j' - nasa program model (ipm), an se&i developed capability that combines parametric sizing...

MSFC-·g00

Constellation Program Life-cycle Cost Analysis Model (LCAM)Andy Prince/NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

Heidi Rose/WyleJames Wood/Wyle

Introduction

The Constellation Program (CxP) is NASA's effort to replace the Space Shuttle, return humansto the moon, and prepare for a human mission to Mars. The major elements of the ConstellationLunar sortie design reference mission architecture are shown in Exhibit 1. Unlike the ApolloProgram of the 1960's, affordability is a major concern of United States policy makers andNASA management. To measure Constellation affordability, a total ownership cost life-cycleparametric cost estimating capability is required. This capability is being developed by theConstellation Systems Engineering and Integration (SE&I) Directorate, and is called the Lifecycle Cost Analysis Model (LCAM).

100 kmLow Lunar Orbit

Ascent...~It Stage~ Expended

':4

Landing

",

ILANDER Performs LOI /'

1l"'~ -t Earth

j' Departurer- Stage

ERO ....J:r-~__-e".-__........ Expended- l:r 7-

rtto

II".,

Vehicles Notto Scale

Exhibit 1. Lunar Sortie Architecture

The requirements for LCAM are based on the need to have a parametric estimating capability inorder to do top-level program analysis, evaluate design alternatives, and explore options forfuture systems. By estimating the total cost of ownership within the context of the plannedConstellation budget, LCAM can provide Program and NASA management with the cost datanecessary to identify the most affordable alternatives. LCAM is also a key component of the

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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080031533 2019-06-14T01:16:02+00:00Z

Integrated Program Model (IPM), an SE&I developed capability that combines parametric sizingtools with cost, schedule, and risk models to perform program analysis.

LCAM is used in the generation of cost estimates for system level trades and analyses. It drawsupon the legacy of previous architecture level cost models, such as the Exploration SystemsMission Directorate (ESMD) Architecture Cost Model (ARCOM) developed for SimulationBased Acquisition (SBA), and ATLAS. LCAM is used to support requirements and design tradestudies by calculating changes in cost relative to a baseline option cost. Estimated costs aregenerally low fidelity to accommodate available input data and available cost estimatingrelationships (CERs). LCAM is capable of interfacing with the Integrated Program Model toprovide the cost estimating capability for that suite of tools.

LCAM Architecture

LCAM is designed with a modular architecture that can either be run in a stand alone mode, orintegrated into the IPM. When implemented in the IPM, Phoenix ModelCenter provides theintegrating environment. When operating as a stand alone capability, the cost models are linkedby the Analysis Data Manager (ADaM). By using a modular architecture, additional tools can beincorporated depending upon the analysis.

LCAM is currently comprised of three components: an Analysis Data Manager (ADaM), anArchitecture Cost Model (ARCOM) (actually one version for each major flight hardwareelement), and a Lifecycle Cost Integration Model (LifCIM). In addition, several in-house andcommercial cost models are used to generate costs for flight hardware, operations and softwarecost elements. The costs estimated by these external models are passed to LifCIM for integrationinto the life cycle cost estimate. The current LCAM models and interfaces are shown in Exhibit2.

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SEER-SEM

SoftwareNR,REC

OCM

OperationsNR, REC, FREC

ExAOCM

OperationsREC,FREC

NAFCOM

Flight HardwareNR, TFU, REC

Ad Hoc Models

11NR,REC

External

Exhibit 2. LCAM Architecture

As can be seen in Exhibit 2, LCAM is comprised of several NASA and other cost models,including but not limited to, the NASA Air Force Cost Model (NAFCOM), Architecture CostModel (ARCOM), Operations Cost Model (OCM), Life Cycle Integration Model (LifCIM) andSEER-SEM. At this time, only ARCOM and LifCIM are integrated into Phoenix Model Center,though ADaM can be used to move data among the other models. A post-estimate risk analysiscalculation capability is available.

One benefit of the modular approach is that individual Constellation Projects can provide theirown parametric models. These models can be easily integrated into LCAM and be used in lieuof general purpose models like ARCOM or NAFCOM. Where necessary, new or hybrid costmodels may be developed to meet the estimating needs of specific studies or analyses.

LCAM Components

The components of LCAM, as well as some of the external cost models, are further describedbelow.

Analysis Data Manager (ADaM)ADaM is a custom software development which stores the input data used by the ARCOMs andthe external cost estimating models, as well as the outputs from them. It also can store the resultsfrom LifCIM. Trade study option cost estimates can be archived and quickly retrieved. ADaMmanages multiple analysis scenarios and variations of those scenarios. It enables easy access to

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analysis scenarios and results and the ability to recreate results from stored model inputs andassumptions. An example of an ADaM user form is shown in Exhibit 3.

~ ADaM Main GJ[QJrgJ--~-~---~-- ~ --- --------~--~------------~-------

Model Version

IImport Data 1Export Data It Reports II CxP PMR 06

First ChooseModel...

ARCOMCreatDr of File

vi

ExAOCM

LifCIM

NAFCOM

[ Clear Form I

Job Itest job

~====:=::::::Case Itest 3~:;::::===~

Version Iversion 1'---------

Import Now

Exhibit 3. ADaM User Form

Architecture Cost Model (ARCOM)ARCOM is a spreadsheet based technical derivative ofNAFCOM which estimates flighthardware costs. A version of ARCOM has been created for each of the major cost elements ofthe CxP, including the CEV, CLV, LSAM, CaLV, and Lunar Habitation Module. Each version istailored to the cost elements ofthe hardware along with appropriate CERs from NAFCOM orbased on NAFCOM data. These models generate costs at the system, subsystem, or componentlevels, depending on the data available for the hardware. A sample screen shot of a portion of anARCOM spreadsheet is shown in Exhibit 4.

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1.0

1.0 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0.0 1.0 1.0

1 1.0 1.0

1.0

1.01.0

1.0

Scalar Multipliers

D&Dinheritance DaD LtiI:

Production Complexity Complexity ComplexityTFU Thru ut Qu.nt~y F.ctor Foetor Factor

r

r

r

r

r

r

rr

r

Throughputs

?-------/,~-+---+-----:-t--~--r.-~-+~

Reference Masses(System estimating)

Exhibit 4. ARCOM Input Data Area

was

LauncherCore Stage

HardwareStructures 8. Mechansims

Vehicle StructureTri structure

TherrMI ProtectionEnvironmental/Active Thermal Controll--_~'=Induced Thermal ProtectionTllI"lk Thermo! Cortrol

Main Propulsioo SystemElectrical Power &DistributionGuidance, Nav. 8. ControlSoftwareConvnsnd, CooIrol, Comm. & HandlingRange SofelyEngine Type

System IntegrationIACOSTOGSESystem EProgn,m

Upper stageHardware

structures MechansimsVehicle st ure

Life-cycle Cost Integration Model (LifCIM)LifCIM is a spreadsheet based tool which performs three functions. First, it does missionanalysis to collect the schedule of missions and determine the major hardware elements requiredto fulfill the campaign. This includes determining the development and production start dates andschedule spans for each cost element. Second, it calculates hardware total recurring costs basedon the Theoretical First Unit (TFU) costs received from the hardware cost models and thenumber of units required based on the mission analysis. Third, it sums, time-phases and inflatesall the cost elements. The LCCE for a given trade study option can be quickly compared to abaseline option. A sample screen shot of a portion of a LifCIM spreadsheet is shown in Exhibit5.

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CYSM

5 12 79

5 11575 75 1$ 59,513$ 7684

$ 46 n

Metrics

FOM Calcula1ions

DDT&E Cost

Maximum Annual Ac uisition Cost· FY2022

Peak Year Fundin • FY2022

Production CostDis osal Cost

Total At; uisition Cost

Technolo Develo ment Cost

Annual E uivalent Amount

Element Status(In/Excluded)

2005 2006 2007 2008 20095 1,584 $ 3,320 1,876 5 1,500 1,003$ 741 $ 2,058 815 $ 409 165$ 99 $ 222 81 5 44 9

2003 11 00'1 8,on ~1.rme,3 $ $ 52004 1~'FrortfndSk.u)iJ $ $ 52000 5 EffottrrllMTmll 52000 5 30'1 Effon,~" rme (Back End Sk••) 52000 5

50'1 Effon.5O" TlFT'le(Ennly Distnbuled)5

2011 5 101. Effon.!Wl'lTlme(Frort fndShllJ 52015 5 001.etfon.501.Tmel- 5 52003 11 OO'lEffOft.50'lTamed $ 100 D 52003 51 OO'1afon.50"4rme,3 $ 20.0 4.0 52005 51 eo, EffOft.50'l Tln'HlI::=:J $ 31.D 33.0 5 20.0 4.D2014 51 OO'lEffon.&I'tTmel::£] $ 52005 51 001. B,ort 501. Tn'Mi! ,3 $ 31.D 33.0 5 20.0 4.02012 51 001. Effon.501.Tln'Hld $ 52011 51 OO'lEtfon 501. TorT'le 13 $2013 51 eD'lBfon.50'trrM,3 $2003 51 eD'lEffOft.50'lTIfT"Ml13 $ 33.D 4.02014 51 (I(l'lEUOft,i:iO'lTimeI3 $

2004 '\jl ""E<''''''''H~d :90 7.4 40 0.8

Temporal Inputs Phasing Profile Time PhasedSelection Costs

10%

100.0lDD.O100.0100.0100.0lDD.OlDD.DlDD.O100.010D.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.010D.0100.0100.0

In III'

~ In lit

Cost Inputs(notional)

• Cost Inputs In FY200.$M

Constant orReal Year $

Exploration AcqulslliOn CostsDDT&E

Design &. DevelopmentTechnology Demonstration PlatformRobotic Lunar Orbiter (RLO)Trans Lunar Injection Stage 1 (Chern)Crew Module (Capsule)Service ModuleLunar Rover (Open)Lunar Rover (Pressurized)Robotic Sample ReturnTrans Lunar Injection Stage 2 (Chern)Lunar Lander (AID)Trans Lunar Injection Stage 2 (Nue)Lunar HabitatLunar Surface Nuclear Power System (NPS)Lunar CapsuleCargo ModuleCrew Rated Launch Vehicle (CRLV)Heavy lift Launch Vehicle (HLL\I)7Expendable Launch Vehicle

GlobdllnplltsConstant/Real Year Dollar OutputContractor Fee %Program Support %Contingency %Vehicle Integration %Production Learnmg Rate %Learning Rate Prod. Qty. Start EquivalentIOC

Campaign Elements

ToggleSwitches

Exhibit 5. LifCIM Main Input Area

External Cost ModelsIn-house cost models, including NASA / Air Force Cost Model (NAFCOM) for flight hardwarecosts and the Operations Cost Model (OCM) for ground operations costs, the ExplorationArchitecture Operations Cost Model (ExAOCM) for mission operations costs, as well ascommercial cost estimating models such as the Galorath, Incorporated SEER-SEM cost modelfor software cost estimating are used as required and their outputs are passed to LifCIM forintegration into the LCCE.

NASA / Air Force Cost Model (NAFCOM)NAFCOM is a custom software tool which estimates flight hardware costs using historical datafrom previous space programs to predict the development and production costs of new spaceprograms. It uses parametric relationships to estimate subsystem or component level costs forany space hardware including: earth orbital spacecraft, manned spacecraft, launch vehicle, upperstages, liquid rocket engines, scientific instruments, and planetary spacecraft. It uses a singlevariable (mass) or a multivariable CER method. The NAFCOM database contains data from over120 NASA and Air Force missions. Mission, hardware, and programmatic descriptions areincluded for referencing and to aid in CER analogy selections. A sample input form forNAFCOM is shown in Exhibit 6.

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10,DBA""

82505 0

540

r----- ~--31-42-4.3--kgs

540

~---l ...

CO' I 20500 0

r I "'"TJwpuls

rD&l> Ir 5TH '"I---"--

r flghlUnl1

- 54.0Ekoenc;y

l... _likely HIgh OBAvg

~-(3) Wod.~ Techniques :::J 1(3) lAod.1olfg Tecmqu" :::J 1(31 Mo,lO,llgT~ :::Jf3Engineering MaMgement

I(4] Sign6:¥i Req. Olanges :::J 1(4) _.nt Req Change, :::J 1(4]S_Req Cllang" :::Jf5-De!Ilr!

U(8)NewDes91 :::J 1(8)_0,,9' :::J 1(8) N", De,ogn :::JII"

lunar Rover

Slcyl'bAi1oclc

SlcytaI>OWS

Spacelab

- Two.Stage Vehicle

~Stage 1

I Stege 1 Subsystems

Struchxes 8, MecI"Ianlsms

~~~~Strudll~ &~~~~_~-==:=__~L Tank. Structures & Mechanisms

Thermal Cortrol

t-EnVirOnmentlAdlve Thermal Control

I- rdJced Thermal ProtectIOn

Tank Thermal Control

tMsin Propulsion System (less engines)

Eledncal Power and DlstnbLiIOl"l

'- Command, Control 8.~a Handing

Stege 1 Sys:em Hegrslion

i1rte!7al:ion, Assembly and CheckOl.A (IACO)

~System Test Operations (SiO)

Groond SUpport Eq""",ert (GSE)

Toolng

MfEGSE

~System Engineer.,g & lntegre1Jon (SEal) funding Avalabi1!y I1(3} f.......gi, Con,....,.' . DeI,·:::J 1(3) fun'lng ~ eon""ne' .De~y:::J 1(3) fundi"og ~ Conmiled . Del,' :::Jf3

'-;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;::;:::======-__----;:::'::11 ;.sTes1i!!!:i!,ppro!d!!I!!l!!!e!- ---, ,---------, r-----,----=--=----,I. .:lQl.!9 1(3) "'..,.." TesOng. --,:::J 1t3) lrl,xinun TesOng. QualIcalol:::J 1131_mum T.mg. Qo'*<ak :::Jf3,.iI.,I!I~~.I.lJ.ii.ill1nlegrolon~·XIyII 113) ExIensiv. ".)orlntor1aces I"':::J 1t3) En:nsive lrlajorlntor1aces mv:::J 113} Exlonstv. Major-"., :::Jf3 1'" _nical~-

~ -.... ~-Om!opmert~y

fBS

PRICE

-=Based

e......rJJ

~tRun Risk

o!b

IIDataV!ew

•Cost

II

•

Fie V_ \OIBS Help About 1""", Sulny'lem

Exhibit 6. Sample NAFCOM Input Form

Operations Cost Model (OCM)OCM is a spreadsheet based cost model which estimates recurring operations costs, includingvehicles, launch operations, flight operations, and program level wraps. It also estimates theacquisition costs for facilities. OCM estimates the variable costs per flight, plus the fixed costsper year. A sample screen shot from OCM is shown in Exhibit 7.

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OPERATIONS COST MODELProgram Database

PARAMETRIC DATABASE RATIO FACTOR DATABASEABC Coefficients

P3 Systems Logisticsnot available

1 Man/Reus 1.0700 1.2125 1.29742 Unman/Reus 1.0000 1.2125 1.21253 Man/Expend 1.0700 1.0000 1.07004 Unman/Expend 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

~ un~:~=:~:f--;~~:~:;,7"'~:-+-'~"':~~~"~:;~+--~":;;~~::':~':::-l3 Man/Expendl--;1:;.o:;;7i'iooH-----;1:.:;.o,,000~+_-1i'.~07;;;0;;0:_l4 Unman/Expend 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

P1 Program Management & Supportb = 0.7A= 0.28496

Rating: 1Man Reus Factor

99%

100%

100%

100%100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

SETl (M/R) SET 2 (U/R)A B C A B c

P1 Program Mgt & Support 0.000010 -0.000100 0.045600 0,000020 -0.001100 0.041100

P2 Systems Engineering •.00000ll -0.000700 0.034400 0.000010 -0.000800 O.03UOO

P3 Systems LogistICS •.00000o ........ •.00000o 0.000000 ........ •.00000o

Base -0.000020 0.001100 0.820000 -0.000030 0.001100 0.117500

SOP 'SE71' 'SE72 'SUPPORT FACTORS Manned/Reusable UnManned/Reusable

Flights per Year Flights per Year3 6 8 10 3 6 8 10

P1 Program Mgt & Support 4.3% 4.1% 3.9% 3.8% 4.5% 4.2% 4.1% 3.9%P2 Systems Engineering 3.2% 3.1% 2.9% 2.8% 3.2% 3.0% 2.9% 2.7%P3 Systems Logistics 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Base 92.5% 92.9% 93.2% 93.4% 92.3% 92.8% 93.1% 93.4%

SET 3 (M/E) SET 4 (UfE)A B C A B c

P1 Program Mgt & Support 0.000200 ~.OO7700 0.111000 0.000200 ~.009600 0.145600

P2 Systems Engineering 0.000050 ~.OO2000 0.030500 O.OOOO4tl ~.OO18OO 0.027100

P3 System s logistics 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 ••00000o

Base ~.OOO300 0.009700 0.850500 ~.OOO300 0.011400 0.827200

SOP '5E73 ' '5E74 'SUPPORT FACTORS Manned/Expendable UnManned/Expendable

Flights per Year Flights per Year3 6 8 10 3 6 8 10

P1 Program Mgt & Support 9.8% 8.0% 7.0% 6.2% 11.9% 9.5% 8.2% 7.0%P2 Systems Engineering 2.5% 2.0% 1.8% 1.6% 2.2% 1.8% 1.5% 1.3%P3 Systems logistics 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Base 87.7% 89.8% 90.9% 91.8% 85.9% 88.5% 89.9% 91.1%

FactorReus

0.70.21991

1Man

Use: 1.2974Rate Curve: 51.0% -0.971431

c(NumOrgs) 0.1000 1.1487

::.:----'C3S"'2".6:::1c;:5---;:S2;:.~;o87:;;0:----;:S.;;:';;00;;C1;-----;S"'~':~1::1-;:-6

Use. 1.2974Rate Curve: 51.0% -0.971431

Num Orgs 0.1000 1.1487

::.: ----'C3S"'2".5"'3;:;3---;:$2;:.~:;;78;;:1,.-----;:$.;;:';;9;;:09;;-----;$"'~.:;~0;:;27"'1

P2 Systems Engineering

b=A=

Rating:

Exhibit 7. Sample Screen Shot from OeM

Exploration Architecture Operations Cost Model (ExAOCM)ExAOCM is a spreadsheet based cost model with VBA macros to execute complex data modelrelationships and logistics cost equations. It provides a node based model of an interplanetarysupply chain in order to estimate mission operations costs. The main user interface for ExAOCMis shown in Exhibit 8.

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E:J Mlcrosofllxcel lxAOCM_700J0616b xis r.~.JI~If.X

~ "'1. r .f ~ • _ " x

Exhibit 8. ExAOCM Main User Interface

SEER-SEMGalorath's SEER-SEM is a powerful decision-support tool that estimates the cost, labor, staffing,schedule, reliability, and risk for all types of software development and/or maintenance projects.SEER-SEM is effective for all types of software projects, from commercial IT businessapplications to real-time embedded aerospace systems. Organizations use SEER-SEM on theirsoftware projects to manage and control costs, meet schedules, deliver quality and manageproject risk.

Ad Hoc High Fidelity Cost ModelsWhere necessary to capture cost impacts of trade-off details, higher fidelity cost models will bedeveloped "on-the-fly" to support CXP studies or analyses. Cost estimates from these modelsmay be passed through an ARCOM or directly to LifCIM. A sample screen shot of an ad hoccost model developed for a trade study is shown in Exhibit 9.

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SM Case I: I\'TOIMMH, Pressure Fed, Integrated OMS/RCSemonOS ~ o. annante eamRcsu ummary v COlt Element Inputl

COillit..nul

ns £BS Ean.,..Tltk

1.0 Propuhion SUbt)'tl~m T<ul11 Pnme's F...~

1.2 Sub~)'tlem Subtotal

121 SUb~Sl.cmSEITIPM

1.2.2 SU~)·,.em Hanhu~ Subkllal 20537.8 3.299.21..22.1 OMS Group 1,661.6 2,160.1

12211 OMS O\ldvcr F'TcS8urv.auon Tanl.. 00 00 0.0 300 00 00 0.0 100 0.0012212 OMS Fud PressunzallOn Tanl. 1256 00 125.6 300 163.3 2512 326.5 100 1.001.2.213 OMS (hldll.cr Tank 1996 00 199.6 JO(J 259.5 399.2 518.9 100 1.001221-l OMS FudTank 1954 00 195.4 JOO 254.0 3908 508.0 100 1.0012.215 OMS Pr.:ssunLauon Focd Systclll 1546 0.0 1S4.6 Jon 2010 1546 2010 0 100

L2 216 OMS Propellant F.xd S\stclIl 1588 00 1588 300 206 4 15$8 2064 0 10012.217 OMSErlgUlC 3071 0.0 307.1 300 :\99.2 3071 3992 100 0.7S

122 RC GroJ!j> 427.2 55541.2221 Res Prcsswv.atlon Tank (ScparnIC Res onh) 00 0.0 00 300 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 100 00012.222 Res (h"dll<::r Tanl.. (Separate Res only) 00 0.0 00 300 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 100 00012223 ReS Fud Tam. (Separate ReS onl~ ) 00 00 0.0 30n 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 100 00012224 Res Prcssuro.Btlon F«d S~Sl<..·m (S...-paraIC Res on[\) 00 00 00 30.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 000

12225 RCS Propellant F~ S~ >tern 1872 00 1872 30.0 2434 1 1872 243.4 0 1001.2 2 26 Res Engme 100 00 10.0 30.0 1).0 2. 240.0 3120 100 0.82

1.2.2.3 PusvcTh<.2ToaI 364.0 413.2

1.2.231 Insulation 3640 0.0 364.0 30.0 473.2 364.0 4732 1001,2.2.4 Dread An:o Coohng (L021L112 only) 0.0 0.0

12241 Cl')ocoolcr S)stcm 00 00 0.0 300 00 00 00 100 0.001.2 2~ 2 Radla10r 00 00 0.0 300 0.0 00 0.0 0 0001.2 2~ 3 ShK.--Id 00 00 00 300 00 00 00 0 000I 224 ~ Tubing, Vah'mg, Inlcgraoon 00 00 0.0 30.0 00 00 00 0 000122~5 MLI 00 00 00 300 00 00 00 0 000

12.25 E1ettncal 850 110,51.2.251 SlgllolCondlllollmg 20.0 00 20.0 300 26.0 400 52.0 1.001.2252 Instrunl<..--nlotlon 110 0.0 110 30.0 14.3 22.0 28.6 1.0012253 Ikalcrs. Thcrmo>tlllS. Controls 115 00 II.S 300 ISO 230 29.9 100

0 061 100

61 100

61 4035 10030 10079 100

0 00 00 0

0 0

21 10090 100

49 100

80 10080 10040 100

Exhibit 9. Ad Hoc Cost Model for Propellant Options Study

Operational Considerations

LCAM will time phase costs across a life cycle of up to twenty years but can be modified toaccommodate longer analysis time frames if needed. The model is capable of spreading costautomatically via a selectable beta distribution function (e.g., 60% cost/50% time) or manually,and display results in both graphic and tabular formats. In addition, where feasible, Visual Basicfor Applications (VBA) controls are employed to facilitate user selection functions such as dropdown menus, check boxes, and or toggle switches, Macro code can also be written to assist inrepetitive processes or for data flow control purposes.

LCAMOutput

LCAM supports manifest, design, and requirements trade studies by calculating changes in costrelative to the Program Baseline life-cycle cost estimate (LCCE) as maintained by theConstellation Program Planning and Control Office, LCAM does not change or update thebaseline. Rather LCAM gives key decision makers the LCCE impacts so that informeddecisions can be made. Examples of LCAM output are shown in Exhibits 10, 11 and 12.

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FY Cost by Phase

Element Time Phased Sand Chart:;;:.

•~ u

.

rii-,~111rr~r]nii~ili'=~~::~~: by Element, Phase

Exhibit 10. Example LCAM Sand Charts and Tables

>

..«",:~~<,,~~;.;~:;.;:.;~;.;:.;,~<'///~~~

._-..-_.........,-_.e__............~-

Delta Cost Chart$900

$800 o Operations

$700 • Tecmologies

$600• SM-ISSo CM-ISS::;: $500

'" .SM'"0 $400 - :lJLMD0N> $300 .LMAu.

$200 Ii - 1 • OEDS

• I OCM$100

LIiii II 1.1 ." I •.- .CaLV$- .CLV

$(100)

rJ' r:,'t> ...1:> ...'\. ...~ ,,'0 "q;, a,1:> a,'\. ~ a,'O a,'t> [')1:>'\.'::i '\.'::i '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:> '\.1:>

Fiscal Year

Exhibit 11. Example LCAM Time Phased Delta Cost

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III Technologies

• Development

o Production

o Operations

Cost

Cption 4b[- I ."

(ption 4aI

II -~

)~ tion 3b+I

(IPtion 3bI

Cption 3aI

)~ ion 2b+ - ICption 2b -Cption 2a IExoenses- Over Baseline

•

o1Ilc.2Q.o

o

~Savings Over Baseline

Exhibit 12. Example LCAM Delta Cost by Study Option

Summary

LCAM gives the Constellation Program the parametric estimating capability needed to providecost data for key technical and programmatic issues. If Constellation cannot be executedaffordably, it will hamper NASA's ability to fulfill the United States Space Policy forExploration. Good life-cycle cost estimates are key to making the most cost effective decisions.Without the capability to assess the life-cycle cost impact of decisions, managementeffectiveness will be impaired.

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j' - nasa program model (ipm), an se&i developed capability that combines parametric sizing...

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