jakarta is the capital of the republic of indonesia which is bordered

Mangapul Tambunan/Department of Geography/University of Indonesia/ACRS2007

Flooding area in the Jakarta province on February 2 to 4 2007 *)

By Mangapul P.Tambunan

Department of Geography Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

University of Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Jakarta is the biggest city in south east Asia regional such as night population 10 million and built up area 650,000 Hectare. Jakarta has 13 rivers which it has flood area 8063,54 hectare. Flooding area in Jakarta has different from and similar to spatial and temporal such a environment a landscape, built up are/paved land and rain distribution. Rainfall in a few days last week caused the worst flooding in years in Jakarta. It was estimated from 40 to 70 percent of the Indonesia's capital was underwater. The number of people killed of this flooding has reached at least 34 from drowning, electrocution or disease. More than 300,000 residents have been forced from their homes. Heavy rain a 2 day is still forecasted to come in a few weeks and authorities are still asking the residents to keep alert. The disaster is far from over. Jakarta, Indonesian capital, was heavily flooded on February 2 to 4, 2007, due to the massive rain lasted. The city traffic seriously damaged, and some part of the city was under the water of three meter, that it is very interesting for spatial and temporal analysis in geography perspective. Key words: natural landscape , built up area/paved land, raining, flooding area Jakarta province and social disaster in geography perspective.

Introduction

Flood is defined as extremely high flows or levels of rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs and

any other water bodies, whereby water inundates outside of the water bodies area.

Flooding also occurs when the sea level rises extremely or above coastal lands due to

tidal sea and sea surges. In many regions and countries floods are the most damaging

phenomena that effect to the social and economic of the population (Smith et, al., 1998).

Flood is an increasing problem in metropolitan Jakarta.

*)The paper is using presentation in the 28th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 12 to 16 November 2007 at Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC), Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.

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mailto:[email protected]


Total area of Jakarta Special Province is 650 square Km2 with the position of the land

from the sea level is from 0 meter at Tanjung Priok Sea Port area to 50 meters above sea

level, especially high place at south Jakarta. The more south the more higher the land

altitude. Jakarta is located on the coastal lowlands bordering with the Java Sea and very

vulnerable to be flooded. 13 rivers flow evenly inside this area. In the east, there are

Cakung, Kramat Jati, Buaran, Sunter and Cipinang rivers. In the central area, there are

Ciliwung, Cideng, and Krukut rivers, while in the west, the Grogol, Sekretaris,

Pasanggrahan, Mokervaart, and Angke rivers flow. Flood in Jakarta has been recognized

since the Dutch occupation era in Indonesia. Historical record illustrates some enormous

flooding occurred that killed some people and destructed properties i.e., year 1621, 1654,

and 1918. While in the last few decades, the flooding occurred in 1976 and 1996; caused

some damages and some people were killed and lost. Until now, excessive rainfall, land

use changed in the recharged area, and the uncontrolled city development are identified

as the causal factors of flooding in Jakarta.

Jakarta is the capital of the Republic of Indonesia which is bordered by Java Sea in the

North and West Java Province in the South (Kabupaten Bogor), West (Kabupaten

Tangerang), and in the East (Kabupaten Bekasi). The province of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta) is

geographically located in area of latitude 5o19;12'' to 5o25'54'' South and longitude

106o22'42'' to 106o58'18'' East. DKI Jakarta and its surrounding which is so called

Jabotabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi) covers a surface area of appoximately

7,200 km2. The surface area of DKI Jakarta is about 652 km2. The population of Jakarta,

which was about 800,000 just before independece (1945) has increased to 8.2 million in

1990 according to recent census. The 1990 population Botabek (Bogor, Tangerang,

Bekasi) was about 8.78 million, making a total of 17 million for Jabotabek. The annual

increase over 1980 - 1990 periode has been 2.41 %. In the year 2005, the population of

DKI Jakarta is estimated to be 12 million while the population of Jabotabek will have

23.4 million. Unlike other region, over 75 % of this population is in an urban setting.

Jakarta and its surrounding has a humid tropical climate which is very much influenced

by the blowing moonson wind. Moonson, driven by the continental effect of Australia

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and Asia, influence the seasonal weather pattern that result in a wet season (East-

Moonson) and a dry season (West- Moonson).

Long-term mean annual rainfall in Jakarta area is between 1,500 and 2,500 mm. The dry

season (rainfall less than 100 mm/month) lasts 7-8 months in the coastal area, but only

for 2-4 months at elevations of 30-50 m, and does not exist at higher elevations. Highest

rainfall principally occurs throughout the area in February, while the lowest one happens

between June and August. Long-term mean monthly temperature is between 26 and 28 C,

while the mean annual is at 27oC. The mean potential evapotranspiration for Jakarta area

was calculated to be 1,606 mm/year. Intensity rainfall such as rain gauge Pondok Betung,

Bintaro more than 300 mm/day (west Jakarta) and least than 50 mm/day for rain gauge

Citoko (Bogor district) on February 2, 2007. If we will be compared on data rainfall

(Febr 02, 2002 and 2007) like Kemayoran in north Jakarta 149 mm/day (2002) and 249

mm/day (2007) or increasing rainfall 100 mm/day (chart/graph 1)

To Compare Rain Fall on 2 Pebruari 2002 And 2007Flooding area in the Jakarta Province

050

100150200250300350400

Pondo

k Betu

ng, B

intaro

Cengk

areng

Tange

rang

Kemay

oran

Halim P

K

Pakub

uwon

o

Kedoy

a

Citeko

, Bog

or

Dramag

a

Sts.Pengamatan Curah Hujan

Jum

lah

CH

Har

ian

CH 2-2-02 (mm)

CH 2-2-07 (mm)

source: BMG, Indonesia 2007

Geomorphological understanding of floods derives a from along geological tradition of

studying indices of real processes operating in the past. In contrast to the conceptual,

theoretical treatment of floods as classes or generalizations, geomorphologists study

particular floods revealed as a natural experience that is recorded in the sediments,

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landforms, and erosional scars of past floods. The strength of this approach is in its

affinity to the commonsense perceptional basis that underpins human action.

Geomorphological flood studies, including recent advances in paleoflood hydrology,

are needed as a complement to conventional hydrological approaches. The resulting

complementarity will allow the predictions of the conventional approach to be grounded

in the concrete particulars of experience. Without such grounding, flood science risks

continuing as an empty quest for universal ideals while humanity, paralyzed by inaction,

continues to suffer from the reality of particular floods.

Verstappen (1953) in Djakarta bay “ a geomorphology study on shoreline

development” , after the preceding explanation of the recent changes in the coastline and

the consideration about the causes underlying them, attention will now be given to the

alluvial plain several kilometers wide, that stretches behind the coastline and the

boundary of which is formed by the alluvial fan of Bogor., Batavia and eventually

Jakarta, people could not imagine that this small settlement at the supposedly 5000-year-

old alluvial fanlike plain made up by the debris of the Salak, Pangrango and Gedeh

Vulcanoes located south of present-day city of Bogor, would develop into a multi-million

settlement and even become the core of a mega-urban region counting tens of millions of

inhabitants.

This site, at a seashore slowly expanding because of the sediment carried by the rivers

and taking the shape of a large bay in front of numerous small islands, was situated at an

altitude just above sea level. That is why this lowland area as depicted in Figure 1 has

naturally always been subject to regular flooding by the waterways cutting through the

plain, such as the Cisadane, Angke, Ciliwung, Bekasi and Citarum Rivers. In the hot

season discharges are of these rivers are low and urban canals show mostly muddy, dirty

and smelly bottom conditions. But during the wet season when these rivers carry down

the largest part of their sediment, silt that in the course of time has grown in quantity

because of upstream human-induced eroding developments, the risk of flooding

becomes paramount and has large impact.

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Result and Discussion

In the aftermath of deadly floods in 2007, the government drafted a master plan to expand

the Dutch-built city's canal system. Two centuries ago, the Dutch colonial government,

with its long experience of controlling water and drainage systems, built the canal system

to protect the city's population which was then 500,000. Jakarta, which lies in the lowland

with 43 lakes and 13 rivers, relies on the canal system to prevent flooding.

Sea-level rise is not the only threat to the vulnerability of Jakarta due to the climate

change. February's floods in Jakarta which inundated more than 70 percent of Jakarta and

sent about 450,000 fleeing their homes is strong evidence that torrential rain could be a

serious threat for Jakarta. Bigger storms make Jakarta which lies in the lowlands, near the

sea, and is crossed by 13 rivers flowing down from the south even more vulnerable.

West Jakarta province such as Daan Mogot Street and the housing in its surrounding were

reached first by the giant flood. Cars had to be evacuated before they were sinking into

the deluge and allfurniture on the first floor of two storey houses had to be moved to the

second floor.. The green villa housing estate in the surrounding of Daan Mogot Street

was flooded for one meter.

The flood also occurred at Kelurahan Bambu Utara, Kecamatan Pal Merah,

where more than 385 houses were inundated for 15 cm. But so far no inhabitants were

evacuated. A number of streets in West Jakarta, such as Daan Mogot Street and Pesing

(Kecamatan grogol Petamburan), Kedoya Street (Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk), Kelapa Dua

Street, and streets in the surrounding of the Green Garden Duri Kepa Estate, suffered

from 30 cm high flooding.

In South Jakarta the location of the flood was at Paku Buwono Street, Kebayoran

Baru. It inundated the area as high as 30 cm. In East Jakarta the Cipinang River

overflowed the whole of Kelurahan Cipinang Besar. It inundated the area as high as 50

cm, and no inhabitants were evacuated. Meanwhile the dike of Kalibaru at the roadside

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to Bogor at km 21 broke down and the water overflowed the highway as high as 50 cm.

At East Jakarta the flood had become worse and worse. Cipinang River

overflowed and more houses were inundated. A luxurious estate, Cipinang Indah, was

flooded as high as two meters. The flood that in several places such as Kampung Melayu

and Cililitan reached over six meters traumatized the inhabitants (Table 1, 2,3 and Figure

1).

Table 1: Flooding Area in the Jakarta Province on February 2 to 4,2007

Source: Department the Public of Work Indonesia

• Jl Daan Mogot ±100 cm

• Depan Kantor Wali Kota Jakarta Barat ±70-80 cm

• Underpass Tomang R

itralan

aya

d arahg

m

• CCengkaren±100 c

• TL Bangka ±100 cm

• Jl Raya Cileduk depan BNI ±70 cm

• TL Kostrad Tanah Kusir ±100 cm

• Depan POM Bensin Pertanian ±100-110 cm

• Jl Bank ±100 cm

• Kalibata-Dewi Sartika (Jembatan Ciliwung)

• TL Podomoro ±50-80 cm

• TL Plumpang ±60-70 cm

• Jl Perintis Kemerdekaan ±70-80 cm

• Jl Kapuk Muara ±130-140 cm

• Cakung-Priok Depan KBN ±100 cm

• Kelapa Gading ±100 cm

• Teluk Gong ±130-150 cm

• Jl Yos Sudarso ±100 cm

• Jl DI Panjaitan (Kebon Nanas) ±50-60 cm

• Jl Asem Baris (Kp Melayu) ±70-100 cm

• Tol Kolong Cawang (Terowongan Mina) ±50-60 cm

• Jl Otista Raya ±70-80 cm

• Underpass Cawang ±200-300 cm

• Cipinang Melayu

• Bidaracina 200 cm

• TL Coca Cola (Cepu 13) ±60-80 cm

West Jakarta South Jakarta Central Jakarta East Jakarta North Jakarta

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Table 2. Flooding area potential in the Jakarta province A B C D E 1 NO POS Drainage area Area (Ha) COUNT 2 1 Pos Pengamat Ci Pinang Hulu Ci Pinang 2331.9430 13 2 Pos Pengamat Sunter K. Sunter 2157.6140 24 3 Pos Pengamat Depok Ci Liwung 1459.0720 55 4 Pos Pengamat Kali Krukut Hulu K. Krukut 198.7060 16 5 Pos Pengamat Pesanggarahan K. Pesanggarahan 2725.8910 37 6 Pos Pengamat Angke Hulu K. Angke 1281.1420 1Source: Data processing floods.2007

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Minimal flooding area in the Jakarta province with some project river plan management

(Mark C. et al., 2004) as bellow:

In the Cisadane River Basin (1,411 km 2 ) the Cisadane is the largest river

originating on the slopes of Mount Kendeng, Mount Perbakti and Mount Salak. The

middle and lower reaches of the river flow through the fast growing urban area of the

city of Tangerang before discharging in the Java Sea.

The Cengkareng floodway system basin (459 km 2 ) is dominated by the Angke

River, which confluences with the Mookervaart Canal (connecting the Cisadane with the

Angke), Pessangrahan and Grogol Rivers. The system discharges in the Java Sea through

the Cengkareng Drain, which was constructed in 1983 as an alternative to the extension

of the Western Banjir Canal proposed in the NEDECO Master Plan of 1973. The

downstream reaches of these rivers flow through the densely populated area of West

Jakarta.

The Western Banjir Canal System Basin (421 km 2 ) is dominated by the 17 km

long Western Banjir Canal, which was build in 1918 and collects floodwaters from the

Ciliwung and Krukut Rivers. It also receives water from the Cideng Drain and Angke

Drain. The Ciliwung originates on the slopes of Mount Pangrango, cutting through

Bogor and the heart of Jakarta and is one of the larger rivers in terms of the size of its

catchment area. In central Jakarta, at the Mangarai Flood Gate, the Ciliwung splits and

discharges partly in the Western Banjir Canal and partly continues in multiple smaller

drains that discharge in the Java Sea. The Krukut joins the West Banjir Canal at the Karet

Weir. In 2007 large improvement works for the West Banjir Canal, such as strengthening

of embankments, dredging works and reconstruction of bridges were under way.

The Eastern Banjir Canal System Basin (207 km 2 ) will be based on the East

Banjir Canal that was first proposed by NEDECO in 1973 and is meant to divert run off

from the Cipanang, Sunter, Jatikramat, Buaran and Cakung Rivers along the eastern

border of DKI Jakarta. At present the East Banjir Canal has not yet been finished due to

high costs for land acquisition and housing compensation. Until its completion these

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rivers discharge in the Java Sea at separate locations. In the existing situation the

Cipenang joins the Sunter at Kelurahan Cipinang and continues as the Sunter, which

discharges in the Java Sea at the port of Tanjung Priok. Near the east DKI Jakarta border

the Buaran confluences with the Jatikramat and continues as the Buaran. More

downstream the Buaram joins the Cakung and continues as the Cakung Drain. Before

discharging in the Java Sea, the Cakung Drain splits in Cakung Drain and the old Cakung

River course.

The Cikarang-Bekasi-Laut (CBL) Floodway System Basin (915 km 2 ) is based on

the 29 km long CBL Floodway that was constructed in 1985 to divert the run-off from

the Bekasi, Cisadang and Cikarang Rivers. The most dominant river running straight to

the centre of Bekasi, is the Kali Bekasi with a catchment area of 403 km 2 . The fast

growing city of Bekasi is built on the fluvial deposits of this river. Apart from some

isolated channels, the urban area of Bekasi has no urban drainage system. One of the

obstacles in the Bekasi River is the Bekasi Barrage, constructed in 1958 and located in

the center of town. The situation is quite similar to the situation in Tangerang since the

barrage dams up the water during high discharges, which may lead to flooding.

The residual basins and urban drainage area of DKI Jakarta also can be seen as a

catchment basin. Within the urban area rain water is collected by a local system of

smaller drains and is discharged directly or through pumping stations into the rivers or

main drains. DKI Jakarta has 18 pumping stations for urban drainage purposes. The

existing reservoirs cover approximately 145 ha and are used as retention and retarding

basins or regulating ponds for pumping stations. The Pluit Retention Basin of 80 ha is

the largest. Close to Halim Airport, at Sunter, a large 110 ha retention basin is planned of

which in 2007 only part has been implemented. More and larger ponds and reservoirs are

present outside DKI Jakarta at Kabupaten Bogor, Kabupaten Tangerang and Kabupaten

Bekasi. Furthermore, a large number of other regulating or connecting structures are part

of the drainage system in DKI Jakarta, such as weirs, culverts, sluices and siphons.

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Conclusions

On February 2 to 4 2007 , The biggest city Jakarta province has flooded area 8063.5370

hectare with an average flooded 0.5 meter and duration 4 day. Flooding area in Jakarta

province is caused such as intensity rainfall more than 150 mm/day, paved land more

than 65 percent , no park watering like pond and swamp. Flooding area potential in the

Jakarta province that it is flooded contribution drainage area from kali Pesanggrahan

2725.9 ha, Cipinang 2331.9 ha, Kali Sunter 2157.6 ha, Ciliwung 1459.1 ha, kali Angke

1281.1 ha and kali Krukut 198.7 ha.

Interception of flood flows from all rivers before entering lowland areas (i.e. the proper

city area at the time) by two floodways. The Western Floodway was meant to be an

extension of a floodway constructed in 1924 which intercepts the Ciliwung, Cideng and

Krukut rivers. The extension was intended to cope with the Grogol, Sekretaris and Angke

rivers as well. The Eastern Floodway was aimed to intercept all other remaining rivers

(Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jatikramat and Cakung). The floodways were planned to

contain 100-year floods, i.e. 290–525 m3/sec for the Western Floodway and 101–340

m3/sec for the Eastern Floodway. Areas located downstream of the two floodways were

divided into six drainage zones covering about 240 km2. Most of the land (about 150

km2) with elevation of less than 2 metres was considered as polders, and the rest treated

as gravity drainage areas. Pumps and reservoirs would release flood water from the

polders. The existing old river channels were considered as primary drainage, and

designed to contain 25-year floods.

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References

Daftar Peta Tematik Bencana Banjir di Propinsi DKI Jakarta Tanggal 2-9 Pebruari 2007 (Sumber : Posko Bencana Banjir Dep. PU, Kompas) :

Mark Caljouw, Peter J.M. Nas, Pratiwo. 2004. Flooding in Jakarta. The 1 st International Conference on Urban History ,Surabaya, August 23rd-25 th 2004

Nedeco, 1973. Master Plan for Drainage and Flood Control of Jakarta Nedeco, 1981. Cengkareng Drain System. Study on April Smith, K and Ward R, 1998, Floods: Physical Processes and Human Impacts, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, USA. Verstappen, H.Th. 1953. Djakarta Bay, a Geomorphological Studi on Shoreline

Development. Disertation, Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Geographical Institute of the State University at Utrecht, Netherlands.

Yin, H., and Li, C., 2001 Human impact on floods and flood disasters on the Yangtze

River. Geomorphology 41, 105-109.

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Attachment

Table 3: Flooding area in Jakarta province, February 2 to 4 2007

No District Flood Area (Ha) No District

Flood Area (Ha)

1 Kapuk Kamal 48,3360 21 Petogogan 62,5550

2 Tegal alur 82,7320 22 Pondok Karya 59,4860

3 Kapuk Muara 291,4240 23 Darma Jaya 62,4510

4 Teluk Gong 156,4790 24 Pulo Raya 27,9990

5 Kapuk Kedaung 271,4750 25 Setiabudi Barat 78,5450

6 Cengkareng 142,0910 26 Pinangsia 21,7980 7 Rawa Buaya 57,9830 27 Mangga Besar 21,8710

8 Kembangan, Green Garden 53,3720 28 Mangga Dua 20,2770

9 Pesing 36,3930 29 Karang Anyar 17,9840

10 Kompleks IKPN Bintaro 89,1520 30 Pademangan Barat 30,6620

11 Pondok Pinang 12,2150 31 Pademangan Timur 55,4650

12 Cireundeu 78,3380 32 Kali Pasir, Kwitang -

13 Pluit 562,2570 33 Matraman Dalam -

14 Kerendang Duri Utara 71,3800 34

Bukit Duri, Kebon Baru, Bidara Cina, Kp. Melayu

-

15 Tomang Rawa Kepa 43,2230 35 Pengadegan, GG Arus, Rawa Jati, Kalibata

416,3640

16 Jati Pulo 36,7230 36 Sunter Agung 234,5940

17 Jati Pinggir 56,9800 37 Sunter Jaya 75,2740

18 Teluk Betung, Kebon Kacang, Bunderan HI 262,0010 38 Serdang 57,6730

19 Pejompongan 86,9180 39 Cempaka Putih 64,7930

20 Kebalen, Mampang Prapatan 61,1220 40 Lagoa 57,5510

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No District Flood Area (Ha)

No District Flood Area (Ha)

41 Kebun Bawang 37,7560 61 Tanjung Duren 235,6590

42 Warakas 43,2580 62 Sukabumi Utara 57,1850

43 Sungai Bambu 27,4780 63 Kelapa Dua 48,6010

44 Papanggo 106,6340 64 Grogol 21,7770

45 Yos Sudarso 201,5770 65 Jelambar 50,7880

46 Sunter Timur 27,7870 66 Duri Kosambi 223,7530

47 AMI, ASMI, Perintis 70,7160 67 Meruya 104,4140

48 Pulo Mas 122,4610 68 Kapuk Kaal, Sediyatmo 84,8730

49 Pulo Nangka 58,6110 69 Gunung Sahari 47,3650

50 Rawa Badak, Tugu Lagoa 207,6670 70 Dewa Ruci, Dewa

Kembar 131,2560

51 Tugu Utara 40,8720 71 Yon Ang Mor, Semper 60,6580

52 Perum Walikota Jakut 181,7850 72 Rorotan, Babek Abri 83,4380

53 Kelapa Gading 158,9030 73 Ujung Menteng 97,6050

54 Rawa Bunga 175,7350 74 Malaka Selatan, Pondok Kelapa 53,2900

55 Cipinang Jaya 43,8310 75 Buluh Perinduh, Tegal Amba 129,7610

56 Cipinang Indah, Cipinang Muara, Cipinang Melayu

291,7050 76 Cipulir, Cileduk Raya 151,2010

57 Kebon Nanas 93,3980 77 Tegal Parang 39,0240

58 Halim Perdana Kusuma 69,8100 78 Duri Kepa 136,4220

59 Kramat Jati 334,6700

60 Kp, Rambutan, Ciracas, Cibubur 145,8770

Source: Data processing,2007

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jakarta is the capital of the republic of indonesia which is bordered

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