ja-623 and ja-645: lesson 12 electrical science discovery timeline (20 jun 2012) © 2012 c....
TRANSCRIPT
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JA-623 and JA-645: Lesson 12
Electrical science discovery timeline
(20 Jun 2012)
© 2012 C. Rightmyer, Licensed under The MIT OSI License, 20 July 2012
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Yum. Fire good. More wood!
• Archeological findings indicate that Homo erectus (early mankind) learned to use fossil fuels about 1.8 million years ago.
• Fire, or some other method of seeking warmth was really important for human survival. Since the first use of fire, the earth has gone through 18 ice age cycles.
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The invention of a self-seading plow around 2500 BC spurned urban civilization
http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/science.html
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(1700 BC) Hammurabi King of Babylon
http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/MiddleEast/Hammurabi.html
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/people/p/Hammurabi.htm
• Transformed small city-state into a large empire. Ruled for 40 years• Established rule of law and order• Built temples, irrigation canals, defensive fortifications.• Promoted agriculture.• Advanced sciences and literary arts: - Recorded all metals known to
exist at that time. - Mapped heavely bodies
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(~ 450 BC) King Nebuchadnezzar II Hanging Gardens
http://www.unmuseum.org/hangg.htm
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Early Greek philosophers attempt to explain the origin of universe
• Thales of Miletus (582 BC) suggests that water is basic substance of life.
• Anaximenes of Miletus (535 BC) counters that air is the fundamental substance.
• Empedocles of Acragas (445) suggests there are actually four different fundamental elements: earth, air, water, fire
• Leucippus of Miletus (435 BC) (and others) proposes that the basic elements are tiny corpuscles called “atoms” -- meaning indivisible. He is definitely on the right track.
Http://realscience.breckschool.org/upper/fruen/files/Enrichmentarticles/files/History.html
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(325 BC) Aristotle of ancient Greeceturns science down a blind alley
“ There are only four elements: fire, air, water, and earth and these four elements have four properties: hot, cold, dry, and wet.”
Http:/www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html
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History of element discovery
1720 1740 1800 1860 1900 1920
Cob
alt (
1732
)P
latin
um (
1735
)
1,000BC
Cop
per
(600
0)
2,0006,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2000 1,000 0
Gol
d (5
500)
Lead
(38
00)
Silv
er (
~40
00)
Sul
fur
(~20
00)
Mer
cury
(15
00)
Chr
omiu
m (
0)
Hyd
roge
n (1
500)
Zin
c (8
00)
Ars
enic
(12
50)
AD
Ant
imon
y (1
540)
Tin
(2
00
0)
Iron
(40
00)
Osm
ium
(1
803
)P
alla
diu
m (
18
03)
Irid
ium
(1
80
3)
Rho
diu
m (
18
04)
Pot
ass
ium
(1
807
)
Rub
idiu
m (
18
61)
Th
alliu
m (
18
62)
Nio
biu
m (
18
64)
Gal
lium
(1
87
5)In
diu
m (
18
67
)
Nic
kel (
175
1)
Bis
mu
th (
17
53)
Mo
lyb
de
num
(1
78
1)
Tu
ngst
en
(1
78
3)C
arb
on
(1
78
9)
Te
lluri
um
(1
795
)
1760 1780 1820 1840 1880 1940O
xyg
en
(1
77
1)
Nitr
og
en
(1
77
2)C
hlo
rin
e (
17
74
)M
an
ga
nese
(17
74
)S
ulfu
r (1
777
)
Yttr
ium
(1
84
0)U
ran
ium
(1
841
)E
rbiu
m (
18
42)
Te
rbiu
m (
18
42)
Ta
nta
lum
(1
844
)
Sod
ium
(1
80
7)C
alci
um
(1
80
8)B
oro
n (
180
8)
Ma
gn
esi
um (
180
8)
Str
on
tium
(1
808
)
Bar
ium
(1
80
8)Io
din
e (
181
1)
Lith
ium
(1
81
7)
Cad
miu
m (
181
7)
Sel
en
ium
(1
817
)
Sili
con
(1
824
)Z
irco
niu
m (
18
24)
Tita
niu
m (
18
25)
Alu
min
um (
182
5)
Ber
ylliu
m (
18
28)
Th
oriu
m (
18
29)
Van
ad
ium
(1
830
)
Rut
he
niu
m (
184
4)
Ytte
rbiu
m (
187
8)
Hol
miu
m (
187
8)
Th
uliu
m (
18
79)
Sca
nd
ium
(1
879
)S
ama
rium
(18
79
)C
aesi
um
(1
882
)P
rase
od
ymiu
m (
188
5)
Neo
dym
ium
(1
88
5)
Hel
ium
(1
89
5)
Kry
pto
n (
18
98
)
Gad
olin
ium
(18
86
)D
ysp
rosi
um (
188
6)
Ger
man
ium
(1
88
6)F
luor
ine
(1
88
6)
Arg
on
(18
94
)
Neo
n (
189
8)
Act
iniu
m (
18
99)
Eur
op
ium
(1
901
)L
ute
tium
(1
90
1)P
olo
niu
m (
19
02R
adiu
m (
19
02)
Lu
tetiu
m (
19
06)
Rhe
niu
m (
19
08)
Rad
on
(19
10
)P
rota
ctin
ium
(19
13
)
Haf
niu
m (
19
22)
Te
chn
etiu
m (
193
7)
Fra
nci
um
(1
939
)
Iron smelting
Pho
spho
rus
(166
9)F
irst
ele
men
t is
ola
ted
ch
emic
ally First modern listing of 23
known elements (1789)
Dalton’s atomic theory (1803)
Light spectrum analysis (1901)
X-ray spectrum analysis (1922)Mendeleev’s periodic table (1869)
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(1600) William Gilbert writes “De magnete”
• Physician to Queen Elizabeth I.
• Studied electric attraction, electric force, and magnetism over his entire lifetime. Recorded his research and experiments in a 6-book treatis on these subjects.
• After experiments with a terrella (spherical magnet), he proposed that the earth is a giant magnet.
• Coined term “electricity” from the Greek word for amber.
• Guessed correctly that iron can be temporarily magnetized by induction.
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(1655) Otto von Guericke invents 1st vacuum pump
(1657) Magdeburg experiment
http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Pneumatics/Magdeburg_Hemispheres/Magdeburg_Hemispheres.htmlhttp://www.bookrags.com/biography/otto-von-guericke-woi/
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(1663) Guericke invents friction based spark generating machine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke
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(1669) Hennig Brandt discovers phosphorus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derbyhttp://www3.ul.ie/~childsp/CinA/Issues60/TOC55_Urine.htm
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(1729) Stephen Gray discovers conduction
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Stephen_Gray_(scientist)
glass tube with corkcharged by rubbing
Conducting hemp threadconnected to ivory ball
Charge observed ata distance of 800 feet
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(1733) Charles du Fay proposes that electrical charge comes in two forms: resinous (-) & vitreous
(+)
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cisternay_Du_Fay%2C_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de
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(1745) George von Kleist discovers principles of the Leyden jar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist
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(1746) Pieter van Musschenbroek invents the Leyden jar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_van_Musschenbroek.jpeg
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(1747) Benjamin Franklin theorizes existance of an electrical fluid composed of (+) and (-) particles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin [Intro to College Physics, Appleton-Century-Crofts, R.D. Rusk, 1960]
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(1767) Joseph Priestley discovers that electricity follows Newton’s inverse-square law
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
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(1777) Charles Coulomb measures the attracting and repelling forces of charged particles
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb
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(1786) Luigi Galvani’s accidental discovery
[Electricity & Magnetism, Adamczyk & Law, Usborne Publishing, 1993]
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(1789) Antoine Laurent Lavoisier discovers oxygen and prepares first comprehensive listing
of the 23 known elements of his day
http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html
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(1800) Alessandro Volta invents the first electric battery and proved electric conduction over wires
G. Stevens, Electricity and Magnetism
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=alessandro+volta+pictures&view=detail&id=5AEB16AB7A7609B55042FE106F1CDF5680093CAE&first=0
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(1803) John Dalton publishes his atomic theory.
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/dalton.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daltons_symbols.gif
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(1820) Hans Christian Oersted observes that an electric current generates a magnetic field
[Intro to College Physics, Appleton-Century-Crofts, R.D. Rusk, 1960]
Conventional current direction
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(1820) Andre-Marie Ampere discovers that a coil of wire acts like a magnet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re
+ -
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(1821) Michael Faraday demonstrates theconcept of an electric motor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faraday_magnetic_rotation.jpg
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(1827) George Simon Ohm develops Ohm’s Law
Voltage = (current) x (resistance)
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ohm.html
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(1827) Jedlik Ányos István builds an electromagnetic self-rotor DC motor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor
Jedlik’s electromagnetic self-rotor
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(1827) Joseph Henry builds an automated pole changer (commutator) for a DC motor
http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventors/a/Joseph_Henry.htm
• Builds an electromagnet capable of lifting 3500 lbs
• Demonstrates magnetic induction between conducting wires (transformer)
• Demonstrates telegraph operation over a mile of wire
• Invents magnetic circuit switch (relay)• First CEO of Smithsonian Institution
beginning 1846
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(1832) William Sturgeon buildscommutator-type DC electric motor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor
Modern 5 coil commutated rotor
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(1832) Hippolyte Pixii builds first AC generator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Pixii
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(1835) Charles Wheatstone discovers metals can be distinguished by the emission spectra of their sparks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_analysis
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(1839) William Robert Grove develops the first fuel-cell battery
http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm#q4
An example modern fuel cell
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(1840) James Prescott Joule publishes his law of electrical heating
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG
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(1855) Heinrich Geissler’s invents the vacuum tube
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/GLASS.HTMhttp://www.nndb.com/people/169/000206548/
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(1857) A rare multi-bulb Geissler tube containing four different fluorescent fluids
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/GLASS.HTM
Fluorescent fluids: Rhodanine, Eosine, Flourecine, and Authacein
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(1869) D. Mendeleev publishes his periodic table
http://www.aip.org/history/curie/periodic.htm
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(1861) James Clerk Maxwell publishes“On physical lines of force”
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg
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(1879) William Crookes demonstrates that cathode rays exert a force
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/GLASS.HTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crookes
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(1879) Thomas Edison demonstrateshis incandescent lamp
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/timeline/index.html
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(1886) William Stanley develops thefirst commercial transformer
http://www.ehow.com/about_4690085_who-invented-transformer.html#ixzz1mZjwqnDRhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blstanley.htm
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(1884) Nikola Tesla sells patents for his rotating field AC dynamos, transformers, and motors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla
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(1895) Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-rays which caused fluorescence of barium platinocynide
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
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(1896) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz proposes that light waves are oscillations of electric charge
Http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.htmlhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/lorentz-bio.html
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(1896) Henri Becquerel discovers a pitchblend compound that fluoresces without aide of X-rays
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
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(1897) J.J. Thomson discovers the electron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson
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(1898) Marie Curie discovers radium and polonium in the uranium material called pitchblend
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Currie
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(1904) John Fleming invents thediode rectifier vacuum tube
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Currie
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(1909) Robert Millikan uses oil droplets in an electric field to measure the mass and charge of an electron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Millikan
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(1910) Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
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(1913) Neils Bohr improves theRutherford atomic model
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr
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(1932) James Chadwick discovers the neutron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr
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(1932) Enrico Fermi bombards elements with neutrons to produce elements of the next higher atomic number
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
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(1947) William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
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(1951) Dutch-American Philips Gloeilampen Fabrieken develops commercially available X-ray spectroscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy
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Appendix background material
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(1675) Robert Boyle prove that air is required for animal respiration
Http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html
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Alphabet English pronounciationEnglish letter
and col lep sgr alpha aant com lib sco beta baps cra lup scl chi caql crb lyn sct delta daqr crv lyr ser epsilon eara crt men sez phi fari cru mic tau gamma gaur cxg mon tel eta hboo del mus tri iota Icae dor nor tra kappa kcam dra oct tuc lambda lcnc eql oph uma mu mcap eri ori umi nu ncvn for pav vel omicron ocma gem peg vir pi pcmi gru per vol theta qcap her phe vul rho rcar hor pic sigma scas hya psc tau tcen hyi psc upsilon ucep ind pup omega wcet kac qyx xi xcha leo ret phi ycir lmi sgy zeta z
Nicknames of 88 stellar constellations
Discover the hidden alphabet
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/Constellation_names.html
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Alphabet English pronounciationEnglish letter
and col lep sgr a alpha aant com lib sco b beta baps cra lup scl c chi caql crb lyn sct d delta daqr crv lyr ser e epsilon eara crt men sez f phi fari cru mic tau g gamma gaur cxg mon tel h eta hboo del mus tri I iota Icae dor nor tra k kappa kcam dra oct tuc l lambda lcnc eql oph uma m mu mcap eri ori umi n nu ncvn for pav vel o omicron ocma gem peg vir p pi pcmi gru per vol q theta qcap her phe vul r rho rcar hor pic s sigma scas hya psc t tau tcen hyi psc u upsilon ucep ind pup w omega wcet kac qyx x xi xcha leo ret y phi ycir lmi sgy z zeta z
Nicknames of 88 stellar constellations
Discover the hidden alphabet
http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/Constellation_names.html