy”

6 ‐ Product operatorsNMR seminar

Elisabeth Lehmann

01.04.2015

Page 2: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Representation of magnetisation

Quantum mechanical representation of (time‐dependent) magnetisation bydensity operator   

Vector model representation of magnetisation

With  , ,  as spin angular momentum operators

With  ,  ,  as three components of the magnetisation vector

Page 3: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Hamiltonians for pulses and delays

Delay (=no pulse): free precession

Pulse: rotation about axis, in which pulse is applied 

Ω: frequency of rotation about z‐axis (offset in rotating frame)

ω: frequency of rotation during pulse

Ω

,

,

Page 4: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Equation of motion: effect of x‐pulseCalculation of density operator at time t,  is calculated by applying the relevant Hamiltonian  to the density operator at time 0,  0 :

expression in terms ofangular momentum operators

Pulse along  for 

Known fromquantum mechanics

0 at equilibrium

z

yx

x

z

yx

,

Page 5: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Standard rotations

x

z

‐z

y‐y y

z

‐z

‐xx z

x

‐x

‐yy

Rotation axis

Precession

Page 6: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Example

Rotation from  (=old operator)to   (=new operator)by   (=applied Hamiltonian operator )

Iy

Iz

t

Page 7: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Arrow notation

Page 8: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Spin echo

The outcome of the spin echo block is independent of the offset Ω and the delay τ.

The evolution due to offsets is refocused by the sequence  – τ – 180°(x) – τ –.

Detailed calculation:see script 6.1.6

Page 9: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Application to multiple spin systems

So far: description of single spinsNext: spin systems of two or more coupled spins

Product operators can be used to describe coherence transfer and multiple quantum coherence

Page 10: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Operators for two spins: in‐phase

1 ,  2 ,  1 , 2

in‐phase magnetisation

Page 11: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Operators for two spins: anti‐phase

2 1 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 2 : anti‐phase magnetisation

2 1 2 : magnetisation on spin 1, which is anti‐phase with respect to coupling to spin 2

Antiphase magnetisation is a state that is created within free evolution of two coupled spins.

http://www.chemie.uni‐hamburg.de/nmr/insensitive/tutorial/en.lproj/antiphase_magnetization.html

Antiphase peaks cannot be converted to in‐phase peaks by phase correction. 

Page 12: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Operators for two spins:non‐observables

2 1 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 2 : multiple quantum coherence

2 1 2 : non‐equilibrium population distribution (two spin state)

These types of states are not observable

Page 13: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Evolution of a two spin systemunder pulses 

Evolution of 2 1 2 under 90° y‐pulse on both spins

1 is rotated 90°about y to  1

2 is rotated 90°about y to  2Anti‐phase magnetisation of spin 1 has been transferred 

to anti‐phase magnetisation of spin 2.

This process is called coherence transfer.

Example:

Page 14: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Evolution under couplingHamiltonian representing coupling of two spins

12: scalar coupling [Hz]

zz

x

‐x

‐yzyz zz

y

‐y

xz‐xz

In‐phase magnetisation (x) becomes anti‐phase (y)

Anti‐phase magnetisation (x) becomes in‐phase (y)

Complete interconversion at    cos 12 0 → 12 →

http://www.chemie.uni‐hamburg.de/nmr/insensitive/tutorial/en.lproj/coupling.html

2

Page 15: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Spin echo, homonuclear coupled spins

Homonuclear spin system: 180° pulse affects both spins

Known: spin echo sequence     – τ – 180°(x) – τ – refocuses evolution due to offset → only evolu on under coupling considered here

τ:

τ:

180° (x):No net effect

Complete conversion of  1 to antiphase magnetisation 2 1 2

at cos2 12 0 → 2 12 → and        2

Page 16: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Interconverting in‐phase andanti‐phase states

Spin echos can be used to interconvert in‐phase magnetisation and pure anti‐phase magnetisation, while refocusing evolution due to offsets.

Pulse sequence element:

––180°(x) – –

With 180° (x) applied on both spins

Page 17: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Spin echo, heteronuclear coupled spins

Spin echo:     – τ – 180°(x) – τ –In heteronuclear spin system, 180° pulse can be applied selectively to one or both spins

Evolution of coupling 2τ refocused refocused

All combina ons possible → In heteronuclear spin systems possible to choose evolution/refocusing effects due to offset/coupling

Evolution due to offset

refocusedrefocused

refocused2τ

2τrefocused

spin 1spin 2

Page 18: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Coherence order

Classification by coherence order 

1 (single quantum coherence) e.g. 1 , 2 1 2 observable

0 (zero‐quantum coherence) e.g. 2 1 2 non‐observable

2 (double quantum coherence) present in e.g. 2 1 2 non‐observable

(also contains  0)

Only transverse magnetisation is observable in NMR.

Classification possible for individual spins:

2 1 2 :        spin 1:  0,     spin 2:  1

Page 19: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Raising and lowering operatorsRaising operator  :     1 Lowering operator  :      ̶1

Example

2 200

With        and                 

It follows

1 1 (mixtures of coherences)

12

12

Page 20: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Systems with three or more spins

Spin systems with three or more spins can be described with the product operator formalism.

Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems.

Occurrence of triple quantum coherences possible, e.g. in 4 1 2 3

Double anti‐phase

Page 21: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Operators of multiple‐quantum coherences

Set of operators representing pure multiple quantum states

Page 22: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Evolution of multiple‐quantum terms

Evolution under offsets(analogous to  and  )

Evolution under couplings(passive couplings analogous to  and  )

Page 23: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence
Page 24: James Keeler‘s lecture series “Understanding NMR ...product operator formalism. Evolution under offsets, pulses and coupling follow the same rules as for two‐spin systems. Occurrence

Exercise 6.912

12

2 2 ⋅12 ⋅

12

12

12

2 0

12

12

12

12 2 2

12 2 2