jackson & jackson, forensic

Jackson & Jackson, ForensicScience, 4e eBook PDF

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface��

Acknowledgements��

1 Introduction to forensic science��1.1 The role of forensic science in the investigation ofcrime��

1.1.1 The recovery and continuity of

evidence��

1.1.2 Laboratory work on physical evidence recovered from the crime

scene��

1.1.3 The interpretation and evaluation of scientific evidence and the

presentation of scientific test results in

court��

1.2 The scientific examination of forensicevidence��

1.2.1 The comparison of evidence��

1.2.2 Establishing what occurred during a crime: crime reconstruction and

simulation

experiments��

1.2.3 Intelligence information��

1.3 The provision of forensic science services in theUK��

1.3.1 Scientific support within the

police��

1.3.2 Large-scale forensic science

providers��

1.3.3 Small-scale forensic

practitioners��

1.4 The accreditation of forensic science in theUK��

1.4.1 Accreditation of providers��

1.4.2 Accreditation of individual

practitioners��

1.4.3 Course accreditation, endorsement and

benchmarking��

Table of Contents

1.5 Quality assurance in forensicscience��

2 The crime scene��Chapter objectives��

Introduction��

2.1 An overview of crime sceneprocessing��

2.2 The first police officer attending and the preservation of the crimescene��

2.3 Recording the crime scene��2.3.1 Note-taking at scenes of serious

crime��

2.3.2 The sketching and virtual reconstruction of scenes of serious

crimes��

2.3.3 Recording photographic still and video images of scenes of serious

crimes��

2.3.4 Recording the crime scene using three-dimensional (3-D) imaging systems

– an emerging

technology��

2.4 The recovery of physicalevidence��

2.5 The recovery of digital evidence��Guest section by Daniel Brearley��

2.5.1 An introduction to digital devices and their potential

relevance��

2.5.2 Overview of a digital forensics

investigation��

2.5.3 The crime scene in relation to digital

evidence��

2.5.4 Transportation��

2.5.5 Basic triage��

2.6 Summary��

Problems��

Further reading��

3 Trace and contact evidence, Part I: Recoverablematerials��

Chapter objectives��

Introduction��

3.1 Hairs and other fibres��3.1.1 The recovery of fibre evidence��

3.1.2 An overview of the examination and characterisation of hairs and other

Table of Contents

fibres��3.2 Glass��

3.2.1 Information from patterns of glass

fragmentation��

3.2.2 Information from glass

fragments��

3.3 Soils��

3.4 Plant material��

3.5 Paint��

3.6 Others��

3.7 A Bayesian approach to the interpretation and evaluation of recoverabletraceevidence��

3.8 Summary��

Problems��


4 Trace and contact evidence, Part II: Fingerprints and other marks andimpressions��


Introduction��

4.1 Fingerprints and fingermarks��4.1.1 The basis of fingerprints as a means of

identification��

4.1.2 The classification of

fingerprints��

4.1.3 The comparison and identification of

fingerprints��

4.1.4 The different types of

fingermarks��

4.1.5 The development of latent

fingermarks��

4.2 Footwear impressions��4.2.1 Types of footwear impression, and their detection and

recovery��

4.2.2 The creation of test impressions and their comparison with scene

marks��

4.3 Bite marks��

4.4 Tool marks��

4.5 Tyre marks��

4.6 Textile products��4.6.1 Damage to textile fabrics��

Table of Contents

4.7 Summary��

Problems��


5 The examination of body fluids, including bloodstain patternanalysis��


Introduction��

5.1 Blood��5.1.1 The composition and function of

blood��

5.1.2 Presumptive tests for blood��

5.1.3 Serological tests for blood��

5.2 Bloodstain pattern analysis��5.2.1 Active bloodstains��

5.2.2 Passive bloodstains��

5.2.3 Transfer bloodstains��

5.3 Saliva��5.3.1 The composition and function of

saliva��

5.3.2 Presumptive test for saliva��

5.4 Semen��5.4.1 The composition and function of

semen��

5.4.2 Tests for semen��

5.5 Summary��

Problems��


6 The analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): DNA profiling Guest chapter byHarryMountain��


Introduction��

6.1 The forensic value of DNAprofiling��

6.1.1 DNA profiles��

6.2 DNA, genes and their relationship toindividuality��

6.2.1 Individuality and genes��

6.2.2 Genes and DNA��

Table of Contents

6.2.3 The hierarchy of DNA

organisation��

6.2.4 Genetic differences: mutations and

alleles��

6.2.5 DNA sequence variation among

individuals��

6.2.6 Inheritance of alleles��

6.3 Forensic DNA analysis and DNAprofiling��

6.3.1 Collection and storage of DNA

samples��

6.3.2 Extraction of DNA��

6.3.3 The polymerase chain reaction��

6.3.4 Measuring the length of DNA molecules: gel

electrophoresis��

6.3.5 Modern DNA profiling: SGM Plus® and DNA17

systems��

6.3.6 The National DNA Database®��

6.4 Interpretation of DNA profiles��6.4.1 Single-locus data: simple population

genetics��

6.4.2 Interpreting full, multiloci DNA

profiles��

6.4.3 DNA profiling in paternity

testing��

6.4.4 Familial testing��

6.4.5 Quality control and complications in DNA profile

data��

6.4.6 Y chromosome analysis��

6.4.7 Summary��

6.5 Analysis not involving STRs: single-nucleotide polymorphismanalysis��

6.5.1 Analysis of SNPs��

6.5.2 Mitochondrial DNA analysis��

6.5.3 mtDNA��

6.5.4 Applications of mtDNA analysis��

6.6 Current and future developments��6.6.1 DNA17 216��

6.6.2 Low Copy Number or Low Template DNA and

sensitivity��

6.6.3 Technical developments��

6.6.4 Wider application of DNA

profiling��

Table of Contents

6.6.5 Increasing the number of STR loci

analysed��

6.6.6 Interpreting DNA: predicting phenotypic

features��

6.6.7 DNA databases��

6.6.8 Next-generation sequencing��

6.7 Summary��

Problems��


7 Forensic toxicology and drugs ofabuse��


Introduction��

7.1 Common poisons��7.1.1 Anions��

7.1.2 Corrosive poisons��

7.1.3 Gaseous and volatile poisons��

7.1.4 Metal and metalloid poisons��

7.1.5 Pesticides��

7.1.6 Toxins��

7.2 Drugs of abuse��7.2.1 The legal classification of drugs of abuse within the UK

system��

7.2.2 Commonly abused drugs��

7.3 Factors affecting toxicity��

7.4 Routes of uptake and elimination of drugs and other toxicsubstances��

7.5 The analysis of drugs and otherpoisons��

7.5.1 The information sought by

analysis��

7.5.2 The types of sample that are

analysed��

7.5.3 Methods of analysis��

7.6 Summary��

Problems��


8 Questioned documents��Chapter objectives��

Introduction��

Table of Contents

8.1 Handwriting investigation��8.1.1 The development of handwriting��

8.1.2 The comparison of handwriting��

8.2 Signature investigation��8.2.1 Methods of signature forgery��

8.2.2 The detection of forged

signatures��

8.3 Typed, word-processed and photocopieddocuments��

8.3.1 Typed documents��

8.3.2 Word-processed documents��

8.3.3 Photocopied documents��

8.4 Printed documents��

8.5 The analysis of handwriting inks��8.5.1 Comparison of inks��

8.5.2 Dating of inks��

8.6 Paper analysis��8.6.1 Comparison of paper��

8.6.2 Dating of paper��

8.7 Tears, folds, holes, obliterations, erasures andindentations��

8.7.1 Tears��

8.7.2 Folds��

8.7.3 Holes��

8.7.4 Obliterations��

8.7.5 Erasures��

8.7.6 Indentations��

8.8 Summary��

Problems��


9 Firearms��Chapter objectives��

Introduction��

9.1 Types of firearm and ammunition��

9.2 Internal, external and terminalballistics��

9.3 The examination of suspectfirearms��

9.3.1 With whom or what has this firearm been in

contact?��

Table of Contents

9.3.2 Could this firearm be responsible for firing the shots that were

discharged at a given shooting

incident?��

9.3.3 Could this firearm have been unintentionally

discharged?��

9.3.4 Could the intentional discharge of this firearm have caused unintentional

injury?��

9.3.5 Could this firearm have been used in the commission of an act of

suicide?��

9.4 The examination of spent cartridge cases, bullets andwads��

9.4.1 The examination of spent cartridge

cases��

9.4.2 The examination of fired

bullets��

9.4.3 The examination of shotgun plastic cup

wads��

9.5 Gunshot residues��

9.6 Summary��

Problems��


10 Fires��Chapter objectives��

Introduction��

10.1 The nature of fire��

10.2 The behaviour of fire��10.2.1 Fires in rooms and similar

compartments��

10.2.2 Outdoor fires��

10.3 Fire scene investigation��10.3.1 Witnesses and background

information��

10.3.2 Processing the scene��

10.3.3 Finding the seat of a fire��

10.3.4 Establishing the cause of a

fire��

10.4 The analysis of fireaccelerants��

10.5 Summary��

Problems��


Table of Contents

11 Explosions and explosives��Chapter objectives��

Introduction��

11.1 The classification of explosions andexplosives��

11.2 Explosion scene investigation��

11.3 The analysis of explosives��

11.4 Summary��

Problems��


12 The recovery and forensic examination of humanremains��


Introduction��

12.1 The role of the forensic archaeologist in the location, excavation andrecovery of humanremains��

12.1.1 The search for human remains��

12.1.2 Excavation of graves and the recovery of human

remains��

12.2 Early post-mortem changes and the estimation of time ofdeath��

12.2.1 Changes in body temperature��

12.2.2 Hypostasis��

12.2.3 Rigor mortis��

12.2.4 Changes in the eyes��

12.3 Post-mortem decomposition and relatedphenomena��

12.3.1 The process of post-mortem

decomposition��

12.3.2 Skeletalisation��

12.3.3 Mummification and the formation of

adipocere��

12.4 The establishment of cause ofdeath��

12.4.1 The circumstances under which deaths are reported by medical

practitioners to the

coroner��

12.4.2 The role of the coroner in the investigation of reported

deaths��

Table of Contents

12.4.3 Post-mortem examination��

12.5 The identification of humanremains��

12.5.1 The identification of non-skeletalised

bodies��

12.5.2 The identification of skeletalised

remains��

12.6 Summary��

Problems��


13 Statistics and the analysis, interpretation and evaluation ofevidence��


Introduction��

13.1 Data��13.1.1 Types of data��

13.1.2 Normally distributed data��

13.1.3 Confidence limits and confidence

intervals��

13.2 Precision, accuracy and error��

13.3 Regression analysis��

13.4 Hypothesis testing usingt-tests��

13.5 Parametric and non-parametrictests��

13.6 Likelihood ratios and the Bayesianapproach��

13.6.1 The choice of hypotheses and the hierarchy of

propositions��

13.6.2 The Case Assessment and Interpretation

model��

13.6.3 The prosecutor’s fallacy and the defence attorney’s

fallacy��

13.6.4 The use of the Bayesian approach in jury

trials��

13.7 Evidential (i.e. judicial) versus intelligence (i.e. investigative) use offorensicscience��

13.8 Summary��

Problems��

Table of Contents


14 Forensic science in court��Chapter objectives��

Introduction��

14.1 The criminal court system in England andWales��

14.1.1 The Magistrates’ Court��

14.1.2 The Crown Court��

14.1.3 The courts of appeal��

14.2 Streamlined Forensic Reporting (SFR) and scientists’ statements made forcourt��

14.3 The role of the forensic scientist as expertwitness��

14.4 The interpretation and evaluation ofevidence��

14.5 Summary��

Problems��


Appendix 1 Sign of elongation and typical birefringence values for man-madefibres��

Appendix 2 Values of t��

Glossary��

Index��

jackson & jackson, forensic

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