-lDLECEMBER 25, I 891 J 36Igroup as sui geners atnd'incapable of binDg brought within anyclassification of living-pants, in-cline to see- its ryirest affi-nitiesin the Lyc,opodiacew.; that of all the different viewsg tflat havebeen beld as to the affinities of Spirangium ble regaids t})at ofNatborst as the tmost attractive, viz., that it may represent thegigantic sporaingia of Chara surrounded by spiraXll twisted enve-lope-tubes; and that he leans to the conclusion that WilliamsoniabeloDgs to the C:ycadaceve, or to some analogous type of vegetation.The most serious charge that must be made against this Eng-

Ji-eh editiona is that it lias not been revised to date. No science isp,rogressing more rapidlyv than paleopbytology, and the depart--inent that is advancing the fastest is our knowledge of just suchproblematical forms as those considered in this workr. In makinga translation it would bave been easy to ititroduce the result ofthe investigations of the last four years, and the value of theseiesults wo-euld have beenl very great to 'the class who are certain ton ake the niost use of the work. But although it is said to be annotiorized edition, it seemns to be nothinlg more than an exacttlrinslation of the German editiosn of 1887.-

For, ex:ample, notbing new is presented in relation to Bennet-t ites. on whiich the author bas been so lonag engaged. On page 97tl,.e rernark of the original edition that i' the sksetch here given ofBennettites, which I bope to make more complete at some futuretiaie," etc.,7 is repeated wvithout modificatioD. B-ut the ', futuretiiine ' came more than a year ago, aDd tlle Count's able researcheson tbis form w ere published in the Botanische Zeitung for 1890 andn oticed by the present writer ill the A merican Journal of Sciencefor1 April, 1891, p. 331. Still later the interesting specimen fromGolden, C:ol., wbichi Lesquereux called Zamiostrobus mirabilis,isas bee-n sent tO bim, and be has made sections of it and referredit to the sarme genus, which he now properliy calls by Buckland's*-rlierrifttue,Cycadeoidea. All tbis new matter should liave beenincorporateci in the English edition.

WVe are never sure that we bave the autbor's presenit opinion ointhe inost problematical forms. Notbing is said of the recent, dis-coveries of Zeiller, Sap)orta, and others respecting Spliraiagiumaantd Fayolia, from wbicb these autbors are- now disposed to givetlheni over entirely to the zoologists as probably of anin3al origin.We t,hould be gl-id to know vbvat the successor of De f3ary Ithinksof this. And it is amusing to read on page 37l, wbere Williamz-sonia is under discussion aud the early views8 of F-aporta and AIar-ion are considered, to learn that "1 it is boped that ab publicationyret to come from Slaporta will contain further and more convinc-ing particulars on1 this subject." Paleobotani'sts bave been famil-iar for at least three years with the publication " referred to, asit appears in tbe '1 Pale'ontologie frangaise, Plantes jurassiques,"Livraisous 36-39, pp. 87-191, wshere the subject lias received thenmost exheaustive treatment yet given to it, illustrated by,seven-teen plates. WVhat we want to knows is whether the professor ofbotany at thie University of Strasb-urg agrees witb the conclnsionof tbe Marquis Saporta that the Williamsonias, without being pre-cisely Pa ndaneve, may bave had a genetic rielationsbip with thatfamily (top. cit., p. 117X. Solms Laubach's own conclusion,quotedabove is given without t-he knowledge of Saporta's work, whichmigbt bave niodified it. It is als-o given witbout acquaintanceu-ith the important discovery by Nathorst of the inflorescence ofWilliamsonia aulguetfolia attached to the s1}8i and foliage ofAnomozamn,'tes nmiror. a supposed cyeadean plant,' and, althoughthis is confitmatorv of tbe-views above excpressed, it would be in--t-~-resting, to kinow to what extent be regards it as coDclusive; and,iu genieral it would be verv useful to know whot this author'sattitude nowr is toward Saporta's viewvs as here expressed (op.cit , pp. 229-2i6B. according to whic:h not only Williamsonia,Weltricbia, and Goniolina, but Cycadeoidea, Anomczamites. andother foriiis hitherto unl'frmly referred to the Cycadaceve, aretaken entirely out of the G}ymnosperms and assimilated to theangiospermous orders BalanophoreBe and Pandanese, and aregrouped under his neDw and ex-inct class ofProangiospc:rms.

The Sphenoglossum qudrifoliatum of Emmons,2 twice meu-

I Ofverslgt af lKongl. Vetenskaps-Aksdemtens ForhaullDgar,June, I888No. 6.

'2" AmerloauGaogy,"Vol. VL.,,p. 1.34, pi. v., ffg. 2.

tioned,s wa-, carofully considered in 16883 by Pmfessor ~Fontaine,and ieferred doubtfully -to Act-inopterls, a-genueof fernp, in a workvvith which the autber sbould b-ave been acquainted,4 and'intreating the Cycadacese in this voltime, as well as in his latertstudies of the Portland Cycadeoidem, he seems to be equaUy tin-familiar witb the important cyeadean truDlSo diovered.by Tysonin 1860 in the iron ore beds of the Po>tomac form-ationV'Haryland,and described also by Professor Fontaine in bis great monographof the flora of that formlation.5The I Iforty -nine illustrations" 80 prominently mentioned on

ttie title-page as a bigh recommendationl axe indeed ex:cellent andlargely the author's owis1. bzut in view of the uses to wrhich.tbis workis likely to be put, as explained above, this number is obviouslyfar too small. To bave secured the maximum usefulness, even tothe small class to whom it is adaptecl, several times that numberwvould bave been requii-ed.The English publishers hate left notbing undone to render the

volume handsome and attractive. and as usual, where the pub-lisher's point of viewr is alone followed, the convenience of thereader and user is often sacrificed to style and appearance. Thisis notab,ly the case, and applies to the! German edition 'as well.in the avoidance of italics. It may be admitted that the printingof all words baving the Latin form in italics piloduces, ill works ofthis class, a very unseemly effect, but the conapromise whichlimits them to btriet binomials, i.e., *ase iio which the speciesrequires to be meintioned, reduces this evil from tl<e estbetic p)ointof view to a degree which is mainy timles cotunterbalanced by theincreased value which it gives to a wvofk that is to be in constantuse by busy students, wbo in nine eases out of ten are looking forsome particular name. 'ro compel this class to pore over a wbolepage for wchat, if italicized, would insatantly catch the ey7e, is apositive crulelty to a deserving animal, and shaould be prohibiteclby penal enactmlent.The placing of the references to thle appendix to the literature in

foot-notes at the bottom of tbe pages is a decided itipi:ovementfrotin all points of view over the u-nsihtly microsopic supezior fig-ures in the German edition, and perhaps-in a work,like tbis, wbe'rethe same niermoirs are frequently several times. -referred to, thisgeneral plan is upon the whlole justiflable, but 'after all nothing isso simple, easy, and clear as the old way, in wbicti the3 readerfinds all he wants in' foot-notes on the page he is reading, andthis simplicity, ea-se, and clearness ulsually atone for considexatlerepetitioen as well as for wbatever offence these foot-notes may giveto the tuost fastidious, eye.

If, froms all that bas been said, it ,:bould appear to any that tbewPork before Us consis.s entirely of a, bundle of 'defects, let Ihimhasten to divest bimself of so false an impression. It is ratberour purpose to poBint out these defects thau to extol its excellencies.aDd sbouldl the latter be attempted it would require mluch morespace than hias been needed for the fornier task.

IESTER F. WARD.

AMONG THE PUBLISHERS.Tnz Century Company is about .to publish, in cheap tract

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.Fiske's work on "The Disco very of America. " It has involved avast amouu ofresearch,sand Mr. Fiske is reported to regard thesetW;o volumeFias hismnost.important contribution to American his-tory.-In 'IThe Platform: 'Its Pjie and Progress," Mlr. H-enrysJepb-

son, private secretary to Mr. Forster and Sir G. Trevel-yan, begin-ning with the.days -when an open ineeting for discussionlofpublicaffairs was condemDed as scarelqy less than -overt treason, tracesthe slow growth of political speech-making and analyzes t' e ele-

s Ib-d, ipp, 18- ad 3154"1 ontrtbuttons to the Knowl1fte of the Older Xosozolc Flora of Vir-

OMla*' By WUltlam -Morrls Fantiine.- Xonogrsaphofit the U. S. GeologloalSurvey, Vol. Vk, Nashqg{ton, 18W>+.

T6 T0ortos oloupoo i0oemdo -4 riiXorsut-Wane. kalogrphs ofthQ {J. S. G}oigc Aw"Y1 Vol. xv.1 *Ahigw, 18B9.Text, pp. 186-198; Atlwm, PLclswitss.lS;.

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362 SC N. .,

ments in its'dev, elopment. The open-air meetings of the W5esleyanrevivalists had their share; the old right of petition to the crolwnfor redress of any grievance, and the occasional waves of populaclamor gave it a fitful ex:istence un}til, at the time of the so-calle'6Wilkes Rebellion," it first became an organized political engine.,then -and since acting as a perpetual check upon the, party inpower. To the student of politics this bookr should prove of greatvalue and interest. It will be published by Macmillan & Co. earlyin January.

-Frederick Warne &;Co., Ne iYrk, will shortlyr issue at apopular price "1 Electricity up -to D'ate for l.ight, Power, andTraction," clearly exrplained., with diagrarms, etc., for non-scien-tific readers, by John B., Verity, -M.Inst.E.E. (London). Thesame firmn will sbortly pablish the new volumeof II Barker's Factsaud Figures for the Year 1892+ edited by Thomas -Whittaker,containing a large amount of information relatinig -to commerce,government, insurance, agriculture, populationl, education,finance, health, wealth, religion, railways, etc., with special ref-ereince to those matters which concern the inhabitants of GreatBritaini.

-A "1 Ge-neral Endyclopedia of the EIistory.and Science of theJews " has been undertaken by J. Singer, in Paris, and will com-prise twelve large voluimes, according to The New York Tribune,The autbor bopes to preentt tbe mnain facts of Jewvish history, and

to show the effects of- the Je.wisb race upon th4e various factors ofciviliza.tion, science, literature, comlmercey,industry, etc. Thework w.ill not be finisfied for some time,

The trustees of the British Museum, we learn froni The Pub-lishers' 'Weekly, wvill- shortly-issue the second il]stallment of Dr.Bezold's' '*Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets iu the Kouyunl-jik Collection."' This voltime will contain the descriptions ofnearly six thousand tablets and' fragmnent's which formed partof the famous clay library preserved -by the kings,of Assyriaat Nineveh. This library was founoded by Assurbanipal, B.C.668-626, and cointained official documaents which had beensent to Sargon-and Sen-nacherib by tlze gener'als-of the army andothers, as well ais a series of works relating to every branch ofscience known to the Assyrians, and copies of ancient classicalbooks and legends froth Babylonia. In this volumne will be founda claamification of omen and astrological texts; ti work w hich basnever before been attempted; and a considerable number of impor-tant exCtracts are pri'nted in the cuneiformn characters.

I-Hubert Howe Bancroft, who is spending the winter with hisfamily in the City of Mexico, has beeii requested -by Gen. PorfirioDiaz, President of the Repulblic of:Mexico,- to write a book on theresources and development of Alexieo, to be pniblished in Spanishand in English, and to be a true and vividrepresentation of indus-trial Mexico as it exists to-day, primarily for presentation a-t the

CALENDAR OF SOCIETIES.Chemical Socity, Washington.

Dec. 10E{:. W. Wiley and NV. H. Krug,On so- called Floxidite; T. M. Cbatard, Noteson Analysis -of Phosph.ate Rocks; I. T.Davis, Meat Presiervatives,; W. F. Hille-brand and Wm. H. Melville, On tbe Isomor-phism and Composition of Tbhorium anldUraniods Sulphates; a paper on MIidzu Ameis proposed for the meeting of Jan. 14,1892.

Bio'loglcal Society, Washington.GEeo. Marx,.On the Structure and Con-

struction of the Geometric Spider Web;Chas. D. White? Somne Peculiar Forms in anUpland CJarboniferous Flora; F. H. Know'l-ton, Fruiting Fsernsfrom the Laramie Group;Frederick V. -Coville, Review of Kuntze'sRevisi.o Generum Plantarum; U>. W. Stiles,Notes on Parasites: ~Spiroptera scutata.

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[VoL. XVIlI.I No- 464

190-DIRWINISNI AD NEO-L ARCKISII.By LESTER P. WARD.

Annual addressof the President of the BiologicalSoclety of Washington delivered Jan. 24, I91. Ahistorical and critical review of modern scienti'dthought relative t-o heredity, and especially to -theproblem of the transmission Of acquired characters.The following are the several heads involved in thedisussion Status of the Problem, Lamarckism,Darwrinism, Acquired Characters, Theories of He-redity, Views of Mr. G}alton, Teachings of ProfesaorWeismann, A Critique of Weism&nn,,Neo-Darwtn-ism, Neo-Lamarckism, the American "School," Ap-plication to the Human Race. In so far as viewsare expressed,they are in the main In lina with ti(egeneral current of American thought, and opposedto the exrtreme doctrine of the non-transmissibilityof acquired characters.

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friends in that quarter, he had hoped for a brief period of restafter many years of severe labor. But when Gen. Diaz made thisrequest, offering at the same time not only to co-operate with himin every respect, to give him freely his own views on all importantsubjects, but to enlist the co-operation of the chiefs of depart-ments and Governors of States, he felt that he could not refuse.Gen. Diaz had shown him many favors in times past; further-more, the subject had peculiar attractioDs. He hlad been over thesame ground historically, and was interested in its later develop-ment. As in all his publications, Mr. Bancroft wvill utilize thelabors of able assistants, who have been at work in various partsof the republic collecting material. Besides these, Mr. George H.Morrison, Secretary of the History Company of San Francisco,will at once join Mr. Bancroft in Mexico, and assist in carryingforward this important undertaking.

363

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CONTENTS OF JULY NUMBER:Parasitic Fungi Affecttng the Higher Animals.The Distanoe of theBtars.Infusorih Protozoa, etc., Practical Methsods of

Prepara,tion.The History of the Microscope.Our Young Naturaltsts' Page-:

A Carious tWst of Pearrin a Pair of Robins.-l eap Year.Aspect of the Heavens-July, 1891..C otlectora' Noteslor-July.-Natural History Notes.

The Poison of Toads..Effect of Ligbt on Spines..Ptotective M!imicry in Sp>ideresThe Phenioenon of Autbtoray in Certain

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