jacob d.h. mignouna, phd ag executive director, african agricultural technology foundation
DESCRIPTION
Emerging Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy Framework in Sub Saharan Africa: A Pursuit of safety or a Barrier to Bio-innovation?. Jacob D.H. Mignouna, PhD Ag Executive Director, African Agricultural Technology Foundation. 14 May 2011 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Emerging Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy Framework in Sub Saharan Africa:
A Pursuit of safety or a Barrier to Bio-innovation?
Jacob D.H. Mignouna, PhDAg Executive Director,
African Agricultural Technology Foundation
14 May 2011
Agricultural Biotechnology in Africa Conference, Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia
Overview
• Building partnerships-PPP- to deliver innovative technologies to farmers
Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA)
Insect Resistant Cowpea
• Biosafety policies and Challenges
• Conclusion
… to facilitate access to and delivery of IP-linked agricultural technologies addressing smallholder farmers’ constraints in sub-Saharan Africa
The AATF mandate
AATF Strategic Thrusts• Negotiating access to and ensuring stewardship of proprietary
technologies that enhance the productivity of agriculture in Africa
• Managing partnerships for project formulation, product development and deployment to introduce innovative agricultural technologies to African farming systems
• Managing information and knowledge to support technology identification, product development and deployment, and a conducive policy environment
Water Efficient Maize for Africa
Devastating effect of drought A good maize crop
WEMA Partners• The African Agricultural Technology Foundation
(AATF) leading the project.• CIMMYT and Monsanto providing germplasm,
breeding, and biotechnology.• National Ag. Research System (NARS) testing
products and bringing WEMA to farmers• Kenya• Uganda• Mozambique• Tanzania• South Africa
• The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Howard G. Buffett Foundation providing R&D funding.
CFT visit by WEMA-SA Teams + Monsanto,21 Jan’10 (CS 14 days after last irrigation)
USDA Looks to Approve Monsanto's Drought-Tolerant Corn
The New York Times 12 May 2011 – Policy/LegislativeByline: Paul Voosen
• The Obama administration will seek to allow the unlimited sale of a corn variety genetically engineered by Monsanto Co. to resist drought, the Department of Agriculture announced today. The corn, if approved, would be the first commercial biotech crop designed to resist stressful environmental conditions like drought, rather than pests or herbicides.
Artificial infestation of MarucaCFT-2010
Regulatory Challenges
• Biosafety legislation /policy environment
• Regulatory compliance cost
CHAOS!!!!
Regulations are necessary to avoid chaos!
GM crops: Regulated Products!
• GM Crops are highly regulated products
• Handled, tested, moved and traded in
compliance with regulations
• Regulators have a national obligation to
address virtually all considerations to ensure
that activities relating to GM technology
proceed in a safe and highly responsible
manner
Challenges: Perspectives from Product developer
1. Diverse policy environment for GM crops
2. Legislation: Legislative dilema!
3. Inadequately administrative systems
4. Compliance enforcement mechanisms
5. Public engagement: A forum for anti-GM
activities
Policy Choices for GM Crops1. “Promotional” policy position
Assumes GM crops to be as safe as conventional!
2. “Permissive” policy positionApprovals made on case-by-case risk assessment
considerations e.g. South Africa, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Uganda, etc
3. “Precautionary” policy positionApprovals linked to ‘precautionary principle’ e.g. Mauritius,
Malawi, Zambia
4. “Preventive” policy positionWhere GM technology is assumed inherently too risky; e.g.
Benin, Angola
Adapted from Paarlberg (2000)
Policy on GM crops...• Most parties engaged in product development find
the operative policy environment on GM crops in Africa to contain highly precautionary overtones!
• An overly precautionary policy position is burdensome to product development and often turns away investments in GM technology
Strict Liability or Responsibility
• The biosafety legislation of certain countries give persons who believe their land or crops have been damaged by a neighbour’s transgenic crops the right to bring a claim in strict liability or responsibility
• The principle of strict liability or responsibility is not fault-based and may apply despite the exercise of utmost care on the part of the offender
• National Performance Trials/DUS 30,000 – 60,000• Application for variety release 500 – 1,000
• Total (US $) 31,000 – 61,000
Regulatory Compliance Costs: IR Maize
Regulatory Compliance Costs: Bt Maize• Preparation for hand-off of events into regulatory • Molecular characterization • Compositional assessment • Animal performance and safety studies • Protein production and characterization • Protein safety assessment • Nontarget organism studies • Agronomic and phenotypic assessments • Production of tissues • ELISA development & expression analysis • EPA expenses for PIPs (e.g., EUPs, tolerances) • Environmental fate studies • EU import (detection methods, fees) • Canada costs • Stewardship • Toxicology (90-day rat)—when done • Facility & management overhead costs
• Total (US $) 7,000,000–15,000,000Source: Kalaitzandonakes et al. 2007
20,000 – 50,000300,000 – 1,200,000750,000 – 1,500,000
300,000 – 845,000162,000 – 1,725,000
195,000 – 853,000100,000 – 600,000130,000 – 460,000
680,000–2,200,000415,000–610,000150,000–715,000
32,000–800,000230,000–405,000
40,000–195,000250,000–1,000,000
250,000–300,000600,000–4,500,000
Denying Innovations to scientists?
KU-Biotech lab KU- Biotech Greenhouse
Conclusions
• Development, deployment and adoption of new agricultural Bio-technologies will play a role in increasing productivity
• Acting responsibly throughout the technology value chain is essential to minimize liabilities
• Partnerships are essential for bringing about innovations• It is essential for African countries to understand the
importance of minimizing the cost of regulations in order to maximize the benefits from biotechnology; positions taken by other regions may not necessarily be in the best interest of Africa
• Time is running out; action is needed … NOW!
FONDATION AFRICAINE POUR LES TECHNOLOGIES AGRICOLES
Thank you!