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..:'t'

This paper not to be cited without prior referenee to the authors

International Couneil for theExploration of the Sea

C.H. 1969/C~ 15Hydrography Committee

Thc pattern of bottom currents along theeoast of East Anglia in 1968

by.

J. D. Riley and J. N. RamsterFisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft

•INTRODUCTION

Durtns 1967 preliminary ecological studies of the inshore stoclro of

flatfish, partieularly sole (Solea solea L.), off the East Anglian eoast

revealed small and apparently isola~~~s both in saline estuaries and

in the open sea. In the absence of any but the most general'data··on"the

pattern of the inshore water movements in this area, attempts to relate

particular spawning areas with the eventual sites of larval metamorphosis..

and flatfish nursery grounds were frustrated. The present study was:' '.

intended to reetify this situation and roueh of this work therefore oeeurred

durine.; the period ~,Tay-July, the time' of the egg and larv~ü planktonic

stagen of the sole. It was however continued for 12 months in order tO

provide an indication of any seasonal variations that might oceur and

might be.of irnportanee in the distribution of other species (herring and

flounder, for example) with planktonic stages at other times of thc ycar.

METHOD .~,' ". ' ..

At intervals of between 1 and 2 months in the per iod Deeember 1967­

November 1968, rloodhead seabed drifters and plastic· surface drifters of

the t~"Pe normally used by the Lo~}estoft laboratory VJcre· released at .

variouspoints on the Bast Anglian coast betwcen Baeton and Orford lfuss

(see Figure 1A)fr6m R.V. TELLINA. Table 1 givcs thc details of the

returns from these releases and shows that the exercise was really based

·,on ropoato<;l releases at three points in the Dunwieh-Sizewell Bank area~

stations A, B and C~· ·At tho inshore station," station A, the YJater depth

was 6 fm;station B was on top of the bank itself in 2 fm and station C

W:lS onthe coastal plain outside the bank in 9 fm of \'Jator. Figure 1B

shows these positions in more detail.

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..A~..ache9.k; on._.t!::(o validity..of .tho.recoverios .from.tho adjacont·

baaches two lfbogus 11 drops \'1ore arranged in \'ihich Woodhead seabed drifters

.were laid" at intorvals of about 400 metres bct\'leen Lowestoft and

Orford Ness. Tho timing of these releasos, 3 July and 4 Docembor, was

determined in ge~eral by the facts that returns from the normal releases

were eccurring throughout tha year and a conparison of summer and winter

return rates waS noeded. Those days ,were chosen in particular becauso in

oach caso tho sprinß tide was fnlling off to nenps and tho per iod ef

2 hours bcfore dusk was one.of low tide. There was, therefore, the least

pessiblo risk cf either thc driftors bcing moved by the sen for nt least

7 days 01' someone finding them the samO day whilst tho low tide facilita­

ted easy nccass ~e the beaches by tho peoplo who ~cro actually socding

tho drifters. On both occasions thc Vleather was fine and tho sen calm. ~

.RESUL'l'S

Begus releases.

Tables 2A, Band C summarizc· the rate at which the driftors were

rt3turn?d~ . tho nceuracy cf. t~e doscriptions given, and, for intrinsic:

interost, 'i;,h9 "tyPo".,ef findor~...Tablo 2A shows that if a. driftor isswept ashore on thissection cf coaat it is almost cortain to be picked,.' '. ~ 1.' .". • .

up with~ 48. hours at any .timo. of the year •. In cornpiling Table·2B the• ' t .., • ~ • ; '-.

lIaccura9ylf of the positiQn,of~findingwas a8sesscd by measuring tho dis-

tance fron ~ho reloase .posit~on to tho furthost point accurate1y doscribed

by tho finder or by a qircct mcasurement between tho release' position and

tho position shorm on.maps and diaßrams dra\'m by,the finder. ~ither

techniquc gives a moasure of maximum error and as this tnble shows tho

pattern of l'maxirrn.l.r.1 error" was fairly const:mt for both sets ef returns.

In Tab1o'2C avisitors" are definod as finders 1iving more than 10 km

from tho position of thofind. Clear1y, and oxpectcdly, thc winter

returns TIore a function of almost oxc1usivcly 10cal intorost on thobcachos.

, ·Tho speed of therocovcrios from both these releases sugeostod that

there TI~s'no noed to repeat :thom atTIook-cnds as originally intcndod' since,

cspecial1y in thc summer,'· any weok-end bias to roturns wou1d have to 'be

very markod indcodto "irnp"rove on'tho spoo'd ef recovory. In theso 'c:xpori­

mo:nts· ;thora. VJaS no corrclation'b'ot~'jcon 'tho uccosaability of aboach end

chance er speed of. recovery." .Varioüs· arlOmalios :in thc ';oturn '~a.tt~~~~are knovJn' to ~ oxint.· A- drifter" from thesurrimor 1'010ase, for ex~mp10, YJaS

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seen in the back cf a private car ovar aperiod of 3 weoks but was ncvcr

handod in, ~hilo anothor lay in high-tide litter for 12 days within

300 metres of the centra of LOVJGstoft beforo bcirigfound. The lOVior.

percentage return from the summer release could bc a consequenco cf tho

presenco cf moro visitors' on tho coast and that although visitors find

tho driftors ~ smallcr proportion are handed in. This is ·contrary. to

thc goncral~-heldbelief that visitors to boaches lead to a pronounced

increase intho returns'from drifter experiments.

True releases

Surface drifters

Table 1 shows thc.t the returns cf surface driftors fluctuatod

groat~ from roloase to release. In fact, if a gale occurrad just after

a release all tho driftors came ashore, if there ~as no gale few returns

ware made. This part of the experiment prcvad abortive and tho returns

will not be discussed further •

Wcodhead seabed driftors

(a) . From stations 'A, Band C

Figuros 2 und 3 provido a summary of tho main trends in tho return

patterns from these stations;, (tho great number of releasos c.nd drifters

involved makes it impossible to' show the detailed pattern of returns

hore). An oxamination cf theso figures hoV/evar suggost, firstly, that

thoro were markod difforences in recapturo areas from release to release

and betwe8n stations cf tho same reloaso and, secondly, that thoro were

equally marked and unexpoctedly large diffcroncbs in the return rates

fram stations of, the' same release and from reloaso' to' release.

Fortunatoli, howevor, although tho rocapture zenes 'varied wide~,

all tho r9turns c~mo back from a rclatively amall stretch cf coastlinc

(Yarmouth-Clacton)' exccpt for the few caught by inshoro fishormen or

those landing on beaches south of the Thnmos. This fact, togothor with'

tha soasonal spread of tho experiment, the relatively largo numbcrs of

driftcrs usod c.nd tho ropcatod nature of thc reloases at those stations,

makos it moaningful in this instanco to apply the chi-square test to

verious aspects of tho returns. The population that wo havo considerod

.is composod .of nlltho driftcrs roturnod from tho baaches botweon Yarmouth

and Clacto~ for tho poriods of either Docember 1961-68 or Docombcr 1961­April 1968, dopending on tho availability of tho background data.

3

Furthermore, s~~eo 15 drifters were put out at both high and low water

at roleases 1-4 tho returns frem only ene of theso sets have bCßn uscd

in this analysis to avoid bias to~~ds the eonditions prevailing on

these oeeasions. Tables 4-6 sQ~arize our results.

Tablo 3A suggests to us that thore in no bias towards roturns nt

tho main publie holidays. Tho -largo return r.~de at Christmas 1961 will

bo shovn Inter to be a eonsequonee of tho wind regime rather than tho

oeeurroneo of a publie holiday. In an experiment lasting eightoen months

it is almost inevitable that onO of those holidays will eoineido with a

poriod of rolatively high returns. Table 3B providos a mora dotaiiod

pieturc of tho dl1Ys on \'1hieh returns vlere made and tho chi-squaro test·

suggosts thore is no bias present in this distribution.

Iri eoopiling Tablo 4A tho dates of noaps nrid springs per ~ were •

caleulatod from the Admiralty Tide Tl1bles for Lo~ostoft and thon halfthe

days between a neap und tho following spring allottod to tho noap period.

Vlhero odd numbers of days occurrod the d::ty left ovar Was givon to noaps

and springs altornatively. Tablo 4B was drawn-up using the observed,

eorrectod, hourly tidal hoights at Lovostoft suppliod by tho Institute

of Coustal Oeoanography und Tidos, Livorpool und our conelusion from

tho returns of tho bogus releasosthat at all timos of tho

yoar. tho environmontal eonditionG of day "n" CM rO.:lsonably bo associated

with tho drifters found on day n and (rr+ 1).

In both eases the ehi-nquare tost implies th.:lt the changing tidal

regime doos not influenco tho rate of drifter returns, that the obsorvod

distributions are froG from bias; but in tho ca.so of Table 4B the tost

was only appliod ovar a seetion making up 81 per cont of tho YQGX undor •

rcviQw. From this tablo, thotim0G of unusu.:llly largo tidal ra.ngo

(8.1-10.0 feot) aro npparently favourablo t~mos of drifter rocnpture, but

in Tablo 4C it eanbo seon that tho lo.reo tidal range itsolf doos not

lead to tho stranding of unusually ID.rßo numbors of.driftors •. It must

bo coupled nith tho fact of. a rocont drifter reloase and, as .va ahall

soo later, quite spocifie wind conditions.

Tnblo 5A ShoViS tho l~~ks. botvloon tho diroction cf .thc daily mO[)Jl wind

at Gorleston of dny I'n:' and, aGain followinC our conclusions from tho

returne of tho bOBUS reloases, the drifter returns for days Ln + (n + 1)~.

The bias tOYla.rds .tho sector 160-2800 is ·very evident in this table r tho

calculntion of :tho averago numberof ·drifters roturnod per "are-dny'.'··

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sorves to emphasizo tho point that within ihis soctor tho 201-2400 zono

soorns partieularly important. In Tablc 5B thc driftorsassoeintod with

tho thre~ main soetors havoboen a;rangod in w~d strength-drift~r return

matricos. In this ease the chi-square tost providcs ovidenco of pro­

nouncod bias 'in the 160-2800 soctor~ but in tho other two instanccs

suggests an absenC3 of bias. In other words~ thestronger tho south­

wcstorlywind thomoro driftors are likely to bc brought ashoro, but, ,

strongtlidning ~inds from nny other quarter will not'influclleo tho return

rato. "Daily 'moan vlindsl! aro notoriouoly dnngerous entities to uso as'

a'basis for ro~soning nnd so the magnitudo of tho 6-hourly componont

values hao beon comparod in Tablo 5C with tho drifter returns. In this

ease one day's overlap of drifter rett~ns has only boon ~~do unen ona of

~ tho componcnto runo over from onC day to anothar. Uo feel that tho pro­

pondoranco of returns to tho southorly and wostorly ordinatos provides

strong support for tho inforonco drawn from Tables 5A und B.

Thus vle havo assur.1od that euch roturnod driftor is of oqual Vlorth

and meaning. Clüarly this is not 003 ton returns mado 2 days after

15 drifters havo bcon roloasod aro not of tho samo value 0.0 tenroturns

l:'mo.do 50 dayo lo.ter. If wind diroction und speed are thc kay factors

bringing tho drifters ashoro, then more moderate winds than are noedod to

influoncc tho second batch may bring tho first sot ashoro bocauGo thay

are all relativcly closo togethor III tho wator. A moasuro of tho

officiency of a givon wind speed und direction is providod by associat­

ing tho wind of day "n" with tho numbers of driftors found on'days

L}1+ (n + 1)~,oxprossed as a porcontago of tho nu~bors of driftors known

to bü in tho see.. at day (n - 1). This cOGffic,ient has boon calculatGd

for those days cf the poriod 11 Docembor 1961-30 April 19699 when thoo ' ' " "',, ,',

wind blow from tho 200-260 sector in tho hopo thai a plot of officioncy

coofficiont against wind volocity would load to a statisticallysignifi­

cantrclationship'botwoon the rate of drifter roturns and 'tho otrongth

of tho south~wostorlyTIind. Unfortunatoly, this rclationship doos not

cvcn bogin to npponr oxcopt insofnr ~s whon south-wost winds of more than

15knots'bloTI ~omc driftors are always rcturnod. Considoration of tho

roturns for 0inds in tho 201-2200 soctor only~'tho zone whero tho'

strongest rolutionship-appoars to oXist, doos not loadto further'clari­

fication cf tho situation. It mny ba that daily mann winds arG toD crudoCl factor to beusing ~ this oase and closor corrölations'will stemfrom

considcring tho lIofficicncy cccfficiont" end tho 6-hourly cOr.Jpcnont values.

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ut tho timos of south-wcstor~galos. In Figura 4 wo havo plotted tho

poolod drifter returns uscd in Tnbles 4-6 ~~d ·the mean daily wind strength

and provided an indication at critical ti~es of the wind direction. Ue

havo conparcd in detail this diagrnm und tho returns sho~~ in swmnary

forn in Fi&ures 2 <::.nd 3 Md hope to mn.ke these detailod con3idorntions

ayailable in GomO other publicntion, but think that the genera.l trends

cun bo appreciatcd from Figurcs 2, 3 and 4 in mlY caso. It would soem,

for oxample, that at timos of moderato winds from any direotion thore is

southerly residual drift of. i-roile pür day through station A, but that, •

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One aspcct of the return rates which in not amenablo to invcstiga­

tion by statistical tochniques in this inatance, b0cause of the practical

difficulties.of naking releases within 6 hours of each other, i8 tho

difforonco betueon tho rates for reloases at both high and low watcr.

Of tho four sots of paired roleasos, the time intorval variod botweon·

6 hours in two cases and up to four days. Thore is a marked degroe of

consistency bet~con the returns at high andlow water in the form of the

r,oturn histograms for the timos whon these occurrod (releases 1-4). The

only anomaly is that at release 2, 76por cent of the lon-waterdriftors

at station A bcached within 5 days and no nimilar peak occurred either

from the high-wator driftors or fron the driftors released at the other

stations.

Hance, via tho chi-square test, wo h~vo not bonn ablo to find ~

evidonce that tho driftor roturns fron stE:.tions A, Band C aro.biasod

towards particulnr days, fortnightly tidal cycles or any tides for that

matter oxcopt nomo giving large tidal ranges E:.ssociatod nith wind con­

ditions. Thero is howover strong bias towards driftorabcing cast ashore

stations Band C appoar tO,be in a transition zono since the gonerE:.l

south-going <::.nd north-going drift found respectively at each is reversed

:from time to time. Tho best examplo Of this is provided by release 4

(3 und 5 April) ~hcn the returns from the low-water release of 3 April'

aro fen in nlli~ber ~~d scnttorcd bctweon Lowostoft und Orford, whilo

those of 5 April suggcst stoady roovoment south-wostwards in the: main.

These figurosalso ohow thet if ~ south-wostcrly gala oocurs withih

24 hours of a release (releases 2 und 7) thon tho returns from stations

.Aand B rofloct. tho ohort-term effeot of the Ylind-water couplc und not

thc rosiduE:.l drift. Station C, on tho other hand, appoars to bo unin-'

fluencod by such yiinds, but 8 and 4 da.ys r08poctivcly after thotwo parts

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of 'releaso 3 wero m~do tho otrongost and langost of tho south-wostorlY

galos that nffoctod stationo A endB occurrcd nnd itdid brinG ashoro tho

driftors roloascd at station C. This anomaly cen bo explained oithor

by the fact that any bottom onshoro bottom movomonts sot up by the gale

Vloromoro markod than on tho other occD.sicns or tho fact that in thc

poriod betwoon the releases und tho galo tho driftors hadmoved shorowards

into tho zone potwoen 5 and 9 fm norm311y affoctod by such movomonts at

timos of south-wosterly ealen. Tho lattor explanation sooms to us ·ta bc

thcmore plausible and accoptanco cf it lo~ds on to the idea that tho

difforing rosponso is a function of both incroaoing dopth and distaneo

'(from tho shoro. Withöut detailed noaouromento i t io not possiblo to

distinguish botvJoon thoso two parametors •

'Thoro io no apparont rooponso at any ntation to Oll eastorly galo at

any time. It SOOm3 prob~blo that south-wostorly G~lcs blow surfaeo

wator offshoro und bottom w~tor, with tho driftors, movoo onshorqto take

its plnco.Uorth-onstorly nnd oasterly gaies, on thJ other hand,'sotUp

offshore movomonts ~t dopth. Tho wavos assQciated with easterly galos

oucht to giVG onshoro drift, but it would seem th~t· this is countorod by

tho offshoro drift G8t up ao n consoquenco of tho surfaco "wind-stay"."

Finally; tho returns from reloase 8 at these stations suggest'tho

oxistonce of an anti-cloc~aiso gyre in the inshoro zone between

Yarmouth und Orford Ness~

(b)From.tho other stations

Figures 5-8 provido ~ st.tr.llTlnry of the returns from tho stations at

which irregulnr releases were made. Since none of these releases occurrod

• just before n south-weGtcrlygale vle know tho returns are likely to show

thc'truG pattern of residual drift. It would neon that in"tho summor nt

least ~ 2-r.11lo per da;)' south-going residua.l is to bo found cxtending at

least over thc 0-10 fm zone botwocn Bncton nnd,Yarnouth, whilo from over

the wholc yonr ~o havo ovidcnce of a slower (~~milo per day) soutl1-go~g

residual Gouth of Yu.rr.2outh. The returnsfrom thc Septenber ri.."id "Novo'mb-6r"

releases at the NQrth LOYJestoft station GXe unusual Gince there are so

fow in number Md, compared with the Hay cmd .July reloases, trnvol times

to Lowestoft are oxcessivoly lone. It Geoms possiblo that nost of the

driftcrs from the !Iwinter" releases ma.y havo been swept clear of the coast

~o eithor north or south and thnt tho returns may bo tho ~cw driftcrsthat rooainod trapped nmong tho sandbanks of tho rogion until tho galos

of the following winter.

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The roturns from the st~tionG south of Orford Ness prosent a ~ore

eomplieatcd situation. Returns fron thc inshoro station of 30 May

roloaso, for ,oxample, enmo from boaches north and south of Orford Nass,

movtng north~ards rclativoly quiekly at the r~te of t-mile pOl' day.

Few returns were made from thc offshoro station and those werG all south

of Orford Hoss. Very little northw~rd movcment is to bo seen in thc

roturns from oither station after thc release cf 29 July. In both eases

individu~l,drifterswere found in September on the Kont coest. On the

other hnnd, more tho.n 80 per cent of tho returns frora the releaGes of

25 September and 19 Novomber \'lore melde betv>oon Orford NOGS and Lowostoft.

Thoro is some indieation moreovor in the returns from the lllshoro st~tion

that driftoro aro moving northvJcu'dG and thon boing roworked southwards

by thc inshoro eurront at various points along the const as far north

as the Louestoft-Yarmouth regien.

Figure 8 shows the returns from rele~ses at a line of Gtations

extonding into the Southorn Bight made ü:t the oaf,JO time as rolease 4

(4 April) at stations A, B, and C when, as Figure 1 shorm, thero Vlas

stendy south-going drift through oaoh station. Wo now, ::lGO from Figura 8

that at this timo tho bound~ry botwecn tho north-going watorin thc

Southorn Bight nnd tho south-going inshoro curront oeeurred about 10

miloo offshoro at station X. Long-torm north-going ,drift at nbout

i-milo pOl' day oeeurs through stations Y ~nd Z nnd south-westerly drift

at station C. In bot~ocn lies station X, its driftors ooming ashoro

botVJeen Yarmouth and Orford Nass 53-96 dnys after rolcn.se. Tho haphn.­

zard pattern TIould seem to be n. product of the original group of

driftors eoming intQ ecntact in 0. random mo.nnor with tho north- und •

south-going stronms, ~~d being grossly disporsod north end south of the

roloaso point ns they movod shorcvmrds.

DISCUSSION

With referoneo to tho residual ourrcntsystem of tho Southorn Bight

RaDstor (1965) hns,proposod Figura 9A ns tho most likcly form of the

residual currcnt system in the southcrn North Soa. Figuros 9E and9C

providc more detailod inferI:1.'1.tion about tho Southorn Eieht a.nd· tho roturns

from Station 8 (Figura 9C) in particul~r boar on the prosont studySihcc

they show, Gnrly r:lovomont Gouthw<J.rdG denn tho Ec.st Anglian const und 'sub­

sequent northorly.drift to the Blödon ground 1711-.;1'0 recapturos. occurrcd ,0.

year after reloo.so. This eyolo has not boen ropoatcd as f~ as our.·

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relo~scsof lato 1967-early 1968 are conccrned, but thon uost of thoso

driftors camo ashoro within a fow days of releaso. Wo are hopine that

sonG driftors fron tho releases of Soptember and November 1968 will be

feund at tl~ Blö~on in oarly 1970.· ITith tho rosults of'the ccxlior

oxerciso in nind, howGvcr, wo think tho tronds shovin in tho prosent work

suggest tho r.10St lilcoly pattern of botton residual drift off tho Bast

Anglinn coast to bo tImt shov:n in Figura 10. Ho realizo that evory

rocording currcnt moter oxorciso points up tho woaknossos of such ch2.rts

(Leoand Ramstor 1968) but neverthcloss fool that thoy are tho natural

suomnxy cf soabed drifter oxorcises. Moreovor, providcd it is realizod

that the boundarios shovm are not true hard and f~st linos and that, in

the short torn; trends can bo, and often aro, rüvorsod they still provide

a general ßuido to the conditions most 1ikoly to occur from yoar to yoar •: .'" , ..

Dr. J. Ir. Carruthors (Carruthors 1925) did not find evidonccof this

bottom southorly rosidual in his botton driftbett10 experiments but this

is not surprising sinco hio "stations" vlOre lightships positionod not least

10 oilos off tho Bast Ang1ian coast. In fact he had results that are

vcry similar to thoso found fronl stations in the central zone of Fig. 1GB (Viinter)

Wo weu1d not havo found ovidenco of it if our stations A, B and C h~d boen

a litt10 further.seaward. Buch attention, howovor, has beon given to the

soUth-gOL~g noar-shor8 drift of sand und silt in val'ious studios of the'

nnturo of Orford lwss itGa1f (Staors 1946) and oUr south-goirtg residual

TIould sooo to bo part of this drift.

Our findmes aro new in that wo soo tho residual as changing in

charactor soasonally. In tho winter (Septoobor-Lby) wo thL~k itis

narrow (2 miles v:id·) on~r in thc 8izo\'le11 Bank area at time3) C'l1d that

i t onds at Orford Nons bocause tho strong north-going drift in thc

8outhorn Bight turns it back on itself. In the ounmor, en the othor hand,

it oxtonds for up to 10 oiles offshore in the Sizowoll Bank regien end

swoeps past Orford Ness to foro part of tho circulation of tho outer

ThaDes Estu~·y. In tho winter tbo region off Yarmouth secum to bc thc

. aroe. in which tho main strcams convargo and vihere' thora is groatost like­

1ihood of nörth-going driftors beine novcd back into thc ~1nhore south­

going stream.

Tho fact that'in viintor tho soutbor1y rcoidusl appoarsto us to bo

very narrowand confined to the iI:lI:lcdiate offshoro zone conflicts TIith the

basis of Lacvnotu'n proponals for a mcchnnis~giving th~main plaice egg

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patches in'tho Southern Bight during tho nintor months (Laovastu 1962).

Wo rcalize that his proposals do concern tho near-surfacG layors but

thero is no ovidonco c.way frora the estuarios cf tho Tharnos and tho

Rhino, of a two-layorod circulation in this region so that cur resid­

ual drift pattorns would o.ppear to bo applicable in thiG C:180. In an

attenpt to rOGolvo the diGcropancy VlO hava follovlOd up his roferonces;

but cannot find tho data reforring to a southwont-goine residual stream

nt tho Smith's Knoll Lightvesnol. Tho cnly rocords YJG can find shorJ, on

tho one hand,: 2. southo11nt-eoing residual ovar 23 dnys (11 Hovombor-

4 Docenbor 1935) (Carruthorn1936) und on tho othGr n northenst-going

rosidual ovor thc wholo of 1955 (Vcloy 1959). Tl~ro is no montion of

any chnngen frara oeason to nenson in tho ::30cond instanco.

With referenco to Woodhoad soabed drifteroxuerimontsin genornl

Sinco it first cano into uso in 1960 tho -'-looJhoad scabod driftor

has beon rocogni~ed as tha first chcap, roliablo indicator cf botton

resiJual movomont. Ropoated reloases made in the oastorn Irinh Sou, by

th~Fishorics Laborntory, Lowostoft, in tho poriod 1964-67 (Ramstor 1965)

und thono mndo by Harvoy (1968) 'havo dO.J:lonstratod that in that region at

loast sirailar results can bo obta.inod from .roloancs made at YJidcly-spacod

intorvals of timo and a random seloction of woather conditions. Tho

rosults obtainod by Crickmore (1968) from roloanos off lIorth Foroland

proviJod a. salutnry shock, ho~ovor, in that ~hilo ono sot of driftors

ooved to tho El1.st Mßlin.n eoast a seeond reloaso ma.de only 2 months later

rOD'k1.inod south of tho roleaso point c.ncl wore roturncd in fC'.ct from tho

banches und inshore zenos of Kont a..'1.d SU3GOX. Crickmoro feIt that \'Jind

conditions in tho 20 days after reloaso clecided tho ultimo.to fato of thc

driftors, cvon though tho dopth ef wn.tor at tho rolo11so point ,'Ins 12?!fm.

Our rasults fron station C (depth %- fo) sugGost that this could havo

hnppened, sinCG, although ~o find nonind ll1fluonco nt this station, if

a galo oceurs within 48 hours of roloano (roloc..sos 2 and 7), thoro VJas

wind influonco in tho return pattorn nt release 3. This was when tho gale

oQcurrod aftor tho drifters had boen in tho son·for 8 days nnd mny havG

movod, TIO think, to tho shallowor, ~inJ-influcncod zone via tho normal

residual tronds.In Crickmore'scaso a 20 knot north-wostorly wind

::oceurrod-:12'uays after tho rolease. On the othor h:ind, Carruthors (1935),

from an oxaminntion of variouscurront moter rocords made in this aren,

10

•

•

notes that "undor <1. north-wcstorly Ylind one: oxpects tho (north-onstorly)

eurrents nt both levols (6 QnU 12 fm) to bo revorsodor hold up, but tho

flo";/ in tho 'doopor lovoliJ tü bo mcdifiod norc quiekly". It m'::'.y bc thon

that uhilc tho vnrying wind influonco ontho driftors rolc~sod nt

station C is eSGonti'::'.lly a noar-shoro phenomenn, CrickrJoro's roturns '

are a consequonco of tho uniquo hydrcgraphie circumstancos nffeeting

his roloase position end tho adj'::'.eont eonst r'::'.thor than tho north­

wostorly i'lmd ~~.

Howovor, rego.rdless of tho fact th:?t tho southcrn" critrance to tho

lIorth Sec. is n special hydrographie ca.so it soerns to us th!1.t theso

returns underlino tho neod for more exporiments to check spocifically

that sonbod'driftor ,rosults ero rcpceto.blo. _ \70 feol thnt wo havc shown

eVia':ropOo.tod rolo-'1s0S ovar n yonr th::.t eonsistoney of sonsonnl trend

doos bccor.~ nppo.ront and that for tho East Anglian eoast at least the

only fo.ctor introducing "bias" to tho rosults i8 the chanBing nnture of

tho Wllld-wnter couplo in thc 0-6 fm zone. If 0. south-wostorly galo

oecurs within n wook of release in this zono, for exo.ople, tho returns

will sioply indic~to tho short-livodsystems set ~p by the go.lo. If an

oastorly g~lo oeeurs thore will be no ahort-toro returns nnyvi~y and tho$o

found ovontu~lly will indieate tho offshore ~nd not tho inshore circulo.­

tion. ,It would Goom to follow fron thi~ thnt whon cnydriftor experimonts

nro beine dono elono inshoro i t is of tho grentest impol'tanco that

repeatod reloasos ovor n yonr 1'..1'0 t1:::'clo so thnt the loeel wind/driftor­

return rolationGhip enn be ovro.luatod. On tho other lmnd, tho degroo of

bias introducocl into returns spro:ld ovar 20-100 dc.;ys by tho fact tho.t

winds fron ono cliroction are noro likely to bring driftcrs o.ohoro thon

thosofron others deos not Goom to us to bo ~ll that importo.nt.If, for

oxo.mplo, drifters ho.vo, movod up fron tho Straito of Dovor into tho 0-6 fm

zono off'East Anglio. und aro thonbrought onshore by tho noxt south­

\Vosterlywind,thG north-goin{3 inpetus giveh by th:lt wind' nnd tho lag

botwoen nrrivel off tho COo.st m1d eventual bo~ching will not greatly,n3r

tho ovorall rate nnd diroetion cf tro.vol.

Our rosults corroboro.to those obt~inod by Phillips (1968, 1969) who

found tho driftor roturn r~tos in Norocanbo Bay rising at times of offshoro

winds ~d doeroasing whon tho wind blows off tho son. Harvoy (1968), on

tho other h~d, did not find in nssocintion botwoen driftor returns and

-11

thc ~ind regime nnd for tho const of North Wales he didfind n bias

tow~rds roturns boing Qade on SQ~days. Da do agroo with hirn but nre at

vo.rio,nco with Porkins, YlilliaQs nnd Bniley (1964)5 hO"iovor; in finding

that the rate of roturns doos not nppoar to bo a function of o.ny aspect

of normal ticlo.l phonor.1una..

CONCLUSIOHS

1. TIoodhoad soo.bod drifters that arrivo on tho banchos of Bast Anglia

are genorally pickou up within 48 hours, and tho sitos nre accurately

doscribed by the finders. Only about 80 per cent of tho drifters

that t'.ctue.lly arrived aro found and roturned.

2. As far as tho East Anslien coest is concernod, if south-wostorly

galos ·oceur \':ithin 48 hours of n senbod driftor roleaso thon driftors

in tho ~6 fu zone TIill bo brought ashore. Tho roturns thon

indiroctly rofloct tho wind-wator ceuplc and not thc residual trends.

UD other factör app03.rs to bo bia.sing tbo drifter return rc..tes.

•3. Reproducible results cnn bo obtainod from ropoatodroloasos of

s01100d drifters at fixed stations. HOVJovor, in vicw of tho fc..ct

that oach stretch of const rJay havo Hs o~Jn Jlcri~ical wind diroe­

tion-drifter roturn Jl rolatio:::ship, and boca.use of tho possiblo

soasonal nature of residual currünt systems, it SOOO8 ossonti3.1

thc'Lt any soabod drifter oxperimcmt should includo ropoated

reloases from at least ono station throughout a. yoa.r.

ACKHOYlLEDGEHENTS

Wo 170uld liko to thank~ll mcmbors of tho laboratory staff 17ho

voluntoored for tho bogus releases, Irr. P. V. A. Cc..lhn of tho Statistics

Soction far his cdvico D..'1d ,:tiSSistn.llCO in prcparing Tü.blos 3-5. Also tho

staff of tho Institute of Caastal Ocoanoßrn.pl~ n.nd Tidos, Liverpool for

providing us with dotailod ti(bl hoight dat::1. for Lowestoft, at vory

short notico.

12

•

•

REFERENCES

CARRUTHERS, J. N., 1925. Tho wator mcvomonts in tho southorn North Soa.

P~rt 2~ Thü bottem currcnts, Pishcry lnvost. Lond., Sore 2,2

(3), 1-114.

CARRUTHERS, J. N., 1935. Tho fler! cf ,.,'ntor through thc Straits of Dovor

as gauGod by continuous curront-moter obsorvations at tho Vorne" 0 0

Liglr~yossel (50 56'N-1 17'E, Part 11). Secenu Report on tho

rosults obtainod. Fishory'Invest. Lond., Sore 2, ~ (4), 1-67.

CARRUTHERS, J. :N., 1936. ContinuouS current moasuring in tho, Southcrn

Bight. Rapp. P.-v. Reun C~ms. perr.l. int. Explor. Her, 1.QQ.,

third part, 3-6.

CRIC~~RE, 11., 1968. Sludgo cutfall for London. Hydraulics Rosearch

Station, l1allingford. Raports Ho. EX 388 end EX 419. (Citod

by pcrmission of tho Gronter London Council for whom thoso

roports. were preparod).

H_~VEY, J. G., 1968. Tho movomonts ef sonpod celld soa-surface driftors

in thc lrish Soa 1965-67. Sarsin 34, 227-242.

~VASTU, T., 1962. Tho offects ef curront eddies on tho distribution

of plc.iec eggs. F.A.O. Fishorios Biol. Tach. Paper No. 21.

LEE, A. J. nnd RAUSTER, J. 1;1., 1968. An analysis of the current

mensurcmonts mado during Operation Rheno. lCES, C.M. 1968,

Hydroßrephy Cttoe, doe. Cg 26 (mimeo).

PERIITNS, E. J., :7ILLlAMS, B. R. H. end BAlLEY, 11., 1964. SODO prolimi­

nary notes on the bottom curronts of tho Solway Firth and

lTorth Bast lrish Soa.

lilltiQ.. Soc. &.l.J. prac. Dur.~ries. Gallowav nato Hist.

, "

PHILIPS, A. g., 1968. A soabod drifter invostigation in Morocambo B~y.

Dock Harb. Auth. 49 (571).

PHILIP8, A. 17., 1969. A SOC1.bod uriftor invGstiga.tion in Morecambo Bay.

Dock H~rb. Auth. 49 (580).

RMmTER, J. TI., 1965. Tl~ pattorn of bottom curronts in tho southorn

North 800., lCES, C.ll. 1965, No. 98.

13

RA1·1STEn~ J. Vi'. ~ 19G5.'l'he circule.tion of tho eastel'n 1rish Sea,

1C:;:';8 ~ C.H. 1965, Ho. 99.

ST~RS~ J. A., 1)46~ Tho eoastlino of Eneland ~d ~ales. Cambridgo

Univ. Press, Lonuon, 644 pp.

VELEY 7 V. F. C., 1959. Tho rGlationship botvocn loeal vind und ~ater

movGoent ~~ coastal watcrs of tho Eritish Is10s. Frae. Jst.

Int. Conf. "w.sto dispbsal in tho 1:.12orino omrirol1lhent, 285-295

("0,A. ~ "'" \) P . P~~ ~carGon~~.~. ~ el'gamon ross.

14

•

Table 1. NurJbors of 30abed nnd soa-surface driftors returnod to 30 April 1969 from tho East Anglian const reloase~ of 1961-68

NORTH NORIi'OLK STATIONS

WILfTERTON nrSHOHE1?TDlTERT01T OFFS:IORE

SOUTHERN BIGHT STATIONS 5 .APRIL

X 21 (OlY 14 (1z 9 (2

15 JIJAY

20 (0)18 (0)

12 (0). 18 (1)

Release

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8

(11.12.61) (12.1.68) (12.3.68) (8.3.68) (3.4.68) (5.4.68) (7.5.68) (19.7.68) (19.9. 68) (12.11. 68)

1I L H L H L H L

22 (0) 24 (1) 21 (3) 18 (1) 22 (0) 21 (0) 14 (0) 19 (0) 11 (4) 10 (0) 20 (5) 13 (5)

21 (1) 21 (0) 17 (4) 22 (1) 17 (0) 25 (0) 16 (1) 20 (1) 19 (1) 25 (0) 11 (2) 11 (5)

23 (1) 22 (1) 13 (0) 16 (1 ) 19 (1) 21 (1) 9 (0) 22 (0) 15 (1) 21 (0) 9 (0) 20 (5)C

A

BACTON nrSHoREBACTON OFFSHORE

B

Station

•

H.B.. 1. Fißure in brackots .il3 nuober of soa-surface drifters returned.

IWllTH LOVlESTOPT STNI1J:OHS

nTSIIOREOFFSHORE

SOUTH OBFORD STATIOlTS

nTSHOREOFFSHORE

15 l!AY

14 (0)11 (0)

30 MAY

21 (0)14 (3)

15 JULY

13 (0)13 (0)

29 JULY

8 (0)5 (0)

25 SEPTEMBER

1 (0)10 (0)

25 SEPTErffiER

20 (1)13 (0)

. 19 HOVE~mER

14 (0)15 (1)

10-21 NOVEMBER

15 (2)8 (0)

•2. 25 seabod arid 5 soa-surface driftors roleascd in oach instnnco cxcept Southcrn Bight stations when 50 seabed drifters reloased

at each station.

3. H, L = High wator, low water releaso respectively.

Table 2a. The pattern nnd p0rcentage of returns forthe2 .. ~rops

"Day ....... Bogus drop 1 Bogus drop 23 July 1968 4 Decembor 1968

1 (+,()) 78 492 :) 17

_ ... , _._. "

3 2 94 1 95 612 117 1

• 75 1146 1

Total 86 94

Numbor roleased 107 106~b rocovored 80.37 88.68%on first day 91 52

Table 2b Numbor of returns ""1i thin statedmargins of error

Metros Drop 1 Drop 2(sur!4'J.or) ('\7intor)

0-200 29 303.;.500 13 276.;.800 13 169-1100 3 1

12.;.1400 6 21~1700 9 518.;.2000 6 121.;.2300 1 324-2600 5 22700+ 1 7

Tho total crror 70070 76710

nunber recovorod 86 94nonn maximum orror 814.8 816.06

Table 20. A olassificntion of persons roturningsenbod driftors

Drop 1·(summer 3 July 1968)

Drop 2(wintor 4 Deoenber 1968)

Male Fonnla HaIe Famale

Local 49 0 16 1

Visitor 24 13 16 1

•

. N.A. = not applicablc

• Tablc 3b. Returns ~oreach day of thc weck in tho period 12 Deo 1967~

. 30 .Ttmo 1'96~j'

Sundaj~ lIonday Tuosday \lGdncsday Thursday Friday Saturda.y...........

61 67 58 65 53 39 47

Tota.l = 390

Chi-squc.rc tcstg X2= 10.94 .

rlith 6 degrecs frecuom )<2 = 10.645 vihon P = 0.1= 12.592 when P = 0.05

Table 4a. Return 1'01' neap and springtides (to end 01' June 1969)

Noaps

179

Springs

211

Total

390

... _. _._ J~hi-.squ,p.rGt9~t .. (YP.t.oE.. c.or:r9ction).. .

>f = 2.46......._", ''''vi'ith' 1" ri~g~~;' f~~~d~r2' -;: 1.642 Vlhen' P ~ 0.20

- 2.706.whon P = 0.10

Tablo 4b.· Returns 1'01' tidal rangos actually rücordod

.. ~-."'-

Tidnl rango

2.1- 3.1­3.0 4.0

(ft)

5.1­6.0

6.1- 7.1­7.0 8.0

Total. (12 Dec 1967­

8.1- 9.1- .. 1.1 Dec '1 968).9.0 10.0

Tidal Nonth no. 01' drifters in day_.~L.!-l:1ge. .... .en :I-(n.:l·... 1) ) .__ .....(ft)

-----9':8'-- . ......- ..3 Jan 1

8.1 15 Jnn 278.7 17 Jnn 198.1 4 Fob 18.1 17 Feb 18.1 19 Fob 19·9 15 Il'hr 18.4 16 110.1' 2

--9·0-- -- . ,11" I-iIc.r' -- -'''9 -........ ~.._._. _. ~._- .._-_.,. ~ ~ .•, ....

8.1 18 Mnr 218.3 19 1hr 33

No. 01' driftors 0 21 104 195 140 71 122 2 6611'0turned

No. 01' timos tidal 3 28 63 128 78 51 14 2 366rnnge occurrcd

"Expocted" no. 01' 101.6 206.4 125.8 82.2roturns* -.''''

Chi-squ.:1re over thio'2

2.615 Ylith 3 dcgroos of·freedom = 2.366 whcn P = 0.5range '< =3.665 whon P ='0.3

"K" = 1.61259 *numbol' expoctüd = K. x number 01' timos onch tidal range occurrod .(['.SSllm.9.~ c.on.s.t~:rtt.~at9 ..9f ,roturn 9yor 4 .• 1~8.9:t;iclalrnngeJ .• _... . . _ ..

Tablo 4c. Numbors 01' driftors returned with tidal rango > 8.0 ft

Tidal Month No. 01' clriftors in day _~.r.apgo .. (n + (n+ nt(ft)

tL l' 13 Apr 08.5 14 Apr 18.3 13 May 48.3 12 Jul 08.3 25·Sop 3

·~

Table 5~ Daily mocm wind direetion at Gorloston cmd drifter reeoveries (to 30 April 1969)

TIind direetion (0) Total

1- . 21- 41- 61- 81- 101- 121- 141- 161- 181- ~201- 221- 241- 261- 281- 301- 321- 341-20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360-

Ho. of drifters 39 22 6 11 21 15 15 19 43 73 164 96 116 38 26 11 22 18 755(n + (n + 1))Ho. of days 39 25 23 20 29 18 12 19 41 42 42 30 46 23 32 18 19 28 506involved

(Uo. of drifters) 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.6 0·7 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.0 1·7 3·9 3.2 2.5 1.6 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.6(Ho. of days )for eaeh 200 are

Table 5b Daily mean wind velocity at Gorloston and drifter reeoveries for winds from 3 sectors

Wind direetion (0) 0-160 161-280 281-360

Velocity (knots) 0-5 5.1- 10.1- 15.1- 20.1- 25.1- 30.1-10 15 20 25 30 35

0-5 5.1- 10.1- 15.1- 20.1-10 15 20 25

0-5 5.1- 10.1- 15.1- 20.1- 25.1-10 15 20 25 30

47 101 1551To. of drif-tors

1To. of days blovill

19

19

44

51

54

60

19

28

12

16

6

6

3

3 39 84 64

122

29

94

12

9

14

36

35

27

36

4

8

2

j

1

1

"Expeeted 11 number*of returns

16.3 43.6 51.3 24.0 13.7 5.1

:> -<-----~

e"with 2 degreesfreedom., 2y - = 2.408 whenP = 9.3 and2.773 vlhen P =0.25

2)' = 276.3

Chi-square over r<mge 0-25 knots Chi-square overrap.ge 0-15 knotsy2 = 2.49

with 4 degrees of freedom

r,2 = 18.465 when P = 0.001

Chi-square over range 0-30 knots

y2 = 2.001

with 5 degrees frcodom

y2 = 1.61 whon P = 0.92.34 whon P = 0.8

*Humber expected = K 0 x numbor of days blown in eaeh velocity range; K = 0.847 for 0.1600, 2.28 for 161

0T2800

, 0.850 for 2810_360

0sector

assumes eonstant rc.te of return over 0-30 knots wind range.

Table 5e The direction of the 6 hourly windeomponents und drifter reeovcries (to 30 April 1969)

N s E IV Total

No. of drifter units 120 104 303 825

+ +

Z!oo

+

•

sz.. \& I

sz.· 11'

..

I -

~

F,(;,. , '0.) F". I (b)

TI-1E POSI,IDN OF THE. l:){<IFTEfG

RELEASE. STATION~

- --------~-------I

l-IW!! LW ...

$nT.o... C. 0 .., .

~ f.lEASE. 2.

IS'

...

s'

4$'

c..

,••'1.

H~. LW

..'

~IL( .. !oE I (11 IL ....,)

..

..'"

.. 1-------.L.----:"3I.--L...:.-r ..;..._.....~ ....

"'.~~" k_

.......,,- a!!l 50"'''0''

~W,I..W ....,C_hU"L.L

t~.,,,iI'..!> ~"'"

s....."t'lo .. /!, 9. ~,,_c.

L........,.,. _V_no·14~ (oal­I •.~

(ma)

•

HWlr LN •

Z-Il(~

s...,..,"~ "..... fII~ltNf> .... T.__• ~f'll« &6 ...-v. ~,,,..... , ...&e. " .... lON ~"I! Vll!~ll

SO°1.. ~ toe.n-us. 1f05t.aA$U> tA;-na~ ~-.- Z-IT t>~ 11,. 5€A

1-4 AT STJ.-nON~ A., B a."J C

---------------------

~ I !oo' ..:. ~._.,------...;:=--

/0'

s'

'.'-1'1. \f(&f.~'f-",o{ ,~)\3~~

OtFOfDNS", -M.a",~~

R.rrvIlN~ ~O~

STA'Ti.IHl, A 5. ~T"""i'lo"" t=-

15'

h ••"" I

(. S.

S'

'( fl',~).3P' ' .....l; , ~' ,....... .f'

~ ~ilJo' r--------=;.::....---_~-.!.T=-=_r----- ...;'~d

•

F-i..., :

"

.... '....9

•

c

F'1<."ci 4-, A c.o",,'A~" e~ CUI"\" ..AII'" :b~'fTU, R.ll""l!N!l l,~ TIlr. ~Al"-{ ~(lW .."W).

o L.EI.---a..-.J:];~::>rir:-:::'"'7A---..cL--.u.--J,",--El----"'T7I.~,,"L.,,;,-.---------------:--~Cl R(~If"'. I llID ~iJ.iA&1 0 SW. \"'T\t "~'T'6fl.~'1• ~{L(jlftl"'" ~ ~l";',.c'

~ UUI4$( J eJ isu~Si. 7~ RiL.i~si f [Il RII.Vl\( ,

(J~~

" 3~ /rJ\U

Z~

5Q

~'t/ 0'"~1-11)~

0/

~/.1~

0

R...."'i ~ 'Z,2J

~ot'Il00 0

dr11 .~j

Z;D ~

j30

7ce'"l:'

:)'?;-<~

~

•

t 1..\,1' I .!')

b~'~8 (~~~~)

O~oet> Ne"", - l=wl<Tbwe (IV

11- 4lo (z.g) = 2.8 'ro "" DC2I,,"TEe~ ~Lh>lstb

Re-ru.lfNE.b I,4'TEf. \\-4.. ~AT 5c.~

ÄND ßE.TWEE.N yARM.oUTK A-ND

LOWESTOFT ) MAN ~l::> bEPlb.MBE..R

/068

Re:.TuRN5 t="QoM ReL.eA.'SE.S

OFF Tl-If.. NoR.T~ Nol<~ol.J(. 0:>AST

15 J'"ULY

5'2°50'

sz.·zo'

Au. S"-A1iON'S - ......'Cl"-i

k-r........ ~ P..,.."1\, &e~..

q':l6'NC.~ b oe~ t-.1~

bu.lt.NC. Su....""€~ ~ l~b9

,--40'

IS Mt:>.'I

s.t."...

F'Ci.. 5".

.....

52-.0'

..

51-'0'

S~·05·

•

RETURNS fPOM RE.LERSES saUTH OFORFORD NESS I MA'( RND :nllY

\qbß

I4"7-\Sb

{:r \l L'( - NO'l E. t'\ t!.E.~)(20)

wR\,.To... ·ON-~Z.L Ib-\" (12.) IA/fll.TON-oN-NA1.E.AREI\ \ln (~) KUrr c.0f\l>,.

(3C'[.

5-ItUO) • 20~ of "'\\~ t)~\fi~"-5 l\E\.U"~J.D

~~TU"'N~t) PI""fE.~ S-b OPl't~ I\T Sf.f\

5~05'

51.·00'

...•

~E.TU"N~ f",,"Ol"\ f\ELEf\SES NOf\TH Of LOWESiOf'T ANO SOUTH OFO"FOf\O NE.5S. SEPTE.t'\aE~ ANO ~O~E.MaEll..lq'ea

'",''', I

IQNOVEt'\lEk

.. ..

....

MEY '5 -,. (.)

·~OP 0"\.,. \.&A...\) T......

""TU'M&t:. 'Ta I-_ewe,--

,-.'.....,..'

1".".

...........

MY: ••,,~~) ....01' _,",U U ....UI)-............_.....,.... ..,,"'.....811''' .....

:p·""l"""~l(l").........."'......0\4

y

RE.1URlU5 . FROM RE.lERSE.5 MRDERT 3 STRTIONS INTHE.50UTHERN BI~HT

5 APRIL 19bß

~, -:lI(Io) • ,.,. OF THE Oll. II"U I'!. ll.ELEAS5:D"~T\l"l\lED F\f'TE.l\ s,-aa D"'U AT 55.4'1

2.- lO'

•

s,,-»'

,

,f" DDml SAU

(\J~tth I~ - -........,:'.'"'--,

4" 6"

T~E b EbUcEb RESlbUAL...

SoLlTl-lEeN t-JO~ &~" ~b .so/'l'l~ b~TA.II...c:.

01"" ~eiU~HS FoR. 50UTHl!.~t.l B 'CcHT ST~iiONS

~M '~L..E"'SEß MAb€. IN l~bO-b'

....... "-ClW ................ , .... __ap_.

­10

r

.......a._ :10_ • .,......- ~-..- - ........ " 0,.."~PtM:.a-.

<::=Wlnt••

,- ..•

..----...... --- .,.....7 lOOor:T ao IIO.ßII.:lI.~

• gf7_ 21 1.12._.".24 .• H_c 22 D.15,••-.ao.».~

"'.. ~

'.;,e 4e. __ .

~.

.... I

<:::::m [0'1)1 Summ.. ... lote Sum.....

.,,.

I.

i

~UMM~iZ

( Me.y. S.ft.....Leo/.)

+. ~t..~·I." C")(. ~t..",." y..

so,- S"'-,-& 2-C 3-& I-I. :2,-1. ~.1.

T\o\e: ßOT'TClI"'\ RES\Pol''- C.\)~(:lE.NT '5;~&Te.M OFF EA~T ANGL.'A As OEDIJc:e:P V:~OM ~E..r\JaN$

OF WOO%>\o\I.f'P ~tLAt1"Q %)t:l\FTEQ'S \qb 0- \q 1O~. (. flc;",ni. '0)

f